Chapter I

THE
CIVIL WAR
CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK

FIRST EDITION
by William H. Price

A Civil War Research Associate Series

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

=THE CIVIL WAR= 2

=FACTS=

The First Modern War 5
Brother Against Brother 6
They Also Served 9
The Soldier, The Battle, The Losses 11
The Cost of War 15
Numbers and Losses 17

=PICTURES=

The American soldier of the 1860's 20
Camp life 23
Passing time between campaigns 25
Religion and the soldier 27
Correspondents at the front 28
Ships of the line 30
Transportation and supplies 41
Tools of modern warfare 45
Field fortifications and entrenchments 49
Communications 51
Aerial reconnaissance 52
Spies and secret agents 53
The battle's overture 54
Appalling aftermath 56
Marks of total war 62
After four years--Appomattox 64
Last review of the Union Army 65
A Nation re-united 66

=UNIFORMS=

Union regulation uniforms 33
Union regimental uniforms 36
Confederate regimental uniforms 37
Confederate regulation uniforms 38

=DATES AND PLACES=

Chronology of battles 67
Map of the major battlefields 70

=RECOMMENDED READING= 72

THE
CIVIL WAR
CENTENNIAL HANDBOOK
by William H. Price

1861-1865 1961-1965

Published by
Prince Lithograph Co., Inc.
4019 5th Rd. N., Arlington, Virginia
Copyright 1961

Printed in U. S. A.

THE CIVIL WAR

_Here brothers fought for their principles
Here heroes died to save their country
And a united people will forever cherish
the precious legacy of their noble manhood._

--_PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENT AT VICKSBURG_

The Civil War, which began in the 1830's as a cold war and moved toward the inevitable conflict somewhere between 1850 and 1860, was one of America's greatest emotional experiences. When the war finally broke in 1861, beliefs and political ideals had become so firm that they transcended family ties and bonds of friendship--brother was cast against brother. The story of this supreme test of our Nation, though one of tragedy, is also one of triumph, for it united a nation that had been divided for over a quarter century.

Holding a place in history midway between the Revolutionary War of the 18th century and the First World War of the 20th, the American Civil War had far-reaching effects: by the many innovations and developments it stimulated, it became the forerunner of modern warfare; by the demands it made on technology and production, it hastened the industrial revolution in America. This conflict also provided the ferment from which great personalities arise. Qualities of true greatness were revealed in men like William Tecumseh Sherman, the most brilliant strategist of modern times; Nathan Bedford Forrest, one of the greatest of natural born leaders; Robert E. Lee, "one of the supremely gifted men produced by our Nation"; and Abraham Lincoln, who, like the other great men of that era, would be minor characters in our history had they not been called upon in this time of crisis. And emerging from such trying times were seven future Presidents of the United States, all officers of the Union Army.

But the story of this sectional struggle is not only one of great leaders and events. It is the story of 18,000 men in Gen. Sedgwick's Corps who formed a marching column that stretched over ten miles of road, and in that hot month of July 1863, the story of how they marched steadily for eighteen hours, stopping only once to rest, until they reached Gettysburg where the crucial battle was raging. It is the story of more than two hundred young VMI Cadets, who without hesitation left their classrooms to fight alongside hardened veterans at the battle of New Market in 1864. Or it is the story of two brothers who followed different flags and then met under such tragic circumstances on the field of battle at Petersburg.

It is also a story of the human toil and machinery that produced more than four million small arms for the Union Army and stamped from copper over one billion percussion caps for these weapons during the four years of war. Inside the Confederacy, it is the story of experiments with new weapons--the submarine, iron-clad rams, torpedoes, and landmines--in an attempt to overcome the North's numerical superiority.

It is the purpose of _The Civil War Centennial Handbook_ to present this unusual story of the Civil War, a mosaic composed of fragments from the lesser-known and yet colorful facts that have survived a century but have been obscured by the voluminous battle narratives and campaign studies.

Much of this material, when originally drafted, was selected by the National Civil War Centennial Commission for their informative and interesting _Facts About the Civil War_. This original material, revised and enlarged, has grown into _The Civil War Centennial Handbook_.

The handbook is divided into five basic parts. The first is a presentation of little-known and unusual facts about participants, battles and losses, and the cost of war. The second is a graphic portrayal of both the men and machines that made the war of the 1860's. The special selection of photographs for this portion of the story were made available through the courtesy of the National Archives and the Library of Congress. Next are reproductions in color of Union and Confederate uniforms from the _Official Records Atlas_ and the famous paintings by H. A. Ogden. The fourth section is a reference table of battles and losses listed in chronological order, accompanied by a map showing the major engagements of the war. And primarily for the growing number of new Civil War buffs, there is a roster of Civil War Round Tables, as well as a recommended list of outstanding books on the Civil War.

The material presented in The _Civil War Centennial Handbook_ has been selected from standard sources, the most outstanding of which are: the _Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies and Navies_, Moore's _Rebellion Record_, Cullum's _Biographical Register of West Point Graduates_, Phisterer's _Statistical Record_, Livermore's _Numbers and Losses in the Civil War_, Fox's _Regimental Losses_, the _Dictionary of American Biography_, Dyer's _Compendium of the War of the Rebellion_, the _Annual Reports of the Secretary of War_, and last but far from least, one of the richest sources of information available, my fellow members of the District of Columbia Civil War Round Table.

THE FIRST MODERN WAR

_In the arts of life, man invents nothing; but in the arts of
death he outdoes Nature herself, and produces by chemistry and
machinery all the slaughter of plague, pestilence and famine.

--_GEORGE BERNARD SHAW_

The arts of tactics and strategy were revolutionized by the many developments introduced during the 1860's. Thus the Civil War ushered in a new era in warfare with the ...

FIRST practical machine gun.
FIRST repeating rifle used in combat.
FIRST use of the railroads as a major means of transporting
troops and supplies.
FIRST mobile siege artillery mounted on rail cars.
FIRST extensive use of trenches and field fortifications.
FIRST large-scale use of land mines, known as "subterranean
shells".
FIRST naval mines or "torpedoes".
FIRST ironclad ships engaged in combat.
FIRST multi-manned submarine.
FIRST organized and systematic care of the wounded on the
battlefield.
FIRST widespread use of rails for hospital trains.
FIRST organized military signal service.
FIRST visual signaling by flag and torch during combat.
FIRST use of portable telegraph units on the battlefield.
FIRST military reconnaissance from a manned balloon.
FIRST draft in the United States.
FIRST organized use of Negro troops in combat.
FIRST voting in the field for a national election by servicemen.
FIRST income tax--levied to finance the war.
FIRST photograph taken in combat.
FIRST Medal of Honor awarded an American soldier.

BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER

"_And why should we not accord them equal honor, for they were
both Americans, imbued with those qualities which have made
this country great._"

_--BELL IRVIN WILEY_

PRESIDENT LINCOLN, the Commander-In-Chief of the Union Army, had four brothers-in-law in the Confederate Army, and three of his sisters-in-law were married to Confederate officers.

JEFFERSON DAVIS, Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Army, served the U.S. Army as a colonel during the Mexican War and held the post of Secretary of War in President Pierce's cabinet. Previously, as a senior United States Senator, he had been Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs Committee. Lincoln and Davis were born in Kentucky, the only state that has ever had two of its sons serve as President at the same time.

JOHN TYLER, 10th President of the United States, was elected to the Confederate States Congress in 1862, but died before it convened. On March 4, 1861, Tyler's granddaughter unfurled the first flag of the Confederacy when it was raised over the Confederate Capitol at Montgomery, Alabama.

The Battle of Lynchburg, Virginia, in June 1864 brought together two future Presidents of the United States--General RUTHERFORD B. HAYES and Major WILLIAM McKINLEY, U.S.A.--and a former Vice-President--General JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, C.S.A. Five other Union generals later rose to the Presidency: ANDREW JOHNSON, U.S. GRANT, JAMES A. GARFIELD, CHESTER A. ARTHUR, and BENJAMIN HARRISON.

