Chapter III: The Occupation and Battles of Chattanooga (2)

It will be well at this time to take a rapid view of the entire lines of the Union and the Confederate armies, as they stood facing each other, arms in hand, at 3 o’clock p. m. on November 25, 1863, just before they grappled in a struggle for life and death, and for the permanent possession of the stronghold of the Middle West. So many changes having occurred in the previous three or four days in the Union Army, and equally as many and more important changes occurring on the Confederate side, makes it necessary to pause, just before describing the great spectacular battle of Missionary Ridge, and try to get at least a bird’s-eye view of the position of the numerous divisions and corps.

General Osterhaus had again taken command of his own division, relieving General Charles R. Woods; General Cruft, and General Geary were near enough with their troops to the ridge at Rossville to form the extreme right of the Union line. There was an interval between Geary’s left and Johnson’s right, where Carlin stood after coming from Lookout. Johnson had only two brigades, Carlin on the right, and Stoughton (John H. King’s successor) on the left; Starkweather had been left in the works around the city. Hooker’s and Thomas’s troops were without reserves. Sheridan’s three brigades, F. T. Sherman’s, Harkers’s and Wagner’s were next to the left of Johnson; then Wood’s three brigades, Hazen’s, Willich’s, and Beatty’s; the latter appeared in two lines, being the last in Thomas’s section, and forming the left flank of the line; and then Baird’s three brigades, Turchin’s, Van Derveer’s and Phelps’s.

A mile and a half to the left of General Thomas’s line lay Sherman’s right flank, with no troops in the interval. The latter’s line was composed from right to left of the following brigades, viz.: Buschbeck’s, Ewing’s Matthies’s, Corse’s and A. Smith’s; Raum, was behind Matthies, and two brigades of J. E. Smith’s were in reserve behind the centre. Behind this line, a half mile in the fortified line lay from left to right the brigades of Loomis, Cockerill, Alexander, and Lightburn, and Schurz’s division. Sherman thus had six divisions. The Confederate line from its right, which faced Sherman, was as follows by divisions: Cleburne, Stevenson, Gist, Cheatham, Anderson, Bate, and Stewart. Stewart held the left of Bragg’s line, and his troops were the first to encounter those of Hooker on their way to Rossville from Lookout Mountain. General Hardee commanded the right wing, consisting of the following four divisions: Cheatham, Cleburne, Stevenson, and Walker; General Breckenridge was in charge of the left wing, which was composed of Bate, Stewart, and Anderson. Cheatham’s division faced Baird, Anderson’s Wood; Bate’s Sheridan, and Stewart’s Johnson. Cleburne’s division reached the front of Sherman’s line on the afternoon of the 24th while marching from the Confederates’ left. Before the fight of the 25th occurred, Cheatham’s, Stevenson’s, and Walker’s divisions had prolonged Bragg’s line to within three-quarters of a mile of the tunnel; Smith’s brigade of Cleburne’s division held Tunnel Hill on the 25th against Sherman; the rest of the division was not heavily engaged, but it had the assistance of Brown’s and Cumming’s brigades of Stevenson’s division, and Maney’s of Walker’s. Tunnel Hill was not captured by Sherman’s troops until after the retreat of these Confederate forces on the evening of the 25th, the result of the successful assault in the centre by Thomas.

The whole Confederate line on the left across the Chattanooga Valley was abandoned; Stewart withdrew to the top of the ridge before Hooker reached Rossville. It must be noticed, that General Thomas’s line in the centre, contained only four divisions of the Army of the Cumberland, namely two of the Fourth Corps, and two of the Fourteenth; one division (Davis’s) of the Fourteenth Corps was with Sherman on the left, and one (Cruft’s) was with Hooker on the right. Hooker had three divisions and Sherman six.

Starkweather’s brigade of Johnson’s division was left to hold the original works around Chattanooga; and did so during the assault of the rest of the troops upon Missionary Ridge.

At 1 p. m. on the 12th, C. A. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War, who was in Chattanooga, sent this dispatch to the Secretary of War at Washington, “In our front here [meaning Thomas’s front], Confederate rifle-pits are fully manned, preventing Thomas gaining ridge.” At 4:30 p. m. he sent another dispatch showing how misleading the former dispatch was: “Glory to God. The day is decisively ours. Missionary Ridge has just been carried by a magnificent charge of Thomas’s troops, and rebels routed.” The reader must not lay much stress on the time given, at which the various movements were made; this is a mere guess in most instances. Seldom did an officer think of looking at his watch, at the moment any orders were given to make an important movement. The original Army of the Cumberland, referred to by Dana, were the troops General Grant thought would not fight, because they had been so roughly handled at Chickamauga.[38] It was quite a natural conclusion. The entire Union Army was in line at about 3:30 p. m., ready for any commands which might be given by Grant, Thomas, Sherman and Hooker. The array of soldiers in the Union ranks from the three armies, those of the Potomac, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, was formidable, commanded by such heroes as Grant, Thomas, Sherman, Hooker, Sheridan, and Howard. Thomas’s four divisions had about 18,000 in rank and file, Hooker’s about 9,000, and Sherman’s about 24,000.

It is not likely that Bragg had more than 30,000; but his position was sufficiently strong to almost equal Grant’s advantage in numbers. The Confederate Army was concentrated on a 500 feet ridge, which had a very steep and rough surface, sloping towards the Union lines at an angle of about forty-five degrees. This ridge had a fortified line on the top, manned by veteran infantry and artillery, and a thinner line of infantry at its foot in a series of deep rifle-pits; in front of the latter was a swarm of skirmishers. The army was still in command of Braxton Bragg, a commander of great experience; and of two wing commanders, Hardee a veteran of the old regular army, and Breckenridge a former vice-president of the United States. Its division commanders were, as a rule, soldiers of the old regular United States Army, and were very capable officers. That army had two months before (or thought it had) won the battle of Chickamauga, and it was now fighting--at least in the centre where Thomas’s troops faced them--the same troops they claimed to have defeated a short time ago. It had every advantage of position at this time, and it had success in the past to fire the hearts of its soldiers, and arouse in them confidence in their ability to hurl back their old foe, who had the audacity to assault so formidable a stronghold.

Standing on any of the Union forts at Chattanooga, especially on Fort Negley or Fort Wood, or better still on Orchard Knob, where Grant and Thomas remained during the 25th, one would have not only a rear view of the Union Army as it stood, but also a front view of most of the Confederate force. From the top of Missionary Ridge, where Bragg had his headquarters, the whole panorama was magnificent. The lines of blue, and their array of glittering muskets, could be seen from there in front. The backs of the troops were turned on Chattanooga. “Their faces were to the foe.” Bragg had a view of them which Grant and Thomas missed, and if he could have had an hour undisturbed by the conflicting emotions aroused in him by the pending conflict, if he could have watched through his field-glass the valorous mien, the confident air, and the evident determination of these veteran soldiers, to “feed fat the ancient grudge” against the old foes they had met at Mill Springs, Perryville, Stone’s River, and Chickamauga, he would surely have read in these characteristics the doom of the defeat which an hour later overwhelmed him and his little army, and from which it never sufficiently recovered to win another battle. Had he been half as much of a philosopher, as he was a soldier, he would have foreseen, what afterwards was expressed by one of his ablest generals (D. H. Hill), that the holding of Chattanooga “sealed the fate of the confederacy.”

