Chapter XII: Part II (4)

11. “Buffon,” George Louis Leclerc. (1707-1788.) A French naturalist. He studied law, but never practiced it, being strongly inclined to scientific and mathematical studies. Euclid was his constant pocket companion. After having traveled extensively, he settled down in France and devoted himself to study and to his literary works. His fame rests upon his “Natural History,” in thirty-six volumes, which has been translated into almost every European language. It is a wonderful work in the extent of its information and its eloquence, though it is often inaccurate, and is full of wild theories.

12. “Cuttle-fish.” A molluscous shell-fish. The shell is internal, and is of a friable, calcareous substance, much used for making pounce, tooth powder, and for polishing purposes. The fishes are provided with eight arms and two long tentacles, all of which are ranged round the head and provided with suckers, which take such fast hold of objects that the limbs will sometimes tear away before they will let go. The animal is provided with an ink bag as a means of defense; when attacked it instantly darkens the water with this black fluid, and so conceals itself, and often makes its escape. They have very large eyes, which are designed for use in the night, as the animal seems to shun the light of day. It is not easily caught, and is one of the pests of Scottish fishermen, as it frequently devours the fish which have been caught in their nets.

13. “Cromˈar-ty Firth.” A landlocked inlet of the North Sea, on the northeast coast of Scotland. It is a fine harbor, eighteen miles long, running southwest, and from three to five miles broad. The largest fleet could be safely sheltered within it.

14. “Amˈmon-ites.” A genus of fossil shells, somewhat like the _Nautilus_. They are found in all fossiliferous rocks from the transition strata to the chalk. They vary in size from those that are exceedingly small to those three and four feet in diameter. Some of them resemble in form the coil of a ram’s horn, and others a snake coiled up. For a long time they were taken by the common people to be petrified snakes. They are so abundant in Burgundy that in some places the roads are paved with them.

ANIMAL BIOLOGY.

1. “Barˈna-cles.” A kind of shell fish, now recognized as belonging to the _Articulata_. They are provided with a long, flexible footstalk, by means of which they adhere either to fixed or floating objects. At the summit of this stalk are shelly valves, five in number, which enclose the principal organs of the animal. This shell opens and closes to admit of its spreading out and retracting a net-like organ, by means of which the animal catches its food, which consists of small crustacea. On emerging from the eggs, young barnacles are free, and are furnished with organs of locomotion, and with large eyes, but in a short time a change occurs in them. They assume the form of their parents, and attach themselves to some place of residence. In warm climates they are exceedingly abundant, and often fasten themselves in such numbers to the bottom of a vessel as to retard its progress.

2. “Fourteen-footed Crustacea.” The beach-fleas which are found so commonly among weeds, belong to this order, and the mantis shrimp.

3. “Ten-footed Crustacea.” This order is represented by the shrimp.

4. “Cephalo-thorax,” sephˈa-lo thoˈrax. Head-chested. The first segment of the animal contains the head and the chest.

5. “Carapace,” carˈa-pace.

6. “Epidermis,” ĕp-i-dermˈis. The thin, semi-transparent covering over the true skin. It is readily seen in the occurrence of blisters, as the fluid is always contained between it and the dermis, or true skin. It extends over the whole body, even the front of the eye.

7. “Acarina,” ă-ka-reeˈna.

8. “Pedipalpi,” pedˈi-palˈpĭ. The word is derived from two Latin words, meaning a foot, and to touch softly.

9. “Araneina,” ar-a-nīˈna.

10. “Centipedes,” senˈti-pēdes. The word means hundred-footed.

11. “Chitine,” kīˈtēn.

12. “Chilognatha,” kī-logˈna-thä.

13. “Chilopoda,” kī-lopˈa-dä.

14. “Neuroptera,” new-ropˈte-rä.

15. “Orthoptera,” or-thopˈte rä.

16. “Hemiptera,” hĕ-mipˈte-rä.

17. “Coccus Cacti,” cocˈcus cac-ti.

18. “Nopal,” nōˈpal. A plant of the genus cacti; the Indian fig.

19. “Cortes,” or Cortez, Fernando. (1485-1554.) The Spanish conqueror of Mexico.

20. “Coleoptera,” cō-lē-opˈte-ra.

21. “Imago,” ī-māˈgo.

22. “Elytra,” elˈī-tra.

23. Ornaments made from the sheaths of beetles. In the National Museum at Washington are many articles made by Indians and trimmed with beetle wings. There are leather capes and straps decorated with them, and head-dresses on which rows of the wings are sewed together edge to edge. Besides these, many little fancy ornaments are made of them. They may also be seen in large millinery stores, as they bid fair now to come in vogue as decorations for ladies’ bonnets.

24. “Lepidoptera,” lĕp-i-dŏpˈte-ra.

25. “The silk worm.” This insect is a native of the north of China, and a large part of the raw silk for Europe and America comes from that country. The silk worm was brought into the south of Europe in the sixth century, whence the insects, being found profitable, gradually spread into Italy and France, in both of which countries the production of silk has long been an important industry. The worms, when properly cared for, do remarkably well in this country, where, in an early day, considerable attention was given to silk culture. In colonial times the government encouraged the industry, and the production was considerable. In all the middle and southern parts both soil and climate were found favorable, and there was fair prospect of success; but for some reason the production of raw silk has fallen far behind other American industries, and certainly is not now in a flourishing condition. As late as 1844 the production was 396,700 pounds, worth $1,400,000. It has been much less since. But with our superior natural advantages, and the very fine quality of silk that can be produced, if ever the price of labor in other countries is raised to near the same it is here, it will be profitable, and capitalists ready to invest largely in the business.

26. Such statements as these call to mind the following doggerel couplet:

“Big fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite ’em
And these again have other fleas; and so on, _ad infinitum_.”