The four Secretaries of War during the eleven years prior to the Civil War were all from the South. All four later held office in the Confederate government.

Fourteen of the 26 Confederate Senators had previously served in the United States Congress. In the Confederate House of Representatives, 33 members were former U.S. Congressmen.

Confederate Generals ROBERT E. LEE and P.G.T. BEAUREGARD both ranked second in their graduating classes at West Point, and both officers later returned to hold the position of Superintendent of the Academy. Lee's appointment to the rank of full colonel in the United States Army was signed by President Lincoln.

In 1859 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was appointed the first president of what is today the Louisiana State University. Although his chief claim to fame was the destructive "March to the Sea", a portrait of the Union general occupies a prominent place in the Memorial Tower of this Southern university.

Over one-fourth of the West Point graduates who fought during the Civil War were in the Confederate Army. Half of the 304 who served in Gray were on active duty in the United States Army when war broke out. Of the total number of West Pointers who went South, 148 were promoted to the rank of general officer. In all, 313 of the 1,098 officers in the United States Army joined the Confederacy.

One fourth of the officers in the United States Navy resigned to cast their lot with the Confederate Navy. Of the 322 who resigned, 243 were line officers.

When J.E.B. STUART raided Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in 1862, he was pursued by Federal cavalry under the command of his father-in-law, Brig. Gen. PHILIP ST. GEORGE COOKE, whose name is frequently confused with that of Confederate General PHILIP ST. GEORGE COCKE, both West Pointers. As if that weren't bad enough, there was a Union general by the name of JEFFERSON DAVIS.

WILLIAM T. MAGRUDER (U.S.M.A. 1850) commanded a squadron of the 1st United States Cavalry at First Manassas and during the Peninsula Campaign. In August 1862 he was granted leave of absence, and two months later he switched loyalties to join the Confederate Army. On July 3, 1863, he fell during the famous charge at Gettysburg.

The Virginia Military Institute graduated WILLIAM H. GILLESPIE in the special war class of 1862. While awaiting his appointment as an officer on "Stonewall" Jackson's staff, he deserted to the Union Army and became Adjutant of the 14th West Virginia Cavalry.

If Blue and Gray didn't meet again at Gettysburg during the annual reunions, they at least met on the banks of the Nile. No less than 50 former Union and Confederate officers held the rank of colonel or above in the Army of the Khedive during the 1870's. Two ex-Confederate generals and three former Union officers attained the rank of general in the Egyptian Army, holding such positions as Chief of Staff, Chief of Engineers, and Chief Ordnance Officer.

Only three Confederates ever held the rank of general in the United States Army following the Civil War--MATTHEW C. BUTLER, FITZHUGH LEE, and JOE WHEELER. Lee and Wheeler, though they served as generals in the Confederate Army as well as in the United States Army during the Spanish American War, both graduated at the bottom of their West Point classes. When Lee and Wheeler were promoted to major general in 1901, their commissions were signed by a former Yankee officer--President William McKinley.

General GEORGE PICKETT, a native Virginian, was appointed to the United States Military Academy from the State of Illinois. John Todd Stuart obtained the appointment at the request of his law partner, Abraham Lincoln.

The senior general in the Confederate Army, SAMUEL COOPER, hailed from New York. Before the war, he had been Adjutant General of the United States Army. From 1861 to 1865 he was the Adjutant and Inspector General of the Confederate Army.

Fort Sumter was surrendered in 1861 by a Kentucky-born Union officer, Major ROBERT ANDERSON. Confederate General JOHN C. PEMBERTON, a Pennsylvanian by birth, surrendered Vicksburg in 1863. There was no collusion in either surrender; both men were loyal supporters of their respective causes.

The first Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, Commodore FRANKLIN BUCHANAN, commanded the C.S.S. _Virginia_ (_Merrimac_) in its first engagement. On the first ship to surrender under the _Virginia's_ guns was Buchanan's brother, an officer of the U.S. Navy.

Major CLIFTON PRENTISS of the 6th Maryland Infantry (Union) and his younger brother WILLIAM, of the 2nd Maryland Infantry (Confederate), were both mortally wounded when their regiments clashed at Petersburg on April 2, 1865--just seven days before hostilities ceased. Both were removed from the battlefield and after a separation of four years, they were taken to the same hospital in Washington. Each fought and each died for his cause.

THEY ALSO SERVED

_Fame is the echo of actions, resounding them to the world,
save that the echo repeats only the last part, but fame relates
all...._

--_FULLER_

Poet SIDNEY LANIER fought as a private in the 2nd Georgia Battalion during the Seven Days' Battles near Richmond. In November 1862 he was captured on a Confederate blockade-runner and imprisoned at Point Lookout, Maryland. Sixteen years after the war he died from tuberculosis contracted while in prison.

New England poet ALBERT PIKE commanded the Confederate Department of Indian Territory. He wrote the stanzas of the popular Southern version of _Dixie_, a tune which originated not in the South, but in New York City during the 1850's.

At the battle of the Monocacy in 1864 Union General LEW WALLACE, author of _Ben-Hur_, commanded the force defending Washington against General Jubal Early's attack. After the war he served as Governor of New Mexico and Minister to Turkey.

When the Marion Rangers organized in 1861, SAMUEL CLEMENS (Mark Twain) joined as a lieutenant, but he left this Missouri Company before it was mustered into Confederate service, having fired only one hostile shot during the war.

Confederate Private HENRY MORTON STANLEY, of "Doctor Livingstone, I presume" fame, survived a bloody charge at Shiloh only to be taken prisoner. Later he joined the Union ranks and finished the war in Yankee blue.

ANDREW CARNEGIE was a young man in his mid-twenties when he left his position as superintendent of the Pittsburgh Division, Pennsylvania Railroad to pitch in with workers rebuilding the rail line from Annapolis to Washington. Later in 1861 he was given the position of superintendent of military railways and government telegraph.

HENRY A. DUPONT, grandson of the DuPont industries founder, was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for gallantry at the battle of Cedar Creek in October 1864. Captain DuPont, who had graduated from West Point at the head of his class in 1861, went on to serve as United States Senator from Delaware.

ELIAS HOWE presented each field and staff officer of the 5th Massachusetts Regiment with a stallion fully equipped for service. Later, he volunteered as a private, and when the State failed to pay his unit, he met the regimental payroll with his own money.

At the age of 15 GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE ran away from home and joined the Union Army. Neither he nor Elias Howe rose to officer rank, but both are today in the Hall of Fame for their achievements--the air brake and the sewing machine.

In 1861 CORNELIUS VANDERBILT presented a high-speed side-wheel steamer to the United States Navy. At the time, there were less than 50 ships in active naval service. The cruiser, named the _Vanderbilt_, captured three blockade-runners during the war and in 1865 participated in the bombardment and amphibious assault on Fort Fisher. The Federal Navy at that time had grown to a fleet of more than 550 steam-powered ships.

Admiral GEORGE DEWEY, of Manila Bay fame, served as a young lieutenant under Admiral Farragut during the attack on Port Hudson in 1863. His ship was the only one lost in the engagement.

Colonel CHRISTOPHER C. ("Kit") CARSON commanded the 1st New Mexico Volunteers (Union), and campaigned against the Comanche, Navajo, and Apache Indians during the Civil War. In 1866 he was promoted to brigadier general.

In his mid-teens JESSE JAMES joined the Confederate raiders led by William Quantrill. The famous "Dead or alive" reward for Jesse in 1882 was issued by an ex-Confederate officer, Governor Thomas T. Crittenden of Missouri.

THE SOLDIER, THE BATTLE, THE LOSSES

_"There's many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory,
but, boys, it is all hell."_

--_WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN_

Of the 2.3 million men enlisted in the Union Army, seventy per cent were under 23 years of age. Approximately 100,000 were 16 and an equal number 15. Three hundred lads were 13 or less, and the records show that there were 25 no older than 10 years.