The living, moving lines of soldiers, presented to the view of the two opposing commanders, stationed at vantage points above the valley in which the Union Army was then formed, although a most interesting picture, was more impressive because of its background of magnificent mountains, rivers, and hills. On the west rose great Lookout Mountain, 1,500 feet above the level of the valley; while across the valley, east of Lookout, Missionary Ridge stretched from the north to the South, rising 500 feet and crowned by the lines of grey soldiers, every movement of whom could be seen from Orchard Knob.

General Grant’s most excellent plan on the 24th was that Thomas’s troops should bear to the left, join with the right of Sherman after his forces had advanced to the tunnel, through which the railroad from Chattanooga to East Tennessee ran, and together they should make an assault with the whole union line. Thomas’s troops were in line until 3:30 p. m. on the 25th, waiting for Sherman to capture the hill over the tunnel. General Sherman had begun the fight early in the morning of the 25th by advancing Corse’s brigade; the latter moved down the southern slope of the second hill which had been gained the day before, and under a galling fire advanced against Cleburne’s fortified position. This position was very strong, however, and Corse could not drive the enemy from the hill. Then other brigades were brought up, but they did not succeed in loosening Cleburne’s firm hold. General Grant observing this from Orchard Knob sent the rest of Howard’s Corps to Sherman’s aid at 10 a. m. Howard had two divisions, Steinwehr’s and Schurz’s. It was evident, that Bragg endeavored most vigorously to keep Sherman from turning his right. Had Sherman succeeded in his effort, he would have been in Bragg’s rear and able to menace his line of retreat at Chickamauga station, which was immediately in the rear of the right flank. There was no evidence, however, that Bragg was weakening his lines in front of Thomas; although he had already sent the forces, which Hooker had defeated the day before on Lookout, to his right wing; and these proved to be amply able to hold so strong a natural fortress without any further reinforcements. When General Sherman received Howard’s two divisions, he renewed his efforts to take Tunnel Hill; he made a charge and received one in return, which broke some of John E. Smith’s brigades.

It appears that Grant did not contemplate any attack by Thomas on the centre, when he at noon ordered Baird to report to Sherman; for with Baird’s he had already detached nearly half of Thomas’s troops to Sherman and Hooker. With Baird gone, Thomas had only eight brigades to Sherman’s seven divisions; General Hooker had seven brigades as far from General Thomas’s right, as General Sherman’s were from the latter’s left.

General Grant and General Thomas were together when these orders were given on the 25th; they were in accordance with Grant’s original plan, that Bragg’s defeat should be accomplished by Sherman’s turning the enemy’s right. Grant must therefore have consulted with Thomas concerning this maneuver. Whether General Thomas expressed his opinion on the 25th with regard to making the attack in some other place than at Sherman’s line, is not known; but it will be seen, that the success of the day pivoted around Thomas, because of the invincible position of the enemy at Tunnel Hill, and the valor of the old Army of the Cumberland. This is no disparagement to General Grant’s original idea; his plans were generally correct and successful, and this one was fine in conception, but it shows definitely, that the “best laid schemes, o’mice and men, gang aft a’gley.”

General Grant boldly made his third deviation from his original outline planned for the battle. Seeing the improbability of Sherman advancing his present line to join with Thomas’s left, as contemplated, he ordered an independent assault by Thomas’s troops alone; this order was given at 3 p. m. This section of the Union line was covered by two lines of skirmishers; and was confronted by something less than four divisions of the enemy, namely, a part of Stewart’s on the Confederate left, which was facing Hooker’s line under General Breckenridge’s personal direction. The signal for the advance was to be six shots from a battery (perhaps Bridge’s), on Orchard Knob. General Grant’s report will best tell what occurred, viz.: “Thomas was accordingly directed to move forward his troops, constituting our center, * * * with a double line of skirmishers thrown out, followed in easy supporting distance by the whole force, and carry the rifle-pits at the foot of Missionary Ridge, and when carried to reform his lines, on the rifle-pits with a view to carry the top of the ridge. These troops moved forward, drove the enemy from the rifle-pits at the base of the ridge like bees from a hive--stopped but a moment until the whole were in line--and commenced the ascent of the mountain from right to left almost simultaneously, following closely the retreating enemy, without further orders. They encountered a fearful volley of grape and canister from near thirty pieces of artillery and musketry from still well-filled rifle-pits on the summit of the ridge. Not a waver, however, was seen in all that long line of brave men. Their progress was steadily onward until the summit was in their possession.”[39]

When the summit was reached by the Union troops, the scene of confusion and flight of the Confederate forces, down the eastern slope of the ridge, was wonderful to behold.

General Thomas in his report,[40] says: “Our troops advancing steadily in a continuous line, the enemy, seized with panic, abandoned the works at the foot of the hill and retreated precipitately to the crest, where they were closely followed by our troops, who, apparently inspired by the impulse of victory, carried the hill simultaneously at six different points, and so closely upon the heels of the enemy, that many of them were taken prisoners in the trenches. We captured all their cannon and ammunition before they could be removed or destroyed.”

In the meantime Hooker was advancing toward Thomas’s right with his line stretched across the ridge, at right angles to it. Stewart’s troops, seeing their left threatened by Hooker, tried to escape down the eastern slope toward Ringgold, but encountering there Osterhaus’s troops, moved northward along the base; here they ran into Johnson’s division, and more than a thousand were captured. After General Baird’s division had gained the summit, Stewart wheeled his division to the left, across the crest, and advanced toward the troops, resisting General Sherman. He had not advanced far before he met Cheatham’s forces in line across the crest; the contest here lasted until after dark. During the night all the Confederate forces retreated across the Chickamauga, burned the bridges, and continued their flight to Taylor’s Ridge, near Ringgold, the nearest heights across the Chickamauga Valley, sixteen miles in a straight line southeast. General Sheridan, after halting a few moments on top of the ridge to reform his troops, pushed on to Chickamauga Creek; he captured 300 prisoners, 13 cannon, and a train of 12 wagons.

Mr. C. A. Dana sent a dispatch to the Secretary of War at 10 a. m. November 26, which contained the following paragraph: “The storming of the ridge by our troops was one of the greatest miracles in military history. No man who climbs the ascent by any of the roads that wind along its front can believe that 18,000 men were moved up its broken and crumbling face unless it was his fortune to witness the deed. It seems as awful as a visible interposition of God. Neither Grant, nor Thomas intended it. Their orders were to carry the rifle-pits along the base of the ridge, and capture their occupants; but when this was accomplished, the unaccountable spirit of the troops bore them bodily up those impracticable steeps, over the bristling rifle-pits on the crest, and the thirty cannon enfilading every gully.”

General Grant says in his report that he intended the lines should be readjusted and ascend the ridge if they were successful at the base. The reports of the corps and division commanders indicate that some of them misunderstood the orders. The men advanced without special orders, however, when they found the position at the foot of the ridge too much exposed to the plunging fire of the enemy. In some instances they were even called back to the foot after proceeding part way up the hill. The assault was made, however, and was so successful, that no one was court-martialed; no one was bold enough to repudiate the responsibility for its initiation. General Grant did not hesitate to modify his original plans from time to time, when inevitable circumstances showed him that some other movement than the one laid down was essential to success. This characteristic is the quality of a great general.

