Chapter II: Preface: To Twenty-Second Edition

From time to time there have been several revisions of the text, so that it has been kept fairly abreast of current investigation. The bibliographies, however, have remained untouched since the tenth edition (August, 1897). The principal change in the present, therefore, consists in the introduction of new and carefully prepared references, which will render the book of greater service to the student than it has been at any time within the past ten years. In this revision, I have had the valuable assistance of Miss Annie A. Nunns.

R. G. THWAITES.

MADISON, WIS., June 1, 1910.

SUGGESTIONS.

While this volume is intended to be complete in itself, compression has been necessary in order to make it conform to the series in which it appears. It really is but an outline of the subject, a centre from which to start upon a study of the American colonies. The reader, especially the teacher, who would acquire a fairly complete knowledge of this interesting period of our history, will need to examine many other volumes; from them gaining not only further information, but the point of view of other authors than the present--only in this manner may an historical perspective be obtained. The classified bibliographies, given by the author at the head of each chapter, have been prepared with much care. While perhaps few will desire to follow the topics to the lengths there suggested, it is urged that as many of the other volumes as possible be consulted, particularly those containing source material.

* * * * *

Following is a list of books which, even for a brief study, would be desirable for reference and comparison, or for the preparation of topics:

1-5. JOHN ANDREW DOYLE: _English Colonies in America_. 5 vols. New York: H. Holt & Co., 1882-1907.--An analytical study, in much detail, by an English author.

6-13. JOHN FISKE: _Beginnings of New England; The Discovery of America_, 2 vols.; _Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America_, 2 vols.; _New France and New England; Old Virginia and her Neighbours_, 2 vols. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1897-1902.--The best popular accounts; but while eminently readable and inspiring, not sufficiently thorough at all points, to serve as authoritative studies.

14. HENRY CABOT LODGE: _Short History of the English Colonies in America_. New York: Harper Brothers Co., 1881.--Concise and readable.

15-17. HERBERT LEVI OSGOOD: _American Colonies in the 17th Century_. 3 vols. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1904-1907.--The most elaborate treatment of this period, from the American point of view.

If a detailed study is intended, the following volumes should be added to the foregoing:

A. Bibliography.

1. EDWARD CHANNING and ALBERT BUSHNELL HART: _A Guide to the Study of American History_. Boston: Ginn & Co., 1896.--A well-arranged manual for both students and general readers.

2. JOSEPHUS NELSON LARNED: _Literature of American History_. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1902.--More detailed than the foregoing. Contains critical estimates of many of the works cited, by experts in the several subjects.

B. General.

3-5. ELROY MCKENDREE AVERY: _A History of the United States and its People from their Earliest Records to the Present Time_. 15 vols. Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co., 1904+.--Volumes I.-III. cover the colonial period. Especially notable for its illustrations--for the most part, reproductions of contemporary views, maps, portraits, and articles of historical interest. The bibliographies are quite full.

6, 7. EDWARD CHANNING: _A History of the United States_. 8 vols. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1905+.--A calm, philosophical treatise, written with care and erudition.

8-13. Albert Bushnell Hart, Editor: _The American Nation_. New York: Harper Brothers Co., 1904-1907.--The latest co-operative history of the United States. Each volume is by an author who specializes in the topic treated. Vols. II.-VII. are concerned with the colonial period. The bibliographical chapters are very useful.

14, 15. WOODROW WILSON: _A History of the American People_. 5 vols. New York: Harper Brothers Co., 1902.--Popular and readable, often brilliant. Only vols. I. and II. cover the colonial period.

16-20. JUSTIN WINSOR: _Narrative and Critical History of America_. 8 vols. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1889.--A co-operative enterprise, the chapters being by different hands, for the most part specialists. There is a wealth of illustrations, notes, and bibliographical references. But much of the work has been superseded by later publications. Vols. I.-V. cover the colonial period.

C. Special Histories.

21, 22. PHILIP ALEXANDER BRUCE: _Economic History of Virginia in the 17th Century_. 2 vols. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1896.--A careful, detailed study.

23. PHILIP ALEXANDER BRUCE: _Social Life of Virginia in the 17th Century_. Richmond: Whittet & Shepperson, 1907.--Thorough and clear.

24, 25. SYDNEY GEORGE FISHER: _Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times_. 2 vols. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1898.--A readable and useful survey.

26. FREDERICK WEBB HODGE: _Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico_. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1907.--The author, a member of the Ethnological Bureau, is an authority on this subject.