27. The habits of ants form a most interesting study. The males and females are provided with delicate glistening wings, the infertile females, or neuters, are wingless. The latter are divided into two classes—the workers or nurses, and soldiers. There is on the part of the fertilized females a disposition to desert the colony, but the workers, who are always on the lookout for any such manifestations, prevent it if possible. The nurses take all the care of the eggs, which are so small as scarcely to be visible to the naked eye, and which the mother never notices unless she is left alone; they also care for the young ants. When the proper time comes they cut them from the cocoons in which the pupæ envelop themselves, but from which they are unable to extricate themselves without help. Winged ants are seen most frequently in the autumn, and the greater part die before cold weather. Ants feed mostly on the sugar found in vegetable substances, and on the secretions of the _aphides_, or _plant lice_, called honey dew, which is found smeared over the leaves of plants. Some kinds of ants catch these _aphides_ and carry them to their cells where they carefully provide for them in order that they may have the honey dew for food. Thus in their way they keep cows. The workers also have the care of building the habitations of the colony, forming the streets and chambers, repairing them, and fortifying them against the weather. The soldiers are larger, and are provided with stronger jaws. They do the heavier parts of the work, and the fighting for the colony. Some species of ants are slaveholders. They attack other colonies, and if not repelled, carry off the eggs and cocoons, which they care for, and when they are hatched and grown they are compelled to life service for their captors.

28. “Ascidian,” as-sidˈi-an.

29. “Lamprey,” lamˈpry.

30. “Marsipobranchii,” mar-sipˈo-brankˈĭ.

31. “Lamprey pie.” Lampreys were formerly held in high esteem for the table, and it was an old custom for the city of Gloucester annually to present a lamprey pie to the sovereign. Worcester, also, is famous, for its pies and potted lampreys.

32. The American lamprey likes best shallow places in rapidly flowing streams where there are pebbly bottoms. Out of the pebbles it builds its circular nest of stones, which vary in size from a hen’s egg to a cannon ball. It carries the stones in its mouth. The eggs are laid in these nests, and the young remain here until able to care for themselves. For full account of nest building fishes see the Christmas number of _Harper’s Monthly_ for 1883.

33. “Nictating membrane.” “A thin membrane at the inner angle of the eye, capable of being drawn across the ball beneath the lid, as in birds and some ruminant animals; the third eyelid.”—_Webster’s Dictionary._

34. “Operculum,” ō-perˈcu-lum.

35. “Vascular,” vasˈcu-lar. Consisting of vessels. The vascular system in animals contains the arteries, veins, and like parts.

36. “Elasmobranchii,” e-lasˈmo-brankˈĭ.

37. “Teleosti,” tē-lē-osˈti.

38. “The electric eel.” These animals are found in several of the rivers of South America. They are three or four feet in length, though a few have been found measuring six feet. The viscera lie close to the head, and all the rest of the body is taken up by the electrical apparatus, which consists of four batteries, two on each side. These batteries consist of horizontal membranous plates, intersected by delicate vertical plates; the spaces contain a glutinous matter. The batteries are supplied with two hundred and twenty-four pairs of nerves on each side. Humboldt gave much study to these eels, and wrote a graphic description of how the Indians captured them by driving horses into the water occupied by them. The powers of the fishes were exhausted in shocking the horses (some of which died from the effects), and the eels were caught. It is said, too, that the Indians sometimes caught wild horses by driving them into the water and capturing them while they were under the influence of the shock. Faraday calculated that the eel emitted a force as great as the highest charge of a Leyden battery of fifteen jars, having a coated surface of 3,500 square inches. The most powerful shocks are felt by touching the head of the eel with one hand, and the tail with the other.

39. “Blind fishes.” These are fishes found in caves, especially in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. They possess organs of touch so delicate that they are able to pursue and overtake fishes with eyes, that stray into their domain. It is very difficult to capture them, their sense of hearing being as acute as that of touch. They are nearly colorless and present a ghostly appearance in the water. They vary in length from two to five inches; they are viviparous.

40. “Sargossa Sea.” The name given to that part of the Atlantic Ocean lying between 25° and 36° north latitude, and west of the Azore islands, which is covered by a kind of seaweed distributed in great masses by the Gulf Stream. Humboldt speaks of it as “that great bank of weeds which so vividly occupied the imagination of Christopher Columbus, and which Oviedo calls the seaweed meadows.” On his first voyage Columbus passed through this sea, which caused great alarm to his companions, who thought there must be rocks or shoals near. The quantity of the weed is such as often to impede the progress of vessels.

TALK ABOUT BOOKS.

The histories of James Anthony Froude are best appreciated by and adapted to those who already have a good knowledge of history. They are like studies in higher mathematics, which always demand a careful preparation in the branches preceding them. All who read Thomas Becket[B] will readily assent to this. Without some knowledge of the “Constitutions of Clarenden,” one could hardly gather from this book what the beginning of the trouble was about, and would lose much of the enjoyment to be had in the fine analysis of the event. The first chapter contains a few incidents illustrative of the spirit of the times; then comes a very brief sketch of the famous archbishop, up to the time of the rupture of friendship between him and the king from that time until his murder in the cathedral of Canterbury, his life and characteristics are very fully drawn. The book lacks entirely that which no good book should ever be without—a full index.

Abridged dictionaries have been among the most unsatisfactory works which we have ever owned. They never cover the ground. A fresh attempt to make a complete, compact work has resulted in a book that no one need hesitate to recommend. It has been revised from Webster’s unabridged dictionary, and the editing has been subject to President Noah Porter. Several plans have been adopted for saving spaces, which neither cheapen the work nor injure the quality. The abridgment has been accomplished, we believe, after carefully comparing the abridged and unabridged works, without sacrificing either pronunciation, definitions or derivations. The aid of examples and synonyms is lost in the smaller work. The invaluable appendix of the larger work is very adequately represented by a pronouncing vocabulary of Biblical, classical, mythological, historical and geographical proper names. The cost of the book places it in the reach of almost every one. We have felt for a long time that there was no really desirable dictionary of low price which we could recommend willingly to our C. L. S. C. readers. This work will fully meet their needs, and we take pleasure in calling attention to it.[C]

A study of frontier life and government is to be found in “Mining Camps.”[D] As one reads the book the old saying “One half of the world does not know how the other half lives,” recurs again and again to the mind. That such great organizations should have been in existence, governed by local laws devised by themselves to suit the necessities of their condition, and carried up to a high state of development, while other parts of the country were almost in ignorance concerning these commonwealths, seems hard to understand. The book is not designed as a technical history of mining. Ancient and mediæval mining systems are examined, and the development of their institutions carefully traced. The greater part of the book is devoted to the study of camps in the remote West.

