Chapter XXXIX: Appendix: II

AFTER THE REFORMATION

It is such a commonplace of history as written in English, at least, that the beginnings of our modern progress are to be traced to the time when the movement called the Reformation freed men's minds from the domination of the Church, which had used every effort to keep men in darkness in order to secure their readier submission to Church teaching, that the tracing of all our modern developments to the century before the movement began may surprise many readers. Not only is it true, however, that for nearly a hundred years before the Reformation was there a climax of intellectual and artistic achievement in every department in every {554} country in Europe, but what is much more striking is that immediately after the "reform" movement set in, decadence made itself felt everywhere. Art in all its phases, painting, sculpture, architecture, education and scholarship, literature, and, above all, humanitarianism, reached magnificent expression during the first three quarters of Columbus' Century. In the fourth quarter, coincident with the spread of the reforming doctrines, decadence begins in nearly every phase of human activity and continues until the revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries gave a new stimulus to independent thinking. It has seemed necessary, owing to the position taken in the preceding pages, to illustrate these facts by quotations from well-known non-Catholic writers.

No fallacy is cheaper than that of arguing because one set of events happens after another, therefore it is due to that other. It would take a much deeper and broader study of history than any that we have made here, or could make in our limited space, to trace the philosophy of the history of Columbus' Century and the succeeding centuries and to indicate the causes at work and their effects. All that can be pointed out here is that the facts of intellectual history represent an exact contradiction to the usually accepted impression that whatever is best in the modern time can be traced to the Reformation. On the contrary, immediately after the reform movement, human achievement declined for many generations, and the revival of the past hundred years represents a reversion to ideas and modes of thought current before the religious revolt and the evolution of which was interrupted by that movement.

EDUCATION, BOOKS, INSTITUTIONS

An historical opinion which is considered by a great many people who are sure that they are well informed to be quite above all question, is that the Reformation had a wonderfully beneficial effect on education. As a matter of fact, education, which had been at a very high degree of cultivation during the Renaissance period, began to decline immediately after the Reformation nearly everywhere in Europe, and only for the schools of the Jesuits, would have reached a serious depth of degradation. As it was, there is a steep descent in the Protestant countries, until in the eighteenth century Cardinal Newman thought that education at Oxford was at its lowest possible ebb, and when Winckelmann wanted to teach Greek in Germany he had to have his pupils write out copies of Plato, because no edition of the author had been issued in that country for two centuries. Authorities in the history of education have emphasized this, and no one more so than Professor Paulsen, who, after a wide academic experience throughout Germany, held at the end of his life the chair of philosophy at the University of Berlin. His book on the history of German education was {555} translated into English and published with an introduction by President Nicholas Murray Butler of Columbia University. One does not have to go very far in it before finding the great German authority's opinion with regard to the influence of the Reformation on education. He says:

"After 1520, Humanism, an aristocratic and secular impulse, was
overtaken and succeeded by a movement of vastly greater power and
depth, the religious and popular movement of the Reformation. For a
brief space the Reformation may well have seemed a reinforcement of
Humanism, united as both these were in their hatred of scholastic
philosophy and of Rome. Hutton and Luther are represented in
pamphlets of the year 1520 as the two great champions of freedom.
Inwardly, however, they were very different men, and very different
were the goals to which they sought to lead the German people.
Luther was a man of inward anti-rationalistic and
anti-ecclesiastical religious feeling, and Hutton a man of
rationalistic and libertinistic humanism. Hutton did not live to see
the manifestation of this great contrast; but after 1522 or 1523,
the eyes of the Humanists were open to the fact, and almost without
exception they turned away from the Reformation as from something
yet more hostile to learning than the old Church herself. In very
truth, it appeared for the time as if the Reformation would be in
its effects essentially hostile to culture. In the fearful tumults
between 1520 and 1530 the universities and schools came to an almost
complete standstill, and with the Church fell the institutions of
learning which she had brought forth, so that Erasmus might well
say, 'Where Lutheranism reigns, there is an end of letters.'"

Those who hold a brief for the Reformation and its much vaunted beneficent influence on education may be tempted to retort that at least the German religious movement gave liberty of teaching to the German University. It is a constantly emphasized Protestant tradition that the incubus of the Church on teaching institutions before this time had been most serious in its consequences, and that developments in education had been prevented because of this. Those who assume that the reformers, so-called, introduced academic liberty into Germany will find very little support for any such claim in Professor Paulsen. Paulsen insists that exactly the opposite is true, and that far from bringing freedom of thought, the new religious movement still further shackled university and teaching freedom and the liberty of speech and writing, so that a sadly stilted period of educational development comes on the scene in Germany. He talks from the standpoint of his own department of philosophy, and evidently resents the shackles that were placed on freedom of speculation at this period.

"During this period also a more determined effort was made to
control instruction than at any period before or since. The fear of
heresy, the extra anxiety to keep instruction well within orthodox
lines, was not less intense at the Lutheran than at the Catholic
institutions--perhaps it was even more so, because here doctrine
{556} was not so well established, apostasy was possible in either
of two directions, Catholicity or Calvinism. Even the philosophic
faculty felt the pressure of this demand for correctness of
doctrines. Thus came about these restrictions within the petty
States and their narrow-minded established churches, which well-nigh
stifled the intellectual life of the German people."

A good deal of the misunderstanding of the effect of the reform movement on education is due to the fact that the novelty of the reformers' doctrines in religion and theology led to the use sometimes of the term, the New Learning, for their teaching. The same term, however, had come to be used for the study of the Latin and Greek classics, and the supposed opposition of the Church to the humanistic teachings is founded on the confusion of these two terms. Of course the ecclesiastics of the old Church opposed the New Learning in as far as it related to the reformers' doctrines with regard to free will, the lack of merit in good works and denials of other religious doctrines. They were, however, the most ardent patrons of the New Learning in as far as that term may be applied to the study of the classics. As a matter of fact, the Jesuits, founded at this time, based all their teaching on the classics and their schools spread all over Europe.

As to the lack of interest in books, in education, in scholarship, even in the preservation of the great monuments of national literature after the change of religion in England, the easiest way to know it is to read Bishop Bale's account of what happened to the valuable books which had belonged to the old monastic and educational institutions at the Reformation. He approved of the suppression of the monasteries and was an ardent reformer, but he cannot help calling attention to the absolute neglect of the treasures of literature, not only on the part of the nobility and the common people, but on the part of the very universities themselves. It is easy to understand what an awful state of affairs there must have been to draw this indignant protest from so good a king's man and follower of the new order and protestant against everything Catholic. Bishop Bale said, in his preface to Leland's "New Year's Gift to Henry VIII," in 1549:

"Never had we been offended for the loss of our libraries, being so
many in number and in so desolate places, for the more part, if the
chief monuments and most notable works of our excellent writers had
been preserved. If there had been in every shire of England but one
solemn library for the preservation of those noble works and
preferment of good learning in our posterity, it had been yet
somewhat. But to destroy all without consideration, a great number
of them which purchased those superstitions mansions reserved of
those library books . . . some to scour their candlesticks, and some
to rub their boots. Some they sold to the grocers and soap-sellers,
and some over sea to the book-binders, not in small number, but at
times whole ships full to the wondering of {557} the foreign
nations. Yea, the universities of this realm are not all clear in
this detestable fact. But cursed is . . .(he) which seeketh to be
fed with such ungodly gains and so deeply shameth his natural
country. I know a merchant man, which shall at this time be
nameless, that bought the contents of two noble libraries for forty
shillings' price, a shame it is to be spoken. This stuff hath he
occupied in the stead of gray paper by the space of more than these
ten years, and yet he hath store enough for as many years to come. I
judge this to be true, and utter it with heaviness, that neither the
Britains under the Romans and Saxons, nor yet the English people
under the Danes and Normans, had ever such damage of their learned
monuments as we have seen in our time."

It used to seem some condonation of these sad evils to say that the suppression of the monasteries was brought because of the evil lives of the monks. Protestant historians were wont to proclaim that they were plague-spots of immorality which had to be eradicated. The careful investigation of historians in our time has completely refuted any such conclusion as this. A few of the smaller monasteries were found not to be living up to their high ideals. A few, but a very few monks, were found to be unworthy of their calling. Even with all the desire that there was to discredit them, nothing could be found to say against the greater monasteries, and the governments had to employ other means in order to bring about their suppression with some shadow of legality. Creatures of the king were forced into the position of abbot and then by prearrangement surrendered the monasteries and their possessions to the crown. Every advance in critical history in modern times has tended more and more to the vindication of the monks.

An American in our own time might well be expected to hold the balance straight without disturbance from old-time prejudices. Rev. Dr. George Hedges, Dean of the Episcopal Theological School, of Cambridge, Mass., in his "Fountains Abbey: The Story of a Medieval Monastery," said (p. 88):

"The quiet judgment of the modern historian is in favor of the
monks, and finds most of them to have been men of respectable and
pious lives. The sober persons in white cassocks, who confessed
faults in the chapter meeting and cheerfully suffered chastisement
for them to which the man in the street gave not a moment's thought,
had a passionate longing to be good. They were intent upon the
living of a righteous life."

He says, further quoting from Burke, "An enemy is a bad witness; a robber is a worse."

EFFECT ON ART

It is generally recognized now that the religious revolt ruined art. Religion had supplied the motives for great art, but most of these, and especially the tender feeling of reverence for the Mother of God and of the saints and the belief in angels, disappeared at {558} this time or were sadly hampered in their expression, and the whole tendency of the reform movement was iconoclastic. Image worship was one of the bitterest imputations against the old Church. It is curiously interesting to note that just in as much as art has developed in Protestant countries again, the churches have been raised from bare conventicles and meeting-houses to shrines of artistic beauty once more. It must not be forgotten, however, that this is quite contrary to the "protests" that were originally made against the old Church and that the ideas involved in this rejection of art in the Church, helped to lead many in artistic uncultured minds away from Catholicity in that time of storm and stress.

