Chapter II: Part 2

The use of the Muscles of the lower Belly is to compress all the contain'd parts, in order to assist them in expelling the Excrements.

_How many Muscles are there in the Testicles?_

They have each of them one, call'd _Cremaster_; this Muscle takes its rise from the Ligaments of the _Os Pubis_, and by the dilatation of its Tendon covers the Testicle, which it draws upward.

_How many Muscles hath the _Penis_?_

It hath two Pair, _viz._ the _Erectores_ or _Directores_, and the _Dilatantes_: The _Erectores_ arise from the internal part of the _Os Ischion_, under the beginning of the _Corpora Cavernosa_, where they are inserted, and retake their Fibres in their Membranes. The _Dilatantes_ or _Acceleratores_ have their Source in the _Sphincter_ of the _Anus_ and slipping from thence obliquely under the _Ureter_, are join'd to the Membrane of the Nervous Bodies.

_How many Muscles are there in the _Clitoris_?_ {37}

It hath two Erectors which spring forth from the Protuberance of the _Os Ischion_, and are inserted in the Nervous Bodies of the _Clitoris_. There are also two others suppos'd to be its Elevators, which proceed from the _Sphincter_ of the _Anus_, and are terminated in the _Clitoris_.

_How many Muscles are there in the _Anus_?_

There are three, _viz._ the _Sphincter_, and two _Levatores_. The _Sphincter_ is two Fingers broad, to open and close the _Rectum_. This Muscle being double, is fasten'd in the fore-part to the _Penis_ in Men, and to the Neck of the _Matrix_ in Women, as also behind to the _Coccyx_, and laterally to the Ligaments of the _Os Sacrum_, and the Hips.

The two _Levatores_ arise from the inner and lateral part of the _Os Ischion_, and are fasten'd to the _Sphincter_ of the _Anus_, to lift it up after the expulsion of the Excrements.

The _Bladder_ hath also a _Sphincter_ Muscle to open and shut its Orifice.

* * * * *

CHAP. X.

_Of the Muscles of the _Omoplatae_, or Shoulder-Blades, Arms, and Hands._

_How many ways doth the _Omoplata_ or Shoulder-Blade move, and what are its Muscles?_

The _Omoplata_ moves upward, downward, forward, and backward, by the means of four proper Muscles, which are the _Trapezius_, the {38} _Rhomboides_, the proper _Levator_, and the lesser _Pectoral_, or _Serratus Minor Anticus_.

The _Trapezius_ or _Cucullaris_ hath its beginning in the back part of the _Occiput_, or hinder part of the Head, in the Spines of the six lower _Vertebra's_ of the Neck, and of the nine upper of the Back, in passing from whence it is implanted in the Spine of the _Omoplata_ or Shoulder-Blade, and the external part of the _Clavicula_, as far as the _Acromion_. This Muscle produceth many Motions by reason of its different Fibres, drawing the Shoulder-Blade obliquely upward, downward, and forward.

The _Rhomboides_ is situated over the _Trapezius_, its rise being in the _Apophyses_ of the three lower _Vertebra's_ of the Neck, and of the three upper of the Back, but it is afterward join'd to the whole _Basis_ or Root of the _Omoplata_, which it draws backward.

The proper _Levator_ commenceth in the _Transverse Apophyses_ of the four first _Vertebra's_ of the Neck, by different Progressions, but is afterward re-united, and inserted in the upper Corner of the _Omoplata_, which it draws upward.

The _lesser Pectoral_, or _Serratus Minor Anticus_, is situated under the great _Pectoral_, its rise being by Digitation or Indenting in the second, third, and fourth of the upper Ribs, and its Insertion in the _Apophysis Coracoides_ of the Shoulder-Blade, which it draws forward.

_How many Motions are there in the _Humerus_, or Arm; which be they, and what are its Muscles?_ {39}

The Arm performs all sorts of Motions by the help of nine Muscles: For it is lifted up by the _Deltoides_ and the _Infra-Spinatus_; it is depress'd by the _Largissimus_, and the _Rotundus Major_; it is drawn forward by the _Pectoralis Major_, and the _Coracoideus_; it is drawn backward by the _Infra-Spinatus_, and the _Rotundus Minor_. It is drawn near the Ribs by the _Subscapularis_, and its circular Motion is performed when all these Muscles act together successively.

The _Deltoides_ or _Triangular_ hath its beginning in the whole Spine of the _Omoplata_, the _Acromion_, and half the _Clavicula_, and by its point cleaves with a strong _Tendon_ to the middle of the Arm.

The _Infra-Spinatus_ takes its rise in the Cavity that lies above the Spine of the _Omoplata_, which it fills, passing over the _Acromion_, until it is join'd to the Neck of the Shoulder-Bone, which it surrounds with a large _Tendon_.

The _Largissimus_, otherwise call'd _Ani-scalptor_, covers almost the whole Back, proceeding from a large and Nervous Stock, in the third and fourth lower _Vertebra_ of the Back, the five _Vertebra's_ of the Loins, the Spine of the _Os Sacrum_, the hinder part of the Lip of the Hip-Bone, and the external part of the lower Bastard-Ribs, in passing from whence it insinuates it self into the lower Corner of the _Omoplata_, as also into the upper and inner part of the _Humerus_.