The artillery also under command of General Brannan did fine service during the assault. The large guns in Forts Wood, Sherman, Cheatham, and battery Rousseau directed their fire first upon the Confederate line at the foot of the ridge, as did four light batteries in front of Chattanooga. When the Union line was ascending the ridge, this artillery turned their shots to the entrenched Confederate line on top. The enemy’s artillery and musketry seemed largely to have over-shot the Union lines; the records do not show that the Union troops suffered as heavy losses during the time they were under fire, as the enemy’s apparently advantageous position would warrant. It is also probable that the audacity of the blue coats in assaulting the top of the ridge surprised the Confederates and induced nervousness, wild shooting, terror, confusion, and flight.

The Union troops did not advance up the ridge as if on parade; but conformed more or less to the contour of the ground; the line appeared to an onlooker as a zigzag one; but the standards were always where they ought to be, and there were no stragglers. They did not fire their muskets to any extent while advancing, although they received a constant wild fire from the enemy. It was an assault by the musket bearers, and it is not likely they received many orders from their officers. As soon as the Union troops gained the crest at one point, although it appeared as if the six different points were gained simultaneously, it greatly assisted the rest of the troops, who were so near the crest. The Confederates began to fall back as soon as the first Union troops gained the top. General Bragg tried to send his troops from a less threatened point to one more in danger, but his attempt failed, because his men saw better than he seemed to do that all was lost when one point was carried. This observation applies only of course to the isolated line on the right and left of Bragg’s headquarters, which was attacked by General Thomas’s troops. His troops further to the right, beyond an unoccupied space--such as Cheatham’s division--were not affected that way, because they turned on left wheel, and attacked Baird’s division on the crest.

The Union troops, which were called back to the foot of the ridge by those officers who thought their orders carried them only thus far, caused Bragg to believe that they had been repulsed by the fire of his troops; he rode along his line congratulating them, when he was informed that his line was broken further to the right, and the Union forces had crowned the ridge. The victory was gained too late in the evening to ensure an effective pursuit. The enemy had all night, after crossing the Chickamauga, in which to move undisturbed his troops and wagon trains; he made the distance between himself and the pursuing force as great as possible before morning. General Grant was apparently justified in waiting for Hooker to arrive at Rossville before he ordered Thomas’s advance, but he was not justified in waiting so long as he did for Sherman’s expected capture of Tunnel Hill. Yet who could hope or believe that Thomas’s troops could successfully assault so formidable a position as they did? Hooker was delayed four hours in crossing Chattanooga Creek. If Grant had sent Howard’s Corps at 10 a. m. on the 25th to Rossville in Hooker’s place, instead of sending it to Sherman, and as soon as it was in position, ordered Thomas, Howard, and Sherman to advance in unison, the same result would have occurred at one or two o’clock as was secured much later, and then the four and a half or five hours of daylight would have been sufficient to injure the Confederate Army very greatly before it could have crossed the Chickamauga. But it is very easy to look back and criticise. On the battlefield there may be reasons, apparent to a commander, why these supposable movements could not be made that are not so palpable to a historian, who may lose sight of all the complex situations, the inside knowledge of the commander, and his fearful responsibility to the country.

The pursuit was taken up on the morning of the 26th by General Hooker’s troops and Palmer’s Fourteenth Corps. Hooker attacked the enemy in a strong position at Ringgold Gap on Taylor’s Ridge; he lost heavily without inflicting corresponding injury on the enemy. The Fourth Corps was marched back to the city on the morning of the 26th to make preparations for the relief of Burnside at Knoxville.

On the 27th, the pursuit was abandoned at Ringgold, twenty-three miles by rail south of Chattanooga. General Grant telegraphed from that place at 2 p. m. to General Halleck at Washington, D. C.: “I am not prepared to continue pursuit further.” The official reports neither give the strength of the Union Army nor of the Confederate Army. At the time of the attack on Missionary Ridge the Union Army outnumbered largely the Confederate Army. A large part of this disparity in numbers was offset by the extraordinarily strong position of the Confederate forces, and the fact that the Union Army was the aggressor. Could Bragg have commanded the resources that Grant did, he would have gladly availed himself of them in order to outnumber the Union Army; no false notions of chivalry prevented either army from availing itself of any great advantage in battle, which is habitually taken where war is waged. The Confederate boast at the beginning of the war that one Confederate could out-fight five Yankees--as all northern troops were called by the Confederates--was rather incompatible with their complaint after the war, that they were crushed only by weight of numbers.

Military skill will sometimes win battles against numbers; this was not the case in the battles around Chattanooga, however. Bragg does not give his losses in his official report; but he lost to the Union Army in prisoners 6,142 men, 42 pieces of artillery, 69 gun carriages, and 7,000 stands of small arms. He destroyed much other material before and during his flight.

The Union less was 5,286 killed and wounded, and 330 missing. These losses seem small compared with other battles of less importance--Chickamauga for instance; but it must be remembered that the sacrifice for the continued possession of Chattanooga by the Union Army includes also all the losses of the conflicts of the Tullahoma campaign, of Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Orchard Knob, and Missionary Ridge. When it is considered how much these battles meant, in their causal effect on the final suppression of the rebellion itself, their value becomes apparent.

WISCONSIN TROOPS IN THE BATTLE OF MISSIONARY RIDGE

Wisconsin’s part in the battle of Missionary Ridge was important and honorable. The First and Twenty-first Infantry were in Starkweather’s brigade of Johnson’s division. This brigade had lost heavily at Chickamauga; it was assigned to remain in Chattanooga in order to hold the works, while the army was assaulting the ridge. This duty was cheerfully and thoroughly done, although it deprived the brigade of the glory of charging up the ridge.

The Tenth Infantry remained on detached duty holding a fort south of the Crutchfield house, on the side of Lookout Mountain, and did not ascend the ridge.

The Fifteenth Infantry was attached to Willich’s brigade of Wood’s division of Granger’s fourth corps; it was commanded by Captain John A. Gordon. In the ascent of the ridge it was in the reserve line of the brigade, therefore its loss was nominal; the entire loss during the battles was 6 men wounded. General Willich speaks of the regiment in high terms in his report. It consisted only of 130 men.

Before coming to the Army of the Cumberland the Fifteenth Infantry had distinguished itself. On October 19, 1862, Major Quincy McNeill of the Second Illinois Cavalry wrote to the Governor of Wisconsin, from Island Number Ten, that there was no braver man in the service than Captain John A. Gordon.