In his chapter on Parish Life in England in his well-known book, "Before the Great Pillage," Rev. Augustus Jessop, who in spite of his bitter condemnation of what happened at and after the Reformation, has never, I believe, become a Catholic, tells of the marvellous beauty of the Church structures in the ages which used to be called dark and are now known to be full of light, and then tells what happened after the so-called Reformation.

_"And we get fairly bewildered by the astonishing wealth of skill
and artistic taste and aesthetic feeling which there must have been
in this England of ours, in times which till lately we had assumed
to be barbaric times._ Bewildered, I say, because we cannot
understand how it all came to a dead stop in a single generation,
not knowing that the frightful spoliation of our churches and other
parish buildings, and the outrageous plunder of the parish guilds in
the reign of Edward the Sixth by the horrible band of robbers that
carried on their detestable work, effected such a hideous
obliteration, such a clean sweep of the precious treasures that were
dispersed in rich profusion over the whole land, that a dull despair
of ever replacing what had been ruthlessly pillaged crushed the
spirit of the whole nation, and _art died out in rural England, and
King Whitewash and Queen Ugliness ruled supreme for centuries."_
(Italics ours.)

Under art is, of course, included sculpture and architecture, as well as many of the artistic crafts. It is easy to understand that under the influence of the carping spirit of the Reformation all of these became decadent. Men gave up old-time faith for individual judgment of religious truth. The sterilizing influence of the controversial period which followed can be readily understood. Gerhard Hauptmann, the German dramatic poet, to whom the Nobel Prize for literature was recently awarded, characterized this decadence of art under the reformers in a very striking passage.

"I, as a Protestant, have often had to regret that we purchased our
freedom of conscience, our individual liberty, at entirely too high
a price. In order to make room for a small, mean little plant of
personal life we destroyed a whole garden of fancy, and hewed down a
virgin forest of esthetic ideas. We went even so far {559} in the
insanity of our weakness as to throw out of the garden of our souls
the fruitful soil that had been accumulating for thousands of years,
or else we ploughed it under sterile clay.

"We have to-day, then, an intellectual culture that is well
protected by a hedge of our personality, but within this hedge we
have only delicate dwarf trees and unworthy plants, the poor progeny
of great predecessors. We have telegraph lines, bridges and railroads,
but there grow no churches and cathedrals, only sentry boxes and
barracks. We need gardeners who will cause the present sterilizing
process of the soil to stop and will enrich the surface by working
up into it the rich layers beneath. In my workroom there is ever
before me the photograph of St. Sebald's tomb. This rich German
symbol arose from the invisible in the most luxurious developmental
period of German art. As a formal product of that art, it is very
difficult to appreciate it as it deserves. It seems to me as one of
the most wonderful bits of work in the whole field of artistic
accomplishment. The soul of all the great medieval period enwraps
this silver coffin, giving to it a noble unity, and enthrones on the
very summit of Death, Life as a growing child. Such a work could
only have come to its perfection in the protected spaces of the old
Mother Church."

All the arts of decoration suffered similarly and no art failed to be affected unfavorably. Music, which had had one great period of development in the old Plain Chant in the later Middle Ages under ecclesiastical influence, was just entering on another and glorious development under the patronage of the Church when the reform movement began. Plain song had given such masterpieces as the Lamentations, of which Rockstro said that no sadder succession of single notes had ever been put together, and the Exultet sung in the Mass on Holy Saturday, which he declares represents a similarly high expression of joy. Now figured and harmonic music was about to have its place. Palestrina's Masses and St. Philip Neri's Oratorios were just beginning. The reformers, however, would have nothing to do with music. Congregational singing was adopted from the old Church, but for music as an art to uplift religion and add its tribute of devotion there was no place. Part song had originated in Church ceremonials, as dramatic literature originated in the ceremonies connected with the celebration of the various mysteries. Like every other human and natural aspiration, music was under suspicion in the new religion, and the consequence was a serious detriment to the development of the art. It was not until the gradual loosening of the bonds of the Puritanic elements in the Protestant religion that music began to come to her own again.

DECLINE OF CHARITY

In humanitarianism and the solution of social problems, the Reformation was particularly backward. The leaders in the new religions were so intent upon explaining their own doctrines and modes of thinking and gathering disciples and having other people {560} think as they did, that charitable works suffered severely. The destruction of the monasteries and convents left many needy, but there were but few to care for them. Above all, the new doctrine of justification by faith alone, which declared that good works were of no import so long as men believed in a particular way, took away the motive for much of the charitable work that had been done before. It is not surprising, then, that hospitals and the care of the ailing and the old reached a depth of degradation that is rather hard to understand. We in the twentieth century know how low hospital care and nursing had sunk in the early nineteenth century, and we have been inclined to think that it must have been much worse in the generations preceding. It is a surprise, then, to find that the first half of the nineteenth century represents what has been well called by Miss Nutting and Miss Dock, in their "History of Nursing," the Dark Period of Nursing, during which "the condition of the nursing art, the well-being of the patient and the status of the nurse all sank to an indescribable level of degradation."

Jacobson, in his Essays on "The History of Care for the Ailing," [Footnote 51] traces just when this decadence began, not long after the reform movement succeeded in gaining a firm foothold, and he outlines in detail just how the descent came about. He says:

[Footnote 51: Beitraege zur Geschichte des Krankencomforts,
_Deutsche Krankenpflege Zeitung,_ 1898, in 4 parts.]

"It is a remarkable fact that attention to the well-being of the
sick, improvements in hospitals and institutions generally and to
details of nursing care, had a period of complete and lasting
stagnation after the middle of the seventeenth century, or from the
close of the Thirty Years' War. Neither officials nor physicians
took any interest in the elevation of nursing or in improving the
condition of hospitals. During the first two-thirds of the
eighteenth century, he proceeds to say, nothing was done to bring
either construction or nursing to a better state. Solely among the
religious orders did nursing remain an interest, and some remnants
of technique survive. The result was that in this period the general
level of nursing fell far below that of earlier periods. The hospitals
of cities were like prisons, with bare, undecorated walls and little
dark rooms, small rooms where no sun could enter, and dismal wards
where fifty or one hundred patients were crowded together, deprived
of all comforts and even of necessaries. In the municipal and state
institutions of this period, the beautiful gardens, roomy halls, and
springs of water of the old cloister hospital of the Middle Ages
were not heard of, still less the comforts of their friendly
interiors."

The more careful study of the guilds, particularly, has served to show what an immense social wrong was done by this confiscation of what for the moment, strictly for government purposes, was called Church property. At the beginning of Henry VIII's reign, {561} it has been calculated by Toulmin Smith that there were some 30,000 guilds in England. These had very large sums in their treasuries. They responded to all the social needs that we are now only just waking up to once more. They provided old age and disability pensions, insurance against fire and flood, against loss by robbery, by imprisonment, and against the loss of cattle and farm products; there were forms of insurance against the loss of sight, against the loss of a limb or any other form of crippling. The amount of money confiscated from the treasuries of these guilds has been calculated at a value in our money of several hundred millions of dollars. When it is recalled that the census of England made in Elizabeth's time, just before the Great Armada was expected, showed a total population of less than five million, the amount of good that could be accomplished by this vast sum of money, not in the hands of a few, but distributed in 30,000 treasuries and used for social purposes, can be readily understood. After the reform in England, practically no more was heard of the guilds, and social wrongs began to be multiplied.

SUPERSTITION AND TORTURE

It is often said that with the Reformation came the end of superstition and of that exaggerated faith in religion which keeps people from using their reason and that over-attention to the things of the other world instead of this which keeps them from being practical and prosperous. The subsequent history, however, of the countries most affected by the German religious revolt, far from bearing out this declaration, shows how much harm came from the absence of a strong central religious authority and how much of loss to idealism there was in the diminution of the childlike faith which had meant so much, not only for religion, but for literature and for art in the preceding centuries.

There was no obliteration of superstition, but superstition changed its object, and now, instead of being poetic, often became cruel and intolerant. The witchcraft delusion, for instance, which represented the worst manifestation of superstition which mankind has perhaps ever suffered from, affected the Protestant countries much more than the Catholic countries. Thousands and thousands of people were put to death as witches in Germany, and it was from the Protestant countries that the delusion spread, by psychic contagion, to the Catholic countries of Europe. Catholic countries not in intimate relations with Protestant countries, like Ireland, were not affected by it. Though Ireland has been the most Catholic of countries, not a witch has been put to death there, by any formal process of law, for over five hundred years. Here in America the witchcraft delusion is one of the sad blots on our history. Many other forms of superstition manifested themselves, and when there {562} were not religious motives there were other reasons. Men apparently cannot keep from being influenced by things they do not understand. Healers of all kinds take the place of the religious healing of the medieval period, and medical and scientific superstitions replace religious supercredulity. Electric belts and pads replace relics. Over-estimated remedies and utterly inefficient cures of all kinds are believed in much more now without reason than ever medieval folk allowed themselves to be carried away by religious superstitions.

A similar historical error proclaims that torture and suffering for opinions and cruel punishment went out with the Reformation, or at least wherever that movement gained a firm foothold. This is absolutely untrue, for the trials of the witches everywhere were accompanied by torture, and cruel punishments were the rule, particularly in the Protestant countries. It is rather amusing sometimes to read, in newspaper and magazine articles, descriptions of the torture of the Inquisition and the heartlessness of medieval people, ecclesiastics in the same breath with the mention of the Iron Maiden and the famous torture boots of Nuremberg. These, however, were inventions not made for the Inquisition nor for the Middle Ages, but for the post-reformation period in Protestant Nuremberg. And it must not be forgotten that Nuremberg was one of the most cultivated cities of Germany and that its people were highly educated, and that it was exactly in such a reform city that torture and cruel punishments were invented and developed. Torture was one of the modes of getting at truth for legal purposes under the Roman law. It continued almost until our own time to be a legal mode of procedure. Even at the present time it has not entirely gone out, and while the means of physical torture are removed, the "third degree" and various phases of mental torment replace them.

