Chapter XII: Bronze, Mosaics, Inscriptions (2)

Finally from S. Sophia, and from there only, we have twelve examples of ΑΥΓΟΥϹΤΑϹ. Typical ones are shown in G.1, and A.1-A.2; possibly some of these, as A.1, may have been read Augustus, if any care was taken in their distribution. The letters on the last capital Q.1 have been read by Curtis and Aristarches as ϜΜΒΒ. They take Ϝ to be a capital form of the obsolete letter which is used for 6 or 6,000, Μ is as usual 40, and Β is 2. Hence they get 6042 for the year of the world. The lower Β is then explained as the year of an Indiction, reading it as ΙΒ, or 12. One Indiction period of fifteen years would have ended in 522 A.D., and the twelfth year from that would be 534 A.D. equalling 6042 A.M. Therefore this gives a date, two years after the church was begun, when they suggest that this capital was put in its place. This ingenious explanation requires too much adjustment for it to be conclusive, and the Ϝ form is at least unusual. This monogram looks very white, as if it had been made up in plaster; if we were assured as to how much is ancient we might perhaps, if it proved different from the others, find here the inserted monogram of a later emperor who made repairs.

Salzenberg gives some monogram signatures from the closures under the great west window, which are carefully carved and entirely different from rough masons’ marks, although some of the forms occur amongst those. We were unable to examine them, and taking Salzenberg’s representation, we can only suggest that they may be the signatures of master-workers; one appears to be Phocas.

M. Choisy[416] has investigated the masons’ marks of S. Sophia; besides the ordinary signs, he makes out a system of numbering in the pavement slabs of the galleries.

Strzygowski[417] pursues the subject of Byzantine marks in general, much further. He points out the same signs on the columns of S. Vitale, of Pomposa, and of Parenzo, and in the cistern Bin-Bir-direk at Constantinople. From this we gather that not only “the columns of Ravenna, but also the similar architectural features of Constantinople, Salonica, Parenzo, in fact along the whole coast of the Mediterranean” were taken from the quarries of Proconnesus, and in the lettering on the different members we can recognise the working signs of the quarrymen or masons belonging to the guild, which sprang into existence there at the founding of New Rome, and which even as early as the end of the fourth century was exporting to the islands of the Ægean.

A few other inscriptions on the marble may be briefly noticed. On the inner border of the marble parapet of the north gallery is scratched, “Place of the most noble Patrician Lady Theodora,” ending with an abbreviation that may mean S. Sophia,[418] and again on a panel of the parapet of the north gallery at the west end is seen, “Timothy, keeper of the vessels.” Coteler in his _Monumenta Ecclesiae Graecae_ finds mention of one Timothy, who was skeuophylax of the Great Church at the time of the Monothelite heresies about 622.[419]

On a column in the southern gynaeceum occurs the word Teodorus, but the fact that it is spelt with the Latin T and D proves it to have been written during the Western supremacy, 1204-1261.

In the south gallery is a slab forming a part of the paving; “marks in the face of which seem to suggest that a railing inclosed the space within which a sarcophagus used to stand, supported by pillars.” This is inscribed with the name of the blind Doge who led the Venetians against Constantinople in 1204, and died the following year, “HENRICUS DANDOLO.”

NOTE

The following additional inscription from the mosaics is given in Clarke’s _Travels_ (1812). It was taken, he says, in one place, “from the ceiling of the dome,” but in another place he seems to associate it with the eastward semidomes:--

ΟϹΚΑΙΧΡΥϹΟΥ
ΠΕΝΤΗΚΟΝΤΑ
ΤΑΛΑΝΤΑΘΕΟΚ
..Ν...ΟΙϹΝΕ
.ΕΚΕΙ.....

INDEX

A

Abdul Mesjid, restoration by, 148

Acacius, S., church of, 129

Acanthus, 46, 166, 167, 254, 257, 261, 263

Acropolis, 1, 2, 7, 10, 11, 12, 17

Additions to church, 154, 155

Adoration of Cross, 98

Agathias (6th c.), 30, 33, 159, 204, 212, 214

Agatho the Deacon, 182

Agora of Milion, 179, 181

Aisles, 27, 43, 44, 151;
lamps in, 51;
marble, 171, 243;
mosaics, 247;
vaulting, 160, 220, 221

Aix, 116, 192

Akoimetoi lamps, 118

Alexandria, 6, 249;
capital of S. Mark’s at, 255

Alexius, S., 181

„ Comnenus (1081), 100, 105, 181

Altar, 16, 29, 48, 68, 69, 100;
cross placed on, 92;
cloth, 71.
See also Holy Table

Ambo, 18, 29, 53, 57, 94, 98, 124, 130, 139, 140;
candelabra round, 111, 118;
singers in, 79, 104;
coronations in, 61, 63

Amiens, Knight of;
see Robert de Clari

Amurath III., 127

Anastasia, S., church of, 21

Anastasius, 116, 117, 119

Ancyra, church at, 203

Andreossy, 232

Andronicus, S., 129

„ Palaeologus, 124, 152

Anemodulion, 178

Anna Comnena (12th c.), 183, 186

Anna, Empress, 124

Annulets round shafts, 259, 273

Anonymous Author (12th c. ?), 24, 26, 28, 30, 36, 43, 204, 248, 270

Anthemius, 24, 26, 28, 30, 36, 43, 204, 248, 270

Anthony of Novgorod;
see Novgorod

Antioch, 6, 17, 44, 181, 203

_Antux_, 37, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 57

Apollinaris, S., 258, 283

Apostles, church of, 14, 15, 18, 74, 85, 205

Apse, 19, 22, 24, 29, 32, 37, 67, 69, 132, 150, 216

_Apsides_, 25, 28, 30, 41, 43, 133, 180, 182

Apsoid, 22, 25, 209, 210

Arcadius (395), 16, 180;
baths of, 11;
cistern, 257

Arch, 210, 213;
western restored, 123;
forms, 220

Architraves, marble, 138;
bronze, 264

Arculf (7th c.), 92, 95, 98

Ark of Noah, 109, 138, 147

Arrises of vaults, 244

Arsenius, 86, 109, 124

Asbestos, 27, 132, 136, 231

Athos, Mt., 98, 115, 118, 119, 189, 227

Atrax, marble, 45, 236

Atrium, 18, 44, 122, 148, 152, 182, 185, 191, 215;
capitals of, 166

Attaliotas (11th c.), 67

Augusteum, 4, 9, 10, 12, 20, 141, 146, 173, 178, 180, 184, 186;
steps of, 65, 95

_Aule_, 44, 45, 188

B

Baalbec, 201

Baldwin, I., 124;
II., 100

Banduri, 7, 10, 175, 190

Baptism of Christ, 44, 106, 183;
of Emperors, 110, 183

Baptistery, 18, 19, 20, 81, 106, 132, 152, 155, 183, 209, 217

Barley in concrete, 132

Base of dome, 210, 214

Bases, 165, 258, 260

Basil, S., 131, 143, 276;
I. Emperor (867), 111, 123, 175, 182, 279;
church built by, 68, 70, 90, 143, 189

Basil II. (976), 89;
see under Menologium

Beams with lamps, 50, 111

Beautiful Gate, 67, 95, 182

Belfry, 122, 194, 215

Bells, 106, 150, 194

Bema, 18, 37, 62, 63, 65, 67, 78, 94;
view of, 69;
restored, 124;
walls of, 171, 242;
see also Thusiasterion

Benjamin of Tudela, 83, 113, 178

Bertrandon de la Brocquière, 92, 110, 125, 193

Bethlehem, church of, 83, 182, 240;
built by Justinian, 17

Bin Bir Direk, cistern, 248

Bishop’s throne, 68, 79

Blachernae palace, 11, 123

Blessing the water, 110, 192

Bondelmontius, 125, 175, 177, 179, 186, 193

Bosporus, stone of, 46, 56, 79, 237

Bosra, 90, 204

Boucoleon palace, 99

Bricks, 155, 161, 199, 224, 226, 234;
size of, 155;
inscriptions on, 136, 156, 207

Bronze, 172, 180, 189, 264, 272;
hooks, 86, 109, 264, 273;
panels, 168, 170, 265;
rings, 56, 60, 164, 259;
horses at Venice, 193