The average infantry regiment of 10 companies consisted of 30 line officers and 1300 men. However, by the time a new regiment reached the battlefield, it would often have less than 800 men available for combat duty. Sickness and details as cooks, teamsters, servants, and clerks accounted for the greatly reduced numbers. Actually, in many of the large battles the regimental fighting strength averaged no more than 480 men.

In 1864 the basic daily ration for a Union soldier was (in ounces): 20--beef, 18--flour, 2.56--dry beans, 1.6--green coffee, 2.4--sugar, .64--salt, and smaller amounts of pepper, yeast powder, soap, candles, and vinegar. While campaigning, soldiers seldom obtained their full ration and many had to forage for subsistence.

In the Army of Northern Virginia in 1863 the rations available for every 100 Confederate soldiers over a 30-day period consisted of 1/4 lb. of bacon, 18 oz. of flour, 10 lbs. of rice, and a small amount of peas and dried fruit--when they could be obtained. (It is little wonder that Lee elected to carry the war into Pennsylvania--if for no other reason than to obtain food for an undernourished army.)

During the Shenandoah Valley campaign of 1862 "Stonewall" Jackson marched his force of 16,000 men more than 600 miles in 35 days. Five major battles were fought and four separate Union armies, totaling 63,000, were defeated.

In June 1864, the U.S.S. _Kearsarge_ sank the C.S.S. _Alabama_ in a fierce engagement in the English Channel off Cherbourg, France. Frenchmen gathered along the beach to witness the hour-long duel, which inspired a young French artist, Edouard Manet, to paint the battle scene that now hangs in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

The Confederate cruiser _Shenandoah_ sailed completely around the world raiding Union commerce vessels and whalers. The ship and crew surrendered to British authorities at Liverpool in November 1865, seven months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox.

The greatest naval bombardment during the war was on Christmas Eve, 1864, at Fort Fisher, North Carolina. Fifty-seven vessels, with a total of 670 guns, were engaged--the largest fleet ever assembled by the U.S. Navy up to that time. The Army, Navy, and Marines combined in a joint operation to reduce and capture the fort.

In July, 1862 the first Negro troops of the Civil War were organized by General David Hunter. Known as the 1st South Carolina Regiment, they were later designated the 33rd Regiment United States Colored Troops. Some 186,000 Negro soldiers served in the Union Army, 4,300 of whom became battle casualties.

At the battle of Fredericksburg in 1862, the line of Confederate trenches extended a distance of seven miles. The troop density in these defensive works was 11,000 per mile.

Over 900 guns and mortars bristled from the 68 forts defending the Nation's Capital during the war. The fortifications, constructed by the Engineer Corps during the early part of the war, circled the city on a 37-mile perimeter.

During Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, the Union Army of the Tennessee, in a period of four months, constructed over 300 miles of rifle pits, fired 149,670 artillery rounds and 22,137,132 rounds of small-arms ammunition.

To fire a Civil War musket, eleven separate motions had to be made. The regulation in the 1860's specified that a soldier should fire three aimed shots per minute, allowing 20 seconds per shot and less than two seconds per motion.

At the battle of Stone's River, Tennessee, in January, 1863, the Federal infantry in three days exhausted over 2,000,000 rounds of ammunition, and the artillery fired 20,307 rounds. The total weight of the projectiles was in excess of 375,000 pounds.

At the Battle of First Bull Run or Manassas, it has been estimated that between 8,000 and 10,000 bullets were fired for every man killed and wounded.

The campaign against Petersburg, the longest sustained operation of the war, began in the summer of 1864 and lasted for 10 months, until the spring of '65. The fighting covered an area of more than 170 square miles, with 35 miles of trenches and fortifications stretching from Richmond to the southwest of Petersburg. During September, 1864, nearly 175 field and siege guns poured forth a daily average of 7.8 tons of iron on the Confederate works.

The greatest cavalry battle in the history of the western hemisphere was fought at Brandy Station, Virginia, on June 9, 1863. Nearly 20,000 cavalrymen were engaged for more than 12 hours. At the height of the battle, along Fleetwood Hill, charges and countercharges were made continuously for almost three hours.

The greatest regimental loss of the entire war was borne by the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery. The unit saw no action until 1864, but in the short span of less than one year, over half of its 2,202 men engaged in battle were hit. In the assault on Petersburg in June, 1864, the regiment lost 604 men killed and wounded in less than 20 minutes.

The largest regimental loss in a single battle was suffered by the 26th North Carolina Infantry at Gettysburg. The regiment went into battle with a little over 800 men, and by the end of the third day, 708 were dead, wounded, or missing. In one company of 84, every officer and man was hit.

Of the 46 Confederate regiments that went into the famous charge at Gettysburg on July 3, 1863, 15 were commanded by General Pickett. Thirteen of his regiments were led by Virginia Military Institute graduates; only two of them survived the charge.

The heaviest numerical loss during any single battle was at Gettysburg, where 40,322 Americans were killed or wounded. On the Union side 21 per cent of those engaged were killed or wounded, in the Confederate ranks 30 per cent--the largest percentage of Confederates hit in any battle. The largest percentage of Union soldiers hit in battle was at Port Hudson in May 1863, where 26.7 per cent of those engaged were killed or wounded.

During May and June 1864 the Armies of the Potomac and the James lost 77,452 men--a greater number than Lee had in his entire army.

Union Army hospitals treated over 6 million cases during the war. There were twice as many deaths from disease as from hostile bullets. Diarrhea and dysentery alone took the lives of 44,558 Union soldiers.

From 1861-1865 the Quartermaster Corps of the Union Army made 116,148 burials.

In the 79 National Civil War cemeteries, 54 per cent of the graves are those of unknown soldiers. The largest Civil War cemetery is at Vicksburg, where 16,000 soldiers rest; only 3,896 are known. At the Confederate prison site in Salisbury, North Carolina, where 12,126 Union soldiers are buried, 99 per cent are unknown.

THE COST OF WAR

_Nor deem the irrevocable Past
As wholly wasted, wholly vain,
If, rising on its wrecks, at last
To something nobler we attain._

--_HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW_

From 1861-1865 it cost the United States Government approximately 2 million dollars a day to prosecute the war; the Second World War cost more than 113 million dollars a day.

In 1880 the Secretary of the Treasury reported that the Civil War had cost the Federal Government 6.19 billion dollars. By 1910 the cost of the war, including pensions and other veterans benefits, had reached 11.5 billion dollars. World War II was three months shorter than the Civil War, but from 1942-1945 approximately 156 billion dollars was spent on the military establishment.

The total cost of the war to the South has been estimated at 4 billion dollars.

The public debt outstanding for an average population of 33 million rose from $2.80 to $75 per capita between 1861 and 1865. In mid-1958 the per capita debt stood at $1,493 for a population of 175.5 million.

In 1958 the government was providing pensions for 3,042 widows of Union veterans. In June of that year, as a result of special legislation, 526 widows of Southern soldiers and the two surviving Confederate veterans became eligible for Federal pensions. The last Union veteran, Albert Woolson, had died in 1956, leaving the two Confederates, John Salling and Walter Williams, to draw the highest Civil War pensions paid by the United States Government. The last Civil War veteran, Walter Williams, died in December 1959 at the age of 117. Since then, William's claim as a veteran has been disputed in the newspapers, but sufficient evidence does not exist to positively prove or disprove his military status.

The pursuit and capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinville, Georgia, cost the Federal Government $97,031.62.

From 1861-1865 it cost the Federal government, in millions of dollars:

$727--to clothe and feed the Army
18--to clothe and feed the Navy
339--for transportation of troops and supplies
127--for cavalry and artillery horses
76--for the purchase of arms
8--to maintain and provide for Confederate prisoners

Soldiers and sailors of the United States received 1.34 billion dollars in pay during the war.