The Eighteenth Infantry came with Sherman’s troops of the Army of the Tennessee; it was commanded by Colonel Gabriel Bouck and attached to the First Brigade (Alexander’s), of the Second Division (General John E. Smith’s), of the Seventeenth Corps. This infantry regiment was engaged with Sherman’s troops on the extreme left; its losses are not reported. It was organized at Milwaukee in February, 1862, and was mustered in March. It proceeded to Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, and became a part of the Army of the Tennessee on April 5, 1862. This regiment was heavily engaged in the battle at that place on April 6; also in the battle of Corinth and other engagements prior to its coming to Chattanooga. The Eighteenth Infantry was noted for the size of its men; it was said that Company G of this regiment averaged by actual weight 160 pounds to the man. At the battle of Pittsburg Landing on April 6, 1862, this regiment was in the left brigade of General Prentiss’s division; it was then commanded by its first colonel, J. S. Alban. It formed for battle only thirty rods from its tents, and fifteen minutes later the Confederate line was upon it. The enemy outflanked and overpowered it; Alban was wounded, and carried from the field, dying soon afterwards; the Lieutenant-Colonel was also wounded and Major Crane was killed. All this occurred one week after the regiment left its camp of organization in Wisconsin. Captain Gabriel Bouck, Company E, Second Wisconsin Infantry was made Colonel of the Eighteenth on April 22, 1862.

The Twenty-fourth Infantry was attached to Francis T. Sherman’s Brigade of Sheridan’s division of the Fourth Corps, and was commanded by Major Carl Von Baumbach. His official report is a vivid account of how the top of the ridge was gained, “My regiment advanced in admirable line of battle up to the first pits of the enemy. Upon reaching the first line, the men were pretty much exhausted, and unable to move for some time. In about five minutes, however, we moved over the first pits of the enemy, but after advancing beyond the first line, the line of battle was not regular. The men took advantage of all obstacles, in the way, for shelter, and thus advanced toward the top of the ridge. The fighting was fierce and severe, but owing to the formation of the ground my men were able to screen themselves partially, from the deadly volleys, that were being hurled at us, at every step of our advance. In the course of the ascent my men had to rest several times on account of exhaustion. But at length we succeeded in gaining the crest of the ridge, after two hours steady fighting * * * I would most respectfully mention Adjutant Arthur McArthur, Jr., for his bravery. When the color sergeant was exhausted he carried the flag in front of the regiment, cheering the men to follow him up the ridge.”

The loss of the Twenty-fourth is given as 31 killed and wounded. Captain Howard Greene and Lieutenant Robert J. Chivas were killed. Captain Richard H. Austin and Lieutenant Thomas E. Balding were wounded. Major Von Baumbach commended especially the bravery of the latter two.

The Twenty-sixth Infantry, still in the second brigade of Schurz’s division of the Eleventh Corps, was commanded by Major F. C. Winkler; this regiment followed the movements of its brigade and on November 25, was with Sherman on the extreme left. Its losses are not reported.

The Third, Eighth, and Tenth light batteries were in the First Brigade of the Second Division of the artillery reserve. Company C of the first heavy artillery was in the Second Brigade of the same division.

The Eighth Battery did excellent service on the evening of the 24th, when Carlin’s brigade crossed Chattanooga Creek at its mouth and joined Hooker. Lieutenant O. German, commanding the battery, placed two sections near the mouth of the creek on its right bank, and shelled the Confederate position and the road up the east of the mountain. On the 25th, after the infantry had taken Missionary Ridge it ascended to the crest. Losses, none.

The Fifth Battery was part of the artillery which was so placed as to cover the pontoon bridge at the mouth of the Chickamauga, where Sherman’s troops crossed on the 24th.

The Twelfth Battery was placed on a hill near the location of the Fifth Battery.

The Sixth and Twelfth batteries were attached officially to the Second Division of the Seventeenth Corps; therefore they were on the left with Sherman during the 25th. Their losses are not reported.

There is no report from the Tenth Battery, which was stationed at Harrison’s Landing, about twelve miles up the river, east of Chattanooga; a section of this battery reported to Colonel Eli Long (of the cavalry) at Calhoun, Tennessee.

Battery C of the First Regiment of Wisconsin Heavy Artillery was mustered in October 1, 1863; it was sent directly to Chattanooga and assigned to Fort Wood.

The Sixth Wisconsin Battery was mustered into service at Racine, Wisconsin, October 2, 1861. It did not leave the State until March 15, 1862, when it went to St. Louis. It took part in the siege of Island Number Ten, the siege and battle of Corinth, and the siege of Vicksburg. This battery came to Chattanooga with the Fifteenth Corps under Sherman.

The Tenth Wisconsin Light Battery was mustered into the service at Milwaukee on February 10, 1862, with Captain Yates V. Beebe as commander. It left the State March 18 and went to St. Louis. From there it joined the Army of the Tennessee and took part in the battle of Corinth. On September 14, 1862, it arrived at Nashville, and took part in the battle of Stone’s River. It did active duty in various locations until the date of the battles around Chattanooga.

The Twelfth Wisconsin Battery was organized and equipped at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. It did service in both Tennessee and Mississippi until coming to Chattanooga with General Sherman.

The Army of the Cumberland--as reorganized prior to the battles around Chattanooga--with General Thomas in command, was now in permanent possession of Chattanooga. The Confederate Army took up its winter quarters at Dalton, Georgia, on the railway twenty-eight miles southeast of Chattanooga, across two mountain ranges. The assignment of General Grant as commander of the Division of the Mississippi--giving him command of all the forces, operating in the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi--which so greatly contributed to the victories in the battles around Chattanooga, insured also the permanent holding of that city.

Whatever was accomplished by Rosecrans during the four months of the campaign, beginning on June 23 at Murfreesboro, and ending on October 19, 1863 at Chattanooga, was done by him and his Army of the Cumberland alone. He could not get any cooperation from the East or West. The President and General Halleck at Washington, seemed to be in earnest by the wording of their dispatches, as published in the _Rebellion Record_, in urging and commanding Burnside in east Tennessee and the Army of the Tennessee on the Mississippi to join with Rosecrans prior to the battle of Chickamauga; for reasons not apparent to the reader of present history, no reinforcements came. It is pathetic to read the official record of those days, which gives an account of the struggles, the marches, the battles, the sacrifices, the patient endurance by the musket bearers of extreme fatigue, and the cheerfulness with which the soldiers endured all. They faced death without a thought of their real heroism. To one who went through the campaign and came out alive and unwounded it is incomprehensible, that all did not die.

It is true other armies, such as those of the Potomac, the Tennessee, and the one in Missouri had campaigns at the same time and were equally exposed to the hazards of war; but none of them marched over a territory so mountainous and so difficult; none of them fought battles in so perilous a region or with more deadly effect, than the soldiers in the battle of Chickamauga. Had the Union Army been really defeated and had it lost Chattanooga, the army could hardly have recovered from the disaster, without the quick aid of large reinforcements, which were too far away at that time to be available in an emergency. Burnside was besieged at Knoxville, and the Army of the Tennessee so far away, that it took weeks to get it to Chattanooga. It will be of great interest to the future student of the military history of the War between the States to follow the subsequent campaigns of the Western armies after Grant became commander-in-chief, and Sherman was assigned to the command in the West, with headquarters at Chattanooga. He will apprehend how all the armies worked together, and how soon the rebellion itself was crushed, although its soldiers fought to the bitter end.

INDEX

[Armies, Battles, Corps, Creeks, Forts, Gaps, Islands, Losses, Mountains, Rivers, and Wars are grouped under those respective heads; Regiments are grouped under the caption of their respective States.]