POLITICAL DECADENCE

Above all, the political import of this movement, so often thought to be purely religious, must not be forgotten. The nobility lost at this time, to a great extent, their independence. The king became supreme, and the new nationalism which developed in Europe knit countries and peoples very close together which had only been very loosely connected before. Ferdinand was King of Aragon and Isabella Queen of Castile when their marriage brought these kingdoms together. Subsequent developments at this time made the Spanish peninsula a unit. Practically the same thing happened in France. Pope Julius II planned a united Italy. It was scarcely half a century after the close of Columbus' Century that the Scotch and English crowns became united. Many of the great nobles of these countries lost their prestige. The foolish extravagance of {563} the Field of the Cloth of Gold is said to have cost many a nobleman of France and England his estates, or at least made him absolutely independent in the favor of the king.

In the midst of this political revolution a change in the prevailing religion made a very valuable asset for monarchs whose position was not over-secure or whose treasury was exhausted, for it handed over to them the care of the Church and its property as well as of the State and its revenues. This enabled them to confiscate large sums of money, to confer Church estates on noble favorites; but, above all, it left them without any strong organized ethical factor within the State to oppose any acts of injustice that they might do. Their Lord Chancellors had been bishops before, but now they were political favorites and often the veriest of time-servers. Lord Campbell's characterization of some of the English post-reformation chancellors is illuminating for this. The amount of political injustice that resulted is easy to understand, though it is not easy to comprehend how the people stood it.

The constitution of the English House of Lords since the Reformation represents, by contrast, in a very striking way the difference between the old and the new in political matters. At the present time the House of Lords is almost exclusively hereditary. About one-seventh of its members are there by appointment or election, and a large part of even this moiety is chosen from the descendants of the hereditary nobility. Before the Reformation sixty per cent of the House of Lords consisted of the Lords Spiritual. Many of these were Bishops, but more of them were Abbots and Priors of Religious Houses, Masters and Generals of Religious Orders and other officials representing the monasteries as large landholders, who at the same time represented considerable bodies of peasantry, tillers of the soil of monasteries, who were so happy, as was often said, to be under the cross. Not a few of the bishops were the self-made sons of the middle class, or even the poor. A great many of the abbots and representatives of religious orders came from even the lower orders. They were men who had been chosen by their fellow-religious to rule over them because they were considered to have the best qualities of heart and soul for such positions. In the course of centuries a great many of these men were saints, that is, represented that character and disposition which made the men of the after-time declare that they had lived heroic lives of unselfishness and care for others.

It is true that at times some of the Lords Spiritual were the sons of the nobility, favorites of kings, men who used political influence in order to secure Church preferment; but the proportion of these was never very large, and while many are known, it is because the history of many centuries is gone over for them. Probably no better second chamber for conservative legislation could {564} possibly be organized than this one of the House of Lords before the Reformation actually was. The majority of the men in it were representatives, not of one class, but of all the classes of England. There were always many peasants' sons and the sons of little tradesmen, and these men had often risen by merit and yet only under such circumstances as precluded family ambition at least, and usually their advancement was due to their known lack of personal ambition. As a rule, their unselfishness had been the principal trait by which they secured preferment. They had the best interests of the poor classes particularly at heart. Without any chance for ambition for themselves, without any desires for the enrichment of a family which did not exist for them, there were as many safeguards around their fulfilment of their duty as representatives of the people as can possibly be drawn. Even such safeguards will not prevent all abuses, but they come as near doing it as is possible. Nothing is more illuminating, as regards political conditions from a social standpoint, than this comparative study of the pre-reformation House of Lords with that of the present.

In political freedom, the times after the Reformation represent decadence mainly because of the placing in the hands of the civil government the authority in both political and religious matters. As a consequence of the elimination of the Church authorities as independent factors in the life of the people instead of subservient to government officials, there was a serious inroad upon the rights as citizens that had been obtained by hard striving during preceding centuries. Modern political developments are not so much a new assertion of modern democracy as a reversion to the democratic principles of the Middle Ages. That will seem to many people profoundly paradoxical. It is only a paradox, however, to those who do not know the political life of the Middle Ages. Magna Charta was drawn up and signed, the fundamental laws of Spain and France adopted, the Golden Bull in Hungary promulgated, and the Swiss declaration of independence issued all in a single century of the preceding time--the thirteenth. Such principles as that there shall be no taxation without representation were then formulated, and the free cities acquired rights for their citizens and laid the foundation of that government of the people, by the people and for the people which is the basis of modern democracy. All this was seriously disturbed at the time of the reform movement, and a decadence similar to that which took place in humanitarianism and the hospital and nursing movement may be traced with regard to political liberty. It culminated at the end of the eighteenth century in that awful cataclysm of the French Revolution which tried to reassert all the old principles of political freedom and correct all the abuses at once and right the cumulated wrongs of centuries that was doomed to failure. The series of revolutions of the early {565} nineteenth century were needed to give people back something like the rights that they had had in the Middle Ages and to create a public sentiment once more favorable to democratic institutions. Hilaire Belloc, who probably knows the French Revolution as well as any in our generation, declared not long since that it represented an effort to bring the world back to those ideals of democracy which had developed in the Middle Ages. Our period represents exactly the end of the Middle Ages, and it is after the Reformation that the decadence of the fine old democratic spirit which had been fostered within the bounds of the old Church may be noted.

Above all, popular happiness decreased and indeed almost disappeared throughout Europe as the result of the reform movement. Before that, the Church holy days, nearly twoscore in number in the year, provided ample opportunities for leisure and recreation, and the Church societies, by the giving of the mystery and morality plays, and the guilds by their banquets and outdoor meetings, the various "ales," as they were called, had furnished frequent occasions for hearty, healthy amusement. All this stopped with the Reformation. Puritanical conceptions of religion rubbed the holy days, that were also holidays, out of the year. We are now engaged in putting them back as anniversaries of national events and of the births of national heroes instead of the celebrations of Christian feasts and saints' days, as bank holidays and memorial days of various kinds. The sects became so much occupied with discussions of dogma that they took almost no interest in the amusements of the people. Now men met to dispute over doctrines that they could not understand, and instead of the beautiful ceremonies of the old religion, with their satisfying appeal to all the senses and their charm and teaching quality, even as mere spectacles, they listened to long-winded, dry-as-dust sermons as a matter of duty, and went home to sit gloomily in darkened rooms for the observance of what they called the Sabbath. Before the Reformation, the people, after the Church services, used to meet for games and recreation upon the green in front of the Church, and the young folks had had opportunities for their Sunday pleasures of all kinds. Only in recent years, with the breaking up of the bonds of Protestantism, have we gone back to revive medieval ways.

The nations drew away from each other, and the internationalism that had been developing and that had been fostered by community of Church interest disappeared. National governments became more consolidated, but the peoples became more and more separated in sympathy. Until commerce developed in the modern time, that fine internationalism which had so often been exhibited in spirit, at least during the Middle Ages, was at an end. The Crusades had done much to break down the barriers of narrow nationalism. {566} The religious orders had still further fostered intercourse and increased sympathy among the nations. The universities, with their various nations among the students, had been nurturing grounds for better feeling among men. All this was now practically at an end. Not only that, but sectionalism in politics and sectarianism in religion drew men farther and farther apart and made them look upon those of other nations with less and less sympathy. The political change made for the concentration of power in the hands of rulers and the strengthening of the states for war, but it took away many of the rights of men and, above all, lessened their sympathies for their kind, except among their own people, and obliterated that spirit of good fellowship among the educated and cultured people of the world which had been so well nurtured in the time before. It is only during the later nineteenth century that there has come to be that spirit of friendly intercourse among nations once more which existed in the later medieval and earlier Renaissance periods.