Bruin Code (1700), 196

Bury, 7, 12, 200

Buttress, 150, 157, 210, 216, 219, 226

Buzantios, 7, 183, 264

Byeljayev, 8, 177

C

Camerarum rotator, 206, 207

Candelabra, 60, 74, 80, 103, 119

Candles on ciborium, 48, 72

Cantacuzenus (1341), 62, 65, 124

Canterbury, 19

Cantharus, 84, 189

Capitals, 37, 43, 46, 55, 137, 164, 188, 218;
distribution of, 255;
types, 250, 254

Carpets, 81, 90, 102, 183

Carystus, marble of, 45, 237

Cassiodorus, 206

Catechumena, 65, 90, 94, 135

Cedrenus (11th c.), 13, 14, 16, 99, 157, 180, 210

Cells of clergy, 140, 186, 217

Celtic marble, 45, 237

Cements, 231, 289

Ceremonies, book of (10th c.), 7, 20, 60, 92, 95, 123, 173, 181, 186,
219

Chainage, 228

Chains (lamp), 16, 49, 50, 51, 111;
S. Peter’s, 68, 183

Chalké Gate, 95, 174

Chalices, 96, 104, 108, 110, 111, 140, 242, 267

Chalkis, 257

Chambers at East-End, 153, 216

Chapels, 68, 105, 154, 155, 184

Cherubic Hymn, 63, 92

Cherubim in mosaic, 278, 287

Choir;
see Solea

Choisy, 128, 199, 200, 207, 210, 214, 222, 224, 226

Chosroes, 32, 90, 97

Chrysopolis, 5

Chrysostom (4th c.), 16, 18, 44, 85, 109, 116, 144

Chrysotriclinium, 174

Ciborium, 29, 47, 68, 72, 167

Cipollino, 263;
rosy, 241, 242

Cisterns of Constantinople, 83, 224, 226, 248, 257;
of S. Sophia, 19, 106, 155, 196

Clamps, 247

Clavijo, 61, 83, 125, 175, 177, 179, 184, 186, 188

Clemente S., church at Rome, 209, 254, 257

Clergy, 91, 140

Cloister on south side, 219

Codinus (15th c.), 14, 21, 63, 65, 79, 128, 180, 183

Columns, 55, 56, 60, 69, 109, 137, 138, 163, 165, 234, 236;
of S. Basil, 102, 131;
of S. Gregory, 102, 131;
of Hippodrome, 172

Colymbethra, 189

Conchs, 22, 37, 150, 168, 180

Constantine, 4, 6, 10, 14, 15, 99, 101, 103, 105, 129, 179, 180, 193,
198, 203;
cross of, 95, 96;
Forum of, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12, 14, 179, 182, 193;
VII. Porphyrogenitus (912), 178;
VIII. (1025), 89;
XI. (1059), in mosaic, 287

Constantius (337), 15

Coptic linen, 88

Cornices, 150, 163, 260, 261;
of dome, 41, 150, 159, 163, 166

Corona of lights, 50, 51, 111, 115, 119

Corippus, 145

Corporations, 11, 208

Corsi, 236, 238, 239

Covel, 118, 121, 128, 191, 232, 288, 290

Cross, the true, 14, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 105, 109;
adoration of, 92;
exaltation of, 94, 98;
of light, 116, 117;
votive, 82

Crowns, 63, 64, 72, 73, 103, 140

Crusaders, 6, 161, 70, 87, 100, 124, 143

Crustæ, 241

Crux Mensuralis, 102, 139

Curtains, 33, 48, 49, 95, 103

Curtis, 83, 85, 186

Curve of inflection, 223

D

Damascening, 67

Dara, 205

Deacons, 63, 64, 65, 91

Deaconesses, 18, 91

Delphi, serpents from, 4, 177

Demetrius, S., church of Salonica, 72, 121, 189, 202, 203, 214, 215,
257

Deputatus, 64, 91

Dethier, 273

De Vogüé, 90, 180

Diakonikon, 102

Didaskalion, 94, 188

Didron, 98

Diehl, 285

Diocletian, edict of, 206

Dion Cassius, 10

Dion Chrysostom, 181

Dionysius, 13

Discs (lamp), 50, 111, 113

Division of labour, 207

Dokimion, 238

Dome, 201, 220, 226;
of S. Sophia, 26, 29, 35, 42, 123, 142, 150, 157, 159, 169, 209,
210, 219;
mosaics in, 274, 278, 286

Domninus, porticoes of, 182

Doors of church, 40, 57, 58, 138, 143, 147, 168, 193, 216, 267;
Holy, 79, 94, 96

Doorkeepers, 91

Door veils, 88

Drill, use of, in carving, 263

Du Cange, 7, 34, 44, 53, 180, 186, 190;
editions of, 66, 67;
plan by, 78

Ducas (15th c.), 126

E

Earthquakes, 21, 22, 122, 212, 228, 265

Eastern chapels, 78

Egypt, 4, 177, 200, 226, 228

Elektron, 70, 138, 272

Embolos of Milion, 180, 182

Enamel, 68, 70, 272

Encaenia, 15, 21, 34, 36, 141

Endute, 71, 140

Ephesus, 32, 130, 191, 202;
building centre, 98;
John of (6th c.), 98

Equestrian statues, 149, 193

Escomboli, 125

Etoimasia, 286

Euchologium, 62, 92, 194

Eudoxia, 16;
statue of, 12, 13, 179

Eudoxius, 15

Eugenius, gate of, 10

Eusebius (4th c.), 14, 74, 190

Eutychius, 29, 132, 141

Exedras, of S. Sophia, 22, 25, 36, 151, 164, 168, 219, 234, 259;
at S. Sergius, 205

Exonarthex, 122, 148, 150, 162, 185, 188, 193, 215

Exterior of S. Sophia, 215, 219;
cased with marble, 197

Evagrius (6th c.), 29, 32, 33

Ezra, 204, 228

F

Fabri, Felix, 83, 246

Fall of city, 125, 126, 147, 175, 179

Fanio, portico of, 12

Figure scheme in mosaics, 280, 283

Fillet, notched, 170, 260, 292

Flabella, 91, 104, 285

Fonts, 19, 20, 81

Fortunatus, 81

Forum of Constantine, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 14, 179, 182, 193;
Tauri, 178

Fossati, 84, 120, 148, 179, 185, 287

Foundations, 132

Fountains, 177, 185, 188

G

Galata, 5, 11

Galla Placidia, 74, 282

Galleries to S. Sophia, 212, 217

Gammidae, 71, 88, 267

Ganosis, 246

Garconostasion, 188

Garofalo, 236

Germanus (8th c.), patriarch, 85, 100

Giallo antico, 172, 239

Gilding, 272

Glass, 46, 169, 290;
enamels, 272;
mosaic, 172, 273

Glycas (12th c.), 21, 79, 123, 129, 145

Goar (17th c.), 69, 92, 122, 192, 194

Gold, 33, 46, 48, 49, 60, 70, 199, 293

Golden Gate, 135;
Horn, 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 90

Gregory, S., of Armenia, 276;
S., of Nazianzene, 209;
S., of Nyssa, 206, 207;
Thaumaturgus, 83, 102, 106, 131, 276, 287

Grelot, 66, 78, 84, 120, 127, 185, 188, 190, 193, 215, 285, 291

Gruter, 84, 190

Gyllius, 12, 66, 127, 146, 175, 177, 179, 185, 193, 248

Gynaeceum, 27, 44, 65, 87, 91, 131, 140, 147, 161, 164, 242;
accesses to, 152, 154, 157;
domes, 222;
doors, 210;
pavement, 172, 215;
windows, 168, 171

Gypsoplastes, 206

Gypsum, use of, 226

H

Habakkuk in mosaic, 277

Haifa sand, 241

Hangings, 86

Helena, 14, 97, 99

Hemicycle, 19, 22, 67, 205, 219

Hemisphere, 30, 32, 41, 123

Heraclius (610), 91, 97

Hierapolis marble, 55, 57, 60, 238

Hippodrome, 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 13, 17, 121, 174, 175, 186, 193

