Chapter III: Appendix: Genealogical Tables

A—The Succession in Bohemia 535

B—The Succession in Tyrol 535

C—The House of Hapsburg 536

D—The House of Wittelsbach 537

E—The House of Luxemburg 538

F—The Later Capets in France 539

G—The House of Valois 540

H—The Duchy and County of Burgundy 541

I—The First House of Anjou in Naples and 542
Hungary

K—The Second House of Anjou in Naples 543

L—The House of Aragon in Sicily and 544
Naples

M—The Houses of Visconti and Sforza in 545
Milan

N—The Medici in Florence 546

O—The Union of Kalmar 546

P—The Palæologi 547

Q—Castile 548

R—Aragon 549

S—Navarre 550

T—Some European Connections of the House 551
of Portugal

INDEX 553

LIST OF MAPS

_At end of Book_

1. FRANCE, TO SHOW THE ADDITIONST TO THE MONARCHY BETWEEN 1273 AND 1494.

2. POSSESSIONS AND CLAIMS OF CHARLES THE BOLD, DUKE OF BURGUNDY, 1467-1477.

3. ITALY IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.

4. THE SWISS CONFEDERATION.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

[The following list has no pretensions to be an exhaustive bibliography of the period, nor does it profess to include all the authorities consulted by the author. It is merely compiled with the object of offering suggestions to any student who wishes to read more widely, either on the whole period, or on any part of it. Those books which cannot be classed under any of the great European states are placed under the head of ‘General.’]

GENERAL—

Lavisse et Rambaud, _Histoire Générale du IV^e. Siècle à nos jours_,
Tome III.

Creighton, _History of the Papacy during the Reformation, Vols.
I.-III._

Froissart, _Chroniques_. [A popular and useful selection from the
translation of Lord Berners has been published by Messrs. Macmillan
and Co. in the ‘Globe’ Series. The most complete edition is that by
Kervyn de Lettenhove.]

Leroux, _Recherches Critiques sur les relations politiques de la
France avec l’Allemagne_.

Fournier, _Le Royaume d`Arles_.

Oman, _History of War in the Middle Ages_.

H. C. Lea, _History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages_.

R. L. Poole, _Illustrations of Medieval Thought_.

GERMANY—

Nitzsch, _Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes_.

Lorenz, _Deutsche Geschichte im 13-14 Jahrhunderte_.

Zeller, _Histoire de l’Allemagne_.

Droysen, _Geschichte der preussischen Politik, Vols. I. and II._

Dierauer, _Geschichte der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft_.

Palacky, _Geschichte von Böhmen_.

Loserth, _Hus und Wiclif_ (translated).

Sartorius, _Geschichte des Ursprunges der Deutschen Hanse_.

Schäfer, _die Hansestädte und König Waldemar von Dänemark_.

Treitschke, _Das Deutsche Ordensland Preussen, Historische und
politische Aufsätze, Vol. II._

ITALY—

Villani, _Croniche_.

Sismondi, _Histoire des Républiques italiennes du moyen âge_.

Cipolla, _Storia delle Signorie Italiane, dal 1313 al 1530_.

Gregorovius, _Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter_ (translated).

Romanin, _Storia documentata di Venezia_.

H. F. Brown, _Venice, an Historical Sketch_.

Machiavelli, _Storia Fiorentina_.

Perrens, _Histoire de Florence_.

Guido Capponi, _Storia della republica di Firenze_.

Napier, _Florentine History_.

Villari, _Machiavelli_ (translated), _Vol. I._

Von Reumont, _Lorenzo de’ Medici_ (translated).

Armstrong, _Lorenzo de’ Medici_.

J. A. Symonds, _Renaissance in Italy_.

FRANCE AND THE NETHERLANDS—

Martin, _Histoire de France_.

Michelet, _Histoire de France_.

Langlois, _Le règne de Philippe le Hardi_.

Boutaric, _La France sous Philippe le Bel_.

Perrens, _Étienne Marcel_.

S. Luce, _Histoire de la Jacquerie_.

Vanderkindere, _Le siècle des Arteveldes_.

Vallet de Viriville, _Histoire de Charles VII._

Beaucourt, _Histoire de Charles VII._

Cosneau, _Le Connétable de Richemont_.

P. Clément, _Jacques Cœur et Charles VII._

Philippe de Commines, _Mémoires_.

Barante, _Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne_.

Kirk, _History of Charles the Bold_.

Clamageran, _Histoire de l’Impôt en France_.

Gasquet, _Précis des Institutions Politiques et Sociales de
l’ancienne France_.

SPAIN—

Lafuente, _Historia general de España_.

Burke, _History of Spain, 2 vols._

Schäfer und Schirrmacher, _Geschichte von Spanien_.

Prescott, _Ferdinand and Isabella_.

FALL OF THE GREEK EMPIRE—

Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_.

Finlay, _Byzantine and Greek Empires_

La Jonquière, _Histoire de l’Empire Ottoman_.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

[This table has been drawn up in order to bring together in their chronological sequence those events in different parts of Europe which are necessarily treated in the text under the head of different states. The chief events in English History are inserted to serve as guide-posts, even though in some cases no direct reference may be made to them in the following pages.]

1273. Election of Rudolf of Hapsburg as King of 8
the Romans. Crowned at Aachen, October 24

1274. Death of Henry, King of Navarre and Count of 48
Champagne and Brie. Philip III. of France annexes
Champagne and Brie, and assumes the government of
Navarre

1276. First war between Rudolf I. and Ottokar of 9
Bohemia

“ Death of Pope Gregory X. 27

“ Death of James I. (the Conqueror) of Aragon. 479
Accession of Peter III.