{567}

INDEX

Abbot Trithemius, 525
Academic liberty, 555
Academies, Italian, 508
Academy,
of Naples, 509;
of Noble Minds, 9;
of Lorenzo de' Medici, 34;
Roman, 509;
Vitruvian, 509
Accademia at Venice, 510
Accademia dei Belli Arti, 196
Accidents, happy, xxv
Achidemoios, 493
Achillini, 361
Acts and scenes division, 489
Adoration of the Lamb, Van Eyck, 71
Adoration of the Magi,
Duerer, 72;
Memling, 72
Advance of surgery, 414
AEgidius, 232, 437
AEneas Sylvius, 502, 543
AEschylus, 533
Age of Leo X, xl, 41
Agostino, 540
Agricola, Rudolph, xxxv, 505, 520, 524, 527
Agrippa, Cornelius, 393
Agrippa and New Thought, 394
A Kempis, 517;
and Marcus Aurelius, 432;
and Epictetus, 432
A Kempis' Imitation, 431;
other books, 431
Alberti, Leon Battista, xxxi, xxxv, 114;
De re aedificatoria, 114;
San Francesco (Rimini), 115
Albertus Magnus, 348, 361
Alcala, Paranimfo, 125;
University of, 539
Aldus Manutius, 151, 303, 521;
accomplishments, 154;
advice to bores, 155;
_editiones principes,_ 510
Aleander, Jerome, 531
Alessi, 122
Alexander VI, 228
Allegri, Antonio (Correggio), 66
Almagest of Ptolemy, 346
Almshouses at Stratford, 175
Amadis de Gaul, 478
Amerbach, Portrait of Boniface, 78
America,
and Africa, colonized, 272;
discovery of, xxv;
first book printed in, 286-7;
first printing press, 287;
in Columbus' Century, 275
Amerigo Vespucci, 264
Amyot, translation of Plutarch, 471
Anaesthesia, 425
Anathemia, Mondino's, 361
Anatomy,
pathological, 395;
Renaissance and, 361;
Teaching of, in Bologna, 363
Anchyloses, 424
Animuccia, xxxii, 143;
brothers, 137
Anne of Bretagne, xxxix, 330
Annotations on Dioscorides Cordus, 337
Antimony, and auto-toxaemia, 392
Antonio Lebrixa, 538
Antonio of Palermo, 510
Antwerp, 110
Apollo and Marsyas, 56
Appendix, vermiform, 362
Apuleius, Golden Ass, 458
Aquinas, 361
Arabic types, 151
Arcadelt, 136
Archiepiscopal Palace Court, 126
Architecture, Michelangelo's, 40
Arcolani, 395
Arculanus, 417
Argelata, 414
Argyropulos, 506, 542
Ariosto,
comparisons, 444;
Italian humor, 445;
Sonnet of, 445
Armor, 113
Arnold, Matthew, 432
Arras, 110
Art, and Savonarola, 57;
after Reformation, 559
Art decadence, 98;
Arthur, King-statue (Innsbrueck): 103
Arts,
deeds, and words, xxvii;
The Book of the, xxviii
Ascham, Roger, xxxv, 336
Asepsis, 418
Asse, De, 532
Astrology, 352
Asylums, 169;
founded at Saragossa, Seville, Toledo, Valencia, and Valladolid, 203
Athenaeus, antiquities of, 536
Augsburg, 102
Australia, discovery of, 268
Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini, 459
Auto-toxaemia always with us, 392

B

Balboa, 271
Baldung, Hans, 161
Bale, on neglect of books, 556
Ballad, Lorenzo dei Medici, 447
Ballate, 447
Balneotherapy, 402
Bandages, moulded, 423
Bandello, 458
Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio). 27
Baptista dei Malatesti, 316
Barbosa, 538
Barclay, Alexander, 492
Baronius, 182
Basil Valentine, 391
Bath, Wife of, 490
Bayard, 208
Beaufort, Margaret, 335
Beccadelli, 510

{568}

Beckere, Peter, of Brussels, xxxi
Bedlam, at London, 203
Bedlam, Hogarth's, 204
Bedlamites, 204
Beethoven, 88
Beguines, 178
Behem, Martin, 348
Bellarmine, 216
Bellay, Joachim du, 468, 469
Bellini, Angels Mourning over Christ, 63
Bellini, Presentation of Infant Christ, 63
Bellinis, the, xxix
Belloc, Hilaire, 191
Belon, Pierre, 379
Bembo, Pietro, xlii, 298
Benivieni, 395
Benozzo Gozzoli, xxviii, 55
Benvenuto Cellini, xxx, 92
Berengar of Carpi, 361, 418
Berenson, 70
Bernardine of Feltre, 180
Bernard van Orley, 74
Bernini, 95
Bessarion, Cardinal, 346, 503;
and Cusanus, 504;
and Purbach, 504;
and Regiomontanus, 504
Bibbiena, 34
Bible, Complutensian Polyglot, xxxv
Blashfields, Italian Cities, 6
Blaubeuren, Stalls in, 99
Blind Harry, 496
Blondeel, 74
Blood,
circulation of, 371;
transfusion, 415
Boerhaave, 379
Bollandists, 216
Bologna, xxix;
Papal University of, 368
Bonfigli, xxix, 55
Book,
appreciation, 146;
bindings old and new, 166;
first American, 287;
Massachusetts Bay Psalm, 287;
making, decadence in, 148;
illustration, 159
Books,
illuminated, xxxiii;
reform and destruction of, 556;
twelve best, 434
Borgia, Aldus Manutius (Garnett), 303
Borgia, Lucretia, 301;
at Ferrara, 303
Borgias, the, 302
Borgo, the Fire in the, 10
Borgognone, 117
Boscan, 480
Botticelli, xxviii, 53, 55, 56, 58, 75
Botticelli's Birth of Venus, 58;
illustrations for Dante, 60:
Madonna of the Magnificat, 59;
Mythology, 59;
Psychology, 58;
Spring, 58;
Tondi, 59
Bourbon, 208
Bourdischon, 80
Bourne, Prof., 277, 286, 287
Bouts, Dirk, 73
Bramante, xxxi, 117, 196;
Church at Lodi, 116;
Great Court of Hospital (Milan), 195;
Santa Maria delle Grazie, 117
Brancas, surgeons, 418
Brantome, xlii
Braunschweig, 411
Breboeuf, 213
Brethren of The Common Life, xxxv, 517
Bridgett, Life of Sir Thomas More, 240
Briggs, Prof., 259
Brothers,
Do-Good Little, 202;
of Mercy, 201
Browning, Mrs., 484
Bruges, 110;
tombs at, 98;
town hall at, 127;
sculpture of, 98
Brunelleschi, xxxi, 349
Brunfels, 376
Bruno, Giordano, 473
Brunschwig, 422
Brussels,
Broodhuis at, 127;
Hotel de Ville, 127;
Maison du Roi. 137
Budaeus, 505, 532;
absorption in study, 532
Bude, 532
Bugiardini, 10
Burckhardt, 91, 319, 341;
on Leonardo, 31
Burdett, Hospitals and Asylums of the World, 205
Burgkmaier, Hans, 161
Burke, Edmund, 478
Burnett, Bishop, 232
Burnett's Utopia, 233
Burning Bush, 10
Butzbach, Johann, 338

C

Cabot, John and Sebastian, 265
Cabrol, 417
Caesalpinus, xxxvii, 372, 379
Caesarean operation, 416
Cagliari, Paolo, 69
Caius, John, xxxviii, 229, 347, 385, 542
Caius College, 229
Calepinus, 511
Calixtus III, 510
Calvin, xlii, 246;
and intolerance, 254
and Servetus, 255, 370;
Loyola, Rabelais, fellow students, 533
Calvin's austerity, 253
Cambridge Modern History, 302
Camera del Eliodoro, 10
Camera del Incendio, 10
Camerini of women of Renaissance, 322
Camoeens, xlii, 264;
and Da Gama, 266
sonnet by, 484
Campbell, Lord, Lives of the Lord Chancellors of England, 241
Canani, 362
Cancer, surgery in, 417
Canossa, Counts of, 32
Canova, 96
Cantor, 344
Cape Verde Islands, discovery of, 262
Caprarola, Palace of, 122
Caracci, xxix
Cardan, Jerome, 403
Carlo Dolci, 66
Carlo Maratta, xxix
Carnival songs, 448
Carpaccio, xxix
Cartoons of Raphael, 11
Cartwright, Julia, 340
Castiglione, Baldassare, 4, 298
Catherine, of England, xxxix;
of Genoa, xl;
of Sforza, 301
Caviceo, 304
Caxton, William, 151
Caxton's experience, 146
Celestina, 479 {569}
Cellini, Benvenuto, 92, 206;
_alto_ and _basso rilievo,_ 93;
autobiography, 459;
Christ by, 93;
Perseus and Head of Medusa, 93
Celsus, 507
Celtes, 338, 524
Certosa at Pavia, xxx;
sculpture, 95
Cervantes, 208;
and books of chivalry, 478
Cespedes, The Last Supper, 83
Chalcondyles, 506
Champ Fleury, 158
Champlain, on Mexico, 288
Chanca, Dr., 284
Chancery,
calendar cleared, 235;
Court of, 234
Charity, decline of, after Reformation, 559
Charlemagne, 313;
Coronation of, 10
Charles V, xxxiii, 208
Charles, of Orleans, xlii, 463
Charles the Bold's tomb, 98
Chaucer, 152
Chess, Game & Pleye of, 152
Chevy Chase, 495
Chicheley, 542
Chiericate Palace, 122
Chivalry, Tales of, 478
Christ the Light of the World, 73
Christ, Imitation of, xli, 430
Christi, De Imitatione, 429
Christina, Princess of Denmark, 340
Church, Dean, 433
Cicero, 522
Ciceronianism, 508
Cinthio, Hecatomithi or Hundred Fables, 458
Circulation of Blood,
Caesalpinus, 369;
Columbus, 366;
Harvey, 368;
Rabelais, 369;
Servetus, 369
Circulation, systemic, 372
Cisneros, 538
Claude Goudimel, xxxii, 137
Claudio Monteverde, 143
Clement Marot, xlii
Clocks, 113
Clopton, Sir Hugh, 131. 173, 175
Clouet, Elizabeth of Austria, 79
Clouets, 80
Club-foot surgery, 421
Clusius, Carolus, 400
Clym of the Clough, 495
Cobbett's History of Reformation, 257
Coimbra, Teachers' College at, 541
Colet, Dean, xxxv, 229, 235, 543
Colet, Dame, 229
Collects of the English Prayerbook, 500
College de France, xxxvi, 533
College of Santa Cruz, 279
Colombe, xxxi, 80, 104
Colombo, Francesco, 159
Colonists, English and Spanish, 276
Colonization, ancient and modern, 272
Columbus,
character, xxvi;
letter, 283;
lifetime, xxvii
Columbus, Realdus, xxxvii, 366
Columella, 508
Common Life, Brethren of, 514
Company of Jesus, 222
Condivi, 41
Conrad, 338
Contagion of tuberculosis, 408
Convents and educated women, 341
Copernicus, 223, 243, 349;
and Reformation, 352
Copperplate engraving, 160
Copyright, lack of, 155
Cordova, 208
Cordus, Valerius, 376
Cornaro, 404
Cornelius a Lapide, 216
Corporation of the Royal Readers, 533
Correggio, xxix, 53, 66, 75, 92;
and Leonardo, 67;
and Michelangelo, 67
and Raphael, 67
Corsets, surgical, 416
Cortes, 269
Cortez, Martin, 263
Cortigiano and Cellini's autobiography, 461
Courteys,
Jean, 122;
Pierre, 122
Cousin, Jean, 80
Coverdale, 500
Coxcie, Michiel, 74
Cranach, 161
Cranmer, 500
Cretinism and endemic goitre, 387
Culture, Transmission of European, 278
Cusanus, 344, 518;
and Bessarion, 504:
love of truth, 519