Holy table, 29, 48, 63, 68, 70, 96, 138;
see also Altar;
well, 78, 91, 95, 105, 130, 139;
wood, 94, 97, 105

Hormisdas, palace of, 174, 257

Horologium, 20, 95, 132, 141, 182

Hypurgi of narthex, 91

I

Iassian marble, 44, 45, 238

Iconoclasts, 280

Iconostasis, 46, 51, 60, 68, 74, 126, 172;
lamps on, 111, 118

Icons, 71, 85, 105, 129

Idatius (5th c.), 15

Jerash, 201

Jeremiah in mosaic, 277

Jerusalem, 14, 84, 97, 104, 256

Ignatius, 88, 108, 133, 140, 177, 287

Images, Restoration of, 85, 122

Indiction, 21, 269

Inscriptions, 90, 190, 205, 264

Instructor parietum, 206

Instruments of Passion, 96, 97, 109

John Studius, S., church of, 120, 218, 257

Jonah in mosaic, 277

Joshua, trumpets of, 105, 139

Irene, S., 12, 129, 264;
Empress, 287

Iron ties, 161, 162, 230

Isaiah in mosaic, 276

Isauria, church in, 201, 202

Isaurian workmen, 29, 207

Isidorus, the elder, 24, 26, 28;
the younger, 30, 43, 204, 206

Justinian I. (527), 14, 20, 24, 29, 34, 61, 70, 88, 90, 104, 119,
154, 167, 190, 198;
figure of in mosaic, 287;
equestrian statue, 180

Justinian II. (685), 174

Justin II. (565), 61, 97, 142, 174

Ivory inlaid, 55, 60

K

Kamara, 99, 136, 180

Kathisma, 175, 177, 193

Klerikos of S. Sophia, 91

Kouppas, 228

Kraus, 17

Krumbacher, 22, 30, 32

Kuklios, Kuklis, 68, 90, 138

L

Labarte, 7, 9, 10, 12, 68, 128, 173, 177, 180, 217

Lamplighter, 74, 261

Lamps, 111, 144, 250

Laotomos, 55, 133, 206

Laotoros, 45, 59, 206

Lateran, lighting at, 113

Lattaquieh, milion at, 180

Lattices, window, 154, 168, 197, 261, 290

Lazarus, the painter, 107

Lead, 27, 41, 150, 259

Leo, Pope, 72, 115

Leo III. (717), Emperor Edict of, 280

Leo VI. (886), Emperor, 73, 103

Leo the Deacon (10th c.), 123

Lighting, 49, 52, 110

Lithologos, 25, 206

Lithoxooi, 133, 206

Loggia of Baptistery, 217, 252, 258

Louter, 132, 138, 182, 189, 192

Lukium cement, 232

Luke, S., monastery of, 99, 145, 284, 285

Lybian marble, 45, 239

Lydian marble, 45, 239

Lydus, John (6th c.), 3, 6, 42, 208

M

Macron, 181, 182

Magistros, 129, 206

Mahomet II., 126, 127, 152

Maistor, 136, 206, 208

Manaura, palace of, 94

Mandeville, 84, 146

Manual Byzantine, 182, 284

Manuel (1143), 181

Marbles, 45, 170, 235;
export of, 240;
application of, 241, 260

Marcellinus Comes (6th c.), 21

Marina, House of, 11, 14, 174, 175

Mark, S., church of, at Alexandria, 256;
at Venice, 82, 108, 109, 193, 197, 256;
monograms, 294

Marmora, 84

Mass, 62, 92, 106

Mechanikos, 29, 132, 133, 136, 206

Mechanopoios, 24, 28, 206

Megale Eisodos, 62, 63

Mekkah Sand, 240

Menas, patriarch, 21

Menologium, 61, 68, 98, 108, 119, 183;
date, 71

Mese, 5, 6, 12, 13, 180, 182, 186

Mesomphalos, 79

Metatorion, 77, 78, 96, 131, 141, 182

Methodius, 287

Michael III. (842), 111, 122, 123, 269

Miletus, 24, 204

Milion, 6, 10, 11, 70, 99, 180, 181, 182

Minarets, 127, 151, 152, 215

Molossus, marble of, 43, 59, 238

Monograms at S. Sophia, 47, 60, 164, 169, 170, 174, 251, 268, 272, 295;
at Ravenna, 292;
at Venice, 294

Mordtmann, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 175

Mortar, 156, 231, 235

Mosaics, 42, 46, 69, 199, 206, 282;
figures, 273, 287;
first scheme, 279;
at S. Luke’s, 99;
at S. Mark’s, 82;
at Ravenna, 71, 86

Mouldings, 242, 260

Murad III., 152

Murano, 84, 85

Mygdonian marble, 56, 239

N

Naos, 32, 67, 79, 132

Narthex, 40, 44, 106, 140, 150, 182, 216, 225;
vaults, 137, 222, 226;
frieze, 241;
mosaics, 274, 287;
propylaeum, 92, 95, 162, 188

Nectarius, 16, 129

Neorion Port, 56

New church of Brazil, 90, 284

New Rome, 4, 36, 46

Nicaea, 181, 285

Nicetas (13th c.), 70, 150, 177, 181

Nicephorus Callistus (14th c.), 14

Nicephorus Gregoras (14th c.), 86, 124, 152

Nicholas, 102, 110, 183;
of Myra, 276;
Thingeyrensis, 99

Niketes, 272

Nola, church at, 113, 119, 190, 267, 291

Notitia, 2, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 174, 208

Novgorod, Anthony of, 83, 92, 100, 183;
Stephen of, 84, 113, 185;
Chronicle (13th c.), 68, 75

Nuremberg Chronicle (15th c.), 175

O

Octagon Church, 203;
Baptistery, 186, 220

Officers of church, 91

Oikodomoi, 133, 200

Oil in cements, 136, 232, 233

Omphalos omphalion, 89, 96

Onyx, 239, 241

Opus sectile, 45, 162, 171, 220, 225, 242, 246

Orientation, 17

Organic architecture, 247

Original form of church, 209

Oriental alabaster, 170, 171, 239, 242

Ostiarii, 91

P

Pachymeres (13th c.), 71, 85

Palace, 7, 13, 132, 173, 174, 175;
of Blachernae, 11, 123;
of Hormisdas, 174, 175;
of Marina, 11, 14, 174;
of Patriarch, 13, 14, 107, 179, 186;
of Placidia, 174, 175

Pala d’Oro, 71, 109

Palaeologus, 61;
Andronicus II. (1328), 124, 152;
John I. (1356), 124, 278, 287;
John II. (1425), 71, 190;
Michael (1261), 10, 71, 124, 190

Palladius (4th c.), 16, 18, 144

Palmyra, 6, 181, 201

Panels, marble, 68, 171, 241

Pantocrator, mosaic, 287

Parenzo, 209, 219, 246, 256, 257

Paschal Chronicle (7th c.), 3, 13, 15, 174

Paspates, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 79, 81, 84, 90, 100, 173, 176, 179, 186

Passion, instruments of, 96, 99, 100

Patriarch, 4, 62, 91, 95, 96, 104, 107, 125, 137, 144, 181

Patriarchs’ tombs, 85

Paul, S., figure of, 49, 109, 118, 123, 275

Paul the Deacon (8th c.), 41

Paulus Maurocenus, 108

Paulus Silentiarius (6th c.), 20, 33, 67, 70, 79, 128, 159, 160, 204,
206

Paulinus (5th c.), 113, 119, 190, 267

Pausanias, 2

Pavement of nave, 79, 80, 137, 138, 142, 172;
of atrium, 141, 191;
cloisters, 125;
gynaeceum, 81;
Basil’s church, 68;
Augusteum, 186

Pavonazzetto, 170

Pendentives, 26, 41, 201, 209

Peperino, 155

Peter, S., figure of, 49, 118, 123, 275;
chains of, 68, 102, 183;
chapel of, 68, 78, 102, 130, 183, 184;
church of, at Rome, 72, 74, 116, 189, 192

Pharos, 116, 117

Phengites, 262

Phiale, 44, 141, 189, 190, 191

Philoxenus, cisterns of, 248

Phrygian marble, 45, 56, 59, 237

Piers, 22, 25, 28, 29, 41, 79, 133, 157, 159;
of stone, 155, 234;
of west front, 193