The _Rotundus Major_, or _Teres Major_, having its Origin in the external Cavity of the lower Corner of the _Omoplata_, is confounded with the _Largissimus_, and adheres with it by the same {40} _Tendon_ to the upper and inner part of the _Humerus_, a little below the Head.

The greater _Pectoral_ hath its Source in half the _Clavicula_, on the side of the _Sternum_; covers the fore-part of the Breast, and is fasten'd by a short, broad, and nervous _Tendon_, to the top of the Shoulder-Bone, on the inside, between the _Biceps_ and the _Deltoides_.

The _Coracoideus_ or _Coracobrachyaeus_, beginning in the _Apophysis Coracoides_ of the _Omoplata_ or Shoulder-Blade, adheres to the middle of the Arm on the inside, which with the _Pectoral_ it draws forward.

The _Infra-Spinatus_ fills the Cavity which lies below the Spine of the _Omoplata_, its Origine being in the lower Rib of the _Omoplata_, from whence it passeth between the Spine and the _Rotundus Minor_, to cleave to the Neck of the Shoulder-Bone, which it embraceth, and draws backward.

The _Rotundus Minor_, or _Teres Minor_, proceeds from the lower Rib of the _Omoplata_, and adheres to the Neck of the Shoulder-Bone with the _Infra-Spinatus_ to draw it in like manner backward.

The _Sub-scapularis_ or _Immersus_ is situated entirely under the _Omaplata_, proceeding from the internal Lip of the _Basis_ or Root of the same _Omoplata_, and being terminated in the Neck of the Arm-Bone, which it causeth to lie close to the Ribs.

_How many Motions are there in the_ Cubitus _or Elbow, and what are its Muscles?_

The _Cubitus_ or _Ulna_ is endu'd with two sorts of Motions, _viz._ that of Flection and that of {41} Extension, the former being perform'd by the help of two Muscles, that is to say, the _Biceps_, and the _Brachiaeus Internus_; and the later by eight others, which are the _Longus_, the _Brevis_, the _Brachiaeus Externus_, and the _Anconeus_.

The _Biceps_ is a Muscle with two Heads, one whereof proceeds from the _Apophysis Coracoides_, and the other from the Cartilaginous edge of the _Glenoid_ Cavity of the _Omoplata_ or Shoulder-Blade: These two Heads descend along the fore-part of the Arm, and are united in one and the same Body, from whence springs forth a Ligament, which is inserted in a tuberosity situated in the upper and fore-part of the _Radius_.

The _Brachiaeus Internus_ is a small fleshy Muscle, lying hid under the _Biceps_, which takes its rise in the upper and fore-part of the _Humerus_, and is implanted in the upper and inner-part of the _Radius_, to bend the Elbow with the _Biceps_.

The first of the four Extenders is the _Longus_ having two Sources, _viz._ one situated in the lower Rib of the _Omoplata_, near its Neck, and the other descending to the hinder-part of the Arm, till it is tyed to the _Olecranum_ or _Ancon_, by a strong _Aponeurosis_, which is common thereto, with the _Brevis_, and the _Brachiaeus Externus_.

The _Brevis_ or short Muscle of the Elbow arising from the hinder and upper-part of the _Humerus_, is fasten'd to the _Olecranum_ with the _Longus_.

The _Brachiaeus Externus_ is a fleshy Muscle which proceeds from the hinder part of the {42} _Humerus_, and adheres to the _Olecranum_ with the _Brevis_ and the _Longus_.

The _Anconeus_ or _Cubitalis_ being situated behind the Fold of the _Cubitus_, is the least Muscle of all; it springs from the Extremity of the Arm-Bone, at the end of the _Brevis_ and the _Longus_, and in descending is inserted between the _Radius_ and the _Cubitus_ or _Ulna_, three or four Fingers breadth below the _Olecranum_.

_How many Muscles hath the _Radius_, and which are its Motions?_

The _Radius_ is endu'd with a twofold Motion by the means of four Muscles: Of these the _Rotundus_ and _Quadratus_ cause that of _Pronation_, as the _Longus_ and the _Brevis_ that of _Supination_.

The _Pronator Superior Rotundus_, or round Muscle of the _Radius_, commenceth from the inner _Apophysis_ of the Shoulder-Bone, in a very fleshy Stock, and is terminated obliquely by a Membranous _Tendon_ in the middle and exterior part of the _Radius_.

The _Pronator Inferior Quadratus_, springing forth from the bottom and inside of the _Cubitus_, is fixt in the lower and outward part of the _Radius_ by a Tail as large as its Head. This Muscle lying hid under the others near the Wrist, is that which jointly with the _Rotundus_, turns the Arm with the Palm of the Hand downward, which is the Motion of _Pronation_.

The _Longus_ is the first of the _Supinators_, whose Origine is three or four Fingers breadth above the external _Apophysis_ of the Arm-Bone; from whence it passeth along the _Radius_, and cleaves to the inner-part of its lower _Apophysis_. {43}

The _Brevis_, or the second of the _Spinators_ arising from the lower part of the _Inferior Condylus_, and the external of the _Humerus_, is twisted round about the _Radius_, going forward from the hinder-part till it is united to its upper and forepart. This Muscle, with the _Longus_, serves to turn the Arm and the Palm of the Hand upward, and produceth the Motion of _Supination_.