1277. Election of Pope Nicolas III. 27

“ Archbishop Otto Visconti obtains the lordship 36
of Milan

1278. Ottokar of Bohemia killed in the battle of 10
Marchfeld (August 26). Accession of Wenzel II.

1280. The Teutonic Knights complete the conquest 456
of Prussia

“ Death of Pope Nicolas III. 27

1281. Election of Pope Martin IV. 28

1282. The Sicilian Vespers (March 30) lead to the 25
transfer of Sicily from the house of Anjou to
Peter III. of Aragon

“ Constitutional changes in Florence 32

“ Austria, Styria, and Carniola acquired by 10
house of Hapsburg, and Carinthia given to Meinhard
of Tyrol

“ Death of the Greek Emperor Michael VIII., and 497
accession of Andronicus II.

“ Edward I. of England conquers Wales 155

1283. Peter III. of Aragon issues the ‘General 481
Privilege’

1284. Battle of Meloria. The Pisans, defeated by 31
the Genoese, lose their maritime importance

“ Death of Alfonso X. (the Wise) of Castile. 48,
Accession of Sancho IV. 470

“ Charles of Valois accepts the crown of Aragon 49
from the Pope. War between France and Aragon

1285. Death of Charles I., King of Naples (January 25
7). Accession of Charles II.

“ Death of Pope Martin IV. (March 12). Election 28
of Honorius IV.

“ Death of Philip III. of France (October 5). 49
Accession of Philip IV.

“ Death of Peter III. of Aragon (November 11). 25,
Accession of Alfonso III. in Aragon and of James 480
in Sicily

1286. Accession of Eric Menved in Denmark 430

“ Death of Alexander III. of Scotland 157

1287. Alfonso III. of Aragon issues the ‘Privilege 481
of Union’

1288. Death of Pope Honorius IV. Election of 28
Nicolas IV.

1291. Death of Rudolf I. (July 15) 11

“ Formation of League between Uri, Schwyz, and 127
Unterwalden (origin of Swiss Confederation)

“ Fall of Acre puts an end to Christian dominion 456
in the East

“ Death of Alfonso III. of Aragon. Succeeded by 26,
his brother, James II. 480

1292. Election of Adolf of Nassau as King of the 11
Romans (May 5)

“ Death of Nicolas IV., followed by two years’ 28
interregnum in the Papacy

“ Edward I. awards the Scottish crown to John 157
Balliol

1293. ‘Ordinances of Justice’ in Florence 32

1294. Election of Pope Celestine IV. 28

“ Abdication of Celestine. Election of Boniface 28
VIII.

“ Outbreak of war between England and France 51

1295. John Balliol joins France against Edward I. 52

“ Death of Archbishop Otto Visconti. Succeeded 36
by his nephew Matteo

“ Death of Sancho IV. of Castile. Accession of 470
Ferdinand IV.

1296. Edward I. deposes John Balliol and conquers 52
Scotland

“ Boniface VIII. issues the bull _Clericis 29,
laicos_ 52

1297. Rising in Scotland under Wallace 160

“ Closing of the Great Council in Venice 38

1298. Peace between England and France negotiated 52
by Boniface VIII.

1298. Death of Adolf of Nassau. Election of Albert 13
I.

1302. Settlement of the long Sicilian wars. 26
Frederick, brother of James II. of Aragon,
recognised as King of Sicily

“ Defeat of French army by the Flemings at 53
Courtrai (July 11)

“ First meeting of the States-General in France 60

“ Matteo Visconti driven from Milan 36

1303. Outrage at Anagni, and death of Boniface 29
VIII.

“ Andronicus II. invites the ‘Grand Company of 497
the Catalans’ into Greece

1304. Election (February 25) and death (July 27) 29
of Benedict XI.

1305. Election of Clement VII., who remains in 30
France

“ Death of Wenzel II. of Bohemia. Election of 15
Wenzel III.

1306. Death of Wenzel III. of Bohemia. Albert I. 15
procures the crown for his son Rudolf

1307. Death of Rudolf of Bohemia. Accession of 16
Henry of Carinthia

“ Break-up of Seljuk Empire on death of Aladdin 299
III.

1308. Murder of Albert I. Election of Henry VII. 17
(of Luxemburg)

1309. Charles Robert, grandson of Charles II. of 15
Naples, recognised as King of Hungary

“ Headquarters of the Teutonic Order transferred 457
from Venice to Marienburg

“ Clement V. fixes his residence in Avignon 30

“ Death of Charles II. of Naples. Accession of 26
Robert

1310. Origin of the Council of Ten in Venice 39

“ Henry VII. sets out on an expedition to Italy 17,
39

“ Henry of Carinthia driven from Bohemia, and 18
the crown given to Henry VII.’s son John

1311. Henry VII. restores Matteo Visconti in 40
Milan, and appoints him imperial vicar

“ The Teutonic Knights acquire Pomerellen 458

1312. Suppression of the Templars 55

“ Annexation of Lyons by Philip IV. of France 56

“ Henry VII. crowned Emperor in St. John Lateran 41

“ Death of Ferdinand IV. of Castile. Accession 470
of Alfonso XI.

1313. Death of Henry VII. near Siena 18,
42

1314. Battle of Bannockburn (June 24) 168

“ Double election in Germany of Lewis the 98
Bavarian and Frederick of Hapsburg

“ Death of Philip IV. of France (November 29). 62
Accession of Louis X.

“ Death of Clement V., and papal interregnum for 98
two years

1315. Swiss victory at the battle of Morgarten 129

1316. Election of Pope John XXII. 99

“ Death of Louis X. of France. Exclusion of his 64
daughter Jeanne in favour of her uncle, Philip V.
(so-called Salic Law)

1319. Death of Eric Menved, and accession of 431
Christopher II. in Denmark

1322. Defeat and capture of Frederick of Hapsburg 99
at Mühldorf

“ Death of Philip V. of France. Accession of 65
Charles IV.