Plane of least labour, 261

Polishing marble, 246

Pointed arches, 220

Polycandela, 111, 112, 114, 115, 140

Porches, 69, 70, 91, 123, 151, 183, 190, 215, 288;
south, 185;
doors of, 268, 270

Porphyry, 37, 134, 236

Porticoes of Domninus, 182;
of mese, 6;
of milion, 182;
of Severus, 6

Porto-Venere marble, 171, 239

Pozzolana, 291

Praepositus, 94, 95

Priests, 47, 67, 91, 107, 140, 144

Proaulion, 137, 179

Procession to the church, 95

Proconnesus, marble of, 4, 44, 46, 79, 80, 81, 156, 163, 164, 166,
172, 209, 237, 242, 243, 256

Procopius, (6th c.), 21, 22, 68, 159, 174, 180, 189, 197, 206, 214

Pronaos, 67, 181, 184

Prothesis, 63, 64, 75, 77

Protomaistor, 145, 207

Protooikodomos, 136, 206

Protopapas, 91, 93

Protospatharios, 91

Protopsaltae, 63, 79, 92

Psellus (11th c.), 145

Pulcheria, 12, 16

Purgos of ciborium, 47;
of ambo, 54

Q

Quadriporticus, 215

R

Ramazan illuminations, 121

Ravenna, 17, 71, 80, 88, 183, 209, 246

Readers, 160

Receptions on way from Palace, 95

Refendarius, 64, 91

Relics, 16, 97, 100, 106, 137, 139

Resin fixes marble to walls, 172

Restoration of image worship, 122;
of S. Sophia, 22, 29, 123, 210, 212

Rhodes, bricks from, 136, 142, 156

Riant, 19, 100, 108

Ribs of dome, 159, 275

Robert de Clari (13th c.), 61, 70, 72, 113, 115

Rohault de Fleury, 17, 61, 67, 74, 113, 116

Roman system of building, 199

Romanus Argyrus, (1028), 123, 295

Rome, 2, 17, 123, 200, 209

Rosso antico, 171, 242

Round N.E. building, 78, 154, 217

Royal Door, 67, 150, 151, 181, 204;
slabs over, 242

Russian Pilgrim, 65, 143, 145

S

Sacellarius, 91

Sacristy, 78, 154, 184;
see Skeuophylakium

Salonica, see under Demetrius, also Sophia

Salzenberg, 19, 20, 34, 42, 67, 78, 149-172, 203, 210, 213, 216, 219,
273

Sanctuary, 28, 68, 78, 101, 102, 105, 107, 109;
smaller, 77, 101;
right of in S. Sophia, 189

Scaffolding, 123, 142, 226

Schlumberger, 91

Screen to solea, 79;
in South Gallery, 90, 262

Sculptor Marmorum, 206

Scylitzes (11th c.), 123

Secondary order of columns, 213, 214, 219, 230

Selim II., 127

Semidomes, 22, 24, 40, 150, 209, 219, 226

Senate, 6, 11, 12, 179

Sepulchre Holy, slab of, at S. Sophia, 101, 105;
Church of, at Jerusalem, 41, 74, 83, 84

Seraglio, 10, 180, 184;
Point, 1, 2, 5, 6

Sergius S., church of, at Bosra, 204;
Church of, at Constantinople, 83, 166, 174, 204, 205, 218, 256,
257, 295, 296

Serpentine, 171, 172

Services in S. Sophia, 92, 126

Severus, 1, 3, 6;
porticoes of, 5, 6

Shop production, 208, 256

Silver, 28, 33, 37, 40, 46, 47, 54, 56, 60, 70, 74, 75;
in pavement, 68;
in mosaic, 273;
in monograms, 268

Simeon of Thessalonica, 67, 192

Sinai, Mt., 83, 119

Singers, 60, 91, 140

Skeuophylax, 91, 95, 297

Skeuophylakium, 78, 91, 127, 130, 139, 154, 183

Skirtings, 241, 260

Socrates (5th c.), 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 116

Solea, 63, 64, 67, 96, 139, 140, 142

Solomon, 71, 100, 110, 126, 141, 144, 190

Sophia S., church of, at Salonica, 202, 203, 214, 257

Sozomenus (5th c.), 16

Spandrils of arcades, 45, 163, 166, 170, 242, 260, 293

Spartan marble, 65, 239

Sphendone, 175

Spina, 175, 177

Stairways, 94, 123, 162, 210, 216

Stalls, 37, 40, 66, 137, 172

Strategion, 3, 4

Stucco, 291

Subdeacons, 91, 104

Suidas (10th c.), 70, 146

Sundial, 178, 182

Sunergasia, 208

Synnadan marble, 60, 82, 171, 238, 243

Syria, influence of, 201, 204

T

Technitai, 24, 206

Tektonikos, 133, 206

Temples at Byzantium, 1-4

Tesserae, 45, 274, 288

Texier, 10, 149, 193, 203, 283

Theodora, wife of Justinian, 70, 86, 88, 294;
wife of Theophilus, 122, 269

Theodoric, 86, 88, 257

Theodosius I. (379), 16, 129, 177, 180;
Code of, 206

Theodosius II. (408), 6, 16

Theophanes (9th c.), 14, 20, 29, 72, 100, 207, 209;
Continuator (10th c.), 71, 87, 90

Theophilus, Emperor (829), 175, 269;
writer, 272, 290

Thessaly, marble of, 32, 37, 40, 44, 58, 59, 130, 164, 236

Thomaites, 65, 181, 186

Throne, 62, 105;
of bishop, 68;
in mosaic, 277, 279

Thusiasterion, 18, 28, 67, 130, 132, 136

Tiberius (578), 174

Titanos, 27, 232

Tombs in S. Sophia, 102

Tralles, 24, 204

Transparent slabs, 262

Trees of light, 51, 57, 118, 119

Tribunal with porphyry steps, 11

Triconcha, 175

Turks capture city, 126, 127, 147

Turrets at west end, 163

U

Ultramarine, 60, 291

Undercutting in carving, 254

Unger, 8, 78

Urns, marble, 84

V

Varangi, 64

Vaults, 69, 150, 160, 161, 199, 200, 207, 219;
mosaic on, 274

Vela, 65, 86, 87

Venice, 71, 72, 99, 175, 193

Verde antique, 67, 81, 82, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 172, 242, 260, 261

Veronica, 286

Villehardouin, 107

Virgin, figure of, 83, 109, 123, 275, 278, 284

Vitale, S., at Ravenna, 88, 227

Von Hammer, 145, 152

W

Walls of church, 155, 157;
marble casings, 285

Wax, encaustic, 246

Well, Holy, 78, 91, 95, 105, 130, 139

West front, 192

Windows, 42, 43, 158, 168, 209, 261

Wood, Holy, 94, 95, 97, 105

Wood tie beams, 161, 162, 168, 227, 228, 230

Z

Zeno, building laws of, 6

Zenobia, city of, 206

Zeuxippus, baths of, 3, 4, 11, 179

Zonaras (11th c.), 29, 160, 179, 209

Zosimus (5th c.), 4, 5

THE END.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Ἀνάπλους Βοσπόρου, ed. C. Wescher, 1874, p. 5.

[2] _Notitia Dignitatum_, eds. Pancirolus, Venice, 1602, and Seeck Berlin, 1876. The date given by Seeck for the _Notitia_ is 411-413 A.D.

[3] Ἑλληνικὸς Φιλολογικὸς Σύλλογος; παράρτημα, 1885.

[4] Ed. Bonn, i., p. 494.

[5] Lydus speaks of a fire spreading from the “Forum of Zeuxippus” to that of Constantine (p. 265). The baths of Zeuxippus are placed at the north end of the Hippodrome by Labarte and Mordtmann.

[6] Christodorus, a fifth-century poet.--F. Baumgarten, 1891.

[7] _Hist._ ed. Bonn, p. 97.

[8] Rawlinson’s _Herodotus_, 1875, vol. iv., p. 467.

[9] Mordtmann, _Esquisse topo. de Constantinople_, p. 48 and map.