Adams, Gen. Daniel W., at Chickamauga, 99, 100, 104.

Alabama, 8-10;
troops in, 33, 232;
28th Infantry, 191.

Alexander, Col. E. Porter, at Knoxville, 181.

Alexander, Col. Jesse I., at Missionary Ridge, 205, 226.

Alexander’s Bridge, near Chickamauga, 69, 72, 77.

Alpine (Ga.), 61, 63, 72-75.

Anderson, Gen. Patton, at Missionary Ridge, 205.

Anderson, Gen. Robert, in Kentucky, 15.

Anderson’s Cross Roads (Tenn.), 159.

ARMIES--
Cumberland, 1, 3, 5, 8, 13, 15, 164, 177, 178, 201, 206-208, 226,
232;
organization, 12, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28;
commander, 16;
reorganized, 164, 169, 170, 231;
reinforced, 135, 189;
retreats, 155;
at Murfreesboro, 4, 5, 11;
in Chickamauga campaign, 52-154;
at Chattanooga, 186;
courage of, 22, 180, 214;
personnel, 25-27, 33.
Mississippi, 12.
Ohio, 15, 169.
Potomac, 4, 158, 177, 178, 208, 233.
Tennessee (Confederate), 1, 33;
organized, 33-39;
in Chickamauga campaign, 52-154;
on Missionary Ridge, 202-222.
Tennessee (Union), 4, 5, 158, 159, 169, 201, 208, 226, 231-233.

Armstrong, Gen. Frank C., at Chickamauga, 117.

Atlanta (Ga.), capture, 3, 5, 10.

Austin, Capt. Richard H., wounded, 229.

Baird, Gen. Absalom, of regular army, 23;
commands division, 19, 21, 166;
in Chickamauga campaign, 60, 65, 66, 68;
at battle of Chickamauga, 79, 81-103, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115, 122,
126-129, 139-142, 145, 152;
withdraws, 123, 125, 129;
at Rossville, 124;
Orchard Knob, 190;
Missionary Ridge, 202-205, 213, 216, 221;
commended, 148, 149.

Balding, Lieut. Thomas E., 132;
wounded, 229.

Barker, Capt. John D., aide to Thomas, 120, 122.

Barnes, Gen. Sidney M., at Chickamauga, 104, 107, 109, 113, 142.

Bate, Gen. William B., at Missionary Ridge, 205.

Battle Creek (Tenn.), 60, 167.

BATTLES--
Antietam, 137.
Bull Run, 15, 137.
Carnifex Ferry, 12.
Chancellorsville, 4, 137.
Chickamauga, mentioned, 14, 17, 19-21, 30, 34, 37, 81, 126, 157,
207, 224, 233;
not a failure, 52;
described, 67-124;
criticized, 13, 135-150.
Corinth, 12, 32, 227, 231.
Crampton’s Gap, 137.
Dug Gap, 65-69.
Fredericksburg, 137.
Gettysburg, 4, 136-138.
Guy’s Gap, 44, 46.
Harper’s Ferry, 137.
Hoover’s Gap, 2, 43, 44.
Island Number Ten, 29, 32.
Iuka, 12.
Leet’s Tanyard, 65.
Liberty Gap, 2, 42, 43.
Lookout Mountain, mentioned, 135, 181, 212, 224;
described, 192-201.
Middle Creek, 14.
Mill Springs, 15, 16, 210.
Missionary Ridge, mentioned, 2, 135, 189, 192, 193;
described, 201-222.
Orchard Knob, mentioned, 135, 224;
described, 189-194.
Perryville, 3, 16, 20, 22, 28-35, 210.
Pittsburg Landing, 226, 227.
Rich Mountain, 12.
Ringgold Gap, 222, 223.
Shepardstown, 137.
Shiloh, 31, 34, 35, 50, 137.
South Mountain, 137.
Stone’s River, 1, 2, 11, 13, 16, 22, 28-37, 137, 144, 210, 231.
Vicksburg, 5.
Tunnel Hill, 185, 186, 206, 211-214, 221.
Wauhatchie, mentioned, 135, 224;
described, 176-182.

Baumbach. See Von Baumbach.

Beatty, Gen. John, at Chickamauga, 93, 99, 104, 113, 142;
at Chattanooga, 166.

Beatty, Gen. Samuel, at Chattanooga, 166;
at Orchard Knob, 190;
at Missionary Ridge, 204.

Beebe, Capt. Yates V., commands battery, 231.

Bellefont (Ala.), 57.

Benning, Gen. Henry L., at Chickamauga, 97, 138.

Benton Barracks (Mo.), 30.

Bingham, Col. George B., in Tullahoma campaign, 28;
at Chickamauga, 127.

Bloody Pond, at Chickamauga, 80.

Bouck, Col. Gabriel, commands regiment, 226, 227.

Bowling Green (Ky.), 2, 3, 6, 11, 16.

Boynton, Gen. H. V., cited, 85, 108, 109, 118, 136.

Bradyville (Tenn.), 41, 43.

Bragg, Gen. Braxton, Confederate commander, 2, 33, 34;
at Tullahoma, 39, 40;
at Chattanooga, 54, 55;
plans, 57, 183, 189;
evacuates Chattanooga, 63, 64, 67;
at Lafayette, 65, 66, 68;
reinforced, 66, 67, 76, 98;
at Chickamauga, 58, 62, 69-80, 85, 87, 99, 116, 117, 119;
size of army, 136;
after Chickamauga, 124, 146, 151, 156-161;
line near Chattanooga, 181-194;
at Missionary Ridge, 205-213, 220-224;
reports, 49, 67.

Brannan, Gen. John M., of regular army, 23;
commands division, 17, 24, 66;
in Tullahoma campaign, 41;
at Chickamauga, 82-96, 103-115, 119, 127, 138-142, 151;
withdraws, 123, 125;
chief of artillery, 169;
at Missionary Ridge, 219;
commended, 148;
reports, 85, 86.

Breckenridge, Gen. John C., at Chickamauga, 82, 90, 96-100, 104, 110,
117, 140, 141, 148;
Missionary Ridge, 205, 209, 214;
characterized, 34, 35.

Bridge, Lyman, commands Illinois battery, 192, 214.

Bridgeport (Ala.), railway junction, 6, 7, 28, 52-54, 56, 59, 60, 159,
162, 163, 166, 171-174, 176, 177, 180, 184, 187, 189, 194;
supply station, 134;
road to, 156;
steamboat at, 179;
Bragg at, 19, 49;
Gordon, 83;
garrisoned, 167;
troops cross at, 176.

Broomtown Valley (Ala.), 63.

Brotherton, ----, house near Chickamauga, 80, 81, 91, 92, 116.

Brown, Gen. John C., at Missionary Ridge, 206.

Brown’s Ferry (Tenn.), fortified, 172-176;
captured, 178;
bridge at, 179, 185, 187, 192, 194.

Buckner, Gen. Simon B., in East Tennessee, 59;
reinforces Bragg, 60, 67, 70;
in Chickamauga campaign, 66, 68;
at Chickamauga, 97, 98, 142;
characterized, 35.