In 1861 an infantry private was paid $13 per month--compared to a private's pay of $83 today. A Civil War colonel drew $95 per month and a brigadier general $124. Their counterparts today are paid a monthly base rate of $592 and $800.

During the 1860's the average cost of a musket was $13 as compared to $105 for an M1 Garand in World War II.

NUMBERS AND LOSSES

North South[1]
Population 22,400,000 9,103,000[2]
Military Age Group (18-45) 4,600,000 985,000
Trained Militia 1827-1861 2,470,000 692,000
Regular Army January, 1861 16,400 0
Military Potential 1861 2,486,400 692,000
Total Individuals in Service 1861-1865 2,213,400 1,003,600

Total Strength July, 1861 219,400 114,000
Total Strength January, 1863 962,300 450,200
Peak Strength 1864-1865 1,044,660 484,800
Army 980,100 481,200
Navy 60,700 3,000
Marines 3,860 600

Total Hit in Battle 385,100 320,000
Total Battle Deaths 110,100 94,000
Killed in Battle 67,100 54,000
Died of Wounds 43,000 40,000
Wounded (not mortally)[3] 275,000 226,000
Missing in Action 6,750 ---
Captured[4] 211,400 462,000
Died in Prison 30,200 26,000
Died of Disease 224,000 60,000
Other Deaths 34,800 ---
Desertions[5] 199,000 83,400
Discharged 426,500 57,800
Surrendered 1865 174,223

[Footnote 1: Confederate figures are based upon the best information and estimates available.]

[Footnote 2: Includes 3,760,000 slaves in the seceded states.]

[Footnote 3: A number of these were returned to duty. In the Union Army, those who were not fit for combat were placed in the Veteran Reserve Corps and performed administrative duties.]

[Footnote 4: An undetermined number were exchanged and returned to duty.]

[Footnote 5: Many deserters returned to duty. In the Union Army, where $300 bounty was paid for a 3-year enlistment, it was not uncommon to find a soldier picking up his bounty in one regiment and then deserting to join another unit just for the additional bounty.]

CIVIL WAR ROUND TABLES

CALIFORNIA (3)

La Jolla--Ezra J. Warner, P.O. Box 382.

Los Angeles--(Southern California CWRT), Col. Paul "Reb"
Benton, 466 South Bedford Drive, Beverly Hills, California.

Torrance--Peter A. LaRosa, 4240 West 178th Street.

COLORADO (1)

Denver--(Colorado CWRT), Hubert Kaub, 740 Steele Street, Zone
6.

CONNECTICUT (2)

Hartford--W. J. Lowry, Hartford National Bank & Trust Company.

Niantic--Norman B. Peck, Jr., Remagen Road.

DELAWARE (1)

Wilmington--Dr. Richard H. Myers, 34 Paschall Road, Zone 3.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (1)

Washington--James M. Lazard, Box 38, Army & Navy Club, Zone 5.

GEORGIA (1)

Atlanta--Col. Allen P. Julian, 1753 Peachtree Street, N. E.

KENTUCKY (1)

Lexington--(Kentucky CWRT), Dr. Hambleton Tapp, University of
Kentucky.

ILLINOIS (8)

Chicago--Gilbert Twiss, 18 West Chestnut Street.

LaSalle--Dr. Russell C. Slater, 744 First Street.

Lyons--(Gray and Blue CWRT), O. H. Felton, Box 106.

Park Forest--Malcolm Macht, 495 Talala.

Peoria--(National Blues CWRT), H. R. Sours, 2623 West Moss
Avenue.

Quad Cities--Mrs. Marilyn A. Hasselroth, Box 508, Milan,
Illinois.

Rockford--Timothy Hughes, 2208 Ridge Avenue.

Springfield--George L. Cashman, Lincoln Lodge, Oak Ridge.

INDIANA (6)

Evansville--Col. Robert M. Leich, P.O. Box 869, Zone 1.

Indianapolis--Donald Shaner, 3122 North Richardt, Zone 26.

Mishawaka--H. O. Soencer, Mishawaka Public Library.

New Albany--Elsa Strassweg, 201 East Spring Street.

South Bend--Ben R. Violette, 2220 Berkley Place, Zone 16.

Terre Haute--(Vigo County CWRT), Ira Campbell, 426 South 17th
Street.

IOWA (1)

Cedar Rapids--Mrs. Robert A. Miller, 249 Blake Boulevard.

LOUISIANA (1)

New Orleans--David L. Markstein, 2232 Wirth Place, Zone 15.

MARYLAND (2)

Baltimore--Leonard Sandler, Nelmar Apartments 2-C, Zone 17.

Hagerstown--Theron Rinehart, Box 1155.

MASSACHUSETTS (2)

Andover--Stanley E. Butcher, 4 Washington Avenue.

Boston--Richard H. Fitzpatrick, 15 Hathway Road, Lexington,
Zone 73.

MICHIGAN (5)

Battle Creek--Mrs. Pearl Foust, 150 Eldredge.

Detroit--(Abraham Lincoln CWRT of Michigan), Lloyd C. Nyman,
951 South Oxford Road, Grosse Pointe Woods, Zone 36.

Flint--Philip C. Chinn, 2933 Wyoming Street.

Jackson--Edward J. Young, 2535 Kibby Street.

Kalamazoo--Mrs. Wesley R. Burrell, Galesburg, Michigan.

MINNESOTA (1)

Twin Cities--William H. Rowe, 6040 James Avenue South,
Minneapolis 19, Minnesota.

MISSISSIPPI (1)

Jackson--(Mississippi CWRT), Mrs. Genevieve Wilde Barksdale,
3405 Old Canton Road.

MISSOURI (2)

Kansas City--Charles W. Jones, 1016 Baltimore Avenue.

St. Louis--Gale Johnston, Jr., Projected Planning Company, Room
200, 506 Olive Street, Zone 1.

NEBRASKA (1)

Omaha--Frank E. Gibson, Public Library.

NEW JERSEY (2)

Hackensack--(Bergen County CWRT), Miss Celeste Slauson, Johnson
Free Public Library.

Monmouth County--Mrs. Jeanne Marie Predham, 155 West Sylvania
Avenue, Neptune City, New Jersey.

NEW YORK (6)

Binghampton--Theodore E. Mulford, Link Aviation Inc.

Fayetteville--(Onondaga County CWRT), E. H. Hobbs, 206
Washington Building.

Jamestown--E. J. Muzzy, 142 Prospect Street.

Mayville--Robert Laughlin, Portage Street.

New York City--Arnold Gates, 289 New Hyde Park Road, Garden
City, N. Y.

Rochester--William J. Welch, 80 Elaine Drive. Zone 23.

NORTH CAROLINA (1)

High Point--(North Carolina CWRT), John R(ebel) Peacock, Box
791.

OHIO (8)

Chillicothe--(Gen. Joshua W. Sill Chapter), Kent Castor, Box
273.

Cincinnati--J. Louis Warm, 4165 Rose Hill Avenue, Zone 5.

Cleveland--Edward T. Downer, 1105 Euclid Avenue, Zone 6.

Dayton--Kathryn G. Crawford (Mrs. F. M.), 3438 East 5th Street,
Zone 3.

East Cleveland--James C. Pettit, 13905 Orinoco Avenue, Zone 12.

Lancaster--(William T. Sherman Chapter), Dr. Robert H. Eyman,
Sr., 137 West Mulberry Street.

Toledo--Robert G. Morris, 2619 Powhatan Parkway, Zone 6.

Wooster--Dr. A. B. Huff, 230 North Market Street.

OKLAHOMA (2)

Stillwater--(CWRT of Oklahoma State University) LeRoy H.
Fischer, History Department.

Tulsa--R. L. Summers, 1204 North Tacoma Place.