[10] _The Museum of Classic. Antiq._ 1857, p. 305. The Capitol was beyond Forum Cons. Lydus speaks of “the porticoes that pass through the city and lead to the Forum of Constantine, and the broad space is screened symmetrically with great and beautiful columns. [Some of] these porticoes are said to have been built by men from Naples and Puteoli who came to Byzantium to please Constantine.” (Ed. Bonn, p. 266.)

[11] _Imperium Orientale_, Paris, 1711.

[12] Bury, _A History of the later Roman Empire_ (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.), vol. i., p. 57. Mr. Bury, in an excellent review of Paspates’ book in _The Scottish Review_, Ap. 1894, gives up the position assigned to the Augusteum by that author.

[13] D. Byéljajev, _Byzantina_, St. Petersburg, 1891, reviewed in _Byzantinische Zeitschrift_, 1892, p. 344.

[14] MSS., plans, and descriptions, in the Library of R. Inst. Brit. Architects.

[15] Paspates, _The Great Palace_, p. 20. Mr. Metcalfe’s translation is intended throughout.

[16] Lib. lxxiv., ch. 10.

[17] Mordtmann, _Esquisse_, pp. 4 and 5.

[18] _Esquisse Top._ p. 3.

[19] Zosimus (p. 139) and Lydus (p. 265) say that the Emperor Julian built a Senate. So also according to Sozomen (ii. 3) and the _Paschal Chron._ did Constantine.

[20] _Hist. eccles._ lib. vi., ch. xviii.

[21] _Ecc. Hist._ lib. i., xvii.

[22] Du Cange, _Descriptio S. Sophiae_, ed. Bonn, p. 62.

[23] Eusebius, _De Vita Cons._ lib. iv., cap. lviii-lix.

[24] _De Vita Cons._ lib. iii., cap. xlviii.-xlix.

[25] _Eccl. Hist._ ii., xvi.

[26] Du Cange, p. 63. He quotes the fifth-century author Idatius.

[27] Ed. Bonn, i., p. 523, and i., p. 530.

[28] Socrates, _Hist. Eccl._ vi., 18.

[29] Du Cange, § 3.

[30] _Pasch. Chron._ ed. Bonn, i., p. 572.

[31] _Eccl. Hist._ ix., 1.

[32] See Tozer’s note, Finlay, vol. i., 45.

[33] Justinian’s church was opened at Christmas.

[34] Art. “Orientirung” in _Real Encyklopädie der Christlichen Alterthümer_, 1886, based on Mothes’ schedule in _Die Basilikenformen_, 1865. We hope to show on another occasion that the present church at Bethlehem which points to the east was entirely rebuilt by Justinian. There is no proof that S. George Salonica is older than fifth cent.

[35] _Homilies_ xxvi. and lx.

[36] _De Sepulcris Imperatorum_, Migne S. G., vol. 157, p. 726.

[37] Migne, p. 674.

[38] Bingham, _Antiquities of the Christian Church_, vol. iii., p. 120.

[39] _Revue Archéologique_, vol. iv., p. 659, and Kugler, _Geschichte der Baukunst_, vol. i., p. 372.

[40] For similar early circular baptisteries see Martigny, _Dict. Christ. Antiq._

[41] See Salz., plate xx., figs. 4, 5.

[42] _Ibid._ p. 19.

[43] _Chron. Pasch._ ed. Bonn, p. 622.

[44] Zonaras also gives the true date; according to the Byzantine era the year of the world 6040. In Cedrenus it appears as 6008, a copyist’s error in writing ηʼ for μʼ.

[45] Ed. Bonn, p. 338.

[46] Migne, _S.L._ vol. li., p. 943.

[47] Ed. Bonn, p. 378.

[48] _Theo._ p. 359.

[49] _Geschichte der Byzantinischen Litteratur_, 1893, p. 42. Ramsay says it could not have been completed until 560. See _Historical Geography of Asia Minor_, p. 205.

[50] λιθολόγος--really one who picks out and lays stones.

[51] ἁψίς, “a binding together,” used for either an arch or a semidome.

[52] λωρός, “a thong” or a belt.

[53] The author seems here to mistake the piers for the temporary support of the arch while it was being built.

[54] Theophanes, _Chronographia_, ed. Bonn, vol. i., p. 359.

[55] _Chron. Pasch._ ed. Bonn, and Zonaras.

[56] _Chron._ ed. Bonn, p. 369.

[57] Krumbacher, p. 49.

[58] Agathias, lib. v. ed. Bonn, p. 296.

[59] τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ κυρτώματος οἰκοδόμιαν.

[60] Krumbacher, p. 53.

[61] _Hist. Eccles._ iv., chap. 31.

[62] The dimensions appear so inaccurate that we do not attempt to explain them.

[63] Salz. _Alt. Baud._

[64] καὶ κέντρον ἕλειν καὶ σχῆμα χαράξαι.

[65] ἄντυξ, the circular rim of a shield. Used here for the bema-arch.

[66] Column does not stand directly over column.

[67] σφαίρης ἡμιτόμοιο, the ἡμισφαίριον of Agathias and Evagrius. This word is used by Eusebius for the dome of the Holy Sepulchre.

[68] ἔγραφε leaves no doubt that a mosaic cross on the interior is intended, and not, as Salzenberg suggests, a cross on the outside. The full expression for representations in mosaic was καταγράφειν ψηφῖδι: as in Joannes Lydus († 550), De Magistratibus ii. 20, in his description of the palace built by the Praetorian Prefect.

[69] Near Antioch.

[70] A town of Lycia.

[71] ἄνθος, a bud, sprout or flower; hence brightness and bloom generally.

[72] θύρετρος is elsewhere a door. But “twin doors” has no meaning here. See plan.

[73] January; the consuls then entered on their year of office, and wore chitons of gold thread. See Du Cange, _S. Sophia_, § 22.

[74] This custom at Antioch is mentioned as early as the time of S. John Chrysostom in a sermon on the Baptism of Christ.

[75] ψηφῖδες--pebbles. The usual word for mosaic tesserae.

[76] In Macedonia. The mines are mentioned by Herodotus.

[77] The promontory on the south of Attica. The mines were at Laurium.

[78] πολυγλώσσοιο ὁμίλου, the choir.

[79] νῶτον, a back, and hence, any wide, flat surface.

[80] μύρμηξ, the ant; here the silkworm.

[81] οὐρίαχος. Used in Homer of the butt end of a spear; hence long narrow glass lamps. See our Fig. 17.

[82] ἐπακτρίς, a small row-boat.

[83] See Du Cange, _S. Sophia_, § 70.

[84] Called ὀπισθάμβωνος εὐχή, the “back” of the ambo.

[85] Ed. Bonn, p. 74. See also our page 79.

[86] See Nicetas also on our p. 75.

[87] _La Messe._, Art. “Ambon,” vol. iii., p. 9.

[88] Hopf, _Chroniques Gréco-Romanes_, p. 96.

[89] See our p. 75.

[90] Cantacuzenus, _Hist._ lib. i., chap. 41, ed. Bonn, p. 196.

[91] A shortened form of κεκράκται.

[92] ἡ μεγάλη εἴσοδος, when the Bread and Wine are brought from the table of the prothesis and placed upon the Holy Table, while the Cherubic Hymn is sung in honour of “the King of all, invisibly attended by the spears of the Angelic Hosts.” See Dr. Freshfield’s article in the _Archaeologia_, vol. xliv., p. 386; he translates a parallel account from Codinus.

[93] A Russian pilgrim describing the coronation of Manuel in the fourteenth century says, “The imperial procession advanced so slowly that it took three hours to walk from the royal door to the thrones.” _Soc. de l’Orient Latin, séries géog._ vol. v., p. 143.

[94] _De Officiis Palatii_, chap. xvii., ed. Bonn, p. 87.

[95] In _Nicephori Bryennii ... Pauli Silentiarii comment._

[96] _Hist. Byz. duplici commentario illustrata._

[97] Introduction to the _History of the Eastern Church_.

[98] Du Cange, _S. Sophia_, § 49.

[99] Ed. Bonn, p. 259.

[100] Cons. Porphyr. in Labarte, _Pal. Impérial_, p. 92.

[101] See our p. 75.

[102] See Anon. p. 138 below.