_How many sorts of Motions belong to the Wrist, and what are its Muscles_?

Two several Motions are perform'd by the Wrist, _viz._ one of Flection, and the other of Extension, three Muscles being appropriated to the former, and as many to the later: But it ought to be observed, that a strong Ligament, call'd the _Annular_, appears here, which, surrounding all the _Tendons_ of the Muscles as it were a Bracelet, holds them together, and elsewhere serves to unite the two Bones of the Elbow. The three Flexors or Bending Muscles of the Wrist are the _Cubitaeus Internus_, the _Radiaeus Internus_, and the _Palmaris_.

The _Cubitaeus Internus_ derives its Original from the part of the Arm-Bone, passeth under the Annular Ligament, and is ty'd by a thick _Tendon_ to the small Bone of the Wrist, which is plac'd above the others.

The _Radiaeus Internus_ proceeds from the same place with the _Cubitaeus_, and is fasten'd to the first Wrist-Bone which supports the Thumb. It lies along the _Radius_, and passeth under the _Annular_ Ligament.

The _Palmaris_ is reckon'd among the Flexors of the Wrist, although situated in the Palm of the Hand. It ariseth from the inner Process or Knob {44} of the Arm-Bone, and is united by a large _Tendon_ to the first _Phalanges_ of the Fingers, slipping under the Transverse or _Annular_ Ligament and sticking under the Skin of the Palm of the Hand.

The three extending Muscles of the Wrist are the _Cubitaeus Externus_, and the _Radiaeus Externus_ or the _Longus_, and the _Brevis_.

The _Cubitaeus Externus_ taking its rise from the hinder-part of the Elbow, passeth under the _Annular_ Ligament, and adheres to the upper and outward-part of the Bone of the _Metacarpus_ that stayeth the little Finger.

The _Radiaeus Externus_, or the _Longus_, having its Origine in the edge of the lower part of the Arm-Bone, slides from thence along the _Radius_ on the outside, extends it self under the _Annular_ Ligament, and cleaves to the Wrist-Bone, which stayeth the Fore-Finger.

The _Brevis_ or _short_ Muscle of the Wrist springs from the lower part of the same Edge; afterwards it runs along the _Radius_, passeth under the _Annular_ Ligament, and is terminated in the Bone of the _Carpus_ or Wrist, which stayeth the Middle Finger. But we must take notice, that besides these six Muscles, there is also _Caro quaedam quadrata_, or a square piece of Flesh under the _Palmaris_, which seems to arise from the _Thenar_, and sticks to the eighth Wrist-Bone. It is supposed that this Musculous piece of Flesh serves with the _Hypothenar_ of the little Finger, to make that which is call'd _Diogenes's Cup_.

_How many Motions are there in the Fingers, and what are their Muscles_? {45}

The Fingers are bent, extended, and turn'd from one side to the other by the means of twenty-three Muscles, whereof ten are proper, and thirteen common: The former are those that serve all the Fingers in general, and the other those that are particularly serviceable to some of them: The Common are the _Sublimis_, the _Profundus_, the common _Extensor_, the four _Lumbricales_, and the six _Interossei_.

The _Sublimis_ or _Perforatus_, arising from the internal part of the lower Process of the _Humerus_ or Shoulder-Bone is divided into four _Tendons_, which run below the _Annular_ Ligament of the Wrist, and are inserted in the second _Phalanx_ of the Bones of the four Fingers, after having stuck in passing to those of the first _Phalanx_, to help to bend it. It is also observed that every one of these _Tendons_ hath a small cleft in its length, to let in the _Tendons_ of the _Profundus_.

The _Profundus_ or _Perforans_ lies under the _Sublimis_, deriving its Original from the top of the _Cubitus_ and _Radius_. It creeps along these two Bones, and is divided into four _Tendons_, which pass under the _Annular_ Ligament, and slip into the Fissures of the _Tendons_ of the _Sublimis_, to adhere to the third _Phalanx_ of the Fingers, which they bend with the _Sublimis_: So that these two Muscles make together the bending of the Fingers.

The _Extensor Magnus_ is that which extends the four Fingers. It springs from the external and lower Process of the Arm-Bone, and is divided into four flat _Tendons_, which pass under the _Annular_ Ligament, and cleave {46} to the second and third _Phalanx_ of the Fingers.

The four _Lumbricales_ or _Vermiculares_ are in the Palm of the Hand, to draw the Fingers to the Thumb: They proceed from the _Tendons_ of the _Profundus_, and the _Annular_ Ligament, extend themselves along the sides of the Fingers and are inserted in their second Articulation, to cause the drawing toward the Thumb.

The three _Interossei Interni_, and the three _Externi_, are situated between the four Bones of the _Metacarpium_, as well on the inside of the Hand as without: They have their beginning in the Intervals or Spaces between the Bones of the _Metacarpium_, are united with the _Lumbrical_, and fixt in the last Articulation of the Bones of the Fingers, to produce the Motion of drawing back or removing from the Thumb.

The Thumb is mov'd by five particular Muscles; one whereof serves to bend it, two to extend it, one to remove it from the Fingers, and another to draw it to them.