Buel, C. C., and Johnson, Robert U., _Battles and Leaders of Civil
War_, 74, 116, 147.

Buell, Gen. D. C., Confederate officer, 2, 3, 11, 16, 28, 31, 32;
at Chattanooga, 50.

Buell, Gen. George P., at Chickamauga, 106, 113, 117.

Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., in East Tennessee, 59, 66, 67, 158, 232,
234;
at Knoxville, 169, 181-184, 189, 223.

Buschbeck, Col. Adolphus, at Missionary Ridge, 204.

Calhoun (Tenn.), 230.

Cameron Hill, at Chattanooga, 173.

Camp Dick Robinson (Ky.), 15.

Caperton’s Ferry (Ala.), location, 57, 59;
crossed, 60, 61.

Carlin, Gen. William P., commands brigade, 43, 201;
at Chickamauga, 108;
Chattanooga, 166, 167;
Lookout Mountain, 200;
Missionary Ridge, 202, 204.

Carpenter, Capt. Stephen J., commands battery, 32.

_Century Magazine_, cited, 74.

Chapin, Col. Alfred R., commands regiment, 28.

Chattanooga (Tenn.), location, 55;
importance of, 3, 7-9, 39, 51, 71, 119, 134;
railway terminus, 6, 177;
in 1862, 50;
held by Confederates, 49, 52-54, 58, 63;
evacuated, 63;
Union army
enters, 64;
Union troops at, 72, 76, 77, 109, 112, 135, 181, 188, 200, 210, 219,
225, 227, 230, 231, 234;
troops withdraw to, 125, 129, 133, 146, 152;
siege of, 156-163;
steamboat built, 179;
Union forts at, 209;
battles near, 2, 5, 31, 155-234;
permanently occupied, 232;
Rosecrans retires to, 121;
reports from, 144, 210.

Chattanooga Valley, 54, 188, 189, 199-201, 206.

Cheatham, Gen. Benjamin F., at Chickamauga, 86, 89, 96, 97, 138, 139,
141;
advances, 125;
at Missionary Ridge, 205, 217, 220.

Chickamauga campaign, 51-154. See also Battles: Chickamauga.

Chickamauga Station, 125, 212.

Chickamauga Valley, topography, 11, 126, 217. See also Creeks:
Chickamauga.

Chivas, Lieut. Robert J., killed, 229.

Christiana (Tenn.), 41.

Cincinnati _Gazette_, cited, 52.

Clarksville (Tenn.), 20.

Cleburne, Gen. Patrick R., commands division, 43;
in Chickamauga campaign, 58, 66, 68;
at battle of Chickamauga, 82, 89, 90, 96, 97, 100-102, 128, 139,
141;
at Missionary Ridge, 205, 212;
report, 101;
characterized, 100.

Cockerill, Col. Joseph R., at Missionary Ridge, 205.

Columbus (Ky.), 32.

Connell, Col. John M., at Chickamauga, 106, 113.

Colquitt, Gen. Peyton H., killed, 102.

CORPS--
4th, formation, 165, 170;
officers, 168;
at Missionary Ridge, 186, 203, 206;
Orchard Knob, 189, 190;
Lookout Mountain, 194;
Chattanooga, 222;
Wisconsin troops in, 168, 225, 227.
11th, comes to Chattanooga, 159, 170;
at Nashville, 162;
Wauhatchie, 177, 178;
Orchard Knob, 190, 191;
Missionary Ridge, 186, 187;
Wisconsin troops in, 168, 177, 178, 229.
12th, reinforces Chattanooga, 159, 170;
at Nashville, 162;
Wauhatchie, 177, 178;
Lookout Mountain, 194;
Wisconsin troops in, 168, 177.
14th, formation, 12, 17, 19;
commanders, 12, 168;
officers of, 21, 24;
medical director, 110;
in Tullahoma campaign, 43-47;
at Decherd, 53;
advances, 56, 57, 60, 65, 76;
at Chickamauga, 76-79, 86, 88;
reorganized, 165, 166, 170;
at Orchard Knob, 190, 191;
Lookout Mountain, 200;
Missionary Ridge, 185, 193, 206;
pursues enemy, 222;
Wisconsin troops in, 28, 30, 127, 167, 168, 201.
15th, reinforces Chattanooga, 159;
at Lookout Mountain, 194, 201;
Wisconsin troops in, 231.
17th, portion sent to Chattanooga, 159;
Wisconsin troops in, 226, 230.
20th, formation, 12, 18;
commander, 17, 23;
medical director, 110;
in Tullahoma campaign, 46, 47;
at Winchester, 53;
Alpine, 74, 75;
advances, 56-61, 76;
at Chickamauga, 73, 76-79, 86-88;
Wisconsin troops in, 29, 30, 32, 33, 59, 130, 131, 133, 134;
merged in 4th Corps, 165.
21st, formation, 12, 18;
commander, 17;
in Tullahoma campaign, 43, 45, 46;
at McMinnville, 53;
advances, 56-64;
at Chickamauga, 70, 73, 74, 78, 86-88;
Wisconsin troops in, 31, 133;
merged in 4th Corps, 165.
Cavalry, 18, 31.
Reserve, 19, 83, 165.
For Confederate Corps, see names of commanders.

Corse, Col. John M., at Missionary Ridge, 204, 211, 212.

Cowan (Tenn.), 47.

Crane, Maj. Josiah W., killed, 227.

Craven, ----, house on Lookout Mountain, 197.

Crawfish Springs (Ga.), 71, 78-80, 82, 87, 93, 99, 153.

CREEKS--
Big Crow, 53.
Chattanooga, 124, 155, 196, 199-202, 222, 229.
Chickamauga, 60, 64, 66, 69, 70, 73, 76, 81, 82, 119, 133, 181, 185,
201;
described, 71;
crossed, 72, 78, 79, 85, 99, 187, 230;
retreat across, 217, 221, 222.
Citico, 190.
Island, 61.
Lookout, 195-197.
McBride’s, 44.
South Chickamauga, 186.

Crittenden, Senator John, son of, 17.

Crittenden, Gen. Thomas L., commands division, 12;
at Hoover’s Gap, 43;
in Tullahoma campaign, 45;
Chickamauga campaign, 63, 64, 68, 69;
at battle of Chickamauga, 70, 72, 73, 76, 78, 82, 84, 86, 87, 91,
94, 95, 109, 121, 133;
at Chattanooga, 155;
characterized, 17.

Crook, Gen. George, cavalry raid, 160, 161.

Croxton, Gen. John T., at Chickamauga, 84, 85, 113, 114, 127;
at Chattanooga, 166;
commended, 148.

Cruft, Gen. Charles, at Chattanooga, 165, 168;
Lookout Mountain, 194;
Missionary Ridge, 201, 203, 206.

Crutchfield, ----, house on Lookout Mountain, 201, 225.

Cumming, Gen. Alfred, at Missionary Ridge, 206.

Dalton (Ga.), Confederates at, 189, 232.

Dana, C. A., assistant secretary of war, reports, 144, 145, 165, 207,
217.

Daniels, Col. Edward, cavalry officer, 30.

Danville (Ky.), 15.