D

Da Imola, xxix
Dalberg, Johann von, 525
Dame Quickly, 490
Danes, Pierre, 533
Danesius, 533
Daniel, 212
Dante, 149;
sonnet by Michelangelo, 42
David, Gerard, 74, 97
Da Vinci, 44 (see Leonardo)
Dean Colet, 229
Decadence, political, after Reformation, 562
Deed, The Book of the, xxxiii
Defectives, Village care for, 203
Delacroix on Titian, 65
Delft, 110
Delirium, 402
Della Croce, 415
Della Porta, xxxi
Della Robbia, 89
Della Robbias, xxx
Denifle and Luther, 248
De Quincey, 432
D'Este,
Isabella, 303;
Beatrice, 318
Deventer, 517
De Vigo, 411
Dias, Bartholomew, 263
Dibden, 149
Dickenson, Study of the History of Music, 140
Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, 152
Dietetics, popular, 406
Dionysius, the Areopagite, 544
Discoveries and drugs, 400
Diseases,
occupation, 387;
mental, 401
Disputa, 8
Dodsley's Old English Plays, 488
Doge's Palace, 120
Dolet, Etienne, 473
Dominant seventh, xxxii;
chord of, 143
Donatello, xxx, 65, 70, 102 {570}
Donatello's,
Bambino Gesu, 87;
St. Francis, 87;
St. George, 87;
St. John the Baptist, 87
Donizetti, Lucretia Borgia, 304
Dorothea de Juanes, 84
Dosso Dossi, xxix
Douglas, Gawin, 496
Drake, Sir Francis, 288
Dream of the Knight, Raphael, 4
Drug abuses later, 403
Drugs, American and Oriental, 400
Dunbar, William, 496; Scotch Chaucer, 497
Duerer, Albert, xxix, 75, 99, 161. 378;
Marriage of the Blessed Virgin, 163;
Melancholia, 15;
Nativity, 339;
St. John the Baptist preaching, 100;
wood-engravings, 161;
writings, 77
Dussart, S. J., Father, on Memling, 73

E

Echegaray on Teresa, 309
Educated women, number of, 320
Educated women's homes, 321
Education, feminine, xxxix;
phases of feminine education, 313;
physical training and feminine, 317;
feminine, in Spain, 332;
feminine, and Rabelais, 536;
feminine, opportunities for, 320
Edward VI Grammar Schools, 173
Efficiency, Studies in (Leonardo), 26
Eliot's, George, Romola, 185
Elizabeth, 337;
and Isabella, 293
Elizabeth, torture under, 189
Emperor Frederick, 432
Encomium Moriae, 77, 440
Englishmen of the Sixteenth Century, Sidney Lee, 437
English Prayerbook, Collects of the, 500
Engraving,
copper, 162;
wood, 162
Ephemerides Astronomicae, 348
Erasmus, xxxv, 223, 226, 259, 337, 521, 528;
Colloquia, 440;
on scholasticism, 245;
on copyright, 155;
and More, 226;
Escala Espiritual, La, first American printed book, 287
Estienne the Elder, 157
Euclid, 526
Eustachius, xxxvii, 395;
anatomical plates of, 164;
discoveries, 367
Eustachian tube, 367
Evelyn, 181, 204
Everyman, 485
Exercitia Spiritualia, 429
Experts, medico-legal, 399

F

Fabrica Humani Corporis, 365
Fabricius of Aquapendente, 421
Fallopius, 366, 415;
discoveries, 367
Farnesina, 6
Farrar, Archdeacon, 434
Fathers of Church and Pagan Culture, 529
Fedele, Cassandra, 327
Felixmarte de Hircania, 478
Female pre-eminence, 394
Ferdinand and Isabella, xxxiii, 208, 292
Ferrara, xxix
Ferri, 411
Festus, 507
Ficino, 34, 507, 524
Field, Miss, on St. Teresa, 312
Field of the Cloth of Gold, xxxiv, 255
Filippino Lippi, xxviii
Fiorovanti, 417
Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, 237, 521
Florence, Academy at, 507;
and social reforms, 184
Fontenelle, 433
Forli, Virago of, 301
Fortune, making a, 177
Foster, Professor, 372
Fouchet, Jean, 105
Fountain of the Innocents, xxxi
Fouquet, Jehan, 80, 149;
miniature painting from the Livy MSS., 150
Four Elements, the Interlude of, 489
Four P's, 489, 493
Fra Angelico, xxviii, 53, 92;
angels of 54:
Madonnas of, 54;
paintings of, 54
Fra Bartolommeo, xxviii, 6, 56, 92;
Descent from the Cross, 57;
Lamentation over Christ, 57;
Marriage of St. Catherine, 57;
The Last Judgment, 57;
Savonarola, 58
Fra Gioconda, 131, 159
Fracastorius, 397
Fracture of the skull by contrecoup, 418
Francia, 151
Francis I, xxxiii, 533;
contempt of the world, 464-5
Frederick of Urbino, 2
Free, John, 542
Froissart translation, 470
Fuchs, 376
Furniture, 113
Fust, 146

G

Gairdner, 256
Galileo and Copernicus, 350
Gammer Gurton's Needle, xlii
Gamp, Mrs., 490
Garcilaso de la Vega, 285, 480
Garofalo, xxix
Garnett, 302
Gaspara Stampa, 327
Gasquet, 502
Gaston de Foix, 208
Gaza, Theodore, 505, 520
Geert de Groote, 514
Geiler of Kaisersberg, 529
Genoa, Heroines of, 300
Gentile da Fabriano, xxix
George Eliot on Teresa, 308
German People, History of the, 528
Germany,
Preceptor of, 522;
schoolmaster of, 520;
the Humanists of, 527;
three-tongued wonder of, 523:
united, 519
Gerssdorff, Hans von, 422
Gesner, Conrad, 377, 385
Ghent, town hall of, 127
Ghirlandajo, 34, 55, 56, xxviii
Giles, Peter, 232, 437
Giorgione, xxix, 63
Giotto, 65
Giulio Romano, xxix
Glass-making, xxxiii
God's promise, 494 {571}
Goldsmiths sculptors, xxxii, 341
Gonzaga,
Cecilia, 316;
Elizabeth, 298;
Isabella, 301, 304;
Paola, 341;
women of the house of, 320
Gonzagas, xxxix
Good Hope, Cape of, 263
Gordon, General Chinese, 432
Goudimel, Claude, 137
Goujon, Jean, xxxi, 80, 105
Gounod, 140
Gout,
bilious, 399;
melancholy, 399;
Pare on, 399;
pituitary, 399;
sanguine, 399
Gower, 152
Graft, political, 248
Grammar, Spanish specialty, 540
Granada, Cathedral at, 118-9
Greek, first book printed in, 151
Greene, Prof. Edward L., 375
Gregorovius, 302
Grey, Lady Jane, xl, 336;
Lord, of Grimm, 5;
Life of Michelangelo, 56;
on Correggio, 66;
on Michelangelo, 52
Grisar's Luther, 248
Grocyn, 543
Grolier, 156, 164, 166
Groote, Geert de, 514
Guarino, 542
Guercino, xxix
Guicciardini, 451
Guido, xxiii
Guilds,
flourishing, xxxviii;
insurance, 170;
grammar schools of, 173;
of the Holy Cross at Stratford, 172:
social work of the, 170;
the children of the, 171
Gunshot wounds, experiments in, 412
Gurlt, History of Surgery, 412
Gutenberg, 146
Guy de Chauliac, 410
Guzman, 537
Gynaecology and obstetrics, 416

H

Hallam on Reformation, 246
Haller, 377
Hamboys, 136
Hannay, David, 476
Hans Holbein, 162
Hare, Augustus, 460
Harvey, 369
Headlam, Cecil, 102
Health, Board of, at Lucca, 407
Heart surgery, 417
Heathen writers and Christian culture, 529
Hebrew types, 151
Hellenists, new academy of, 510
Helyot, Lea Ordres Monastiques, 198
Hemophilia, 415
Henderson, The Story of Music, 135
Henry VIII, xxxiii, 246
Henry, the Navigator, xxxiii, 262
Henryson, Robert, 496
Heptameron, 305, 465
Hernandez, 399
Heynlin von Stein, 529
Heywood, John, 493
Higden, 151
Hildegarde, Abbess, 314
History of the English Reformation, 257
of the Popes, 220;
of wood-engraving, 161
Hogarth's Bedlam, 204
Holbein, xxix, 77, 162;
and the Iconoclasts, 78;
religious pictures, 78
Hospital, first American, 287;
of St. John at Bruges, 72, 199
Hospitals, 169;
and surgery, 410;
decline after Reformation, 560;
decoration of, 199;
gardens of, 199;
in Spain, 201;
medieval, 192;
modern, 192;
nursing, 198;
of the Innocents, 90;
old-time, 192;
organization of, 197;
private patients in, 197;
Santo Spirito, 196;
Sir Thomas More on, 200-201
Hotel de Ville of Louvain, 124
Houillier (Holleris), Jacques, 396
Hours, Book of, 148
House of the Red Children, 306
Howard, Earl of Surrey, 497
Hroswitha, the nun dramatist, 314
Hugo von Pfolspeundt, 421
Hugo, Victor, on Lucretia Borgia, 304
Humanists, The,
and antiquity, 528;
and Christianity, 528;
and England, 531;
and France, 531;
The Earlier or Scholastic, 527;
The Intermediate or Rational, 527;
The Later or Protestant, 527;
Throughout all of Western Europe, 531;
Portugal and, 531;
Spain and, 531
Hunt, Bonavia, 138
Hunter, George Leland, on tapestries, 109
Hunter, William, 364
Hutchinson, Ann, 255
Hutten, Ulrich von, 523
Hydrophobia, 402
Hygiene, popular, 406
Hythlodaye, Raphael or Ralph, 438