The _Flexor_ of the Thumb takes its rise from the upper and inner part of the _Radius_, passes under the _Annular_ Ligament, as also under the _Thenar_, and adheres to the first and second Bones of the same Thumb to bend it.

The two _Extensors_ of the Thumb are the _Longior_ and the _Brevior_: The former proceeding from the upper and outward part of the _Cubitus_, ascends above the _Radius_, and is ty'd with a forked _Tendon_ to the second Bone of the Thumb. The _Brevior_ hath the same Origin with the _Longior_, keeps the same Track, passes under the _Annular_ Ligament, and is terminated in the third Thumb-Bone. {47}

The _Thenar_ removes the Thumb from the Fingers, and forms that part which is call'd the _Mount of Venus_: It hath its Source in the first Bone of the _Carpus_ or Wrist, and the _Annular_ Ligament, and is inserted in its second Bone.

The _Antithenar_ draws the Thumb to the other Fingers, having its Origine in the Bone of the _Metacarpus_, that stayeth the middle Finger, and its Insertion is in the first Bone of the Thumb.

The Muscle which serves to extend the Fore-Finger, is call'd _Indicator_: It proceeds from the middle and outer part of the _Cubitus_, and is fixt by a double _Tendon_ in the second Articulation of the Fore-Finger, as also in the _Tendon_ of the great _Extensor_ of the Fingers.

That which draws the Fore-Finger to the Thumb is term'd _Adductor_: It commenceth in the fore-part of the first Thumb-Bone, and is terminated in the Bones of the Fore-Finger.

That which removes the Fore-Finger from the Thumb is known by the Name of _Abductor_, which arising out of the external and middle part of the Bone of the Elbow, and passing under the _Annular_ Ligament, cleaves to the Lateral and outward part of the Bones of the Fore-Finger.

The Little-Finger hath two proper Muscles, _viz._ an _Extensor_ and an _Abductor_.

The _Extensor_ springs from the lower part of the _Condylus_ of the Arm-Bone, and is fasten'd by a double _Tendon_ in the second Articulation of the Little-Finger, and in the _Tendon_ of the _Extensor_ of all the others. {48}

The _Abductor_, call'd also _Hypothenar_, hath its beginning in the small Bone of the Wrist, which is situated over the others, and is terminated in the first Bone of the Little-Finger on the outside.

* * * * *

CHAP. XI.

_Of the Muscles of the Thighs, Legs, and Feet._

_What are the Motions of the Thighs?_

The Thigh performs five kinds of Motions; for it is bent, extended, drawn within side and without, and turn'd round: All these Motions are produc'd by the means of fourteen Muscles, _viz._ three _Flexors_, three _Extensors_, three _Adductors_, three _Abductors_, and two _Obturators_ for the Circular Motion.

The _Flexors_ of the Thigh are the _Psoas_, _Iliacus_, and _Pectineus_.

The _Psoas_ or _Lumbaris_ is situated inwardly in the _Abdomen_, on the side of the _Vertebra's_. It proceeds from the transverse _Apophyses_ of the two lower _Vertebra's_ of the Back, and of the upper of the Loins, and lying on the inner Face of the _Os Ilion_, sticks to the lesser _Trochanter_ or _Rotator_.

The _Iliacus Internus_ hath its Origine in all the Lips of the inner Cavity of the _Os Ilion_, and being joyn'd by a _Tendon_ to the _Lumbaris_, is inserted with it in the lesser _Trochanter_. {49}

The _Pectineus_ takes its rise from the fore-part of the _Os Pubis_, and is united before to the Thigh-Bone a little below the lesser _Trochanter_.

The _Extensors_ of the Thigh are the _Glutaeus Major_, _Medius_, and _Minimus_.

The _Glutaeus Major_ springs forth out of the lateral part of the _Os Sacrum_, as also the hinder and outer part of the _Os Ilion_ and _Coccyx_, and enters into the Thigh-Bone, four Fingers breadth below the great _Trochanter_ or _Rotator_, being the thickest of all the Muscles of the Body.

The _Glutaeus Medius_, deducing its Original from the hinder and outward part of the _Os Ilion_, is inserted three Fingers breadth below the great _Trochanter_.

The _Glutaeus Minimus_ ariseth from the bottom of the Cavity of the _Os Ilion_, and is fasten'd to a small Hole near the great _Trochanter_.

The _Adductors_ of the Thigh are the _Triceps Superior, Medius_, and _Inferior_.

The _Triceps Superior_ hath its beginning in the top of the _Os Pubis_, and is terminated in the top of a Line, which is on the inside of the Thigh.

The _Triceps Medius_ proceeding from the middle of the _Os Pubis_, is inserted in the Thigh-Bone a little lower than the _Triceps Superior_.

The _Triceps Inferior_ hath its Source in the bottom of the _Os Pubis_, and is implanted in the Thigh-Bone, a little lower than the _Triceps Medius_. Some Anatomists make only one Muscle of these three, attributing thereto three Originals and three Insertions. These Muscles serve to draw the Thighs one against another.

The _Abductors_ of the Thigh are the _Iliacus Externus_, or _Pyriformis_, the _Quadratus_, and the _Gemelli_. {50}

The _Pyriformis_ arising from the upper and lateral part of the _Os Sacrum_, and the the _Os Ilion_ cleaves to the Neck of the great _Trochanter_.