The “Historical Reference Book”[E] at once takes its place among those works which cause one to wonder how he ever did without them. It comprises a chronological table of universal history, a chronological dictionary of universal history, a biographical dictionary, and geographical notes. Great care has been taken in the biographical dictionary to select all the names of those men who have a strong claim to distinction, and from the list, which is necessarily limited, those have been omitted whose renown is fleeting. For those who can not provide themselves with cyclopædias, large dictionaries, and books of reference, we know of no work better calculated to meet their needs, and those who have these other helps at hand will find this the most convenient for brief notices. It is especially adapted to the use of students.

In “Workday Christianity”[F] the names of tradesmen, as “The Carpenter,” “The Potter,” etc., have been used as the subjects of chapters, and the history of each calling is briefly given, from the earliest Bible times down to the present. They are then used as figures, and around them are draped moral lessons from which may be gathered many useful suggestions. There is, however, a gloomy outlook spread before the Christian; his life is made to seem only as “a life of work, of trial, of tears and fears, of conflicts fierce and long.” In the author’s denunciations of hypocrisy, style, cant and caste in the churches, he inconsistently pays them the high honor of allowing them to overshadow all else. He never sees the true, the beautiful and the good existing there also. Such sentences as the following have a wrong tendency and do harm: “It was not considered a disgrace in those days to ply a trade.” “How many rich young ladies would scorn to associate with the sons and daughters of our workmen.” For some strange cause there is a large class of laboring people who are always debasing themselves by supposing other people feel above them. They are constantly snubbing themselves, in the fear that somebody is going to do so. This feeling should never be fed by a religious book. The author stands on the wrong side of many questions he attempts to handle.

The most pleasing observations of nature at present being contributed to our literature are those by John Burroughs. Most writers in their descriptions of the outside world are one-sided. They see the landscape but forget the sounds. Burroughs never does this. He catches everything: the dew, the color, the sound, the accent of the country-folk, the lay of the land, the build of the plow. In his “Fresh Fields”[G] the effect is exactly what the walk through the fields would have been. A vivid, fresh, constantly changing panorama is spread before you. The style suits the shifting scenes. It is not “fine writing,” but it is clear, plain and appropriate; like the corduroy trousers, short coat, and top boots which form the outfit for tramps like those of Mr. Burroughs, it is not elegant, but exactly “the thing.” While the observations of flower and bird and sky are so exact and pleasing, there is much “humanization of nature.” He is not so enamored with the fields that he can not take a genuine interest in men. The most delicious story we have read for a long time is his “Hunt for the Nightingale.” No knight in fiction ever followed his lady-love more eagerly than does this ardent wooer his Philomel, and it has been a long time since we have been more eager to have a story turn out well.

In “Letters to Guy”[H] boys will find an interesting book. These letters are written from Australia, by a mother to her son left at home in England. They tell of the voyages from one place to another, of the places visited, of the people, and of the natural history of the country. They are written in a bright, racy style, and are so homelike that any boy could easily forget they were penned by a titled lady, and imagine they might be his own mother’s letters to himself.

In “How to Get On in the World”[I] will be found a full account of the life and literary works of William Cobbett. In his preface the author says: “It is thought that an account of the life and writings of one of England’s most powerful writers and most remarkable characters, with some of the best productions of his pen, can not fail to be useful.” And a very useful and entertaining book he has succeeded in giving to the public. The making it serve the double purpose of biography and autobiography affords, as is always the case, a pleasing variety. His early history, his experience in the British army, in the United States, and as an editor, his trial and imprisonment for the libels he placed on government and individuals, and all of the leading events in the stirring life of this great political writer are clearly set forth. There is also a full account of his works, which are very numerous. Better than any theoretical treatise on this subject is the history of this self-made man, conquering difficulties and winning successes along the lines in which he sought it.

A story of the times of Wyckliffe is given under the title “Dearer than Life.”[J] One of the best means of doing good now in use is that of teaching the young people useful lessons in the form of these attractive historical novels. In this one, the fortunes of a family who were for a long time divided in their opinions concerning the doctrines of the great reformer are narrated, and are so closely interwoven with the real history of the times that there can be no skipping of the facts for the sake of the fancy.

Of the recent text-books published for use in schools, on physiology and hygiene, none deserves higher commendation than “Our Bodies, and How we Live.”[K] The lessons are all so arranged and expressed as to awaken and hold the attention of the scholar, and can not fail, especially in the hands of a skillful teacher, to make this important study an exceedingly interesting one. The effects of strong drink on different parts of the system are carefully shown. The numerous illustrations are very clear, and so well labeled that they perfectly supplement the lessons and leave no chance for misunderstanding or mistake. The book contains a glossary and an index.

Two little books by Charles Kingsley,[L] put into the hands of children who have been taught to love good reading—and indeed the books of themselves would teach any child to do this—would prove a treasure-house to them. The prefaces alone, with their cordial, sympathetic greeting, their natural, straightforward statements, and their spirit of love and reverence, are worth the price of the books.

Any one who has had experience in arranging tableaux knows how true it is that there is a false and a true way of producing effects. Not knowing how to drape, to select colors, to arrange a group, to copy this or that, spoils many tableaux and discourages managers. We are glad to find a suggestive book on this difficult art.[M] Without any theorizing the authors teach us how to do by plunging _in medias res_ and producing the tableaux before our eyes. The book describes twenty-four tableaux, but the variety of subjects is such that study of them furnishes a very complete drill for producing any desired effect.

A good game will occasionally fill a niche in an evening, in a way entirely its own. We believe we have found two such in Miss Alice M. Guernsey’s Shakspere Game,[N] and Elements and Compounds.[O] The games are pleasing variations of the well known game of “Authors.” The latter is particularly novel in its arrangement, and local circles who want to fix in mind the troublesome “compounds” will find it very useful.