PENNSYLVANIA (6)

Bucks-Montgomery County--Edgar F. Hoskings, Jr., 31 East Park
Avenue, Sellersville, Pennsylvania.

Gettysburg--Jacob M. Sneads, 115 North Stratton Street.

Philadelphia--(Lincoln Civil War Society), Arthur G. McDowell,
1500 North Broad Street, Zone 21.

Pittsburgh--Bernd P. Rose, Chamber of Commerce Building.

Susquehanna CWRT--W. N. Barto, 39 South 2nd Street, Lewisburg,
Pennsylvania.

Washington--James R. Braden, 755 East Main Street.

TENNESSEE (2)

LaFollette (Big Creek Gap CWRT), Guy Easterly, 139 North
Tennessee Ave.

Murfreesboro--(Nathan Bedford Forrest CWRT), Homer Pittard, Box
688, Middle Tennessee State College.

TEXAS (2)

Houston--Richard Colquette, 5589 Cedar Creek Drive, Zone 27.

Waco--Lt. Col. H. G. Simpson, 2624 Austin Avenue.

VIRGINIA (6)

Alexandria--William B. Hurd, 219 South Royal Street.

Franklin--S. W. Rawls, Jr., 503 North Main Street.

Lynchburg--James B. Noell, 303 Madison Street.

Harrisonburg--(Shenandoah Valley CWRT), Grimes Henenberger, 345
South Main Street.

Richmond--John C. Stinson, 7202 Brigham Road.

Winchester--Fred Y. Stotler, Sunnyside Station.

WEST VIRGINIA (1)

Moundsville--Delf Norona, 315 Seventh Street.

WISCONSIN (2)

Madison--Russ Spindler, Box 377, Zone 1.

Milwaukee--H. P. Spangenberg, 203A South 77th Street.

CANADA (1)

Toronto--(Canadian Round Table), A. P. Colesbury, 518 Dovecourt
Road.

ENGLAND (1)

London--(Confederate Research Club), Patrick C. Courtney, 34
Highclere Avenue, Leigh Park, Havant, Hampshire, England,
United Kingdom.

GERMANY (1)

Wiesbaden--Lt. Col. Tom Nordan, Hdqs., USAFE, APO 633, N. Y.,
N. Y.

_MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE IN YARDS_

_12-Pounder Howitzer 1,070_
_6 & 12-Pounder Field Guns 1,200_
_13-Inch Siege Mortar 3,520_
_10-Pounder Parrott Rifle 5,000_
_10-Inch Columbiad Siege Gun 5,650_
_30-Pounder Parrott Rifle 8,450_
_12-Pounder Whitworth Rifle 8,800_

_TYPICAL GUNNER'S TABLE_

_12-Pounder Field Gun_ _Powder Charge 2.5 lbs._

_Range (yards)_ _600_ _700_ _800_ _900_ _1,000_ _1,100_ _1,200_
_Muzzle Elevation_ _1 deg._ _1 deg.45'_ _2 deg._ _2 deg.15'_ _2 deg.30'_ _3 deg._ _3 deg.30'_
_Fuse Setting (sec.)_ _1.75_ _2.50_ _2.75_ _3.00_ _3.25_ _4.00_ _4.50_

On Fame's eternal camping-ground
Their silent tents are spread
And Glory guards, with solemn round,
The bivouac of the dead._"
--_THEODORE O'HARA_]

Losses in Killed, Wounded, and Missing in Engagements, Etc.,

WHERE THE TOTAL WAS FIVE HUNDRED OR MORE ON THE SIDE OF THE UNION TROOPS. CONFEDERATE LOSSES GIVEN ARE GENERALLY BASED ON ESTIMATES.

---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------
| | | |CONFED-
| | | UNION LOSS. | ERATE
| | | | LOSS.
| | +------+-------+-------+------+-------
NO.|DATE. | NAME. |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total
---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
| 1861. | | | | | |
1|July 21 |Bull Run, Va. | 481| 1,011| 1,460| 2,952| 1,752
2|Aug 10 |Wilson's Creek, Mo. | 223| 721| 291| 1,235| 1,095
3|Sep 12-20|Lexington, Mo. | 42| 108| 1,624| 1,774| 100
4|Oct 21 |Ball's Bluff, Va. | 223| 226| 445| 894| 302
5|Nov 7 |Belmont, Mo. | 90| 173| 235| 498| 966
| | | | | | |
| 1862. | | | | | |
6|Feb 14-16|Fort Donelson, Tenn. | 446| 1,735| 150| 2,331| 15,067
7|Mar 6-8 |Pea Ridge, Ark. | 203| 972| 174| 1,349| 5,200
8|Mar 14 |New-Berne, N. C. | 91| 466| ---| 557| 583
9|Mar 23 |Winchester, Va. | 103| 440| 24| 567| 691
10|Apr 6&7 |Shiloh, Tenn. | 1,735| 7,882| 3,956|13,573| 10,699
11|May 5 |Williamsburg, Va. | 456| 1,400| 372| 2,228| 1,000
12|May 23 |Front Royal, Va. | 32| 122| 750| 904| ---
13|May 25 |Winchester, Va. | 38| 155| 711| 904| ---
14|May 31- |Seven Pines and Fair | | | | |
Jun 1 | Oaks, Va. | 890| 3,627| 1,222| 5,739| 7,997
15|Jun 8 |Cross Keys, Va. | 125| 500| ---| 625| 287
16|Jun 9 |Fort Republic, Va. | 67| 361| 574| 1,002| 657
17|Jun 16 |Secessionville, James | | | | |
| | Island, S. C. | 85| 472| 128| 685| 204
18|Jun 25 |Oak Grove, Va. | 51| 401| 64| 516| 541
19|Jun 26- |Seven days' retreat; | | | | |
| Jul 1 | includes Mechanics- | | | | |
| | ville, Gaines' Mills,| | | | |
| | Chickahominy, Peach | | | | |
| | Orchard, Savage | | | | |
| | Station, Charles City| | | | |
| | Cross Roads, and | | | | |
| | Malvern Hill | 1,582| 7,709| 5,958|15,249| 17,583
20|Jul 13 |Murfreesboro', Tenn. | 33| 62| 800| 895| 150
21|Aug 8 |Cedar Mountain, Va. | 450| 660| 290| 1,400| 1,307
22|Jul 20- |Guerrilla campaign in | | | | |
| Sep 20 | Missouri; includes | | | | |
| | Porter's and Poindex-| | | | |
| | ter's Guerrillas | 77| 156| 347| 580| 2,866
23|Aug 28&29|Groveton and | | | | |
| | Gainesville, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 7,000| 7,000
24|Aug 30 |Bull Run, Va. (2d) | 800| 4,000| 3,000| 7,800| 3,700
25|Aug 30 |Richmond Ky. | 200| 700| 4,000| 4,900| 750
26|Sep 1 |Chantilly, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 1,300| 800
27|Sep 12-15|Harper's Ferry, Va. | 80| 120| 11,583|11,783| 500
28|Sep 14 |Turner's and Crampton's| | | | |
| | Gaps, South Mountain,| | | | |
| | Md. | 443| 1,806| 76| 2,325| 4,343
29|Sep 14-16|Munfordsville Ky. | 50| ---| 3,566| 3,616| 714
30|Sep 17 |Antietam, Md. | 2,010| 9,416| 1,043|12,469| 25,899
31|Sep 19-20|Iuka, Miss. | 144| 598| 40| 782| 1,516
32|Oct 3&4 |Corinth, Miss. | 315| 1,812| 232| 2,359| 14,221
33|Oct 5 |Big Hatchie River, | | | | |
| | Miss. | ---| ---| ---| 500| 400
34|Oct 8 |Perryville, Ky. | 916| 2,943| 489| 4,348| 7,000
35|Dec 7 |Prairie Grove, Ark. | 167| 798| 183| 1,148| 1,500
36|Dec 7 |Hartsville, Tenn. | 55| ---| 1,800| 1,855| 149
37|Dec 12-18|Foster's expedition to | | | | |
| | Goldsboro', N.C. | 90| 478| 9| 577| 739
38|Dec 13 |Fredericksburg, Va. | 1,180| 9,028| 2,145|12,353| 4,576
39|Dec 20 |Holly Springs, Miss. | ---| ---| 1,000| 1,000| ---
40|Dec 27 |Elizabethtown, Ky. | ---| ---| 500| 500| ---
41|Dec 28&29|Chickasaw Bayou, | | | | |
| | Vicksburg, Miss. | 191| 982| 756| 1,929| 207
42|Dec 31- |Stone's River, Tenn. | | | | |
| Jan 2 | | 1,533| 7,245| 2,800|11,578| 25,560
| | | | | | |
| 1863. | | | | | |
43|Jan 1 |Galveston, Texas | ---| ---| 600| 600| 50
44|Jan 11 |Fort Hindman, Arkansas | | | | |
| | Post, Ark. | 129| 831| 17| 977| 5,500
45|Mar 4&5 |Thompson's Station, | | | | |
| | Tenn. | 100| 300| 1,306| 1,706| 600
46|Apr 27- |Streight's raid from | | | | |
| May 3 | Tuscumbia, Ala., to | | | | |
| | Rome, Ga. | 12| 69| 1,466| 1,547| ---
47|May 1 |Port Gibson, Miss. | 130| 718| 5| 853| 1,650
48|May 1-4 |Chancellorsville, Va. | 1,512| 9,518| 5,000|16,030| 12,281
49|May 16 |Champion Mills, Miss. | 426| 1,842| 189| 2,457| 4,300
50|May 18- |Siege of Vicksburg, | | | | |
| Jul 4 | Miss. | 545| 3,688| 303| 4,536| 31,277
51|May 27- |Siege of Port Hudson, | | | | |
| Jul 9 | La. | 500| 2,500| ---| 3,000| 7,208
52|Jun 6-8 |Milliken's Bend, La. | 154| 223| 115| 492| 725
53|Jun 9 |Beverly Ford and Brandy| | | | |
| | Station, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 500| 700
54|Jun 13-15|Winchester, Va. | ---| ---| 3,000| 3,000| 850
55|Jun 23-30|Rosecrans' campaign | | | | |
| | from Murfreesboro' | | | | |
| | to Tullahoma, Tenn. | 85| 462| 13| 560| 1,634
56|July 1-3 |Gettysburg, Pa. | 2,834| 13,709| 6,643|23,186| 31,621
57|July 9-16|Jackson, Miss. | 100| 800| 100| 1,000| 1,339