The _Quadratus_ or square Muscle of the Thigh takes its Origine from the external Prominence of the _Os Ischion_, and adheres to the outward part of the great _Trochanter_.

The _Gemelli_ or Twin Muscles arise from two small Knobs in the hinder-part of the _Ischion_ and insinuate themselves into a small Cavity in the Neck of the great _Trochanter_.

The Circular Motion of the Thigh is performed by the means of two Muscles, named the _Obturatores Externi_ and _Interni_.

The _Obturator Internus_ springs from the inner Circumference of the Oval Hole of the _Ischion_ and its _Tendons_ passing between the two _Gemelli_ are inserted in a small Cavity at the Root of the great _Trochanter_ or _Rotator_.

The _Obturator Externus_ ariseth from the outward Circumference of the same Hole of one _Ischion_, and is terminated in the side of the other near the great _Trochanter_.

_What are the Motions of the Leg, and what are its Muscles?_

The Leg is mov'd four several ways, that is to say, it is bent, extended, and drawn inward and outward, by the means of eleven Muscles _viz._ three _Flexors_, four _Extensors_, two _Adductors_ and two _Abductors_.

The three _Flexors_ of the Leg are the _Biceps_, the _Semi-nervosus_, and the _Semi-membranosus_.

The _Biceps_ hath two Heads, the longer whereof cometh out of the bottom of the Prominence {51} of the _Ischion_, and the other from the middle and exterior part of the _Femur_, and is terminated in the outward and upper part of the _Epiphysis_ of the _Perone_ or _Fibula_.

The _Semi-nervosus_ hath its Origine in the Knob of the _Ischion_, and is join'd backward to the top of the _Epiphysis_ of the _Tibia_. These three Muscles are plac'd in the back-part of the Thigh below the Buttocks.

The four _Extensors_ of the Leg are the _Rectus_, the _Vastus Internus_, the _Vastus Externus_, and the _Crureus_.

The _Rectus_ or streight Muscle of the Leg takes its rise from the fore-part and the bottom of the _Ilion_, and descends in a right Line: It covers with its _Tendon_, which is common to the three following, the whole Knee-Pan, and adheres to the top of the _Tibia_, on the fore-part.

The _Vastus Internus_, being situated on the inside of the Thigh, hath its beginning in the top of the Thigh inwardly, and a little below the lesser _Trochanter_ or _Rotator_: Afterward it is ty'd to the _Tibia_ by a large _Tendon_, common thereto with the preceeding.

The _Vastus Externus_ is plac'd on the outside of the Thigh, springing from the top and the fore-part of the _Femur_, being united by the same _Tendon_ with the two preceeding.

The _Crureus_ proceeds from the top, and the fore-part of the Thigh-Bone, between the two _Trochanters_; then covering the whole Bone, it is also fasten'd to the Leg-Bone with the three preceeding Muscles, after having cover'd the Knee-Pan with their common {52} _Tendon_, which serves likewise as a Ligament to the Knee.

The two _Adductors_ of the Leg are the _Sartorius_ and the _Gracilis_.

The _Sartorius_ or the _Longissimus_ draws the leg inward, deriving its Original from the upper _Spine_ of the _Ischion_; from whence it descends obliquely thro' the inside of the Thigh, and cleaves to the top on the inside of the _Tibia_.

The _Gracilis_ hath its Origine in the fore-part at the bottom of the _Os Pubis_, and its Insertion in the top of the _Tibia_ on the inside.

The two _Abductors_ of the Leg are the _Fascia lata_, and the _Poplitaeus_.

The _Fascia lata_, or the _Membranosus_, is as it were a kind of large Band, which covers all the Muscles of the Thigh. It proceeds from the outward Lip of the _Os Ilion_, is ty'd by a large Membrane to the top of the _Perone_ or _Fibula_ and sometimes descends to the end of the Foot.

The _Poplitaeus_, or _Sub-poplitaeus_, arises from the lower and external _Condylus_ of the Thigh-Bone, passeth obliquely from the outside to the inside, till it is lost in the upper and inner part of the Leg-Bone under the Ham.

_What are the Motions of the Foot, and what are its Muscles?_

The Foot performs two Motions by the help of nine Muscles, as being bent by two, and extended by seven.

The two _Flexors_ are the _Crureus Anticus_, and the _Peronaeus Anticus_.

The _Crureus_ or _Tibiaeus Anticus_, is plac'd along the _Tibia_, and takes its rise from its upper and fore-part: Afterward it is bound by two {53} _Tendons_ to the first _Os Cuneiforme_, or Wedge-like Bone, and to that of the _Metatarsus_ or Instep, which stayeth the great Toe, after having pass'd under the annular Ligament.

The _Peronaeus Anticus_ springs from the middle and outward-part of the _Perone_ or _Fibula_, and insinuating it self thro' the Cleft which is under the external _Malleolus_ before, sticks to the Bone of the _Metatarsus_ that supports the little Toe.

The seven _Extensors_ of the Foot are the two _Gemelli_, or the _Soleus_, the _Plantaris_, the _Crureus Posticus_, and the two _Peronaei Postici_.