It is a very convenient thing for a reader of history to have at hand a chart which gives in brief the synchronological events of nations. So many charts of this kind, however, are cumbersome, that the trouble of using is almost as time-taking as that of consulting books. A chart without this drawback is the “Concentric Chart of History”[P] which Dr. Ludlow has recently published. It can be held in the hand when in use, and folds up into small compass. It contains all the facts which readers ought to go to a chart for, and some interesting items on the useful arts, on sculptors, artists, and literary characters. Altogether it makes a very convenient reference table for a reader of history.

The “Common School Compendium”[Q] is a little volume, intended, the author says, “to serve several purposes—to provide graduates of high schools and colleges a quick means of reviewing the work of early school days; to give to teachers a reliable hand-book of knowledge they are expected always to have at command, and above all to provide that large class of young people who are striving in the privacy of home to master the difficulties of a systematic course of study, a work that should do away with the necessity for large numbers of text-books.” It outlines, and gives brief lessons in, geography, arithmetic, grammar, natural history and history. It will be found by all to be a valuable reference book.

GORDON IN THE SOUDAN.—“I have certainly got into a slough with the Soudan; but looking at my banker, my commander-in-chief, and my administrator, it will be wonderful if I do not get out of it. If I had not got this Almighty Power to back me in His in finite wisdom, I do not know how I could ever think of what is to be done. With terrific exertions I may in two or three years’ time, with God’s administration, make a good province, with a good army and a fair revenue and peace and an increased trade, and also have suppressed slave raids, and then I will come home and go to bed and never get up again till noon every day, and never walk more than a mile.”[R]

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Evolution and Christianity, or an Answer to the Development of Infidelity of Modern Times. By Benjamin F. Tefft, D.D., LL.D. Boston: Lee and Shepard. New York: Charles T. Dillingham. 1885.

How to Do It. By Edward Everett Hale. Boston: Roberts Brothers. 1884.

Weird Tales. By E. T. W. Hoffmann. A new translation from the German. By J. P. Bealby, B.A. In two volumes. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1885.

Words and Ways; or, What They Said, and What Came of It. By Sarah J. Jones. New York: Phillips & Hunt. Cincinnati: Cranston & Stowe. 1885. Price, $1.00.

Edward Arnold as Poetizer and Paganizer, Containing an Examination of the Light of Asia for its Literature and for its Buddhism. By William Cleaver Wilkinson. Funk & Wagnalls. New York: 1884.

The Clerk’s Manual of Rules, Forms, and Laws for the Regulation of Business in the Senate and Assembly of the State of New York. Including Croswel’s Manual. Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. 1885.

Consolation. A Special Collection of Standard Hymns, Tunes, and Chants for Funeral and Memorial Services, together with suitable “Gospel Songs,” New and Old, designed to Comfort those Who Mourn. Edited by James R. Murray. Cincinnati: Published by John Church & Co.

Serapis. A Romance. By George Ebers. New York: William S. Gottsberger, Publisher. 11 Murray Street. 1885. Price, paper cover, 50 cents.

A Railroad Waif. By Mrs. C. B. Sargent. Cincinnati: Cranston & Stowe. New York: Phillips & Hunt. 1885. Price, 75 cents.

Mind-Reading and Beyond. By William A. Hovey. Boston: Lee and Shepard. 1885.

The Three Pronunciations of Latin. By M. M. Fisher, D.D. LL.D. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1885.

The Story of the Resurrection By William H. Furness, D.D. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1885.

Composition and Rhetoric. By G. P. Quackenbos, LL.D. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1885.

Organic Chemistry. By Ira Remsen. Boston: Ginn, Heath & Co.

Continuity of Christian Thought. By A. V. G. Allen. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1884. Price, $2.00.

The Hallam Succession. A Tale of Methodist Life in Two Countries. By Amelia E. Barr. New York: Phillips & Hunt. Cincinnati: Cranston & Stowe. 1885. Price, $1.00.

The Lenâpè and their Legends. Library of Aboriginal American Literature. By D. G. Brinton, M.D. Philadelphia. 1885.

The Open Door. The Portrait. Two Stories. By the author of A Little Pilgrim, and Old Lady Mary. Boston: Roberts Brothers. 1885. Price, 75 cents.

Tales from Shakspere. By Charles and Mary Lamb. Edited for the use of Schools. Boston: Ginn, Heath & Co. 1885.

[B] Thomas Becket. By James Anthony Froude. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1885. Price, 50 cents.

[C] Condensed Dictionary of the English Language. Edited under the supervision of Noah Porter, DD., LL.D. By Dorsey Gardner. New York and Chicago: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Company. Price, $1.80.

[D] Mining Camps. By Charles Howard Shinn. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1885. Price, $2.00.

[E] The Historical Reference Book. By Louis Heilprin. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1885. Price, $3.00.

[F] Workday Christianity. By Alexander Clarke. Cincinnati: Cranston & Stowe. New York: Phillips & Hunt. Price, $1.00.

[G] Fresh Fields. By John Burroughs. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1885. Price, $1.50.

[H] Letters to Guy. By Lady Barker. New York: Macmillan & Co. 1885. Price, $1.50.

[I] How to Get On in the World, as Displayed in the Life and Writings of William Cobbett. By Robert Waters. New York: R. Worthington, 770 Broadway. 1885. Price, $1.50.

[J] Dearer than Life. By Emma Leslie. New York: Phillips & Hunt. Cincinnati: Cranston & Stowe. 1885. Price, $1.00.

[K] Our Bodies, and How we Live. By Albert F. Blaisdell, M.D. Boston: Lee and Shepard. New York: Charles T. Dillingham. 1885. Price, 60 cents.

[L] The Heroes. Price, 30 cents. Madam How and Lady Why. Price, 50 cents. New York: Macmillan & Co. 1885.

[M] Artistic Tableaux, with Picturesque Diagrams and Descriptions of Costumes. Text by Josephine Pollard. Arrangement of Diagrams by Walter Satterlee. New York: White, Stokes & Allen. 1884.