I

Ignatius Loyola, 208 (see St. Ignatius)
Ignorantia, De Docta, 345
Illicini, 455
Incunabula, medical, 383
Indian manual training, 286
Indulgences,
Luther and, 249;
Manning and, 249;
Newman and, 249
Ingrassias, 414
Innocents, Hospital of the, 90
Innsbrueck, xxxi, 102
Inquisition in Spain, 295
Insane, Care for,
in Spain, 203;
Brutal suppression of in 1750, 205;
Visiting, as entertainment, 204
Insanity, studies in, 401
Interlude of Virtue, 493
Isaac, Sacrifice of, 10
Isabella of Castile, xxxix;
administration, 291;
and Elizabeth, 293;
children of, 292;
benevolence of, 295;
Indians and, 293;
Inquisition and, 295;
Letters of, 476;
studies of, 291;
style of, 292;
unhappiness of, 293
Isabella D'Este's apartments, 323
Italian academies, 510;
teachers everywhere, 501
Italy,
best gentlewoman of, 301;
graduate study of, 347, 501;
medical world teaching in, 386

{572}

J

Jaeger, Johann, of Dornheim, 523
Janssen, 244, 528
Jan van Mabuse, 74
Jessop, Rev. Augustus, 174, 256;
Before the Great Pillage, 257
Jesuit,
astronomy, 218;
bibliography, 216;
competition, 214;
constitution, 209
Missions in Brazil, Chile, China, India, Japan, North America,
Mexico, Peru, 211;
relations, 213;
schools, 214;
scientists, 217;
students, 215;
themes, 214
Jesuits,
Bacon and, 215;
bark, 213;
Bancroft and, 213;
Descartes and, 215
Harvey and, 218;
instructors in Europe, 215;
Kepler and, 218;
meteorology and, 220:
Parkman and, 215;
philology and, 213;
seismology, 220
Jewel boxes, 113
Jodocus Lommius, 396
Jogues, 213
John of Avila, 480
John of Bologna,
Mercury, 94;
Neptune, 94;
Rape of Sabines, 95
John of Dalberg, 520, 524
John II of Portugal, 263
John, Prester, 263
Johnson, Samuel, 432;
on More, 498
Joinville, 470
Joost van Lom, 396
Joerg, Syrlin, 99
Josquin, xxxii, 135;
Ave Maria, 136
Juan de Borgona, 82
Juan de Juanes, 82
Julius II, Pope, 7;
Tomb of, 37
Juste, Jean, xxxi, 105
Justinian, Pandects of, 532
Justin Martyr, 533
Justus of Ghent, 4, 74

K

Kalkar, 164
Kelly, Fitz-Maurice, 479
Kettelwell, Life of Thomas a Kempis, 516
Kildare, 314
King's Highway, 289
King's Quair, 496
Kircher, 218
Kircherian Museum, 219
Kraft, xxxi;
Adam, 101
Kraus, Professor, 9

L

Labe, Louise (La Cordiere), 331
Ladies of the Olden Time, 462
La Gioconda, 15
La Harpe, 433
Lallemant, 212
Lamartine, 433
Lamennais, 433
Lancisi, 368
Landino, 507
Lang, Mr. Andrew, 385
Langen, Rudolph von, 521, 527
Lapide. 216
Lascaris' Grammar, 151
Las Casas, 186; 270;
and Indian abuses, 187
Lasso, _princeps musicae,_ 138
Lassus, 138
Latimer, 543
Latin, universal academic language, 427
Latres of Mons, 137
Laws, pure food, 406
Lazarillo de Tormes, 479
Learning, New, 246;
confusion of, 502
Lecky, 203
Lee, Mr. Sidney, 276, 437
Leland the antiquary, 176
Leonardo da Vinci, xxx, 1, 5, 55, 67, 75, 92, 102;
and Michelangelo, 36;
as biologist, 355;
as engineer, 21;
as scientist, 353;
botany, 25;
canals, 22;
career, 26:
dissection, 24;
geology, 23;
inventions, 21, 353;
mechanical toys, 28;
optics, 354;
on war, 30;
philosophy of life, 30;
proposed text-books of anatomy, 364;
studies in efficiency, 26;
study of flying, 28;
weather gauge, 354;
zoology, 25
Leonardo's Christ, 17
Leonicenus, Nicholas, 384
Leopardi, xxx, 92
Leyden pulpit, 98
Liddon, 434
Lille, 110
Lilies, The Valley of, a Kempis, 431
Lily, William, 492, 543
Linacre, xxxv, xxxviii, 223, 228, 235;
translations by, 471
L'Indaco, 10
Linnaeus, 378
Lippo Lippi, xxviii
Literature,
English Dramatic, 485;
Latin, 428;
mystical, 480;
Portuguese, 481
Liver fatalities, 424
Livy,
edition of, in 1543, 80;
illuminations, 80
Lollardism, 256
Longevity, Cornaro on, 404
Lords, House of, before and after Reformation, 563
Lorenzo de' Medici, xxxv, xlii, 4, 40;
poetry, 447;
lament for, 448
Lorenzo di Credi, 55
Lorenzo Lotto, 63
Lo Spagna, xxix
Lotti, Lorenzo, xxix
Lotto, 7
Louvain university, 225;
town hall of, 124
Low Countries, 307
Lubbock, Sir John, 434
Luebeck, 102
Luca delta Robbia, 89
Lucas van Leyden, 74, 161
Lucca health board, 407
Lucretia Borgia's apartments, 324;
husband's grief, 305 (see Borgia)
Lucretia Tornabuoni de' Medici, xlii, 317
Lucretius, 507
Luigi da Porto, 455
Luis de Granada, 480
Luis de Morales, 82
Luis de Vargas, 82
Luis de Leon, 480
Luther, 135, 246;
and Denifle, 248;
Grisar, 248;
McGiffert, 251, 252;
indulgences, 249;
on divorce, 251; {573}
permits bigamy, 251;
relations to Zwingli, 250

M.

Mabie, Mr. Hamilton, 515
Macaulay, 220;
on the reformers, 258
MacFarren, Sir George A., 143
Machiavelli, 449:
Acton on, 451;
drama, 450;
history, 450;
Morley on, 451;
novel, 455;
place in literature, 450;
style of, 450;
"The Prince," 209
Madrigals, 446
Magellan, Ferdinand, 266;
Straits of, 267
Maggi, 412
Magnet in surgery, 416
Magnetism, 390
_Maioli et amicorum,_ 166
Malory, Sir Thomas, 152, 495
Mania, 402
Mantegna, Andrea, xxix
Manuzio, Paolo, 154
Marcantonio, 162
Marcellus, The Mass of, 139
Margaret of Anjou, 335
Margaret of Angouleme, or Navarre, or Valois, (See Marguerite.)
Marguerita de Juanes, 84
Marguerite of Angouleme, (or Navarre, or Valois), xxxix;
affection for brother, 305:
charity, 306;
grief, 306;
Heptameron, 465;
Marguerites de la Marguerite, 466;
religious poetry, 466
Marguerite of Bourgogne, xxxix
Marot's, Clement, sonnet on happiness, 464
Marquette, 213
Marriage of Witte and Science, 489
Martin of Bohemia, 263
Martinotti, 363
Martyr's _De Rebus Oceanicis, et Orbe Novo,_ 164
Mary of Burgundy's tomb, 98, 307
Mary, Queen of Scots, xxxix, 331, 336
Masaccio, xxviii, 65
Massa, 414
Massuccio Salernitano, 454
Masters, Four, of Salerno, 410
Matsys, Quentin, xxix, 73
Matthews, Brander, 166
Maximilian I, 525
McGiffert on Luther, 252
Medallion, xxxiii
Medici, Clarice de', 301
Medici, Lorenzo de', (See Lorenzo.)
Medicine and philosophy, 408;
clinical, 382;
incunabula of, 383;
in Mexico, 281
legal, 408;
medieval, 381;
observation in, 401;
printing and, 383;
Rabelais on, 382;
Renaissance in, 382
Meistersingers, 137
Melancholia, 402;
Duerer, 15
Melancholy as self-will, 311
Melanchthon, 522;
Servetus, 255
Melin de Saint Gelais, 467
Melozzo da Forli, 4, 65
Memling, xxix, 71, 97, 199
Memmelinc, 72
Memory, importance of, 503
Mercy, Brothers of, 201
Metal-engraving, 162
Method, inductive, 356
Mexico and Medicine, 281
Mexico's palaces, 288
Meyer, History of Chemistry, 389
Michelangelo, xxviii, xxx, xxxi, xlii, 1, 5, 6;
admiration of, 43;
age of, 51;
and architecture, 40;
and Dante, 41;
and Leonardo, 36;
and Vittoria Colonna, 47;
as architect, painter, poet, sculptor, 52;
dissection and, 44;
early works, 35;
handiness, 44;
last words, 51;
lack of jealousy, 43;
little interest in books, 33;
lonely, 45;
modesty, 44;
on matrimony, 45-6:
personality, 47;
Shakespeare and, 33, 41;
the "divine master," 51
Michelangelo's
David, 36;
Moses, 38;
religion, 49;
St. Peter's (Rome), 116
Middle Ages, contempt for the, 245
Mignonne! Allons voir, 468
Milman, Dean, 434
Modernism, Renaissance, 244
Mona Lisa, 15
Monardes, 400
Monarquia Indiana, 279
Monasteries,
evils of, 557;
suppression of, 557
Montagnana, 395
Montaigne, 533
Montanus, 385, 386
Montefeltro, Battista, 319
Monte, Giovanni de, 386
Monti di Pieta, 180
More, Margaret, 337, 227
More, Sir Thomas, xxxv, xlii, 223, 259. 543;
apology of, 233;
as barrister, 226;
as chancellor, 234;
Confutation of Tindale and, 233:
daughter of, 238;
Deballation of Salem and Bizance, 233;
Erasmus and, 226;
family life, 226;
household, 227;
humor, 241;
oath of supremacy, 236;
obstinacy, 239;
on hospitals, 200, 545;
on marriage, 225;
on physicians, 545;
precocity, 224
Quoth He and Quoth I, 233;
religious toleration, 545;
sordid successors of, 242;
standing armies and, 545;
Supplication of Souls, 233
wealth display barbaric, 545
Moriae, Encomium, 241
Moroselli, 55
Morris, William, 148
Morte d' Arthur, 152, 495
Morton, Cardinal, xxxv;
household of, 224
Moses, Michelangelo's, 38
Mouton, Jean, 143
Mummies, 390
Municipalata palace, 122
Muretus, 541
Murmellius, 521
Music, xxxii;
Columbian, 134;
Doctor of, 136;
polyphonic, xxxii, 139
Musurus, handwriting of, 153
Muth, Conrad, Mutianus, Rufus, 523, 527