Davis, Gen. Jefferson C., of regular army, 23;
commands division, 18;
in Tullahoma campaign, 43, 47;
Chickamauga campaign, 59;
battle of Chickamauga, 86, 87, 93, 95, 96, 106, 107, 109, 111,
130-134, 142, 145, 151;
at Chattanooga, 166, 168;
Missionary Ridge, 185, 193, 201, 206;
characterized, 108.

Davis’s Cross Roads (Ga.), 65, 68.

Decherd (Tenn.), 52, 53, 160.

Deshler, Gen. James, killed, 102.

Dick, Gen. George F., at Chickamauga, 113.

Drury, Capt. Lucius H., chief of artillery, 20, 31;
wounded, 133.

Dyer, ----, house near Chickamauga, 81.

Eaglesville (Tenn.), 41.

Ector, Gen. Matthew D., at Chickamauga, 85.

Ely, Col. John H., at Chickamauga, 129;
captured, 130.

Ewing, Gen. Hugh, at Trenton, 187;
Missionary Ridge, 204.

Fairfield (Tenn.), 44.

Forrest, Gen. Nathan B., cavalry commander, 33;
raiding, 69, 146, 170;
in Chickamauga campaign, 69;
at battle of Chickamauga, 73, 82-85, 89, 95, 117, 140, 141, 153,
154;
Rossville, 124;
characterized, 35, 36.

FORTS:
Cheatham, 219;
Donelson, 16, 20, 35;
Henry, 16;
Leavenworth, 32;
Negley, 209;
Riley, 32;
Rosecrans, 6;
Sherman, 219;
Sumter, 15;
Wood, 190, 209, 219, 230.

Fox, Capt. P. V., builds bridge, 176.

Fox, Col. W. F., _Regimental Losses in Civil War_, 142.

Frankfort (Ky.), 2.

Franklin (Tenn.), 6.

Furay, W. S., war correspondent, 51, 52.

Gallatin (Tenn.), 20.

GAPS:
Bellbuckle, 40.
Cooper’s, 60, 63, 68, 75.
Crampton’s, 137.
Dug, 65, 66, 68, 72. See also Battles: Dug Gap.
Frick’s, 63.
Guy’s, 40, 44, 46.
Hoover’s, 2, 40, 42, 43.
Liberty, 2, 40, 42, 46.
McFarland’s, 71, 93, 109, 110, 123, 124, 131.
Rossville, 19, 76, 81, 83, 109, 114, 124, 146.
Ringgold, 222.
Stevens’s, 60, 63-65, 68, 71-74.
Winston’s, 61, 75.

Gardner, Capt. George Q., commands Wisconsin battery, 32, 133, 134.

Garfield, Gen. James A., at Chickamauga, 110, 112, 115, 120, 123;
leaves army, 168, 169;
commended, 48;
characterized, 13, 14.

Gaw, Capt. W. B., at Chickamauga, 120.

Geary, Gen. John W., at Wauhatchie, 177, 178, 180;
Lookout Mountain, 186, 194, 196-198, 200;
Missionary Ridge, 201-204.

Georgia, boundary, 9;
soldiers from, 10;
Union troops in, 146, 232.

German, Lieut. Obadiah, at Missionary Ridge, 229.

Gist, Gen. State Rights, at Chickamauga, 98;
Missionary Ridge, 205.

Glass’s Mill (Ga.), 70.

Glenn, Widow ----, house near Chickamauga, 78-81, 131.

Goldsmith, Capt. Gustavus, killed, 132.

Gordon. See Lee and Gordon’s Mill.

Gordon, Capt. John A., 225, 226.

Govan, Gen. Daniel C, at Chickamauga, 98, 102, 138.

Granger, Gen. Gordon, commands reserve, 19;
in Tullahoma campaign, 41, 44, 46;
at Chickamauga, 83, 114, 115, 118, 119, 121, 144, 151, 154;
withdraws, 123;
commended, 145, 148;
commands corps, 165;
at Orchard Knob, 189, 190;
Missionary Ridge, 202, 203, 225;
characterized, 21, 22.

Granger, Gen. Robert S., commands brigade, 19;
at Nashville, 167.

Grant, Gen. Ulysses S., at Vicksburg, 4, 5;
Shiloh, 31, 50;
captures Fort Donelson, 16, 35;
takes command at Chattanooga, 170-172, 207, 232;
plans, 182, 183, 185-189, 193, 194, 211-214, 218, 221, 222;
watches battle, 191;
at Missionary Ridge, 208-212;
reports, 215, 223;
commander-in-chief, 234;
genius of, 219.

Greene, Capt. Howard, killed, 229.

Gregg, Gen. David M., at Chickamauga, 138.

Grose, Col. William, at Chickamauga, 93, 104, 111;
Chattanooga, 165;
Lookout Mountain, 186.

Gross, Surgeon Ferdinand H., at Chickamauga, 110.

Halleck, Gen. H. W., commander-in-chief, 66, 67, 223, 232.

Hanson, Capt. Hans, killed, 131.

Hardee, Gen. William J., before the war, 15;
commands corps, 34, 40;
at Missionary Ridge, 205, 208;
characterized, 35.

Harker, Gen. Charles G., at Chickamauga, 94, 113, 116, 117;
Chattanooga, 165;
Missionary Ridge, 204;
commended, 148.

Harrison’s Landing (Tenn.), 230.

Hauff, Capt. Henry, killed, 131.

Hawley, Col. William, of Third Wisconsin, 177.

Hazen, Gen. William B., in Chickamauga campaign, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64;
at battle of Chickamauga, 104, 107;
at Chattanooga, 166;
Brown’s Ferry, 174, 175;
Orchard Knob, 190, 191;
Missionary Ridge, 204;
commended, 148.

Heald, Capt. Abner O., killed, 129.

Heg, Col. Hans C., brigade commander, 29;
at Chickamauga, 59, 134;
killed, 87, 108, 130, 131.

Helm, Gen. Ben Hardin, at Chickamauga, 99;
killed, 100.

Hill, Gen. Daniel H., at Chickamauga, 70, 79, 89, 97, 102, 110, 116,
126, 138;
cited, 73, 74, 146-149, 210.

Hindman, Gen. Thomas C., in Chickamauga campaign, 66, 68;
at Chickamauga battle, 82, 96, 97, 113, 115, 132, 142;
report, 115, 116.

Hiram College (Ohio), instructor, 14.

Hobart, Col. Harrison C., commands regiment, 30;
at Chickamauga, 127;
captured, 129.

Hood, Gen. John B., Confederate officer, 6;
at Chickamauga, 82, 96-98, 116, 138, 142;
wounded, 116;
at Knoxville, 181.

Hooker, Gen. Joseph, at Chancellorsville, 4;
reinforces Chattanooga, 159, 161-163;
brings troops, 172, 174, 176;
at Wauhatchie, 177-180;
Lookout Mountain, 181, 184, 186, 187, 192-200, 212;
pursues Confederates, 201-208, 222;
at Missionary Ridge, 213, 214;
report, 186, 187.

Howard, Gen. O. O., reinforces Chattanooga, 159;
at Wauhatchie, 177, 178;
Orchard Knob, 190, 191;
Missionary Ridge, 186, 187, 202, 208, 212, 222.