[103] The _Euchologium_, ed. 1647, p. 499, speaks of taking the garments of those about to become conventuals and placing them on or in the “little sea” (_thalassidion_) of the Holy Table. Here Goarus interprets it as “the hollow recess of the Holy Table,” which seems to have been beneath the table, and used for washing the vessels, like the piscina in the later Latin church.

[104] “ἔλεκτρον or ἀλλότυπον united with glass and fine stones; such is the material of which the Holy Table of S. Sophia is made.” _Glossary of Suidas_ quoted by Labarte in _Recherches sur la Peinture en Email_, p. 89.

[105] Porphyrogenitus describes the table in the chapel built by Basil the Macedonian as “a mixture of all precious materials placed in order and bound together by fire into a many-coloured mass of surpassing beauty, which is the wonder of all nations.” We also read of “Holy Tables of silver, having gold and precious stones and pearls poured over them, forming a compact union together.”

[106] Hopf, _Chroniques Gréco-Romanes_.

[107] Nic. _Chron. Hist._, ed. Bonn, p. 758.

[108] _Vera Historia Unionis_, Hague, 1660.

[109] A MS. Greek service-book made for Basil II. (976-1025) now in the Vatican Library. A folio was printed from it at Urbino in 1727.

[110] Migne, S. L. vol. 106, p. 610.

[111] Migne, S. L. vol. 106, p. 603.

[112] Pachymeres, _de Mich. Pal._ ed. Bonn, vol. ii., p. 385.

[113] Du Cange, _S. Sophia_, § 57.

[114] Texier, _Arch. Byz._, p. 134.

[115] De Fleury, _La Messe_, vol. ii. and plate cii.

[116] Du Cange, § 58.

[117] Bingham, _Antiq. Christ. Church_, vol. iii., p. 123, note.

[118] Ed. Bonn, vol. i., p. 433.

[119] Migne, _S. G. Tom._ 147, p. 414.

[120] Ed. Bonn., pp. 450 and 697.

[121] Figured in Ongania’s _Il Tesoro di San Marco_.

[122] Bayet, _L’Art Byzantin_.

[123] De Fleury, _La Messe_.

[124] Hopf, _Chroniques Gréco-Romanes_.

[125] Compare our p. 126.

[126] _Archaeologia_, vol. xxxiv.

[127] Paulinus, describing the church at Nola, writes: “Cum duabus dextra laevaque conchulis intra spatiosum sui ambitum apsis sinuata laxetur, una earum immolanti hostias jubilationis antistiti patet, altera post sacerdotem capaci sinu receptat orantes.” Migne, _S.L._, vol. 61, p. 337.

[128] Suicerus, _Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus verb. Diaconicum_.

[129] See p. 96.

[130] _Cer._ pp. 636 and 565.

[131] Du Cange, § 76.

[132] _Cer._ p. 27. A Holy Well is frequently found in the Prothesis.

[133] _Quellen für Byzantischer Kunstgeschichte._

[134] _Cer._ pp. 17 and 167.

[135] _Cer._ pp. 157 and 160.

[136] See account of Coronation in previous chapter and of Adoration of Cross below.

[137] On Mount Athos; “the Kanonarches, or master of the choir, prompts the cantors, who sing without books.” A. Riley’s _Mount Athos_.

[138] _The Great Palace_, p. 96.

[139] Compare S. Germanus; _La Messe_, iii., p. 91.

[140] _Theoph. Contin._, ed. Bonn, p. 333.

[141] Mr. Conway in _Art Journal_, 1891.

[142] _Great Palace_, pp. 120, 129.

[143] Vol. iii., p. 321.

[144] Fossati: also Paspates’ _Byzantinae Meletai_, p. 343.

[145] _Relation d’un Voyage de Constantinople_, p. 160. This idea he may have obtained from Rosweyd’s note to Paulinus (1569), saying fountains in front of churches were succeeded by lustral vases placed at the vestibule of the temple. “The rim of such a one seems to be figured in Gruter, p. 1046, with an inscription which was selected from the Anthology, as is shown by Rigaltius. This line was [also] written on the sepulchre of St. Diomede.”

[146] Paciaurdi 1758, _De sacris Balneis_, tab. vi.

[147] Ed. Bonn, vol. i., p. 262.

[148] E. Muntz, _Tapisserie_.

[149] Ed. Bonn, p. 402 and p. 894.

[150] _Cer._ I., p. 591.

[151] _Soc. Orient. Latin, séries Géographique_, vol. v. 1889, p. 143.

[152] See E. Muntz, _Tapisserie_, and M. F. Michel, _Recherches sur ... des étoffes de Soie_.

[153] _Jahrbuch des Vereins von alterthumsfreunden in Rheinlande_, 1892, p. 224.

[154] _Across the Jordan._

[155] See Paspates and Salz.

[156] Ed. Bonn, vol. i., p. 182.

[157] Vol. i., p. 801.

[158] _Sigillographie de’ l’Empire Byzantin._ The seal of the church itself represents Justinian and the Virgin or Theodora supporting the building. _Cp._ Lenormant, _Revue Numismatique_, 1864, p. 268, pl. xii.

[159] _Explicatio Officiorum sanctae ac magnae Ecclesiae, Auctore incerto a Bernardo Medonio edita_, 1655. A Tupikon or Ritual Book of S. Sophia has been recently found at Patmos: _Byz. Zeit._, 1893.

[160] _Cantacuzenus_, Bonn, ii., p. 15.

[161] _Cedrenus_, vol ii., p. 609.

[162] Pal. Pil. Text. Soc.

[163] In the _Ceremonies_, book ii., we read that the three crosses kept in the palace were anointed by the protopapas with balsam, before being shown. Ed. Bonn, p. 549.

[164] Ed. Bonn, p. 125.

[165] κατηχούμενα, a “place for instruction,” used both of upper and lower aisles.

[166] The college with a provost (_didaskalos_) and twelve fellows was between S. Sophia and the Chalkoprateia (see Bury, ii., p. 433), and therefore according to Mordtmann north of S. Sophia. Descending steps are only found in the north porch, and this is conclusive against Labarte and Paspates, who saw in the Didaskalion a mere passage attached to the south side of the church. Paschalia are the tables of Easter.

[167] At this time more than one “life-giving cross” was kept at the palace and occasionally taken to S. Sophia. _Cerem._ 549.

[168] Ed. Bonn, p. 14.

[169] Drapeyron, _L’Empereur Heraclius_, 279.

[170] Fortunatus celebrated its acceptance by a hymn.

[171] _J. of Ephesus_, ed. R. P. Smith, 140.

[172] Figured in Molinier’s _L’Emaillerie_, Paris, 1891.

[173] Figured in Schlumberger’s _Nicephorus Phocas_.

[174] See Ongania, _Il Tesoro_, Fig. 33 and p. 102.

[175] Riant, _Ex. Sac. C.P._, vol. ii., p. 213.

[176] Paspates, _Byzantinae Meletae_, p. 285.

[177] _Des Dépouilles Religieuses enlevées à Constantinople au xiii siècle par les Latins_, 1875, and the fuller work, _Exuviae Sacrae Constantinopolitanae_, 1877.

[178] _Soc. Orient Latin. Séries Géog._, vol. v.

[179] Alluded to on a single page of MS. in the British Museum (_Cott. Claud._ iv.)

[180] In the reign of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, see _Ceremonies_, vol. ii., ch. xv.

[181] The French translation has _Diakonikon_: Riant, in _Exuv. Sacrae, C.P._ says “smaller sanctuary:” the Anon. says _skeuophylakium_.

[182] This must be the same as Robert de Clari’s “buhotiaous” fastened to the ring of the great door of S. Sophia.

[183] _I.e._, the iconoclasts, of whom a number of stories are told by the Russian pilgrims.

[184] See this story in _Golden Legend_, “Exaltation of the Cross.”

[185] Lazarus was a martyr in the cause of image-worship. See Bayet, _L’art Byzantin_.

[186] Cedrenus, ii., p. 609. Irene gave a cross “distinguished for its pearls”: Theo. Cont., p. 703.

[187] Ongania, _Il Tesoro di San Marco_, pp. 57, 59. Rohault de Fleury, _La Messe_.