[N] Quotations. A Shaksperean Game. By Alice M. Guernsey. Chicago: S. R. Winchell & Co. Price, 25 cents.

[O] Elements and Compounds. A Chemical Game. By Alice M. Guernsey. Chicago: S. R. Winchell & Co. Price, 25 cents.

[P] Ludlow’s Concentric Chart of History. By James M. Ludlow, D.D. New York City: Funk & Wagnalls. Price, $2.00.

[Q] The Common School Compendium. For Home Students and Teachers. By Mr. L. J. Lanphere. Chicago: Fairbanks & Palmer. 1885.

[R] Chinese Gordon, the Uncrowned King. His character as it is portrayed in his Private Letters. Compiled by Laura C. Holloway. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1885. Ribbon-tied. Price, 25 cents.

CHAUTAUQUA, 1885.

Chautauqua is the original recreative and educational summer resort on Chautauqua Lake;

Chautauqua is the center of an elegant and literary social life;

Chautauqua is the first of many similar movements in all parts of the land, and the one from which they have received their idea and inspiration;

Chautauqua is the seat of the world-wide “C. L. S. C.” (the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle), which enrolls more than fifty thousand readers, and provides more than thirty distinct courses of reading and study for persons of all ages and degrees of culture;

Chautauqua is a place of rest and recreation; with grounds, high, dry, perfectly drained, clean, delightful; with three lovely natural plateaus rising from the lakeside to an elevation among the very highest on the lake. The sanitary regulations are scientific and effective. The healthfulness of the place is not excelled in America.

Chautauqua has a charming hotel, the Hotel Athenæum, one of the most elegant and substantial summer hotels on the continent. Its lovely outlook on the lake, its ample piazzas, spacious halls, parlor and dining room render it equal to any hotel outside of New York City.

Chautauqua provides cottage-boarding at all rates, and persons preferring cheap board to that of the more expensive and elegant Hotel Athenæum can easily find it.

Chautauqua is CHAUTAUQUA. The name of the ground is CHAUTAUQUA. The landing is CHAUTAUQUA. The postoffice is CHAUTAUQUA. The express office is CHAUTAUQUA. It is not “Point Chautauqua” or “Chautauqua Point,” or “Chautauqua Lake,” but simply CHAUTAUQUA, N. Y.

Chautauqua is the children’s paradise. Games, romps, bathing, boating, calisthenics, roller skating under judicious control, bonfires, concerts, stereopticon exhibitions, a splendid museum of oriental curiosities and pictures, a useful “hour-a-day” during the Assembly season (if children wish it) of lessons, story-telling, and songs—all these make Chautauqua a most charming resort for children.

SUNDAY SCHOOL NORMAL WORK.

At the summer session of the Assembly the normal work is conducted in five departments, viz.:—

1. The Children’s Class, for young people, taught by the Rev. B. T. Vincent.

2. The Intermediate Normal Class, for advanced scholars and teachers, also taught by the Rev. B. T. Vincent.

3. The Sunday School Normal Class, in the two sections of the Bible and the Sunday School, taught by the Rev. J. L. Hurlbut, D. D., and Prof. R. S. Holmes.

4. The Advanced Normal, conducted by the Rev. A. E. Dunning and the Rev. Frank Russell.

5. The Primary Teachers’ Normal Class, for the instruction of teachers of little people. By Mrs. B. T. Vincent.

6. Among other exercises valuable and interesting to Sunday School workers are the following: Daily Bible Reading, under the direction of Dr. John Williamson, of Chicago, Ill.; Daily Devotional Services, led by the Rev. Dr. B. M. Adams, of New York; Occasional Question-drawers and Normal Councils, under the direction of Dr. J. H. Vincent; Sunday School Teachers’ Meetings on Saturday evenings, and the great NORMAL ALUMNI REUNION on Thursday, August 13th.

Information concerning the Normal Course may be obtained by addressing either the Rev. J. L. Hurlbut, D. D., 805 Broadway, New York; or the Rev. A. E. Dunning, Congregational House, Boston, Mass.

THE CHAUTAUQUA COLLEGE OF MODERN LANGUAGES.

PROF. J. H. WORMAN, PH. D., Director.

PROF. A. LALANDE, Associate, School of French.

The College of Modern Languages, under the direction of the distinguished teacher and author, Dr. J. H. Worman, will open July 11th, and continue in session for six weeks.

Concerning Prof. Worman, it is not necessary that anything be said in this announcement. As a teacher he is unexcelled in this country. As an author of school books in language he is widely known.

Prof. Lalande, a Parisian, a thorough Frenchman, a born teacher, captivates his pupils while he leads them on to a mastery of his native tongue through his aptness to teach, distinct enunciation, and personal enthusiasm.[S]

For full information concerning the COLLEGE OF MODERN LANGUAGES for the coming season, address as follows: German, Italian, and Spanish, Dr. J. H. Worman, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.; for French, Prof. A. Lalande, Bridgeport, Conn.

[S] Indiana Cottage, 253 North avenue, Chautauqua, N. Y., will furnish for $55.00 for the six weeks (July 11th—August 24th) of the Chautauqua Schools of Language, room and board, including all the comforts of a quiet home, with a private table to be presided over by Prof. A. Lalande, where nothing but French is to be spoken.

THE ACADEMIA OF LATIN AND GREEK.

(Summer Term of Six Weeks.)

Professor Shumway writes to the Chancellor of Chautauqua University:

_My Dear Doctor Vincent:_

It gives me great pleasure to be able to offer this summer, at Chautauqua, a course in Latin and Greek of unusual merit. Of the assistant teachers, Mr. Otto is already favorably known to our pupils of last summer, and to many correspondence students as an energetic and thorough teacher. Dr. Bevier will be a great acquisition for Chautauqua. He was graduated from Rutgers with first honors, having also during his course won honors in Latin and Greek at the inter-collegiate contest. After graduation he studied at Johns Hopkins University (which conferred on him the degree Ph.D.), and then continued his studies in Europe. He was a student at the American School at Athens, Greece, and is now an enthusiastic and successful teacher. He is the author of a paper on the _Olympieion_ (in the report of the School at Athens, published by Professor Goodwin, of Harvard).