“ Galeazzo Visconti succeeds his father Matteo 174
in Milan

1323. Lewis the Bavarian protests against the 99
intervention of John XXII. Beginning of quarrel
between Empire and Papacy

“ Death of Waldemar, the last Ascanian Margrave 107
of Brandenburg. Lewis the Bavarian gives
Brandenburg to his eldest son Lewis

1326. Orchan succeeds Othman as leader of the 499
Ottoman Turks

1327. Lewis the Bavarian enters Italy and is 105
crowned in Milan

1328. Lewis crowned Emperor in Rome 105

“ Deposition of John XXII., and election of 105
anti-pope

“ Scottish independence recognised by treaty of 68
Northampton

“ Death of Charles IV. of France. Accession of 65
Philip VI. (of Valois)

“ Separation of France and Navarre: the latter 66
goes to Jeanne, daughter of Louis X.

“ Philip VI. defeats the Flemings at Cassel 70

“ Andronicus II. deposed in favour of his 498
grandson, Andronicus III.

“ Death of Castruccio Castracani, Lord of Lucca 105,
143

“ Death of Galeazzo Visconti 174

1329. Orchan defeats the forces of Andronicus III. 499
at Pelekanon

“ Mastino della Scala succeeds Cangrande in 143
Verona

“ Azzo Visconti becomes imperial vicar in Milan 143,
174

1330. Death of Frederick of Hapsburg 105

“ Lewis the Bavarian returns to Germany 105

“ Luzern joins the league of the Swiss cantons 130

“ John of Bohemia enters Italy and occupies 144
Brescia

1332. League of Italian states against John of 145
Bohemia

“ Edward Balliol obtains the Scottish crown, and 68
does homage to Edward III.

“ Death of Christopher II. followed by eight 432
years’ interregnum in Denmark

1333. John of Bohemia abandons Italy 146

“ Edward III. wins battle of Halidon Hill, takes 68
Berwick, and restores Edward Balliol

“ David Bruce escapes to France, and French 68
intervention in Scotland

1334. Death of John XXII., and election of 102
Benedict XII.

1335. Death of Henry, Duke of Carinthia and Count 106
of Tyrol

“ Carinthia acquired by Hapsburgs, while Tyrol 107
goes to Margaret Maultasch, wife of John Henry of
Moravia

1336. Rudolf Brun effects a revolution in Zürich 131

“ Rising in Ghent under Jacob van Artevelde 71

“ Death of James III. of Aragon, and accession 481
of Peter IV.

1337. Edward III. claims the French crown and 71
seeks allies in Flanders and Germany

1338. Electoral meeting at Rense, and diet at 102
Frankfurt to protest against papal pretensions in
Germany

“ Meeting of Lewis the Bavarian and Edward III. 72
at Coblentz

“ League against Mastino della Scala. Verona 147
loses its ascendency in northern Italy

1339. Edward III. invades France from Flanders. 72
Beginning of Hundred Years’ War. Unsuccessful
campaign in Picardy

“ Death of Azzo Visconti. Succeeded by his uncle 175
Lucchino

1340. Naval victory of the English at Sluys 72

“ Edward repulsed from Tournay, concludes truce 72
with Philip VI.

“ Succession dispute in Brittany on death of 73
John III.

“ Alfonso XI. of Castile defeats the Moors in 471
battle of the Salado

“ Waldemar III. restores monarchical power in 433
Denmark

1341. Lewis the Bavarian divorces Margaret of 107
Maultasch from John Henry of Moravia, and marries
her to his son, Lewis of Brandenburg

“ Death of Andronicus III., and accession of 500
John V.

1342. Edward III. supports John de Montfort in 73
Brittany

“ Death of Carobert of Hungary, and accession of 152
Lewis the Great

“ Death of Benedict XII., and election of 106
Clement VI.

1343. Death of Robert of Naples, and accession of 152
Joanna I.

“ Expulsion of Walter de Brienne, and 148
constitutional changes in Florence

“ Treaty of Kalisch between Poland and the 458
Teutonic Order

1345. Murder of Andrew of Hungary, husband of 152
Joanna of Naples

1345. Assassination of Jacob van Artevelde 74

“ Death of William IV. of Holland, Hainault, and 75,
Zealand. His territories pass to a son of Lewis 108
the Bavarian

1346. Opposition in Germany to Lewis the Bavarian. 108
Election of Charles IV. as King of the Romans

“ Battle of Crécy 76

“ Death of John of Bohemia 108

“ Defeat of the Scots at Nevill’s Cross 77

“ Esthonia handed over by Denmark to the 458
Teutonic Order

1347. Lewis the Great of Hungary attacks Naples. 153
Joanna flies to Provence

“ Triumph of Rienzi in Rome 157

“ Edward III. takes Calais (August 4) 77

“ Death of Lewis the Bavarian (October 11) 108

“ Abdication of Rienzi (December 15) 159

“ John Cantacuzenos recognised as joint emperor 501
in Constantinople

1348. Outbreak of the Black Death in Europe 78

“ Battle of Epila. Peter IV. of Aragon revokes 482
the ‘Privilege of Union’

“ Lewis de Mâle recovers his authority as Count 78
of Flanders

“ Foundation of the University of Prague by 113
Charles IV.

“ Joanna of Naples sells Avignon to Pope Clement 153
VI.