27-38. FRANCIS PARKMAN: _France and England in North America_. 12 vols. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1851-1892. The titles of volumes comprising this series are: Pioneers of France in the New World; The Jesuits in North America; La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West; The Old Régime in Canada; Count Frontenac and New France; A Half-Century of Conflict, 2 vols.; Montcalm and Wolfe, 2 vols.; The Conspiracy of Pontiac, 2 vols.--In spite of its age, this work remains the principal authority for the thrilling story of New France. A first-hand study, written in fascinating style.

39. ELLEN CHURCHILL SEMPLE: _American History and its Geographic Conditions_. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1903.--Of first importance in understanding the causes and effects of the movements of population.

40. CYRUS THOMAS: _The Indians of North America in Historic Times_. Philadelphia: G. Barrie & Sons, 1903.--The latest compendious treatment; somewhat repellent in style, but useful for reference. The author is a well-known authority.

41, 42. WILLIAM BABCOCK WEEDEN: _Economic and Social History of New England, 1620-1789_. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1890.--An admirably executed work.

D. Sources.

43, 44. ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Editor: _American History Told by Contemporaries_. 4 vols. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1897, 1898.--Very useful for purposes of illustration. Vols. I., II., are devoted to colonial material.

45-64. JOHN FRANKLIN JAMESON, Editor: _Original Narratives of Early American History_. 20 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906+.--Carefully edited, and indispensable for first-hand study.

65. WILLIAM MACDONALD, Editor: _Documentary Source Book of American History, 1606-1898_. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1908.--Useful reprints of material otherwise difficult to obtain.

In addition to the above, the publications of colonial and town record commissions and state and local historical and antiquarian societies contain material of the utmost value in the study of our colonial history. Among them may especially be mentioned the volumes issued by the Prince Society, Gorges Society, American Antiquarian Society, and the state historical societies of Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia; also the colonial records of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North and South Carolina.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

THE LAND AND THE NATIVE RACES.
PAGES
1. References, p. 1.--2. Physical characteristics of North
America, p. 2.--3. The native races, p. 7.--4. Characteristics
of the Indian, p. 13.--5. Relations of the Indians and
colonists, p. 17 1-19

CHAPTER II.

DISCOVERIES AND EARLY SETTLEMENTS (1492-1606).

6. References, p. 20.--7. Pre-Columbian discoveries, p. 21.--8.
Early European discoveries (1492-1512), p. 23.--9. Spanish
exploration of the interior (1513-1542), p. 27.--10. Spanish
colonies (1492-1687), p. 31.--11. The French in North America
(1524-1550), p. 32.--12. French attempts to colonize Florida
(1562-1568), p. 33.--13. The French in Canada (1589-1608), p.
35.--14. English exploration (1498-1584), p. 36.--15. English
attempts to colonize (1584-1606), p. 38.--16. The experience
of the sixteenth century (1492-1606), p. 42 20-44

CHAPTER III.

COLONIZATION AND THE COLONISTS.

17. References, p. 45.--18. Colonial policy of European states,
p. 45.--19. Spanish and Portuguese policy, p. 47.--20.
French policy, p. 48.--21. Dutch and Swedish policy, p.
50.--22. English policy, p. 51.--23. Character of English
emigrants, p. 53.--24. Local government in the colonies, p.
55.--25. Colonial governments, p. 58.--26. Privileges of
the colonists, p. 61 45-63

CHAPTER IV.

THE COLONIZATION OF THE SOUTH (1606-1700).

27. References, p. 64.--28. Reasons for final English colonization,
p. 65.--29. The charter of 1606, p. 66.--30. The settlement
of Virginia (1607-1624), p. 69.--31. Virginia during the
English revolution (1624-1660), p. 75.--32. Development of
Virginia (1660-1700), p. 78.--33. Settlement of Maryland
(1632-1635), p. 81.--34. Maryland during the English
revolution (1642-1660), p. 84.--35. Development of Maryland
(1660-1715), p. 86.--36. Early settlers in the Carolinas
(1542-1665), p. 87.--37. Proprietorship of the Carolinas
(1663-1671), p. 89.--38. The two settlements of Carolina
(1671-1700), p. 92 64-95

CHAPTER V.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE SOUTH IN 1700.

39. References, p. 96.--40. Land and People in the South, p.
96.--41. Slavery and servants, p. 98.--42. Middle and upper
classes, p. 100.--43. Occupations, p. 102.--44. Navigation
Acts, p. 104.--45. Social life, p. 106.--46. Political
life, and conclusions, p. 109 96-111

CHAPTER VI.