Although our session in Latin last year began a week late, and we suffered from other disadvantages, I believe our numbers in Latin reached a total unparalleled in the history of Chautauqua.

What was, however, especially gratifying, was the improved quality of scholarship manifested by students.

For this summer we offer the following course:

1. ROMAN LAW (using the Institutes of _Justinian_) with information. Not only every lawyer, but every teacher of Latin to-day should familiarize “_thon_”self with Roman law, lying, as it does, _at the base of Roman civilization_.

2. THE LATIN OF THE EARLY CHURCH FATHERS.—Recent publication and discussion have brought into such prominence the influence of the early Latin Fathers on church doctrine that _every clergyman_, present or prospective, will do well to examine this question for himself.

3. COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY (using Halsey’s Etymology; Ginn, Heath & Co.)—(Every student preparing to enter either of these three classes should _at once_ communicate with the principal, that there may be no delay at the opening of the session, in securing apparatus.)

4. PLATO.—Apology and Crito, Tyler’s Ed. (Appletons.)

5. CICERO.—_De Natura Deorum_, Stickney’s Ed. (Ginn, Heath & Co.)

6. HOMER.—Odyssey.

7. VERGIL.—Æneid.

8. HORACE.—Chase’s Ed. (Eldridge & Bro.)

9. CICERO.—Orations.

10. XENOPHON.—Anabasis.

11. CÆSAR.—_De Bello Gallico_ (two hours per day).

12. BEGINNERS IN GREEK. Harkness’s Text-Book, last ed. (Appletons.)

13. BEGINNERS IN LATIN (THREE HOURS PER DAY BY THE INDUCTIVE METHOD, WITH CONSTANT USE OF LATIN QUESTION AND ANSWER).

🖙 Latin students must have the “Hand-Book of Latin Synonymes.” (Ginn, Heath & Co.)

🖙 _Special rates will be made for correspondence pupils, and all are urged to attend._

I hope you will give us at Chautauqua zealous students, who will concentrate their work on Latin and Greek, and especially two classes: TEACHERS of Latin and Greek, and those who are absolutely BEGINNERS. A clear-headed student who doesn’t know a word of Latin, can, by devoting six weeks to it, FIVE HOURS per day (_Beginners_ and _Cæsar_) or ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY HOURS in six weeks—quite as much time as the average school gives in one year—make decided progress.

It is thought that teachers of Latin and Greek will find of value not only the method, but also the inspiration which indubitably does arise when teachers gather.

It is perhaps hardly necessary to add that _the use of Latin not only in elucidating text, but also in discussing syntax, derivations, synonymes, history, geography, archæology, etc., is an essential feature of our work in Latin_. Worthy of the attention of teachers is the fact that our colloquial work is not the mere parrot-like repetition of phrases of the text.

Your ob’t servant,

EDGAR S. SHUMWAY,
Principal of Chautauqua _Academia_.

RUTGERS COLLEGE, February 23, 1885.

THE CHAUTAUQUA SCHOOL OF HEBREW.

DR. W. R. HARPER, of the Institute of Hebrew, Director.

The Chautauqua School of Hebrew will open August 4, at 2 p. m., and continue until August 31, at 12 m.

The tuition fee is $10.00. This sum includes admission to the grounds.

Elementary, Intermediate, Progressive, and Advanced Classes will be organized. For further information, correspond with Dr. W. R. Harper, Morgan Park, near Chicago, Ill.

THE CHAUTAUQUA COLLEGE OF ENGLISH AND ANGLO-SAXON.

The Chautauqua College of English and Anglo-Saxon is under the direction of Prof. W. D. McClintock, who has by steadiness, fidelity, tact, and rich scholarship commanded the respect and enthusiastic devotion of his pupils during several summers at Chautauqua. For particulars concerning the Summer School of English, address Prof. W. D. McClintock, Millersburgh, Ky.

THE CHAUTAUQUA TEACHERS’ RETREAT.

The Teachers’ Retreat is a three weeks’ meeting of secular school teachers, opening July 11, 1885, for lectures, illustrative exercises, biographical studies, and scientific experiments, combined with the recreative delights of a summer vacation and the quickening influence of the summer school. The teachers in the “Retreat” for this season are: Dr. J. W. Dickinson, of Boston, Dr. J. T. Edwards, of Randolph, N. Y., W. C. J. Hall, Esq., of Jamestown, N. Y., Prof. R. L. Cumnock, of Evanston, Ill., Prof. C. R. Wells, of Syracuse, N. Y., Prof. W. D. Bridge, of New Haven, Conn., Prof. Henry Lummis, of Boston, Prof. E. A. Spring, of Perth Amboy, N. J., Mrs. A. L. Blanchard, of New York City, Miss Mary A. Bemis, of Fredonia, N. Y., Prof. Walton N. Ellis, etc.

Lessons in experimental science, microscopy, kindergarten, elocution, the science and art of pedagogy, penmanship and book-keeping, mineralogy and geology, calisthenics, phonography, stenograph reporting, botany and forestry, drawing, painting, needle-work, clay modeling, voice culture, harmony, organ instruction, etc.

Tickets of admission to the Chautauqua Teachers’ Retreat for the three weeks in July, $5.00. This ticket admits to all general Amphitheater exercises, lectures, concerts, etc., and to the following: The special and general exercises of the “Chautauqua Foreign Tourists’” ideal excursion through Italy, brilliantly illustrated with the stereopticon; fourteen lessons in pedagogy; fourteen lessons in the practical application of pedagogical science; four tourists’ conferences; four expositions of method in chemistry; one exposition of method in penmanship; one exposition of method in elocution; two admissions to each of the several classes in the Schools of Language; two lectures on school method, by Prof. Edward E. Smith, superintendent of schools in Syracuse, N. Y.; one exposition of method in standard phonography; one exposition of method in reporting by the stenograph; ten half-hour drills in school calisthenics, etc.

For circulars, address W. A. Duncan, Esq., Syracuse, N. Y.

THE AMERICAN CHURCH-SCHOOL OF CHURCH WORK.