1349. Death of Lucchino Visconti. Succeeded by 175
Giovanni, Archbishop of Milan

“ Annexation of Dauphiné to France 78

“ Death of Jeanne of Navarre, and accession of 79
Charles the Bad

“ Charles IV. succeeds in overcoming opposition 111
in Germany

1350. Death of Philip VI. of France (August 22), 79
and accession of John

“ Death of Eudes IV., Duke and Count of 79
Burgundy. Succeeded by Philip de Rouvre

“ Death of Alfonso XI. of Castile, and accession 471
of Peter the Cruel

“ Giovanni Visconti obtains Bologna 160,
175

“ Outbreak of war between Venice and Genoa 170

1351. Zürich joins the Swiss League 132

“ Peace between Lewis of Hungary and Joanna of 153
Naples

1352. Albert II. of Austria attacks Zürich. Glarus 134
and Zug join the Confederation

“ Death of Pope Clement VI., and election of 160
Innocent VI.

1353. The accession of Bern completes the eight 135
old cantons of the Swiss Confederation

“ Innocent VI. sends Cardinal Albornoz to 160
recover the Papal States, almost lost during the
residence in Avignon

“ Genoa, defeated in naval war with Venice, 170
submits to Milan

1354. Rienzi’s return to Rome and his death 161

“ Genoese victory in the battle of Sapienza 171

“ Death of Giovanni Visconti. Milanese dominions 175
divided between his three nephews

“ John Cantacuzenos compelled to abdicate 502

“ Turks seize Gallipoli, their first possession 502
on European soil

1355. Renewal of English invasion of France 80

“ Charles IV. crowned Emperor in Rome 114

“ Important meeting of States-General in France 81

“ Conspiracy and death of Marin Falier in Venice 169

“ Peace between Venice and Genoa 171

“ Assassination of Matteo Visconti. Partition of 176
Milanese territories between Bernabo and Galeazzo

“ Death of Stephen Dushan, King of Servia 501

1356. Battle of Poitiers, and capture of John of 81
France

“ States-General under the guidance of Etienne 83
Marcel

“ Charles IV. issues the Golden Bull 115

“ Genoa repudiates Milanese suzerainty 171,
176

1358. Rising of the Jacquerie in France 87

“ Assassination of Marcel, and restoration of 88
order and royal authority by Charles, Duke of
Normandy, acting as regent during his father’s
captivity

“ Death of Albert II. of Austria, leaving his 136
territories to the joint rule of four sons

1359. Death of Orchan. Succeeded by Amurath or 502
Murad I.

1360. Treaty of Bretigni (May 8) ends first period 89
of the Hundred Years’ War

“ Cardinal Albornoz recovers Bologna from the 161,
Visconti 177

1361. Death of Philip de Rouvre. Duchy of Burgundy 90
granted by John of France to his fourth son,
Philip

“ Sack of Wisby by Waldemar III. Beginning of 433
war between Denmark and the Hanseatic League

“ Amurath I. seizes Adrianople, which becomes 502
the European capital of the Turks till 1453

1362. Death of Pope Innocent VI., and election of 161
Urban V.

“ Defeat of the Hanseatic League by Danish fleet 434

1363. Death of Meinhard, Duke of Upper Bavaria and 120
Count of Tyrol. Upper Bavaria united with Lower
Bavaria: Tyrol acquired by the Hapsburgs

“ Marriage of Margaret of Denmark to Hakon of 435
Norway

1364. John of France returns to England and dies 188
there. Accession of Charles V.

“ Treaty of mutual inheritance between the 120
houses of Luxemburg and Hapsburg

“ Charles of Blois killed at battle of Aurai 92

“ Deposition of Magnus of Sweden in favour of 436
Albert of Mecklenburg

1365. Death of Rudolf of Hapsburg 137

“ Settlement of Breton war by the recognition of 92
John de Montfort

“ Treaty of Wordingborg between Waldemar III. 436
and Hanse towns

1366. Peter the Cruel, driven from Castile by 93,
Henry of Trastamara, flies to the Black Prince at 473
Bordeaux

1367. The Black Prince wins the battle of Najara, 93,
and restores Peter the Cruel in Castile 473

“ Urban V. returns from Avignon to Rome 162

“ Meeting of Hanseatic League at Cologne 437
declares war against Denmark

1368. Charles IV. visits Urban V. in Rome 162

“ Death of Cardinal Albornoz 162,
177

“ Triumph of the Hanseatic fleet: capture of 438
Copenhagen

1369. Battle of Montiel. Death of Peter the Cruel. 94,
Accession of Henry of Trastamara (Henry II.) in 474
Castile

“ Renewal of war between France and England 94

“ The eastern Emperor John V. visits Rome, and 503
agrees to a union between the Greek and Latin
Churches

1370. Partition of Hapsburg territories between 137,
Albert III. and Leopold 398

“ Massacre at Limoges by order of the Black 95
Prince

“ Urban V. returns from Rome to Avignon 162

“ Treaty of Stralsund. Hanseatic League at the 438
zenith of its power

“ Death of Casimir the Great of Poland. 459
Succeeded by Lewis of Hungary

1372. Defeat of the English fleet by Spaniards and 95
French off La Rochelle

1373. Disastrous expedition of John of Gaunt to 95
France

“ The Emperor Charles IV. acquires Brandenburg 441

1375. Truce between England and France, leaving 96
England in occupation of Calais, Bordeaux, and
Bayonne

“ Death of Waldemar III. of Denmark. Accession 442
of Olaf

1376. Death of the Black Prince (June 8) 96

“ Election of Wenzel as King of the Romans 121

1377. Death of Edward III. of England. Accession 96
of Richard II.

“ Gregory XI. leaves Avignon for Rome 162,
185

1378. Death of Gregory XI. in Rome. Election of 162,
Urban VI. 185

“ Rising of the ‘Ciompi’ in Florence 164

“ Outbreak of war between Venice and Genoa 172

“ Galeazzo Visconti dies and is succeeded by 177
Gian Galeazzo

“ Election of anti-pope Clement VII. (Sept. 20). 122,
Beginning of the great schism 162,
186

“ Death of the Emperor Charles IV. (Nov. 29). 123
Partition of his dominions

1379. The Genoese seize Chioggia and blockade 172
Venice

“ Death of Henry II. of Castile, and accession 474
of John I.