The _Gemelli_ are the _Interior_ and the _Exterior_; the former having its Source in the inner _Condylus_, and the other in the outward and lower of the Thigh-Bone; from whence they extend themselves till they are fasten'd to the _Talus_ or Ankle-Bone by a _Tendon_ common to them, with the two following.

The _Soleus_ ariseth from the top on the back-part of the Leg-Bone and _Perone_, and confounding its _Tendon_ with that of the _Gemelli_, sticks close to the _Talus_.

The _Plantaris_, which lies hid between the _Gemelli_ and the _Soleus_, hath its Origine from the _Exterior Condylus_ of the Thigh-Bone; then uniting its _Tendon_ with the preceeding, it adheres to them; and this common _Tendon_ is call'd _Chorda Achillis_.

The _Crureus_ or _Tibiaeus Posticus_, springs from the back-part of the Leg-Bone, from whence extending it self downward, it passeth thro' the Fissure in the _Internal Malleolus_, and cleaves to the inner-part of the _Os Scaphoides_. {54}

The _Peronaei_, or _Fibulaei Postici_, are otherwise call'd the _Longus_ and the _Brevis_, whereof one proceeds from the upper and almost fore-part of the _Perone_, terminating in the upper-part of the Bone, that supports the great Toe in the _Metatarsus_, and the other from the lower part of the _Perone_, adhering in like manner to the Bone with which the little Toe is sustain'd.

_With what Motions are the Toes endu'd, how many Muscles have they, and which be they?_

The Toes are bent and extended, as also drawn inward and outward, by the means of twenty two Muscles, of which sixteen are Common, and six Proper. The former are two _Flexors_, two _Extensors_, four _Lumbricales_, and eight _Interossei_. The first _Flexor_ is nam'd _Sublimis_, and the other _Profundus_.

The _Sublimis_ or _Perforatus_ derives its Original from the lower and inner-part of the _Talus_ and is fixt in its proper place by four cleft _Tendons_, which are inserted in the upper-part of the Bones of the first _Phalanx_ of the four Toes. It is situated under the Sole of the Feet.

The _Profundus_ or _Perforans_ hath its beginning in the top and back-part of the Leg-Bone and _Perone_, slips under the _Malleolus Internus_ thro' the _Sinus Calcaris_, and makes four _Tendons_ which pass thro' the Fissures of the _Tendon_ of the _Sublimis_, and cleaves to the Bones of the last _Phalanx_ of the Toes, to bow them.

The first _Extensor_ is call'd the _Common_, and the other the _Pediaeus._

The _Common Extensor_, or the _Longus_, takes its rise from the top and fore-part of the _Tibia_ in the place of its joyning with the _Perone_ or {55} _Fibula_, and divides it self into four _Tendons_, which after having pass'd under the Annular Ligament, are inserted in the Articulations of every Toe.

The _Pediaeus_ or the _Brevis_, being plac'd over the Foot, proceeds from the Annular Ligament, and the lower-part of the _Perone_, and sends forth four _Tendons_, which are fixt to the first Articulation of the four Toes on the outside, Thus this Muscle, together with the _Longus_, causeth their Extension.

The four _Lumbrical_ Muscles of the Toes arise from the _Tendons_ of the _Profundus_, and a Mass of Flesh at the Sole of the Feet. They are joyn'd by their _Tendons_ with those of the _Interossei Interni_, and adhere inwardly to the side of the first Bones of the four Toes, to incline them toward the great Toe.

The _Abductors_, or those Muscles that remove the Toes from the great Toe, are the eight _Interossei_, whereof four are call'd _Externi_, and as many _Interni_. The former take their rise in the Spaces between the Bones of the _Metatarsus_, and are terminated outwardly in the side of the first Bones of the Toes. The Internal lie in the bottom of the Foot, and take up the Spaces between the five Bones of the _Metatarsus_. They arise from the Bones of the _Tarsus_, and the Intervals between those of the _Metatarsus_, and are implanted with the four _Lumbricales_ inwardly, in the upper-part of the Bones of the first _Phalanx_ of the four Toes.

Of the six Proper Muscles of the Toes, there are four appointed for the great Toe, which cause it to perform the Motions of Flexion, {56} Extension, and drawing forward or backward. The two others are the _Adductor_ of the second Toe to the great Toe, and the _Abductor_ of the little Toe, call'd _Hypothenar_.

The Proper _Flexor_ of the great Toe, arises from the top of the _Perone_ or _Fibula_, on the back part, passeth thro' the Ancle-Bone on the inside to the sole of the Foot, and is fasten'd to the Bone of the last _Phalanx_.

The Proper _Extensor_ of the great Toe springs from the middle of the fore-part of the _Perone_, passeth over the Foot, and hath its Insertion in the upper-part of the Bone of the great Toe.

The Proper _Adductor_ of the great Toe, or the _Thenar_, taking its rise inwardly on the side of the _Talus_, the _Ossa Schaphoidea_ and _Innominata_, extends it self over the outward-part of the Bone of the _Metatarsus_, which stayeth the great Toe, and adheres to the top of the second Bone of the great Toe, which it draws inward.

The proper _Abductor_ of the great Toe, or the _Antithenar_, draws it toward the other Toes. It derives its Origine from the Bone of the _Metatarsus_, which supports the little Toe, slides obliquely over the other Bones, and cleaves to the first Bone of the great Toe on the inside.