REV. GEORGE P. HAYS, D. D., of Denver, Director.

Dr. Hays will open at Chautauqua this season a “School of Church Work,” for the benefit of the laity in all denominations and in all branches of Christian activity. [See announcements in May issue of _Assembly Herald_.]

CHAUTAUQUA IDEAL FOREIGN TOUR.

Among the most instructive and entertaining features of the Chautauqua season is the annual “foreign tour” to some of the “lands beyond the sea.” The “Ideal Foreign Tour” this year will be made through ITALY. Foreign tourists’ conferences, parlor soirees, stereopticon illustrated lectures, and a large library of well-selected works on foreign travel, with a large variety of engravings, photographs, etc., will furnish abundant enjoyment and profit to all the members of the Teachers’ Retreat and the members of any department of the Schools of Language.

SCHOOL OF ORATORY.

PROF. R. L. CUMNOCK, Director.

The school will open on the 13th of July, and continue in session six weeks. The instruction in elocution will be thorough, practical and progressive. Four classes will be organized: Juvenile, General, Advanced, Ministerial.

TERMS:—I. Juvenile Class: $10.00 for the session; $7.00 for
three weeks; $5.00 for two weeks; $3.00 for one
week.

II. General or Advanced Class: $12.00 for the session;
$8.00 for three weeks; $6.00 for two weeks; $4.00
for one week.

III. General and Advanced Classes: $20.00 for the
session; $14.00 for three weeks; $9.00 for two
weeks; $6.00 for one week.

IV. Ministerial Class: $8.00 for three weeks; $6.00
for two weeks; $4.00 for one week.

V. Private Hours, $3.00. In sections of four, $1.00
each per hour.

For further particulars, address Prof. R. L. Cumnock, Evanston, Ill.

Prof. Cumnock will give two public readings at Chautauqua during the season.

LESSONS IN ART.

Mrs. A. L. Blanchard, of the American Art School, New York, will conduct this department at Chautauqua the coming season. She will give thorough instructions in free-hand drawing, all branches of painting, crayon portraiture, and art needle-work.

TERMS:—10 Lessons in Drawing $5.00
12 ” ” Painting, Mineral, Oil and Water Colors 10.00
10 ” ” Needle-Work 5.00
12 ” ” Out-door Sketching 10.00
10 ” ” Object Drawing and Perspective 5.00

THE ORGAN.

Isaac V. Flagler, of Syracuse University, will preside at the organ. A full program for ten organ recitals will be given in an early program. Many of the organ selections are not to be found in this country elsewhere, and will be played for the first time at Chautauqua. They were sent to Prof. Flagler by the composers, whose acquaintance he made in Europe.

The principal purposes of organ-playing will be demonstrated theoretically and practically by Mr. Flagler.

1. Playing for divine services.

2. Playing for concerts and exhibitions.

3. Playing accompaniments.

Especial attention will be given to manual and pedal technique, and the art of registration, or the employment of such stops as will display not only the different degrees of power, but also the utmost variety of tone color. Terms for a course of lessons on the organ at Chautauqua, $10.00.

KINDERGARTEN.

This department will be in charge of Miss Mary A. Bemis, a pupil of Mrs. Kraus-Boelte, of New York, and for years teacher in this department at Chautauqua. An opportunity will be given, as last year, to observe the children under training by Miss Bemis. After each recitation, parents and teachers may receive practical instruction in the use of kindergarten material and the application of kindergarten principles to home and school life.

PHONOGRAPHY AND THE STENOGRAPH.

This department will be in charge of Prof. W. D. Bridge, of New Haven, Conn., for thirty years a shorthand writer, and for many years a practical shorthand reporter. For the last four years he his been engaged constantly with Dr. Vincent as shorthand secretary and assistant. Classes for beginners and advanced pupils in “Standard Phonography” will be organized. There will also be organized in this department of shorthand one or more classes in instruction on the “Stenograph,” the newly invented machine for practical reporting. A competent teacher will be in attendance from July 11th to August 24th.

TERMS: $10.00 for either department, “Standard Phonography,” or the “Stenograph,” in classes; seventy-five cents per hour in private.

For full information concerning this department, address Prof. W. D. Bridge, New Haven, Conn., up to July 1st; after that, at Chautauqua, N. Y.

THE CHAUTAUQUA MISSIONARY INSTITUTE

Will open Saturday, August 1st, and continue for several days, with conferences on important missionary topics, conducted by earnest men and women; with lectures, sermons and platform meetings.

MUSIC AT CHAUTAUQUA.

The arrangements for musical entertainment this year will exceed those of any former year in the history of Chautauqua.

The season of 1885 may justly be called the “summer of song” at Chautauqua. Among the attractions are the following:

A grand chorus under the direction of Prof. W. F. Sherwin, of the New England Conservatory of Music, in Boston; Prof. C. C. Case, of Akron, Ohio; and Prof. A. T. Schauffler, of New York City;

The famous Schubert Quartette (male), of Chicago, will be present from August 8th to 22d;

Miss Dora Henninges, of Cleveland, Ohio, _mezzo soprano_, will be at Chautauqua from August 4th to 18th.

Prof. Isaac V. Flagler, of Syracuse, N. Y., will preside at the great organ during the season;

Miss Adele M. Dodge, of Williamsport, Pa., will preside at the piano.

Mr. H. N. Hutchins, of Chicago, Ill., one of the greatest cornetists in America, will be at Chautauqua from August 4th to 18th.

THE FISK JUBILEE SINGERS.

The original company who so charmed Chautauqua three years ago with their matchless music, will be at Chautauqua July 11-18, and July 28-August 5. In this company are four of the original members of the earliest Fisk Jubilee Company, our old friends: Miss Jennie Jackson, soprano; Mrs. Maggie L. Porter-Cole, soprano; Miss Minnie W. Tate, contralto, and Miss Georgia M. Gordon, soprano.

THE PLATFORM.