1380. Death of Charles V. of France, and accession 97,
of Charles VI. 315

“ Death of Hakon of Norway. Union of Norway and 442
Denmark under Olaf

“ The Genoese are forced to capitulate at 173
Chioggia. Triumph of Venice

“ Death of Lewis the Great, King of Hungary and 190,
Poland 459

1381. Rising of the lower classes in England 316

1382. Counter-revolution in Florence establishes 166
oligarchy

“ Rising of the _Maillotins_ in Paris 317

“ Rising of the Flemings under Philip van 317
Artevelde

“ French defeat of the Flemings at Roosebek 318

“ Suppression of the _Maillotins_ in Paris 318

“ Death of Joanna I. of Naples. Accession of 154
Charles III.

1383. Death of Lewis de Mâle. His son-in-law, 320
Philip of Burgundy, acquires Flanders, Artois,
Nevers, Rethel, and Franche-Comté

1385. Gian Galeazzo Visconti imprisons his uncle, 177
Bernabo, and reunites the Milanese dominions

“ Charles III. of Naples claims crown of Hungary 191

“ Portuguese victory at Aljubarrota over 474
Castilians

“ Death of Louis of Anjou, who had obtained 154
Provence but had been defeated by Charles III. as
a claimant to Naples

1386. Jagello of Lithuania marries Hedwig, younger 191,
daughter of Lewis the Great, becomes a Christian, 459
and is crowned King of Poland

1386. Valentina Visconti married to Louis of 178,
Orleans 321

“ Charles III. of Naples assassinated in Hungary 155,
191

“ Swiss victory at Sempach. Defeat and death of 138
Leopold of Hapsburg

“ John of Gaunt advances the claim of his wife, 474
Constance, in Castile

“ Schleswig ceded by Denmark to Count of 442
Holstein

1387. Sigismund of Luxemburg crowned King of 192
Hungary

“ Outbreak of town-war in Germany 189

“ Death of Peter IV. of Aragon. Accession of 482
John I.

“ John of Gaunt withdraws his wife’s claim and 475
makes peace with John I. of Castile

“ Gian Galeazzo seizes Verona and Vicenza, and 179
ruins the house of Scala

“ Death of Olaf of Denmark and Norway. Succeeded 443
by his mother, Margaret

1388. Padua subjected by Gian Galeazzo Visconti 179

“ Albert of Sweden deposed; crown offered to 443
Margaret of Denmark and Norway

1389. Peace of Eger closes the town-war in Germany 190

“ Hapsburgs recognise by treaty the independence 138
of the Swiss Confederation

“ Turkish victory at Kossova 503

“ Amurath I. succeeded by Bajazet I. 503

“ Death of Urban VI. Election of Boniface IX. 187

1390. Death of John I. of Castile, and accession 475
of Henry III.

1391. Mary of Sicily marries Martin the Younger, 482
son of Martin I. of Aragon

“ Death of Greek emperor, John V., and accession 504
of Manuel II.

1392. Charles VI. becomes insane. The Dukes of 319
Burgundy and Orleans dispute for the government of
France

1394. Death of Avignon Pope, Clement VII. Election 187
of Benedict XIII.

1395. Wenzel creates Gian Galeazzo Duke of Milan 178

1396. Genoa submits to France through fear of 180
Milan

“ Battle of Nicopolis 193,
322,
504

1397. The three Scandinavian kingdoms accept the 443
Union of Kalmar

1398. Meeting of Wenzel and Charles VI. of France 194
at Rheims

1399. Gian Galeazzo obtains rule in Pisa and Siena 181

“ Ladislas, son of Charles III., finally secures 155,
crown of Naples against Louis II. of Anjou 266

1399. Revolution in England. Accession of Henry 325
IV. (of Lancaster)

1400. A party of German princes depose Wenzel and 181,
elect a rival King of the Romans, Rupert III. 195

1401. Battle of Brescia (Oct. 24): Milanese troops 181,
rout the forces of Rupert III. 196

1402. Death of Gian Galeazzo Visconti (Sept. 3) 181,
241

“ Battle of Angora: Timour defeats the Turks and 505
captures Bajazet I. Constantinople saved for the
time

1404. Death of Philip the Bold of Burgundy. 322
Succeeded by John the Fearless

“ Death of Boniface IX. Election of Innocent 187
VII.

“ Venice allied with Milan against Francesco 245
Carrara

1405. Death of Innocent VII. Election of Gregory 187
XII.

“ Venice acquires Verona and Padua 245

“ Death of Timour or Tamerlane, the Tartar 505
leader

1406. Pisa subjected to Florence (Oct. 9) 244

“ Death of Henry III. of Castile, and accession 475
of John II.

1407. Assassination of Louis of Orleans in Paris 322

1408. Ladislas of Naples occupies Rome 266

1409. Council of Pisa. Election of a third Pope, 199
Alexander V.

“ Exodus of Germans from Prague 210

“ Death of Martin the Younger. Sicily passes to 482
his father, Martin I. of Aragon

1410. Outbreak of civil war between Burgundians 326
and Armagnacs in France

“ Death of Pope Alexander V. Election of John 201
XXIII.

“ Death of Rupert III., King of the Romans 201

“ Double election of Sigismund (Sept.) and Jobst 203
(Oct.)