The _Adductor_ appropriated to the second Toe hath its Source in the first Bone of the great Toe, on the inside, and sticks close to the Bones of the second Toe, which it draws to the great Toe. {57}

The _Abductor_ of the little Toe, or the _Hypothenar_, proceeds from the outward part of the Bone of the _Metatarsus_, that stayeth the little Toe, and is inserted in the top of the little Toe, on the outside, to remove it from the others.

_A List of all the Muscles in the Humane Body._

The Fore-head hath two Muscles 2
The hinder-part of the Head 2
The Eye-Lids 4
The Eyes 12
The Nose 7
The Ears on the outside 8
The Ears on the inside 6
The Lips 13
The Tongue 8
The _Uvula_, or Palate of the Mouth 4
The _Larynx_ 13
The _Pharynx_ 7
The _Os Hyoides_ 10
The Lower Jaw 12
The Head 14
The Neck 8
The _Omoplatae_ or Shoulder-Blades 8
The Arms 18
The Elbows 12
The _Radii_ 8
The Wrists 12
The Fingers 48
The Breast, or the Parts of Respiration 57
The Loins 6
The _Abdomen_ or lower Belly 10
The Testicles 2
The Bladder 1
{58}
The _Penis_ 4
The _Clitoris_ 4
The _Anus_ 3
The Thighs 30
The Legs 22
The Feet 18
The Toes 44
Total 425

* * * * *

CHAP. XII.

_Of the Anatomy of the Nerves, Arteries, and Veins in general._

_What is the Structure of the Nerves?_

The Nerves are round white Bodies enclos'd in a double Membrane, communicated to them from the two _Meninges_ of the Brain: Their Office is to convey the Animal Spirits into all the Parts.

_Where is the Root and first beginning of all the Nerves?_

All the Nerves take their Original from the _Medulla Oblongata_, and that of the Spine.

_How is the distribution of them made thro' the whole Body?_

It is directly perform'd by Conjugations or Pairs, whereof one goes to the Right-hand, and the other to the Left: There are nine Pairs of them that proceed from the _Medulla Oblongata_ and enter into the Skull; and a Tenth that comes from the Marrow which lies between the Occipital and the first _Vertebra_ of the Neck. It {59} passeth thro' the Hole of the _Dura Mater_, thro' which the Vertebral Artery enters, to distribute its Branches into several Parts.

_To what Use are the nine Pairs of Nerves appropriated, which proceed from the Root of the Brain?_

They are chiefly design'd for the Senses, and also for the Motion of their Organs, of which the Ancients discover'd only seven.

The first Pair of Nerves is call'd the _Olfactory_, and serves for the Smelling.

The second Pair is the _Optici_ or _Visorii Nervi_, and bestows upon the Eyes the Faculty of seeing.

The third is term'd _Motorii Oculorum_, being serviceable for the Motion of the Eyes.

The fourth Pair is nam'd _Oculorum Pathetici_, which shews the Passion of the Mind in the Eyes, whereto it imparts a String as well as to the Lips.

The fifth is call'd the _Gustative_, and appropriated to the Taste, because it sends Twigs more especially to the Tongue, as also to the Fore-head, Temples, Face, Nostrils, Teeth, and Privy-Parts.

The Sixth is likewise for the Taste, and goes to the Palate.

The seventh is the _Auditive_ Nerve, that enters into the _Os Petrosum_, where it divides it self into many Branches, which when gone forth, are distributed to the Muscles of the Tongue, Lips, Mouth, Face, Fore-head, Eye-Lids, &c.

The eighth is the _Os Vagum_, or wandering Pair, which is united to the Intercostal Nerve, as also to the Recurrent, Diaphragmatick, Mesenterick, &c. {60}

The ninth Pair, after having form'd a Trunk with the eighth, disperseth its Twigs several ways, whereof one is join'd with the Twig to the tenth, to be distributed together into the Muscle _Sternohyoideus_, and into the Tongue.

The _Intercostal_ and _Spinal_ are not Pairs of Nerves, but only Branches or Twigs of other Pairs.

_What is the Distribution and Use of the thirty Pairs of Nerves that proceed from the Spinal Marrow?_

There are seven that go forth from the several _Vertebra's_ of the Neck, twelve from those of the Back, five from the Loins, and six from the _Os Sacrum_, according to the following Progression.

The first of the seven Pairs of Nerves of the Neck proceeds from between the Occipital Bone and the first _Vertebra_, nam'd _Atlas_, its Fibres being lost in the Muscles of the hinder-part of the Head and Neck.

The second Pair springs from between the first and second _Vertebra_ of the Neck; the Fibres whereof are lost in the Muscles of the Head, and in the Skin of the Face.

The third Pair issueth from between the second and third _Vertebra_ of the Neck; and its Fibres are lost in the Flexor Muscles and Extensors of the Neck.

The fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh Pairs proceed from between the _Vertebra's_, as before, but their Fibres are lost in the Neck of the _Omoplata_, in the Arm, and in the _Diaphragme_ or Midriff. Here it ought to be observ'd by the way that the Arms receive Branches not only from the {61} four last Pairs of the Nerves of the Neck, but also from the two first Pairs of the Back, which are extended even to the end of the Fingers: Whence it happens that in the Palsie of the Arms, Remedies are usually apply'd to the _Vertebra's_ of the Neck; and that in Phlebotomy or letting Blood, care must be taken to avoid pricking the Nerve, which accompanies the Basilick Vein in the Elbow.