---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------
| | | |CONFED-
| | | UNION LOSS. | ERATE
| | | | LOSS.
| | +------+-------+-------+------+-------
NO.|DATE. | NAME. |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total
---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
58|Jul 18 |Second assault on Fort | | | | |
| | Wagner, S. C | ---| ---| ---| 1,500| 174
59|Sep 19-20|Chickamauga, Ga. | 1,644| 9,262| 4,945|15,851| 17,804
60|Nov 3 |Grand Coteau, La. | 26| 124| 576| 726| 445
61|Nov 6 |Rogersville, Tenn. | 5| 12| 650| 667| 30
62|Nov 23-25|Chattanooga, Tenn.; | | | | |
| | includes Orchard | | | | |
| | Knob, Lookout | | | | |
| | Mountain, and | | | | |
| | Missionary Ridge. | 757| 4,529| 330| 5,616| 8,684
63|Nov 26-28|Operations at Mine Run,| | | | |
| | Va. | 100| 400| ---| 500| 500
64|Dec 14 |Bean's Station, Tenn. | ---| ---| ---| 700| 900
| | | | | | |
| 1864. | | | | | |
65|Feb 20 |Olustee, Fla. | 193| 1,175| 460| 1,828| 500
66|Apr 8 |Sabine Cross Roads, La.| 200| 900| 1,800| 2,900| 1,500
67|Apr 9 |Pleasant Hills, La. | 100| 700| 300| 1,100| 2,000
68|Apr 12 |Fort Pillow, Tenn. | 350| 60| 164| 574| 80
69|Apr 17-20|Plymouth, N. C. | 20| 80| 1,500| 1,600| 500
70|Apr 30 |Jenkins' Ferry, Saline | | | | |
| | River, Ark. | 200| 955| ---| 1,155| 1,100
71|May 5-7 |Wilderness, Va. | 5,597| 21,463| 10,677|37,737| 11,400
72|May 5-9 |Rocky Face Ridge, Ga.; | | | | |
| | includes Tunnel Hill,| | | | |
| | Mill Creek Gap, | | | | |
| | Buzzard Roost, Snake | | | | |
| | Creek Gap, and near | | | | |
| | Dalton | 200| 637| --- | 837| 600
73|May 8-18 |Spottsylvania Court | | | | |
| | House, Va.; includes | | | | |
| | engagements on the | | | | |
| | Fredericksburg Road, | | | | |
| | Laurel Hill, and Nye | | | | |
| | River | 4,177| 19,687| 2,577|26,461| 9,000
74|May 9-10 |Swift Creek, Va. | 90| 400| ---| 490| 500
75|May 9-10 |Cloyd's Mountain and | | | | |
| |New River Bridge, Va. | 126| 585| 34| 745| 900
76|May 12-16|Fort Darling, Drewry's | | | | |
| | Bluff, Va. | 422| 2,380| 210| 3,012| 2,500
77|May 13-16|Resaca, Ga. | 600| 2,147| ---| 2,747| 2,800
78|May 15 |New Market, Va. | 120| 560| 240| 920| 405
79|May 16-30|Bermuda Hundred, Va. | 200| 1,000| ---| 1,200| 3,000
80|May 23-27|North Anna River, Va. | 223| 1,460| 290| 1,973| 2,000
81|May 25- |Dallas, Ga. | | | | |
| Jun 4 | | ---| ---| ---| 2,400| 3,000
82|Jun 1-12 |Cold Harbor, Va. | 1,905| 10,570| 2,456|14,931| 1,700
83|Jun 5 |Piedmont, Va. | 130| 650| ---| 780| 2,970
84|Jun 9-30 |Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.; | | | | |
| | includes Pine | | | | |
| | Mountain, Pine Knob, | | | | |
| | Golgotha, Culp's | | | | |
| | House, general | | | | |
| | assault, Jun 27th: | | | | |
| | McAfee's Cross Roads,| | | | |
| | Lattemore's Mills | | | | |
| | and Powder Springs | 1,370| 6,500| 800| 8,670| 4,600
85|Jun 10 |Brice's Cross Roads, | | | | |
| | near Guntown, Miss. | 223| 394| 1,623| 2,240| 606
86|Jun 10 |Kellar's Bridge, | | | | |
| | Licking River, Ky. | 13| 54| 700| 767| ---
87|Jun 11-12|Trevellian Station, | | | | |
| | Central Railroad, Va.| 85| 490| 160| 735| 370
88|Jun 15-19|Petersburg, Va.; | | | | |
| | includes Baylor's | | | | |
| | Farm, Walthal, and | | | | |
| | Weir Bottom Church | 1,298| 7,474| 1,814|10,586| ---
89|Jun 17&18|Lynchburg, Va. | 100| 500| 400| 700| 200
90|Jun 20-30|Trenches in front of | | | | |
| | Petersburg, Va. | 112| 506| 800| 1,418| ---
91|Jun 22-30|Wilson's raid on the | | | | |
| | Weldon Railroad, Va. | 76| 265| 700| 1,041| 300
92|Jun 22-23|Weldon Railroad, Va. | 604| 2,494| 2,217| 5,315| 500
93|Jun 27 |Kenesaw Mountain, | | | | |
| | general assault. | | | | |
| | See No. 2,345 | ---| ---| ---| 3,000| 608
94|Jul 1-31 |Front of Petersburg, | | | | |
| | Va.; losses at the | | | | |
| | Crater and Deep | | | | |
| | Bottom not included | 419| 2,076| 1,200| 3,695| ---
95|Jul 6-10 |Chattahoochee River, | | | | |
| | Ga. | 80| 450| 200| 730| 600
96|Jul 9 |Monocacy, Md. | 90| 579| 1,290| 1,959| 400
97|Jul 13-15|Tupelo, Miss.; includes| | | | |
| | Harrisburg and Old | | | | |
| | Town Creek | 85| 563| ---| 648| 700
98|Jul 20 |Peach Tree Creek, Ga. | 300| 1,410| ---| 1,710| 4,796
99|Jul 22 |Atlanta, Ga.; Hood's | | | | |
| | first sortie | 500| 2,141| 1,000| 3,641| 8,499
100|Jul 24 |Winchester, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 1,200| 600
101|Jul 26-31|Stoneman's raid to | | | | |