“ Recovery of Rome from Ladislas of Naples 267

“ Battle of Tannenberg: defeat of the Teutonic 460
knights by the Poles

“ Death of Martin I., King of Aragon and Sicily. 483
Disputed succession

1411. Death of Jobst of Moravia (Jan. 12) 203

“ Sigismund again elected King of the Romans 204

“ The _Cabochiens_ supreme in Paris 327

“ Ladislas defeated by papal and Angevin forces 267
at Rocca-Secca

“ Peace of Thorn between Poland and the Teutonic 461
Order

1412. Assassination of Gian Maria Visconti. 246
Filippo Maria rules in Milan

1412. Death of Margaret, ‘the Union Queen.’ 444
Accession of Eric of Pomerania, in the
Scandinavian kingdoms

“ Crowns of Aragon and Sicily given to Ferdinand 483
I. (of Castilian house of Trastamara)

1413. The Armagnacs seize Paris and put down the 327
_Cabochiens_

“ Ladislas of Naples drives John XXIII. from 267
Rome

“ Mohammed I. reunites the Ottoman dominions 505

1414. Defeat of the Burgundians. Treaty of Arras 327

“ Death of Ladislas of Naples. Accession of 205,
Joanna II. 267

“ Meeting of the Council of Constance 205,
211

1415. Henry V. invades France. Capture of Harfleur 328
(Sept. 22). Battle of Agincourt

“ Deposition of John XXIII. at Constance (May 216
29)

“ Sigismund gives Brandenburg to Frederick of 216
Hohenzollern

“ John Hus put to death at Constance (July 6) 217

“ Sigismund leaves Constance to travel through 217
Europe

“ Spanish kings abandon Benedict XIII. and 218
adhere to the Council of Constance

1416. Death of Ferdinand I. of Aragon and Sicily. 484
Succeeded by Alfonso V.

1417. Sigismund returns to Constance 219

“ Election of Pope Martin V. ends the schism 220

“ Death of Louis II. of Anjou, unsuccessful 269
claimant to Naples

“ Death of Maso degli Albizzi, leader of the 289
Florentine oligarchs

“ Henry V. renews the invasion of Normandy 331

1418. Dissolution of the Council of Constance 220

“ Burgundians seize Paris from the Armagnacs 331

1419. Death of Wenzel. Vacancy of Bohemian throne 224

“ Fall of Rouen completes the English conquest 331
of Normandy

“ Assassination of John the Fearless at 332
Montereau (Sept. 10)

“ Philip the Good, who succeeds to the 332
Burgundian dominions, allies himself closely with
England

1420. Martin V. publishes a crusade against the 225
Hussites

“ Treaty of Troyes (May 21) gives the regency 332
and the succession in France to Henry V.

“ The Hussites in Bohemia formulate the ‘four 223
articles of Prag’

1421. Martin V. re-enters Rome with the help of 221
the Colonnas

“ Battle of Baugé: defeat and death of Thomas of 333
Clarence

“ Death of Mohammed I. Succeeded by Amurath II. 506

1422. Death of Albert III., the last Ascanian 226
Elector of Saxony

“ Establishment of the house of Wettin in Saxony 226

“ Death of Henry V. of England (Aug. 31), and 333
accession of Henry VI.

“ Death of Charles VI. of France. Succeeded in 333
the north by Henry VI., in the south by Charles
VII.

“ Attempted reform of military and financial 227
system in Germany

1423. English and Burgundian victory at Crevant 337

“ Francesco Foscari becomes Doge of Venice 249

1424. John, Duke of Bedford, defeats French and 337
Scots at Verneuil

“ Gloucester marries Jacqueline of Hainault and 337
quarrels with Philip of Burgundy

“ Death of the Hussite leader, John Ziska 225

1425. Death of Manuel II., and accession of John 506
VI. in Constantinople

“ Bedford recalled to England by quarrel of 338
Gloucester and Beaufort

“ League of Florence and Venice against Filippo 249
Maria Visconti

1426. Venice acquires Brescia from Milan 249

1427. Defeat of fourth crusade against the 227
Hussites. Proposed constitutional reforms in
Germany

1428. Siege of Orleans by English and Burgundians 340

“ Venice acquires Bergamo from Milan 249

1429. Jeanne Darc raises siege of Orleans (April 341
19)

“ Charles VI. crowned at Rheims 341

1430. Jeanne Darc captured at Compiègne 344

1431. Trial and execution (May 28) of Jeanne Darc 345

“ Death of Martin V., and election of Eugenius 229
IV.

“ Meeting of the Council of Basel 229

“ Utter failure of the fifth crusade against the 228
Hussites

“ Venetian reverses in the war with Milan 250

1432. Death of Bedford’s wife, Anne of Burgundy 346

“ Trial and execution of Carmagnola 250

“ Bedford marries Jacquetta of Luxemburg 346

“ Quarrel between Eugenius IV. and Council of 230
Basel

“ Sigismund crowned Emperor in Rome 230

1433. Eugenius IV., driven from Rome to Florence, 231
is compelled to recognise the Council of Basel

“ The _Compactata_ arranged between the Hussites 231
and the Council

1433. Exile of Cosimo de’ Medici from Florence 293

1434. Defeat of the Taborites at the battle of 233
Lipan

“ Fall of the Albizzi in Florence. Recall of 294
Cosimo de’ Medici, and establishment of Medicean
ascendency

1435. Treaty of Arras between Philip the Good and 347
Charles VII.

“ Death of Bedford 348

“ Death of Joanna II. of Naples. Disputed 271
succession between Alfonso V. of Aragon and Réné
of Provence