Humphreys, Gen. Benjamin, at Chickamauga, 97.

Huntsville (Ala.), 28, 160.

Illinois, troops from, 25;
24th Infantry, 127;
2nd Cavalry, 226;
15th Cavalry, 194.

Indiana, troops from, 25;
29th Infantry, 42;
39th Infantry, 42;
44th Infantry, 114;
2nd Cavalry, 159;
4th Cavalry, 159;
4th Battery, 127, 128.

ISLANDS:
Number Ten, 29, 32, 226, 231;
Williams, 164, 173.

Iuka (Miss.), 32.

Jackson, Gen. John K., at Chickamauga, 89, 138;
Lookout Mountain, 199.

Jay’s Mill (Ga.), 73, 82, 83.

Jefferson Barracks (Mo.), 231.

Johnson, Gen. Bushrod R., Confederate officer, 69, 70;
at Chickamauga, 96, 97, 105, 106, 138, 147.

Johnson, Capt. John M., killed, 131.

Johnson, Gen. Richard W., commands division, 18, 43, 59, 201, 206,
225;
of regular army, 23;
at Chickamauga, 86, 89, 91, 92, 100, 111, 128, 139-141, 145;
withdraws, 123;
at Stevenson, 167;
Orchard Knob, 190;
Lookout Mountain, 200;
Missionary Ridge, 204, 205;
commended, 148;
report, 42.

Johnson, Robert U. See Buel and Johnson.

Johnston, Gen. Albert S., Confederate officer, 15.

Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., reinforces Bragg, 66.

Kansas, forts in, 32;
troops from, 25.

Kelly’s farm, at Chickamauga, 71, 74, 78, 80-82, 85, 91, 92, 100, 103,
105, 106, 114, 118, 122, 127, 128, 140;
charges at, 93, 122, 123.

Kelly’s Ferry (Tenn.), 173, 174, 178-180, 194.

Kenosha, troops from, 30.

Kentucky, troops in, 15, 232;
troops from, 3, 25;
8th Infantry, 200;
9th Infantry, 113;
17th Infantry, 113;
2nd cavalry, 194;
senator, 34;
railroad through, 6;
Confederates evacuate, 16.

Kershaw, Gen. Joseph B., at Chickamauga, 96, 97, 105.

King, Gen. John H., brigade commander, 24;
at Chickamauga, 92, 100, 123;
Chattanooga, 166;
successor, 204.

Knoxville (Tenn.), operations at, 158, 169, 184, 187, 189, 234;
Burnside at, 223.

Lafayette (Ga.), 63;
Bragg retreats to, 64-67, 71-74, 77;
road from, 72, 76, 78, 79, 82, 88, 91-95, 99, 103, 110, 118, 122,
123, 127.

LaGrange, Col. Oscar H., commands cavalry, 20, 31;
at Chickamauga, 132.

Law, Gen. Evander M., at Chickamauga, 96, 97, 105, 116.

Lee, Gen. Robert E., 4;
before the war, 15;
in Virginia, 67;
surrenders, 10, 52.

Lee and Gordon’s Mill, at Chickamauga, 64, 65, 68-79, 82, 87, 92, 131.

Leet’s Tanyard (Tenn.), skirmish at, 65.

Lexington (Ky.), 15.

Liddell, Gen. St. John R., at Chickamauga, 86, 98, 117, 122.

Lightburn, Gen. Joseph A. J., at Missionary Ridge, 205.

Lilly, Capt. Eli, artillery officer, 58.

Lincoln, President Abraham, call for troops, 27;
orders, 165, 169, 170, 232;
persistence, 38.

Livingston, Lieut. Courtland, commands battery, 31;
at Chickamauga, 133.

Long, Col. Eli, cavalry officer, 187, 230.

Longstreet, Gen. James, reinforces Bragg, 66, 70, 80;
advances, 126;
at Chickamauga, 95-98, 104, 106, 112, 113, 116, 118, 143, 148, 149;
Wauhatchie, 178-182;
advises Bragg, 156, 189;
goes to Knoxville, 181, 182, 187, 189;
estimates losses, 138;
reports, 116, 151, 180, 181;
_From Manassas to Appomatox_, 135, 136.

Lookout Valley, Union army in, 54, 60-62, 75, 176;
opened, 179, 184, 186, 187;
Confederates in, 195.

Loomis, Col. John M., at Missionary Ridge, 205.

LOSSES:
in Tullahoma campaign, 48, 49;
at Chickamauga, 135-137, 141-144, 148;
at Missionary Ridge, 224.

Louisville (Ky.), Union troops at, 2, 3, 6, 8, 16, 27-29, 31, 50;
Grant at, 171.

Louisville and Chattanooga Railroad, 20.

Lumley’s Stand (Tenn.), 42.

Lyon, Col. William P., commands regiment, 20.

Lytle, Gen. William H., at Chickamauga, 87;
killed, 80, 109, 131.

McAffee’s Church, at Chickamauga, 83, 114, 154.

McArthur, Adj. Arthur Jr., commended, 228.

McCook, Gen. Alexander D., commands division, 12, 45, 63, 72, 74;
in Tullahoma campaign, 42;
at Chickamauga, 73-75, 78, 86, 87, 91-95, 109, 110, 121, 128, 153;
Rossville, 124;
Chattanooga, 155;
staff-officer of, 120;
characterized, 17, 23.

McCook, Gen. Daniel, at Chickamauga, 83, 84, 144;
Chattanooga, 144.

McCook, Col. Edward M., at Chickamauga, 132;
cavalry raid, 159, 160.

McDonald, ----, house near Chickamauga, 81.

McKercher, Maj. Duncan, captured, 130.

McLaws, Gen. Lafayette, at Chickamauga, 97;
Knoxville, 181.

McLean, Lieut. John D., artillery officer, 33;
at Chickamauga, 134.

McLemore’s Cove, near Chickamauga, 60, 63-65, 68, 70-75, 78.

McMinnville (Tenn.), railroad junction, 39, 53, 56, 60;
captured, 159.

McNeill, Maj. Quincy, at Island Number Ten, 226.

Manchester (Tenn.), pikeroad to, 39;
operations near, 42-46.

Maney, Gen. George, at Missionary Ridge, 206.

Marshall, Gen. Humphrey, Confederate officer, 14.

Martin, Gen. John A., replaces Heg, 108, 130.

Martin, Gen. William T., cavalry officer, 159.

Maryland, Confederates invade, 4.

Matthies, Gen. Charles L., at Missionary Ridge, 204.

Meade, Gen. George C., at Gettysburg, 4.

Memphis (Tenn.), troops from, 158.

Michigan, troops from, 25;
1st Engineers, 176.

Mill Springs (Ky.), 15, 16.

Miller, Col. J. McClelland, at Liberty Gap, 42.

Millersburg (Tenn.), 42.

Milwaukee, troops muster at, 27, 28, 30, 177, 226, 231.

Minnesota, troops from, 25.

Minty, Gen. Robert H. G., in Chickamauga campaign, 57, 61, 62;
at battle of Chickamauga, 72, 77;
withdraws, 125;
at Rossville, 124.