| | Macon, Ga. | ---| 100| 900| 1,000| ---
102|Jul 26-31|McCook's raid to | | | | |
| | Lovejoy Station, Ga. | ---| 100| 500| 600| ---
103|Jul 28 |Ezra Chapel, Atlanta, | | | | |
| | Ga.; second sortie. | 100| 600| ---| 700| 4,642
104|Jul 30 |Mine explosion at | | | | |
| | Petersburg, Va. | 419| 1,679| 1,910| 4,008| 1,200
105|Aug 1-31 |Trenches before | | | | |
| | Petersburg, Va. | 87| 484| ---| 571| ---
106|Aug 14-18|Strawberry Plains, Deep| | | | |
| | Bottom Run, Va. | 400| 1,755| 1,400| 3,555| 1,100
107|Aug 18, |Six Mile House, Weldon | | | | |
| 19&21 | Railroad, Va. | 212| 1,155| 3,176| 4,543| 4,000
108|Aug 21 |Summit Point, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 600| 400
109|Aug 25 |Ream's Station, Va. | 127| 546| 1,769| 2,442| 1,500
110|Aug 31- |Jonesboro', Ga. | | | | |
| Sep 1 | | ---| 1,149| ---| 1,149| 2,000
111|May 5- |Campaign in Northern | | | | |
| Sep 8 | Georgia, from | | | | |
| | Chattanooga, Tenn., | | | | |
| | to Atlanta, Ga. | 5,284| 26,129| 5,786|37,199| ---
112|Sep 1- |Trenches before | | | | |
| Oct 30 | Petersburg, Va. | 170| 822| 812| 1,804| 1,000
113|Sep 19 |Opequan, Winchester, | | | | |
| | Va. | 653| 3,719| 618| 4,990| 5,500
114|Sep 23 |Athens, Ala. | ---| ---| 950| 950| 30
115|Sep 24- |Price's invasion of | | | | |
| Oct 28 | Missouri; includes a | | | | |
| | number of engagements| 170| 336| ---| 506| ---
116|Sep 28-30|New Market Heights, Va.| 400| 2,029| ---| 2,429| 2,000
117|Sep 30- |Preble's Farm, Poplar | | | | |
| Oct 1 |Springs Church, Va. | 141| 788| 1,756| 2,685| 900
---+---------+-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------
| | | |CONFED-
| | | UNION LOSS. | ERATE
| | | | LOSS.
| | +------+-------+-------+------+-------
NO.|DATE. | NAME. |Killed|Wounded|Missing| Total| Total
---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------
118|Oct 5 |Allatoona, Ga. | 142| 352| 212| 706| 1,142
119|Oct 19 |Cedar Creek, Va. | 588| 3,516| 1,891| 5,995| 4,200
120|Oct 27 |Hatcher's Run, South | | | | |
| | Side Railroad, Va. | 156| 1,047| 699| 1,902| 1,000
121|Oct 27&28|Fair Oaks, near | | | | |
| | Richmond, Va. | 120| 783| 400| 1,303| 451
122|Nov 28 |Fort Kelly, New Creek, | | | | |
| | West Va. | ---| ---| 700| 700| 5
123|Nov 30 |Franklin, Tenn. | 189| 1,033| 1,104| 2,326| 6,252
124|Nov 30 |Honey Hill, Broad | | | | |
| | River, S. C. | 66| 645| ---| 711| ---
125|Dec 6-9 |Deveaux's Neck, S. C. | 39| 390| 200| 629| 400
126|Dec 15&16|Nashville, Tenn. | 400| 1,740| ---| 2,140| 15,000
| | | | | | |
| 1865. | | | | | |
127|Jan 11 |Beverly, West Va. | 5| 20| 583| 608| ---
128|Jan 13-15|Fort Fisher, N. C. | 184| 749| 22| 955| 2,483
129|Feb 5-7 |Dabney's Mills, | | | | |
| | Hatcher's Run, Va. | 232| 1,062| 186| 1,480| 1,200
130|Mar 8-10 |Wilcox's Bridge, Wise's| | | | |
| | Fork, N. C. | 80| 421| 600| 1,101| 1,500
131|Mar 16 |Averysboro', N. C. | 77| 477| ---| 554| 865
132|Mar 19-21|Bentonville, N. C. | 191| 1,168| 287| 1,646| 2,825
133|Mar 25 |Fort Steedman, in front| | | | |
| | of Petersburg, Va. | 68| 337| 506| 911| 2,681
134|Mar 25 |Petersburg, Va. | 103| 864| 209| 1,176| 834
135|Mar 26- |Spanish Fort, Ala. | | | | |
| Apr 8 | | 100| 695| ---| 795| 552
136|Mar 22- |Wilson's raid from | 99| 598| 28| 725| 8,020
| Apr 24 | Chickasaw, Ala., to | | | | |
| | Macon, Ga.; includes | | | | |
| | a number of | | | | |
| | engagements | | | | |
137|Mar 31 |Boydton and White Oak | | | | |
| | Roads, Va. | 177| 1,134| 556| 1,867| 1,235
138|Apr 1 |Five Forks, Va. | 124| 706| 54| 884| 8,500
139|Apr 2 |Fall of Petersburg, Va.| 296| 2,565| 500| 3,361| 3,000
140|Apr 6 |Sailor's Creek, Va. | 166| 1,014| ---| 1,180| 7,000
141|Apr 6 |High Bridge, Appomattox| | | | |
| | River, Va. | 10| 31| 1,000| 1,041| ---
142|Apr 7 |Farmville, Va. | ---| ---| ---| 655| ---
143|Apr 9 |Fort Blakely, Ala. | 113| 516| ---| 629| 2,900
144|Apr 9 |Surrender of Lee | ---| ---| ---| ---| 26,000
145|Apr 26 |Johnston surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 29,924
146|May 4 |Taylor surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 10,000
147|May 10 |Sam Jones surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 8,000
148|May 11 |Jeff Thompson | | | | |
| | surrendered | ---| ---| ---| ---| 7,454
149|May 26 |Kirby Smith surrendered| ---| ---| ---| ---| 20,000
---+---------+-----------------------+------+-------+-------+------+-------