1436. Loss of Paris by the English 350

“ Sigismund at last obtains the Bohemian crown 233

1437. Renewed quarrel between Eugenius IV. and the 235
Council of Basel

“ Death of Sigismund. Albert V. of Austria 398
succeeds in Hungary and Bohemia

1438. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges 237

“ Election of Albert II. (Albert V. of Austria) 399
as King of the Romans

“ Council at Ferrara, transferred to Florence 236

1439. States-General of Orleans issue the 352
_Ordonnance sur la Gendarmerie_

“ Pragmatic Sanction of Mainz 237

“ Death of Albert II. (Oct. 27) 401

“ Union of Greek and Latin Churches agreed to at 236
Florence

“ Deposition of Eugenius IV. by the Council of 238
Basel

“ Election of anti-pope Felix V. 238

1440. The _Praguerie_ in France 354

“ Election of Frederick III. as King of the 402
Romans

“ Ladislas Postumus becomes Duke of Austria and 409
King of Bohemia

“ The Hungarians elect Ladislas III. of Poland 409

“ ‘Prussian League’ formed in opposition to the 463
Teutonic Order

1441. Peace between Milan and Venice. Venice keeps 251
Brescia and Bergamo

“ Venice acquires possession of Ravenna 251

1442. Alfonso V. of Aragon finally secures the 271
crown of Naples

“ Death of Blanche of Navarre. Her husband, John 485
of Aragon, keeps the crown, excluding his son,
Charles of Viana

1443. Eugenius IV. returns to Rome 239

1444. Battle of Varna. Death of Ladislas of Poland 410,
and Hungary 508

1445. Organisation of standing army in France 354

“ Ladislas Postumus accepted as King of Hungary 410

“ Æneas Sylvius arranges terms between Frederick 240
III. and Eugenius IV.

“ Marriage of Henry VI. of England with Margaret 356
of Anjou

1446. Banishment of the dauphin Louis to Dauphiné 358

1447. Death of Eugenius IV. (Feb. 23), and 241,
election of Nicolas V. 272

“ Death of Filippo Maria Visconti. Republic in 252
Milan

1448. Nicolas V. approves concordat with Germany 241,
273

“ Death of John VI. Succeeded by Constantine 509
Palæologus

“ Death of Christopher vacates the three 446
Scandinavian crowns

“ Swedes elect Karl Knudson 446

“ Christian I. (of Oldenburg) becomes King of 446
Denmark

1449. Dissolution of the Council of Basel 241

“ Renewal of war in France. Invasion of Normandy 357
by the French

1450. Grand jubilee in Rome 242,
273

“ Francesco Sforza makes himself master of Milan 253

“ Disorder in England. Rising of Jack Cade 357

“ Loss of Normandy by the English 357

“ Christian I. of Denmark obtains crown of 446
Norway

1451. French conquest of Guienne 357

“ Death of Amurath II. Succeeded by Mohammed II. 508

1452. Frederick III. crowned Emperor in Rome 411

“ Ladislas Postumus released from tutelage by 411
Frederick III.

1453. Capture of Constantinople by Mohammed II. 509
(May 29)

“ Battle of Castillon (July 17). The English 358
retain only Calais

“ Civil war in Prussia leads to Polish invasion 464

1454. Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan 253

“ Venice concludes a treaty with the Turks 254

“ Death of John II. of Castile. Succeeded by 476
Henry IV. (‘The Impotent’)

1455. Death of Nicolas V. Election of Calixtus 274
III.

“ Beginning of the Wars of the Roses in England 238

1456. Mohammed II. repulsed from Belgrade 411

“ Death of Hungarian leader, John Hunyadi 411

“ The dauphin Louis, driven from Dauphiné by his 359
father, takes refuge in the Burgundian dominions

1457. Compulsory abdication of Francesco Foscari 254
in Venice

“ Death of Ladislas Postumus. Austria passes to 414
the Styrian branch of the Hapsburgs

1457. Karl Knudson driven from Sweden. Coronation 447
of Christian I. reunites the three Scandinavian
kingdoms

1458. Death of Alfonso V. Aragon, Sicily, and 275,
Sardinia pass to his brother, John II.; Naples to 484
his natural son, Ferrante

“ Election of Mathias Corvinus in Hungary 414

“ Election of George Podiebrad in Bohemia 414

“ Death of Calixtus III. Election of Pius II. 276

“ Servia conquered by the Turks 511

1459. Futile congress at Mantua to arrange a 276
crusade against the Turks

“ Death of Adolf, Count of Holstein and Duke of 447
Schleswig

1460. John of Calabria revives the Angevin claim 277
to Naples

“ Pius II. issues the bull _Execrabilis_ 277,
407

“ Turkish conquest of the Morea 511

“ Death of Prince Henry the Navigator 491

“ Christian I., King of Denmark, etc., obtains 447
Schleswig and Holstein

1461. Death of Charles VII. of France, and 361
accession of Louis XI.

“ Death of Charles of Viana. Rising in Catalonia 486
against John II. of Aragon

“ Mohammed II. subdues the empire of Trebizond 513

“ Yorkist victory at Towton, and accession of 244
Edward IV. in England

1462. John II. of Aragon, hard pressed by 389,
Catalans, cedes Roussillon and Cerdagne to Louis 486
XI.

“ Conquest of Wallachia by the Turks 511

“ Turkish conquests in the Ægean 512

1463. Venice decides to go to war with the Turks 255,
512

1464. Genoa subjected to Milan 260

“ John of Calabria leaves Naples 278

“ Death of Pius II. at Ancona. Election of Paul 280
II.