THE COLONIZATION OF NEW ENGLAND (1620-1643).

47. References, p. 112.--48. The New England colonists,
p. 113.--49. Plymouth colonized (1620-1621), p. 116.--50.
Development of Plymouth (1621-1691), p. 120.--51.
Massachusetts founded (1630), p. 124.--52. Government of
Massachusetts (1630-1634), p. 127.--53. Internal
dissensions in Massachusetts (1634-1637), p. 129.--54.
Religious troubles in Massachusetts (1636-1638), p.
132.--55. Indian wars (1635-1637), p. 136.--56. Laws and
characteristics of Massachusetts (1637-1643), p. 137.--57.
Connecticut founded (1633-1639), p. 140.--58. The
Connecticut government (1639-1643), p. 142.--59. New Haven
founded (1637-1644), p. 144.--60. Rhode Island founded
(1636-1654), p. 146.--61. Maine founded (1622-1658), p.
150.--62. New Hampshire founded (1620-1685), p. 152 112-153

CHAPTER VII.

NEW ENGLAND FROM 1643 TO 1700.

63. References, p. 154.--64. New England confederation formed
(1637-1643), p. 154.--65. Workings of the confederation
(1643-1660), p. 157.--66. Disturbances in Rhode Island
(1641-1647), p. 159.--67. Policy of the confederation
(1646-1660), p. 161.--68. Repression of the Quakers
(1656-1660), p. 165.--69. Royal commission (1660-1664), p.
166.--70. Indian wars (1660-1678), p. 170.--71. Territorial
disputes (1649-1685), p. 173.--72. Revocation of the
charters (1679-1687), p. 174.--73. Restoration of the
charters (1689-1692), p. 176 154-177

CHAPTER VIII.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN NEW ENGLAND IN 1700.

74. References, p. 178.--75. Land and people, p. 179.--76.
Social classes and professions, p. 181.--77. Occupations,
p. 184.--78. Social conditions, p. 186.--79. Moral and
religious conditions, p. 188.--80. The witchcraft delusion,
p. 190.--81. Political conditions, p. 192 178-194

CHAPTER IX.

THE COLONIZATION OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES (1609-1700).

82. References, p. 195.--83. Dutch settlement (1609-1625),
p. 196.--84. Progress of New Netherland (1626-1664), p.
198.--85. Conquest of New Netherland (1664), p. 202.--86.
Development of New York (1664-1700), p. 203.--87. Delaware
(1623-1700), p. 207.--88. New Jersey (1664-1738), p.
210.--89. Pennsylvania (1681-1718), p. 215 195-217

CHAPTER X.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES IN 1700.

90. References, p. 218.--91. Geographical conditions in the
middle colonies, p. 218.--92. People of the middle
colonies, p. 220.--93. Social classes, p. 222.--94.
Occupations, p. 224.--95. Social life, p. 226.--96.
Intellectual and moral conditions, p. 229.--97. Political
conditions, and conclusion, p. 231 218-232

CHAPTER XI.

OTHER ENGLISH NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES (1605-1750).

98. References, p. 233.--99. Outlying English colonies,
p. 234.--100. Windward and Leeward Islands (1605-1814), p.
236.--101. Bermudas (1609-1750) and Bahamas (1522-1783), p.
238.--102. Jamaica (1655-1750), p. 240.--103. British
Honduras (1600-1798), p. 241.--104. Newfoundland
(1497-1783), p. 241.--105. Nova Scotia, Acadia (1497-1755),
p. 242.--106. Hudson's Bay Company, p. 243 233-244

CHAPTER XII.

THE COLONIZATION OF NEW FRANCE (1608-1750).

107. References, p. 245.--108. Settlement of Canada (1608-1629),
p. 246.--109. Exploration of the Northwest (1629-1699), p.
247.--110. Social and political conditions, p. 249.--111.
Intercolonial wars (1628-1697), p. 252.--112. Frontier wars
(1702-1748), p. 254.--113. Territorial claims, p.
255.--114. Effect of French colonization, p. 257 245-257

CHAPTER XIII.

THE COLONIZATION OF GEORGIA (1732-1755).

115. References, p. 258.--116. Settlement of Georgia
(1732-1735), p. 258.--117. Slow development of Georgia
(1735-1755), p. 261 258-263