N.

Nanini brothers, xxxii, 137
Nature imitates art, 70
Nature study,
in Dante, 361;
medieval, 360;
Renaissance, 360
Nativity,
Duerer, 339;
Plays, 486 {574}
Navarrete, 82
Navigation, French, 268
Neri, St. Philip, xxxii
Nervousness, selfishness and, 311
Neuburger, 362
Newman, Cardinal, 181
Newton, xxvi
New York, Discovery of, 268
Nicholas V, 510;
chapel of, 53
Nicholas of Cusa, 27, 344, 518, 529;
on truth, 519;
on united Germany, 519
Nigramansir, 493
Novelas de Picaros, 479
Novelle, Italian, 454
Nunez, 540
Nuremberg, xxxi, 75, 99;
Bronze Founders of, 102;
intellectual center, 347;
Virgin of, 188
Nursing,
Dark Period of, 193;
decline after Reformation, 560;
history of, 179;
uniforms, 200
Nusquama, 233
Nutting and Dock History of Nursing, 179

O.

Ockeghem, or Ockenheim, xxxii, 135
Olympia Morata, 327
Opera, xxxii
Oratorio, xxxii
Orlando Furioso, 443
Orthopedics, 413;
Spain in, 421
Osler, Prof., 397
Ospedale Maggiore of Milan, 196
Oviedo, 399

P

Padua, xxix
Paganism and the New Learning, 529
Palace,
Grimani, 120;
Guadagni, 120;
of Caprarola, 122;
Pitti, 120;
Riccardi, 120;
Rucellai, 120;
Thiene, 121;
Tursi-Doria, 122;
Vendramini, 120
Palestrina, xxxii, 136
Palilia, 508
Palladio, xxxi, 120
Palma Vecchio, xxix, 63
Palmerin de Inglaterra, 478
Pamplona, 206
Papal Physicians,
Caesalpinus, 373;
Columbus, 366;
Eustachius, 367;
Lancisi, 368
Papinian, 536
Paracelsus, xxxvii, 223, 386;
Father of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 390;
medical chemistry and, 357;
miracles and, 390;
surgical hints, 419;
wound epidemics and, 420
Paraguay Reductions, 212
Pardoner and the Friar, 489
Pare, xxxviii;
Father of Modern Surgery, 411;
on gout, 398;
orthopedic armamentarium, 413
Pascal, 432
Passion Plays, 486, 488
Pater, Walter, 15, 58
Pathology,
Aranzi, 395;
Arcolani, 395;
Benivieni, 395;
Berengar, 395;
Eustachius, 395;
Montagnana, 395;
Savonarola, 395;
Vesalius, 395
Paul Preaching to the Athenians, 12
Pausanias, Monuments of, 536
Pavia, Battle of, xxxiv
Peasant and Prince, 469
Perreal, 80
Perugino, xxix, 5, 7. 53, 55
Peruzzi, 7, 10, 17
Petau, or Petavius, 216
Peter of Pieve, 55
Pfolspeundt, Heinrich von, 383;
advice to young surgeons, 423
Phillimore, Prof, J. S., 498
Phrenitis, 402
Physicians, Royal College of, 229;
More's praise of, 408
Phytography, Cordus, 376
Picaresque novels, 479
Piccolomini, AEneas Sylvius, (See Pius II.)
Pico della Mirandola, xlii, 9, 34, 223, 230, 507, 511, 524.
Pierluigi of Palestrina, 142
Piero dei Franceschi, 65
Piero della Francesca, 4, 55
Pieta of Michelangelo, 36
Pillage, Before the Great, 174
Pilon, Germain, xxxi, 105
Pincianus, 539
Pinel, 203
Pinturicchio, xxix, 503
Pirkheimer, Charitas, or Charity, 330, 525;
Conrad Celtes, 338;
friend of scholars, 338
Pirkheimer, Wilibald, 338:
Academy of Mainz, 524;
friend of Duerer, 77;
numismatics, mathematics, science, 526
Pius II, xxxv, 502, 543
Pizarro, 270
Placques, 112
Plant Iconography, 376
Plantin, Christopher, 464
Platina, 508
Plato, 8, 516, 526, 530
Platonic love, 48
Plays,
Mystery and Miracle in England, 485;
in Italy, 445;
on the continent, 487;
Morality, xlii;
Nativity, 486;
Passion, 488
Pledges, unredeemed, 180
Pleiades, xlii, 468
Pliny, 535;
the Elder, 378
Plumptre, Dean, 434
Plutarch, 526, 536;
morals of, 536
Poetry,
Latin, 428;
of passion, 467
Poggendorff, 219
Poliphilo, Dream of, 159
Politian, 34, 327, 507;
Orfeo of, 445
Pollaiuolo, xxxii
Polychronicon, 151
Polyglot, Complutensian, 539
Pomponius Laetus, 508, 524
Ponce, Maitre, 105
Pontano, 510
Portugal, scholarship in, 541
Porretane, 454
Portuguese, Sonnets from, 484
Pott's Disease, 414
Predestination, 254
Prescott, 293;
on Ferdinand and Isabella, 333;
on the Inquisition, 295;
Isabella and Elizabeth contrasted, 293
Prieur, Barthelemy, 105
Prince, The, 449;
and Peasant, 469
Printing, medical, 383 {575}
Prohibitionist, early, 407
Propertius, 507
Ptolemy, 526;
Almagest of, 346
Puerbach, or Purbachius, 345;
and Bessarion, 504
Purgatory, Treatise on, 299
Puritan intolerance, 255
Puschmann, History of Medical Education, 362
Pyaemia, 420

Q

Queen Elizabeth (see Elizabeth)
Quentin Matsys, 97
Quintilian, 507
Quoth He and Quoth I, 233

R

Rabelais, xlii;
and feminine education, 536;
and medicine, 382;
circulation of blood and, 369;
misunderstood, 472;
place in literature, 474;
Renaissance and, 475;
tolerance of time, 473
Radewyns, Florence, 515
Ralph Royster Doyster, xlii, 494
Ranke, 220;
on Guicciardini, 452
Raphael, 1, 67, 75, 92, 107;
as archaeologist, 14;
as art director, 14
Rapiarium, 517
Rea, Hope, 88
Recreation before Reformation, 565
Reductions of Paraguay, 212
Reformation, 243;
and academic freedom, 555;
and art, 554;
and education, 554;
and decadence, 554;
and internationalism, 566;
and House of Lords, 563;
and political descent, 564;
and popular happiness, 565;
and progress, 553;
and sectarianism, 566;
Andrew Lang on, 258;
Copernicus and, 352;
Frederic Harrison on, 258;
Macaulay on, 258;
ruins art, 558;
ruins scholarship, 555
Regiomontanus, 28, 223;
and Bessarion, 504
Reisch, 529
Rembrandt, 15
Renaissance, xxvii;
Italian, xxxi;
ladies of the, 290;
Science in, 343;
The Later, 476
Repplier, Miss Agnes, "Our Loss of Nerve," 312
Reuchlin, xxxv, 523, 528;
Cabalistic Books of, 393
Reuisch, 7
Revolt, Religious, in Germany, 243
Revolution, French Reactionary, 191
Rhodes, Cecil, and Cortes, 269;
and Pizarro, 269;
and Vasco da Gama, 269
Ribalta, xxix
Ricci, Father, 211
Ricordi, 452
Robbia, Andrea della, Bambine of, 90
Robbia, Luca della, 89
Robusti, Jacopo, 68
Roman antiquities, 14
Rome, Ancient, Raphael's reconstruction, 14
Rome, Social Work at, 182
Romeo and Juliet, 454
Roses, Little Garden of, 431
Roses, Wars of the, 223
Rossetti, William, 93
Ronsard, 468
Rudolph von Langen, 520
Ruellius, 379
Rugs, Oriental, 107
Ruskin, xxvii;
on Noble grotesque, 60;
Stones of Venice, 60
Russell of Killowen, 432