[188] _Exuviae Sacrae Constantinopolitanae._

[189] See our p. 49.

[190] Theoph. Contin., ed. Bonn, p. 211.

[191] _Ibid._, _Life of Basil_, ch. 79.

[192] _La Messe_, vol. vi., p. 78.

[193] See fig. in _Byz. Zeitschrift_, 1893, p. 142.

[194] In the figure 18 the attachment for the chain is shown at A, the chain of monograms is taken from Rossi, B shows the provision for the chains in the last example (Fig. 17), where there is a slight mistake, the alternate piercings in the rim being crosses as here shown.

[195] Adapted from a photographic view in A. Riley’s _Mountain of the Monks_.

[196] Du Cange.

[197] Lib. iii. This was at Milan.

[198] For this and other lamps see especially _La Messe_ and _Il Tesoro_.

[199] A. Riley, _Mountain of the Monks_.

[200] P. 154.

[201] _Constantinopolis und aer Bosporus_, vol. i., pp. 36-44.

[202] The images were restored in S. Sophia on the 19th of February. Pagi. Critica in _Universos Annales Baronii_, vol. iii., p. 587.

[203] Goar’s _Euchologium_, 1647, p. 560.

[204] Cons. Porph. _Life of Basil_, ch. 79.

[205] _Leo Diaconus_, ed. Bonn, p. 176.

[206] Du Cange, _S. Sophia_, § 35.

[207] Paspates, _Byzantinae Meletae_.

[208] _Pachymeres_, ed. Bonn, i., p. 172.

[209] _Hist. Byzan._, ed. Bonn, p. 273.

[210] Ed. Bonn, lib. iv., p. 29.

[211] Nicephorus Gregoras, p. 749.

[212] Cantacuz., ed. Bonn, p. 30.

[213] Compare Tozer’s _Turkey_, i. 97. He says Constantinople is still constantly called “the City” all over the Levant.

[214] Gyllius reports a similar story.

[215] Wright’s _Early Travels in Palestine_.

[216] “Constantine, the last emperor of the Greeks.”

[217] Brit. Mus. MSS. Add. 6,417.

[218] Salzenberg, _Altchristliche Baudenkmale_.

[219] _Relation d’un Voyage de Constantinople_, 1680.

[220] MS. Harl., 3,408.

[221] From _Originum Rerumque Constantinopolitarium, variis auctoribus, manipulus_, F. Franciscus Combefis, Paris, 1664. The same anonymous description is also given by Banduri, _Imperium Orientale_, ed. 1711, vol. i.

[222] Evidently meant for lower aisles.

[223] If this interpretation can be accepted for στοαί.

[224] Bricks stamped with long inscriptions of this kind were frequently used: one from Sirmium is mentioned in _Byzantinische Zeitschrift_ for 1894, p. 222: “O Lord Christ, help this city, keep off the Avars and guard Romania and him who writes this, Amen.”

[225] This may mean the thickness of the marble wall lining in some places gilt--if it has a meaning.

[226] σειζαὶ, a network, studded with jewels, suspended from processional crosses, and from the sides of crowns, see Fig. 15.

[227] Reading ἐπὶ for ἀντί.

[228] βοτρυιδόν, “like bunches of grapes.”

[229] φίνες, Graecised form of the Latin _fines_.

[230] Quoted in Ibn Batuta, Orient. Trans. Socy.

[231] Du Cange, notes on Bondelmontius.

[232] Glycas, _Annalium, Pars V._, ed. Bonn, p. 498.

[233] Du Cange, _op. cit._

[234] Hopf, _Chroniques Gréco-Romanes_, Berlin, 1873, p. 67.

[235] _Altchristliche Baudenkmale von Constantinopel_, published by the Prussian Government, Berlin 1854, with metrical version of the Silentiary’s poem by Dr. Körtum.

[236] Salzenberg here suggests that these formerly supported equestrian statues. See his plates ix.-xii. and compare our fig. 29.

[237] Salz. xx., figs. 9 and 10.

[238] All dimensions in this chapter are in Prussian feet, 100 of which = 103 English.

[239] See Salz., plate vi.

[240] Salz., plate vii.

[241] Salz., plates vii., viii., and illustration of stairs in text.

[242] Salz., plate vi.

[243] _Ibid._, plate xx.

[244] Only a short time was allowed to Salzenberg for its examination. He was convinced it was not a baptistery, but gives no reasons.

[245] Salz., plate xviii., figs. 9, 13.

[246] Salz., plate vi.

[247] Salz., plate vii.

[248] Salz., plate vi.

[249] Salz., plates vi., x.

[250] It is probable, writes Salzenberg, that originally the buttress masses reached only up to the roof of the gynaeceum, level with the springing of the great arches; as Cedrenus describes how Justinian, at the restoration after the fall of the dome, made outside the building, in the neighbourhood of the main piers, above the roof of the gynaeceum four staircases, “cochleas” which reached up to the dome “to strengthen the vaulting.” Theophanes also speaks of new piers which Justinian erected to strengthen the dome. The circumstances mentioned by Procopius seem to indicate that the abutments of the great arches were not sufficient. See our chap. x., § 1, for another interpretation.

[251] These Salzenberg thought later additions, “for the stone projections are not bonded to the piers, and the Silentiary says columns stood in these positions.” We do not so interpret the lines of the poem, and, although Choisy here follows Salzenberg, it is impossible to see, if there were additions subsequent to the completion of the building, how it is that the perfectly symmetrical disposition of the marble panelling shows no disturbance, and the beautiful carved cornice which mitres round these projections has had no additions made to it (our Fig. 47). The straight joints, which Choisy in another place specially notes as a method of Byzantine building, were here most wisely applied; for on one side the great pier was of stone, and on the other the buttress pier is of brick.

[252] Salzenberg conjectures from Agathias that these arches were a later addition made when the dome was restored by Justinian. But without them, as he remarks, there would not have been originally a square base for the circle of the dome. See explanation of original form, p. 210.

[253] Salzenberg assumes from Paulus that “the dome was surmounted by a cross”: the cross was of mosaic inside.

[254] See Salz., plate x. The right-hand side is a section through one of the domical vaults, and the left through the barrel-vault which connects two domical vaults. The plans, plates vi. and vii., and the section plate xi., show how close some of the columns stand to the piers, to which they are joined by small barrel-vaults, intersecting the domical vaulting.

[255] A mistake for vertical circles; the large number of cisterns where the vaults are uncovered make this certain. See our p. 221.

[256] Salz., plate xxiv.

[257] Salz., plate xxiii.

[258] See figure in Salzenberg’s text.

[259] Salz., plate xi.

[260] Preparation for the gold.

[261] Salzenberg’s plate xv., fig. 6. The inclination of the sides of that shown is much exaggerated, if in any case it exists.

[262] Salz., plate xvi., fig. 1, 5.

[263] Plate xvi., figs. 5, 6.

[264] Salz., plate xvii., figs. 12 and 13. Fig. 14 gives the base, fig. 2 a complete column.

[265] Salz., plate xv., figs. 7, 8.

[266] See Salz., plate xv., figs. 1, 4, 5 for lower cornice; plate xvi., 2 and 3 for upper, figs. 3, 4 for dome cornice, fig. 9 aisle cornice. This last, says Salzenberg, “is mended in many places with gypsum, and comes from an earlier building.” We do not know what earlier building could have furnished a quarter of the quantity used in S. Sophia. Is it possible that the whole of it is of gypsum? (See our chapter xii.) The marble skirtings are shown on plates xv. and xvi.

[267] In a note Salzenberg draws attention to Paulus speaking of eight windows in this wall, and conjectures that instead of the five upper windows there was one large opening here.

[268] Salz., plate xx., fig. 4. Fig. 6 is a capital that was found on one of the four parapet posts, and removed at the “restoration”; fig. 7 was not found in S. Sophia; fig. 8 was an isolated capital in north aisle; figs. 9-11 show upper mouldings to the piers of the propylaeum.

[269] Salz., plate xx., fig. 12 shows the underside of the beam in the middle of the west gynaeceum; fig. 15 is the side, and fig. 16 the underside of one in the south gynaeceum; figs. 13 and 14, one in the north gynaeceum.

[270] Salz., plate xiv.