The entire program has not been completed, but the following lecturers are engaged:

Dr. Geo. C. Lorimer, of Chicago, Ill.;

Dr. B. G. Northrop, of Connecticut;

Mrs. Mary A. Livermore, of Boston, Mass., who will lecture on Wendell Phillips, and a Dream of To-morrow;

Miss Kate Field, of Boston;

Dr. Geo. Dana Boardman, of Philadelphia, Pa.;

Rev. Robert Nourse, now of Washington, D. C.;

Philip Phillips;

Rev. J. W. A. Stewart, of Ontario;

H. K. Carroll, Esq., editor of _The Independent_, N. Y.;

Col. Homer B. Sprague, Boston, Mass., who will deliver two lectures on Shakspere, and two on Milton;

Miss L. M. Von Finkelstein, of Jerusalem;

Bishop R. S. Foster, of Boston, Mass.;

Dr. J. M. Buckley, of New York;

W. M. R. French, the brilliant crayonist;

Dr. C. F. Deems, of New York;

Edward Everett Hale, of Boston;

Bishop Cyrus D. Foss, of Minnesota;

It is hoped that John B. Gough and Frank Beard may be present. Other names will be announced in due time.

The distinguished English orator and scientist, George Sexton, M.A., LL.D., will deliver several lectures on scientific subjects.

The full program of the CHAUTAUQUA ASSEMBLY and the SCHOOLS will be ready in a short time. Questions addressed to Dr. J. H. Vincent, Plainfield, N. J., or W. A. Duncan, Esq., Syracuse, N. Y., will receive prompt attention.

THE FLORIDA CHAUTAUQUA.

The Florida Chautauqua is a success. Four months ago we had a dubious feeling that such an undertaking would fail of any real support in a clime which has always been so averse to adopting progressive ideas. Our healthy Chautauqua tree, we feared, would be enervated by tropical sunshine; but it has taken root with surprising readiness. And its growth is assured by the hearty northern support it is receiving. This support is a striking feature of Lake de Funiak. You see it in the pretty cottages that are being built about the grounds. They are generally owned by northerners. Wallace Bruce has a cottage there; Pansy is building one; Mrs. Harper, of Terre Haute, Ind., another; Dr. Hatfield, of Chicago, one, and Mrs. Emily Huntingdon Miller another. One delightful spot has been turned into an “Artist’s Corner” by Joaquin Miller, Mr. Durkin, Harper Brothers’ well known artist, and Mr. Gross, of Covington.

The attraction which Lake de Funiak has for literary and artistic people is easily explained. The country is enveloped in a mist of most fascinating story. Ponce de Leon and his warriors once searched its forest, and, perhaps, who knows, bathed in the lake’s clear waters.

It has an ideal climate. The lake lies on a ridge eighty by thirty miles in extent, and three hundred feet above sea level. “Too cold to raise oranges here,” the natives say, and sure enough it is, though east, at a lower altitude in the same latitude, orange groves are abundant. The beautiful LaConte pear, peaches, apples, and quinces, are the favorite fruits of this ridge. The result is that here in this overheated, indolent land, is formed an oasis with an even temperature, unknown to the mosquito, and unvisited by the cyclone.

No better place could be found for gathering the “material” in which the artist and the writer revel. These mammoth forests of pine, magnolia, cypress, palmetto, and oak, are broken by the settlements of a peculiar people. Northerners find here a fresh field of study for pen and pencil.

And it is a fresh field for the Chautauqua Idea. During the progress of the Assembly the people of the surrounding country were in a constant wonderment over the peculiar performances, but when they understood what was meant, their coöperation was the heartiest, and their interest was untiring. The earnest workers who have undertaken to introduce the Chautauqua plans, if they are still in the first stage, are yet sure of abundant results.

In arranging the Florida Assembly the effort has been to have everything truly Chautauquan. Naturally we think of the Auditorium first, and at Lake de Funiak the situation is superb. The lake, which is about a mile in circumference, some sixty-four feet in depth, and its water of extraordinary clearness and purity, has a setting of grassy banks which slope upward from the lake some fifty feet to the edge of the forest. Into this bank, looking out over the lake, is built a square auditorium, large enough to seat 4,000 people, enclosed and furnished with an iron roof. All of the various Chautauqua developments have found their way there. The platform, presided over by the Rev. A. H. Gillet, the C. L. S. C., the normal work, a school of Greek, a kindergarten, school of cookery, and an art school. Prof. Sherwin was there, presiding over the chorus. Messrs. Fairbanks & Palmer opened a bookstore. There were Chautauqua singers, songs, speeches, and ideas, and they all took root. The beautiful situation, the desirable company that is building the new town, the vigor of the management, and its sound financial backing, evidence the future of Lake de Funiak. What more beautiful southern home could those of us who migrate southward from this land of snow and ice wish, than under the pines of Ponce de Leon’s fountain, surrounded by a band of the most earnest workers in the world, and in daily reach of the best thought which money and skill can bring together? Or if we can find time and money for but a month’s study of Florida and her people, what more delightful headquarters?

SPECIAL NOTES.

A SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGY has been arranged in the CHAUTAUQUA UNIVERSITY. Its purpose is to assist the directors of popular education, and especially teachers, in the study—1st, of the subjects taught in the schools; 2nd, of the principles and art of teaching; and, 3d, of the history of education. Two courses of study and of reading will be arranged. One course may be completed in a year, the other in two years. Books to be studied and read will be suggested. Examinations for promotion and certificates will be made at the close of each year. The design of the course of studies and reading is to prepare school directors and teachers for the work of organizing and teaching the schools in accordance with the best methods. Any person may become a member of the School of Pedagogy by paying the Matriculation Fee of $5, unless it has already been paid in connection with some other department, and the Tuition Fee of $10. The Tuition Fee is a yearly fee. All fees are payable in advance, to R. S. Holmes, Registrar of the Chautauqua University, Plainfield, N. J., from whom all particulars in reference to the school may be obtained.

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Miss Susan Hayes Ward, in her article in the March impression of THE CHAUTAUQUAN, spoke disparagingly of electro-silicon as a cleaner for silver. Some good housekeepers represent it to be both a very useful and safe cleaning material. In all such cases, however, the person using the article must be the judge. But in this case we favor the opinion of the good housekeepers.

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