S

Sachs, Hans, 136
Sacristy of San Lorenzo, 40
Sahagun, 278
St. Ambrose, 522
St. Augustine, 522;
De Civitate Dei, 437
St. Bernardine of Siena, 180
St. Brigid, 314
St. Catherine, of Genoa, 181, 298;
Treatise on Purgatory, 299
St. Chrysostom, 522
St. Francis de Sales, 432
St. Francis Xavier, 210
St. George and St. Michael, 4
St. Gregory Nazienzen, 529
St. Ignatius Loyola, 182, 439;
Spiritual Exercises of, xli, 439
St. Jerome, 522
St. Philip Neri, 137, 142;
the Apostle of Rome, 181
St. Teresa, 307, 340, 476. (Sec also Teresa.)
St. Sebald, shrine, 101
Saint-Amand, Imbert, 464
Sainte-Beuve, 464
Saintsbury, xl, 443
Salvers, 112
Sanchez, Minerva, 540
Sandys, 280, 524, 527, 532, 540
Sangallo, xxxi, 117
San Michele, xxxi, 120
Sannazaro, 510
Sansovino, xxxi, 102
Santa Croce Cathedral, xxxi
Santi Raphael, 2
Sarto, Andrea del, xxviii
Sassoferato, xxix
Satire of Religious Abuses, 455
Savadino, degli Arienti, 454
Savonarola, 56, 183, 185;
and art, 57;
Benedict XIV, 185;
Pius VII, 185;
Raphael, 185;
the reformer, 184;
vindication of, 185
Scala, Alessandra, 327
Scaliger, 505. 537
Scent boxes, 113
Schoeffer, 146
Schaeuffelin, Hans, 161
Schenck von Graffenberg, 396
Schwarzerd (Melanchthon), 522
Scholarship, xxix;
and wealth, 468;
place of, xxxv;
decadence in, 95;
Teutonic, 513
Scholarship in Italy, decadence of, 512
Scholasticism, Erasmus and contempt, 245
Schongauer, Martin, 162
School of Athens, 8
Schubert, 140
Science,
in Renaissance, 343;
Jesuits and, 217;
Progress of, xxxvii
Sciences, Biological, 360
Scripture, knowledge of, 488 {576}
Sculpture, Certosa, 95;
decadence in, 95
Sebastiano Luciani, 63
Secchi, S. J.. Father, 218
Selling, William, 543
Seneca, 516, 522
Servetus, 369;
and Calvin, 255
Seutonius, 522
Shakespeare and Michelangelo, 33
Sidney, Sir Philip, 481
Signorelli, 10, 56;
and Melozzo, 65
Simon de Collines, 157;
Book of Hours, 160
Sistine Chapel, 8;
tapestries in, 111
Social Work and Workers, 169
Societas Literarum Danubiana, 524
Societas Literarum Vistuliana, 524
Socrates, 8, 516
Sodalitas Literarum Rhenana, 524
Sodoma, 7
Sophocles, 533
Sorel, Agnes, tomb of, 105
Spain,
and care for insane, 203;
architecture, 118;
Feminine education, 333;
in America, 278;
scholarship, 537
Spanish America, 277;
Literature, Golden age of, 484
Spiritual Life in shorthand, 440
Spirituality and common sense, 312
Splenectomy, 417
Springinklee, Hans, 161
Squarcione, xxix
Staley, Edgcumbe, 300
Stanley, Dean, 514;
the explorer, 432
Statius, 507
Staupitz, John von, 260
Stefano, Vanneo, xxxii
Strachey, Henry, 8
Stratford, Chapel of Guild and Alms-houses at, 172, 176
Stratford-on-Avon, 131, 176
Suarez, 216
Superstition, Post-reformation, 561
Supper, Last, Leonardo's, 16
Supremacy oath, More and, 236
Surgeons, learned, 425
Surgery,
and anatomy, 526;
cosmetics in, 418;
experience in, 425;
hospitals and, 410
Sweating sickness, 383
Sylvaticus, 383
Sylvius, Matthaeus, 365, 383
Symonds, J. Addington, 41, 446

T

Taft, President, on Philippines, 273
"Tag Day," 178
Taine, History of English Literature, 177, 353
Tales of Chivalry, 479;
of Roguery, 479
Tapestries,
Sistine, 11;
art and, 107;
Cluny, 111;
Golden age of, 109;
Morgan, 110;
Rheims and, 109;
Their Origin, History and Renaissance, 109
Tapestry, French and Flemish manufacture of, 110
Telegraph, sympathetic, 356
Telesio, Bernardino, 356
Terence, 522
Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada, (St. Teresa), 307
Teresa, St., Crashaw on, 477;
"Doctor of Church," 308;
humor of, 310;
hymn, 477 (see St. Teresa)
Teresa,
_mater spiritualium,_ 308;
mystic, 310;
power of, 310:
style of, 309;
writings, 477 (see St. Teresa)
Terra Cottas, 89
Theater, Picture of, 491
Theophrastus Dioscorides, 378
Theodoric, 410
Thiene Palace, 121
Thompson, Francis, 207;
Life of St. Ignatius, by, 221
Three Graces of the Tribune of Chantilly, 5
Tibullus, 508
Tilly, Arthur, on Rabelais, 474
Tindale, Confutation of, 233
Tintoretto, xxix, 53;
Bacchus and Ariadne, 68
Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, 542
Titian, xxix, 53, 75:
Assumption by, 63;
Bacchanals of, 64;
Bacchus and Ariadne, 64;
Entombment of Christ, 63;
Presentation of Blessed Virgin, 63
Tolerance of Rabelais' time, 473
Torquemada, Juan de, 279
Torture, date of, 188;
post-reformation, 561;
under Tudors, 189
Tory, Geoffrey, 149, 156;
Book of Hours, 157;
King's printer, 158
Toscanelli, 28, 348
Tournai, 110
Tournefort, 377
Tours, xxxi
Toussain, Jacques, 533
Tracheotomy tube, 416
Tragus, 376
Tramps, 171
Translations, Classic, 499
Trebizond, 505
Tregaskis, 149
Trithemius, 525, 527, 529;
and Christian scholarship, 529
Trivulzio, Domitilla, 327
Troye, Recuyell, of the Historyes of, 152
Truth, Love of, Cusanus, 519
Turnebus, 533
Tursi-Doria Palace, 122
Tyndale, 500
Types,
Arabian, 151;
Anglo-Saxon, 151;
Greek, 151;
Hebrew, 151;
Irish, 151;
Italian, 151;
Russian, 151;
Syrian, 151

U

Udall, Nicholas, 494
Ulm, Choir stalls of, 99
University
of Lima, 279;
of Mexico, 279
University, Papal charters, 281
Ursula, Shrine of St., 73
Ursulines,
Charlestown fire, 329;
foundation of, 329;
in America, 329;
New Orleans in 1726, 329
Utopia, xli, 232, 436;
and Plato's Republic, 439;
Astrology, 551;
Author's home, 553;
books in, 552;
division of day in, 552;
forest conservation, 551;
life of pleasure in, 551;
illustrations in, 162;
More's, 429;
Religious toleration in, 546;
standing armies in, 547

{577}

V

Valentine, Basil, 357;
works, 392
Valles, Francisco, 396
Valves in veins, 361
Van Eyck, brothers, xxix, 71, 97
Vanneo, Stefano, xxxii
Vannucci, Pietro, 55
Van der Weyden, Roger, 71, 97
Varro, 508, 533
Vasari, xlii, 17, 87, 89, 107, 453;
Herodotus of art, 453
Vasco da Gama, 263
Veit Stoss, 99
Velasquez, 15
Vendramini Palace, 120
Venturino, Francesco, 33
Vergara, 540
Vernacular, 246
Vernazza, Battistina, 300
Verona, Isotta of, 327
Veronese, xxix, 53;
Marriage at Cana, 69
Veronica de Gambara, 327
Verrazano, 268
Verrocchio, xxx, 55, 90;
Colleoni, 21
Vesalius, xxxvii, 25;
Father of anatomy; 164, 365
Vespucci, Amerigo, 264
Vidus Vidius, 416
Viel, Gabriel, 529
Vignola, 122
Vigo, John de, 414
Villa of Pope Julius, 122
Villehardouin, 470
Villon, xxxvi, 462
Virago of Forli, 301
Virgil, study of, 315;
birthplace of, 315
Virgins, youthful, 36
Vischer family, xxxi, 101, 104
Vischer, Peter, 101
Visualization, artistic, 70
Vittoria Colonna, xxxix;
and Michelangelo, 47;
character, 297;
letter on honesty, 296;
writings, 297
Vittorino da Feltre, 314
Vivarinis, xxix
Vives, 540

W

Warham, Archbishop; xxxv, 521
War, the climax of animal frenzy, (Leonardo), 30
Wars of the Roses, 223
Wasmann, S. J., Father, 219
Wealth and scholarship, 468
Wesley, John, 190, 259
West, The Call of the, 276
Weyden, Roger van der, xxix, 97
Weyer (Wierius), Johann, 396, 416
Wickersheimer, 405
William of Salicet, 410
Wimpheling, 520, 527, 529
Windesheim, 515
Wine, abuse of, 407
Winternach, 402
Witchcraft, 190
Wolff, Caspar, 417
Wolseley, General, 432
Wolsey, Cardinal, 234
Women,
and Renaissance gardens, 322;
chances of education for, 326;
wrongs of, 332
Women's apartments, 322
Woodberry, 161
Wood-carving,
Bruges, 98;
German, 99
Wood-engraving, 161
Woodville, Elizabeth, 335
Worms, Diet of, xxxiv
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 497
Wynken de Worde, 151
Wuertz, Felix, 411, 417

X

Xenophon, German, 526
Ximenes, Cardinal, xxxv, 438

Z

Zwingli, 250

End of Project Gutenberg's The Century of Columbus, by James J. Walsh

<pre id="pg-footer">