[271] Plate xvii., figs. 1-7.

[272] See Salz., plate xvii. Fig. 3 is the upper capital, fig. 4 the lower, figs. 5 and 6 the base, and fig. 7 the under side of the architrave. Figs. 8, 9, 10 are details of large west window.

[273] Salz., plate xviii.

[274] Plate xviii., figs. 10-14.

[275] See plates vi. and xi.

[276] Salz., plate iii., fig. 7.

[277] Salz., plate xix.

[278] See Salz., plate ix.

[279] Salz., plate xvi., fig. 4.

[280] Salz., plate xvi.

[281] Salz., plates xxi., xxii. Plate xxii., fig. 1 shows the upper frieze and the panels beneath.

[282] Salz., plate xxi., fig. 18, and our fig. 9.

[283] Bury, vol. ii., 202.

[284] J. of Ephesus wrote _circa_ 590, R. Payne Smith’s translation.

[285] See also Rambaud, _Revue des Deux Mondes_, Aug. 1871.

[286] See plan and view in Strzygowski und Forchheimer, _Die Wasserbehälter von Konstantinopel_.

[287] _Imperium Orientale_, p. 664.

[288] See _Ancien Plan de Constantinople imprimé entre 1566 et 1574, avec Notes explicatives par Caedicius_, 1890.

[289] Ed. 1562, p. 91.

[290] Hakluyt Society, 1859, p. 34.

[291] Migne, _S.G._ vol. 133, p. 695.

[292] Texier figured in the _Revue Archéologique_, 1845, a small fountain found near the hippodrome to which it probably formerly belonged.

[293] Nicetas, ed. Bonn, p. 857.

[294] An organ is shown on the sculptured base of the obelisk of Theodosius.

[295] MS. Mus. Brit., Sloane 2742, xvi. c.

[296] Procopius.

[297] Hakluyt Soc., p. 36.

[298] _Nuremberg Chronicle._

[299] _Constantinopolis Christiana_, lib. i., ch. xxiv.

[300] _La Syrie Centrale_, p. 75.

[301] Ed. Bonn, p. 307 _et seq._

[302] Nicetas, p. 733.

[303] Quoted by Buzantios.

[304] _Ceremonies_, appendix _ad lib._ i., p. 502.

[305] Ed. Bonn, v., p. 266.

[306] Hakluyt Soc. series.

[307] Anna Comnena also speaks of the houses of the Great Church.

[308] See Curtis, _Broken Bits of Byzantium_, part 2.

[309] Paspates, p. 40.

[310] See Curtis, _Broken Bits of Byz._, part 2.

[311] It may be mentioned that an Italian cantharus, or font, of the twelfth century, in the possession of Mr. Brindley, has the Latinised form of the same word in an inscription around its rim which reads

Artificum summus cui nullus in orbe secundus Hunc luterem clarum sollerer sculpsit aquae....

[312] Quoted by Paspates, _Byzan. Mel._ Note on p. 340.

[313] Lanciani, _Pagan and Christ. Rome_.

[314] Labarte, _Pal. Imp._

[315] _Pachymeres de Michael Palaeol._, ed. Migne, p. 703. See also Du Cange, _S. Sophia_, § 22.

[316] _Inscriptiones Antiquae totius orbis Romani._

[317] Grelot is vague in regard to it. Banduri understood him to mean that the inscription was on the inner water vessels. The Greek patriarch Constantios accepts it as having belonged to the Phiale. Buzantios wildly says baptistery.

[318] An inscrip. in Baptistery Florence, reads--

EN GIRO TORTE SOL CICLOS ET ROTOR IGNE.

[319] See p. 84 and Kraus for other similar inscriptions.

[320] The first, he says, “stands by the entrance to an old Bagno,” it was 4′ 3½″ in diameter. “The second stands in the midst of the cistern in the square court of the supposed St. John’s Church.” This was 2′ 6″ in diameter.

[321] Migne, _Pat. Cur. Com. Series Graeca_, vol. i.

[322] _Euchologium_, ed. 1647, p. 463.

[323] Ed. 1647, p. 560.

[324] _Relation Nouvelle d’un Voyage de Constantinople._

[325] In Fig. 29 we have followed his drawings disregarding his estimate of height.

[326] Curtis, _Broken Bits of Byz._, Part II.

[327]

. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . .

[328] See P. D. Kouppas, _The Building of Byzantine Churches_. Ἑλλην. Φιλολ. Συλλ. παραρ. vol. 20-22, p. 38.

[329] For gold tesserae of second cent. see _Bull. Soc. des Ant._, 1893, p. 76.

[330] _Eastern Palestine Memoirs_, 1889, p. 172.

[331] See Fig. 30.

[332] From the Hellenic Society’s supplement to their journal.

[333] See also _Byzantinische Zeitschrift_, 1894.

[334] The inscription states that the work was done while Paul was archbishop. And--

ΜΗΝΙΝΟΕΜΒΡΙΩΙΝΔΙΚΤΙΟΝΙΤΕΤΑΡΤΗΕΤΟΥϹ ΑΠΟΚΤΙϹΕΩϹΚΟϹΜΟΥϲ̣

The vital numerals were defaced, but there seemed no doubt that the last fragment was a part of S (6000) and as the writer states that there was only room for one more letter, SΔ or 6004 (495) is the only year that will fit the fourth indiction. “The architect Bubroff is about to show that the church was built in the fifth century.”

[335] A book on mechanics (περὶ παραδόξων μηχανημάτων) has been ascribed to Anthemius.

[336] Procopius in _Pal. Pilg. Text._, p. 48.

[337] Lib. xiii., tit. iv.

[338] Edit. by Waddington, p. 18.

[339] Giacomo Boni, _Il Duomo di Parenzo_, in _Archivio Storico dell’Arte_, 1894, p. 5.

[340] _Migne_, S.G., vol. xxxvii., p. 1090.

[341] There is no doubt about these arches being truly _pointed_. They were drawn so by Dr. Covel about 1675, they appear so in the careful engraving in Miss Pardoe’s _Bosphorus_, and these are fully confirmed by Strzygowski and Forchheimer, _Die Wasserbehälter von Konstantinopel_, pp. 12 and 71. The use of the pointed arch in the east is probably an unbroken tradition from early days in Egypt.

[342] _Die Wasserbehälter_, p. 130, &c.

[343] 1799, p. 236.

[344] _Journal of Roy. Inst. Brit. Archts._, Jan. 1893.

[345] See also p. 247, 1892, for the conditions of stability of dome of S. Sophia.

[346] Ἑλλην. Φιλολ. Συλλ. παραρ. vol. xx., 1892.

[347] P. 485.

[348] _Die Byzantinischen Wasserbehälter_, p. 22.

[349] In another place Covel gives the following. Lukium--unslaked lime, burnt brick (both in a fine powder), cotton wool very fine pulled and strewed on, linseed oil. Cistern plaister--Lime, burnt brick, cotton or flax, water [use] almost dry, smooth it and saturate with oil.

[350] _Blasii Caryophili opusculum de antiquis marmoribus_, 1743.

[351] _Trattato delle pietre antiche_, 1833.

[352] _Ancient Art._

[353] _Chronologie von Egypten_, p. 365.

[354] _Revue des deux Mondes_, 1841.

[355] In MS. notes lent by Mr. Brindley.

[356] _Histor. Geography of Asia Minor_, p. 433.

[357] See Boni, who corrects Corsi, in _La Basilica di San Marco_.

[358] Ἑλλην. Φιλ. Συλλ. παραρ. 1885, p. 10.

[359] _Mittheilungen, etc._, _Arch. Inst. Athens_, 1889, xiv. 286.

[360] Mr. Brindley has shown us a photograph of a half worked Byzantine column with a flat necking, still attached in a horizontal position to the rock on its underside while the upper part is rounded.

[361] Η. Κωνσταντινουπολις, p. 500.

[362] _Survey of Western Palestine_, vol. iii., p. 357.

[363] Walsh, _A Residence at Constantinople_, “Errata” to p. 80.

[364] Ἑλλην. Φιλ. Συλλ. παραρ., vol xvi., 1885, p. 34.

[365] See Bayet, _L’Art Byzantin_.