Statement of the Number of Engagements

IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES DURING EACH YEAR OF THE WAR.

------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
STATES AND | | | | | |
TERRITORIES. |=1861=|=1862=|=1863=|=1864=|=1865=| Total
------------------+------+------+------+------+------+------
New York | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1
Pennsylvania | ---| ---| 8| 1| ---| 9
Maryland | 3| 9| 10| 8| ---| 30
Dist. of Columbia | ---| ---| ---| 1| ---| 1
West Virginia | 29| 114| 17| 19| 1| 80
Virginia | 30| 40| 116| 205| 28| 519
North Carolina | 2| 27| 18| 10| 28| 85
South Carolina | 2| 10| 17| 9| 22| 60
Georgia | ---| 2| 8| 92| 6| 108
Florida | 3| 3| 4| 17| 5| 32
Alabama | ---| 10| 12| 32| 24| 78
Mississippi | ---| 42| 76| 67| 1| 186
Louisiana | 1| 11| 54| 50| 2| 118
Texas | 1| 2| 8| 1| 2| 14
Arkansas | 1| 42| 40| 78| 6| 167
Tennessee | 2| 82| 124| 89| 1| 298
Kentucky | 14| 59| 30| 31| 4| 138
Ohio | ---| ---| 3| ---| ---| 3
Indiana | ---| ---| 4| ---| ---| 4
Illinois | ---| ---| ---| 1| ---| 1
Missouri | 65| 95| 43| 41| ---| 244
Minnesota | ---| 5| 1| ---| ---| 6
California | ---| 1| 4| 1| ---| 6
Kansas | ---| ---| 2| 5| ---| 7
Oregon | ---| ---| ---| 3| 1| 4
Nevada | ---| ---| ---| 2| ---| 2
Washington Ter. | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1
Utah | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1
New Mexico | 3| 5| 7| 4| ---| 19
Nebraska | ---| ---| 2| ---| ---| 2
Colorado | ---| ---| ---| 4| ---| 4
Indian Territory | ---| 2| 9| 3| 3| 17
Dakota | ---| 2| 5| 4| ---| 11
Arizona | ---| 1| 1| 1| 1| 4
Idaho | ---| ---| 1| ---| ---| 1
+------+------+------+------+------+------
| 156| 564| 627| 779| 135| 2,261
------------------+------+------+---- -+------+------+------

RECOMMENDED READING

Civil War in the Making: 1815-1860--_Avery O. Craven_
The Coming of the Civil War--_Avery O. Craven_
The Irrepressible Conflict--_Arthur C. Cole_

West Point Atlas of American Wars, 2 vols.--_Vincent J.
Esposito_
The Story of the Confederacy--_Robert Selph Henry_
Storm Over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War--_Carl Sandburg_
The Confederate States of America--_E. Merton Coulter_
The Compact History of the Civil War--_R. Ernest and Trevor N.
Dupuy_
The Civil War and Reconstruction--_James G. Randall_

The Blue and the Gray--_Henry Steele Commager_
The Common Soldier in the Civil War--_Bell Irvin Wiley_
They Fought for the Union--_Francis A. Lord_
Spies for the Blue and Gray--_Harnett Kane_

Battles and Leaders, 4 vols.--_Robert Johnson and Clarence Buel,
ed._
The Civil War at Sea--_Virgil Carrington Jones_
Lee's Lieutenants, 3 vols.--_Douglas Southall Freeman_
R.E. Lee, 4 vols.--_Douglas Southall Freeman_
Mr. Lincoln's Army--_Bruce Catton_
Glory Road--_Bruce Catton_
Stillness at Appomattox--_Bruce Catton_
This Hallowed Ground--_Bruce Catton_
The Generalship of U.S. Grant--_J.F.C. Fuller_
Sherman--Soldier, Realist, American--_B.H. Lidell Hart_
Stonewall Jackson: A Study in Command--_G.F.R. Henderson_
The Civil War: A Soldier's View--_Jay Luvaas, ed._
As They Saw Forrest--_Robert Selph Henry, ed._
The Army of the Tennessee--_Stanley Horne_
Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction--_William B. Hesseltine_
Lincoln's War Cabinet--_Burton J. Hendrick_
Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 2
vols.--_Frederick A. Shannon_
War Department 1861--_Alfred H. Meneely_
Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System--_Frank E. Vandiver_
Jefferson Davis--_Hudson Strode_

Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 vols.--_Francis T.
Miller and Robert Lanier, ed._
American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War--_Bruce
Catton, ed._
Divided We Fought--_Hirst Milhollen, Milton Kaplan, Hulen
Stuart_

Notes on U.S. Ordnance, 2 vols.--_James E. Hicks_
U.S. Muskets, Rifles, and Carbines--_Arcadi Gluckman_
Firearms of the Confederacy--_Claud Fuller and Richard Stuart_

CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL PROCLAMATION
No. 3882

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION

The years 1961-1965 will mark the one hundredth anniversary of the American Civil War.

That war was America's most tragic experience. But like all truly great tragedies, it carries with it an enduring lesson and a profound inspiration. It was a demonstration of heroism and sacrifice by men and women of both sides, who valued principle above life itself and whose devotion to duty is a proud part of our national inheritance.

Both sections of our magnificently reunited country sent into their armies men who became soldiers as good as any who ever fought under any flag. Military history records nothing finer than the courage and spirit displayed at such battles as Chickamauga, Antietam, Kenesaw Mountain and Gettysburg. That America could produce men so valiant and so enduring is a matter for deep and abiding pride.

The same spirit on the part of the people back home supported those soldiers through four years of great trial. That a Nation which contained hardly more than 30 million people, North and South together, could sustain 600,000 deaths without faltering is a lasting testimonial to something unconquerable in the American spirit. And that a transcending sense of unity and larger common purpose could, in the end, cause the men and women who had suffered so greatly to close ranks once the contest ended and to go on together to build a greater, freer and happier America must be a source of inspiration as long as our country may last.

By a joint resolution approved on September 7, 1957, the Congress established the Civil War Centennial Commission to coordinate the nationwide observances of the one hundredth anniversary of the Civil War. This resolution authorized and requested the President to issue proclamations inviting the people of the United States to participate in those observances.

NOW THEREFORE, I, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, President of the United States of America, do hereby invite all of the people of our country to take a direct and active part in the Centennial of the Civil War.

I request all units and agencies of government, Federal, State and local, and their officials, to encourage, foster and participate in Centennial observances. And I especially urge our Nation's schools and colleges, its libraries and museums, its churches and religious bodies, its civic, service and patriotic organizations, its learned and professional societies, its arts, sciences and industries, and its informational media, to plan and carry out their own appropriate Centennial observances during the years 1961 to 1965; all to the end of enriching our knowledge and appreciation of this great chapter in our Nation's history and of making this memorable period truly a Centennial for all Americans.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed.

DONE at the City of Washington this 6th day of December in the
year of our Lord nineteen hundred and sixty, and of the
Independence of the United States of America the one hundred
and eighty-fourth.

By the President:

Dwight D. Eisenhower

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

William H. Price is a pursuer of the lesser-known, but important, facts about the Civil War; an interest that is reflected throughout this unique handbook. Living in Northern Virginia, he has been over many square miles of the battlefields on foot and, often with a surveyor's transit, has plotted key sites and troop positions left obscure in the records of the armies. He specializes in the smaller, yet significant battles fought in Virginia--First Manassas, Cedar Mountain, Brandy Station--and in the operations of the signals services and topographical engineers. Modern data-processing techniques were applied to the Civil War for the first time when he devised a new method of cataloguing the war's battles, skirmishes, and engagements; this compilation, prepared by International Business Machines Corporation, is being used by the National and State Commissions in planning the numerous Civil War Centennial events.

Virgil Carrington Jones, biographer of Ranger Mosby and author of "The Civil War at Sea", has best and most accurately described Mr. Price as "a walking encyclopedia of Civil War lore".

A native of North Carolina, he has served on the staff of the American Military Institute and is a member of the Civil War Centennial Commission of the District of Columbia.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Notes:

Research indicates that the copyright was not renewed.

Page 18: Corrected Gary to Gray "Gray and Blue CWRT"

Page 19: Changed WISCONSIN (1) to WISCONSIN (2)

Page 20: Changed Shenanhoah to Shenandoah

Page 27: Changed 1960s to 1860s "for the Shamrock Regiment of the 1860's"

Page 32: Corrected spelling of "wariors" to "warriors"

Page 67: Abbreviated dates to narrow the table

Page 71: Corrected spelling of "Irrepressable" to "Irrepressible Conflict"

Text uses both ironclad and iron-clad