“ Death of Cosimo de’ Medici 299

“ Conquest of Bosnia by the Turks 511

1465. War of the Public Weal in France 365

“ Louis XI. enters Paris after the battle of 366
Montlhéri

“ Conclusion of the Treaty of Conflans 367

1466. Death of Francesco Sforza. Succeeded by 261
Galeazzo Maria

“ Conspiracy in Florence against Piero de’ 300
Medici

“ Treaty of Thorn: West Prussia ceded to Poland, 465
and East Prussia retained by Teutonic Order as a
Polish fief

1467. Death of Scanderbeg, the defender of Albania 256
against the Turks

1467. Death of Philip the Good, and accession of 369
Charles the Bold

1468. Interview at Péronne between Louis XI. and 370
Charles the Bold

“ Rebellion in Liége forces Louis to make treaty 371
of Péronne

“ War between Hungary and Bohemia 415

1469. Death of Piero de’ Medici. Lorenzo becomes 302
practically lord of Florence

“ Charles the Bold acquires Alsace and the 377
Breisgau from Sigismund of Tyrol

“ Death of John of Calabria 486

“ Marriage of Isabella of Castile to Ferdinand 477
of Aragon

“ Margaret, daughter of Christian I., marries 448
James III. of Scotland

1470. Warwick and Clarence driven from England to 372
France. Reconciliation of Warwick with Margaret of
Anjou

“ Renewed war between Louis XI. and Charles the 374
Bold

1471. Edward IV. of England defeats his opponents 373
at Barnet (April 14) and Tewkesbury (May)

“ Death of George Podiebrad. Bohemians elect 416,
Ladislas, son of Casimir IV. of Poland 465

“ Death of Paul II. Election of Sixtus IV. 281

“ Constitutional changes in Florence strengthen 303
the Medici

1472. Death of Charles of Guienne (May 24) 376

“ Truce between Louis XI. and Charles the Bold 376

“ Altered policy of Charles the Bold 376

“ John II. takes Barcelona and puts down the 486
Catalan rebellion

1473. Death of Nicolas of Calabria. Charles the 378
Bold’s aggressions in Lorraine

“ Interview at Trier between Charles the Bold 378,
and Frederick III. 404

1474. Charles the Bold lays siege to Neuss 378

“ The Swiss stirred into hostility to Charles 379
the Bold

“ Death of Henry IV. of Castile. Accession of 477
Isabella

1475. Edward IV. invades France. Treaty of 381
Pecquigni

“ Charles the Bold overruns Lorraine 381

“ Execution of the Constable St. Pol 383

1476. Charles the Bold undertakes to chastise the 384
Swiss. Battles of Granson (March 2) and Morat
(June 22)

“ Murder of Gian Galeazzo Sforza in Milan 261

1477. Death of Charles the Bold before Nanci (Jan. 386
5)

“ Louis XI. occupies Burgundy, Franche-Comté and 387
Artois

1477. Mary of Burgundy married to Maximilian 388

1478. Conspiracy of the Pazzi in Florence 282,
305

“ Florence at war with Naples and the Papacy 282,
307

1479. Death of John II. of Aragon. Succeeded by 487
Ferdinand the Catholic, but Navarre passes to his
daughter Eleanor

“ Florentine reverses. Lorenzo de’ Medici goes 308
to Naples

“ Regency of Bona of Savoy in Milan overthrown 262
by Ludovico Sforza

“ Treaty of Constantinople ends the long war 256,
between Venice and the Turks 513

1480. Occupation of Otranto by the Turks 283,
310,
513

“ Florence makes peace with Naples and Sixtus 309
IV.

“ Important constitutional changes in Florence 310

“ Death of Réné le Bon, succeeded by Charles of 389
Maine

1481. Death of Mohammed II.. Evacuation of 513
Otranto. Temporary decline of Turkish power

“ Death of Charles of Maine enables Louis XI. to 389
acquire Anjou, Maine, and Provence

1482. Death of Mary of Burgundy 388

“ Treaty of Arras settles the Burgundian 388
succession

“ Venetian attack upon Ferrara 257,
283

“ Coalition of Milan, Naples, and Florence 257,
against Venice and the Papacy 283

1483. Death of Edward IV. of England 388

“ Death of Louis XI. Accession of Charles VIII. 390
Regency of Anne of Beaujeu

“ Sixtus IV. deserts Venice and joins the 284
hostile league

1484. Meeting of States-General at Tours 391

“ Treaty of Bagnolo ends the Ferrarese war 257,
284

“ Death of Sixtus IV., and election of Innocent 284
VIII.

“ War between Mathias Corvinus and Frederick 416
III.

1485. Henry VII. establishes the Tudor dynasty in 391
England

“ Rising of Neapolitan barons against Ferrante. 286
Offer of the crown to Réné of Lorraine

“ Mathias Corvinus seizes Vienna 417

1486. Bartholomew Diaz rounds the Cape of Good 492
Hope

“ Maximilian elected King of the Romans in his 417
father’s lifetime

1488. Death of Francis II. of Brittany. Succeeded 391
by daughter Anne

1490. Death of Mathias Corvinus. Succeeded by 417
Ladislas of Bohemia

1491. Anne of Brittany compelled to marry Charles 392
VIII.

“ Treaty of Pressburg, by which Maximilian 417
recovered the Austrian territories which had been
conquered by Mathias Corvinus

“ End of the regency of Anne of Beaujeu 392

1492. Columbus discovers the new world of America 492

“ Annexation of Moorish kingdom of Granada to 490
Spain

“ Death of Innocent VIII., and election of 287
Alexander VI.

“ Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici. Succeeded by 312
Piero II.

“ Henry VII. invades France, but is bought off 392
by treaty of Étaples

1493. Bull of Alexander VI. dividing the new world 493
between Spain and Portugal

“ Treaty of Barcelona restores Roussillon and 392
Cerdagne to Aragon

“ Treaty of Senlis cedes Artois and 393
Franche-Comté

“ Neapolitan exiles, advised by Venice, and 263,
supported by Ludovico Sforza, urge Charles VIII. 286,
to claim Naples as representing the house of Anjou 392

“ Death of Frederick III. Maximilian unites all 417
Hapsburg dominions

1494. Death of Ferrante of Naples. Succeeded by 287
Alfonso II.

“ Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and 493
Portugal

“ Charles VIII. sets out to assert his claim to 393
Naples

“ Expulsion of Piero de’ Medici, and restoration 314
of republican government in Florence