The twelve Pairs of Nerves that have their Beginning from between the _Vertebra's_ of the Back, are each of them divided into two Branches, as the others; and their Branches are distributed in like manner to the Muscles of the Breast, and to those of the Back and _Abdomen_.

The five Pairs which take their Rise from between the _Vertebra's_ of the Loins, have thicker Branches than the others, and the distribution of them is made to the Muscles of the Loins, _Hypogastrium_, and Thighs.

Of the six Pairs of Nerves that proceed from the _Os Sacrum_, the four Upper with the three Lower of the Loins, send forth Fibres of Nerves to the Thigh, Leg, and Foot; and the two last Pairs impart Nerves to the _Anus_, Bladder, and privy Parts.

_What is the Structure of the Arteries?_

The Arteries are long and round Canals, consisting of four sorts of Tunicks or Membranes, which have their Rise from the left Ventricle of the Heart, from whence they receive the Blood, and convey it to all the Parts of the Body for their Nourishment.

_What is the Construction of these four Tunicks or Membranes of the Arteries?_ {62}

The first being thin and Nervous in its outward Superficies, is in the Inside a _Plexus_ or Interlacement of small Veins and Arteries, and Fibres of Nerves, which enter into the other following Tunicks, to nourish them.

The second sticking close to the former, is altogether full of whitish Glandules, that serve to separate the serous Particles of the Blood.

The third is intirely Musculous, and interwoven with Annular Fibres.

The fourth is very thin, and hath its Fibres all streight.

_Whence proceeds the Pulse or beating of the Arteries?_

It is deriv'd from the Heart, and exactly answers to its Motion of _Diastole_ and _Systole_.

_By what Name is the first Trunk of the Arteries call'd, and what is the Effect of the Distribution made thence to the whole Body?_

The first Trunk of the Arteries is nam'd _Aorta_, or the _thick Artery_, which proceeds immediately from the left Ventricle of the Heart, whereto it communicates before its departure from the _Pericardium_, one or two small Branches call'd the _Coronary_: Afterward it is divided into two Branches, whereof one goes upward, and is term'd the _Ascending Artery_; and the other downward, under the Denomination of the _Descending Artery_.

The _Ascending Artery_ ariseth upward along the _Aspera Arteria_ or Wind-Pipe, to the Clavicles, and is there divided into two Branches, call'd the _Subclavian Arteries_, one whereof goes forward to the Right side, and the other to the Left; and they both send forth on each side {63} divers Branches, which take their Names from the several Parts, whereto they are distributed; such are the _Carotides_ or _Soporales Interni & Externi_, which pass to the Head; the _Mediastina_; the _Intercostal_; the _Axillar_, and others.

The _Descending Artery_, before its departure from the Breast, affords certain Branches to the _Pericardium_, Diaphragm, and lower Ribs; afterward it penetrates the Diaphragm, and constitutes seven double Branches. The first is of those that are call'd _Coeliack_, and which go to the Liver and Spleen. The second Branch contains the _Upper Mesenterick_. The third the _Emulgent_, which pass to the Reins. The fourth the _Spermatick_, which are extended to the Genitals. The fifth the _Lower Mesenterick_. The sixth the _Lumbar_. And the seventh the _Muscular_. But assoon as the great Trunk is come downward to the _Os Sacrum_, it divides it self into two thick Arteries nam'd the _Iliack_, which are distributed on both sides, each of them making two Internal and External Branches, which likewise impart Sprigs or lesser Arteries, to the Bladder, _Anus_, _Matrix_, and other adjacent Parts: Then the Master-Branch forms the _Crural_ Arteries on the inside of the Thighs, which are communicated by multiplying their Number even to the ends of the Toes, in passing over the External Ancle-Bones of the Feet.

_What is the Structure of the Veins?_

The Veins are long and round Canals made of four kinds of Tunicks or Membranes, whose Office it is to receive the Blood that remains after the Nourishment is taken, and to carry it back to the Heart to be reviv'd. {64}

_What is the Form of the four Tunicks that make the Canals of the Veins?_

The first is a Contexture of Nervous and streight Fibres. The second is a _Plexus_ of small Vessels that carry the Nourishment. The third is all over beset with Glandules thro' which are filtrated the serous Particles of the Blood contain'd in the Vessels of the second Tunicle. The fourth is a Series of Annular and Musculous or Fleshy Fibres.

_Which are the most numerous, the Arteries or the Veins?_

The Number of the Veins exceeds that of the Arteries; and there are scarce any Arteries without Veins accompanying them.

_Where is the Beginning and Original of all the Veins?_

All the Veins have their Root in the Liver, and two of the three great Trunks that proceed from thence, are call'd _Vena Portae_, and _Vena Cava_; and the third is twofold, _viz._ the _ascending_ and the _descending_.

The _Vena Portae_ is distributed to all the Parts contain'd in the lower Belly, and terminated in the Fundament; where it makes the Internal Haemorrhoidal Veins.

The _Vena Cava_ is immediately divided into two thick Branches, one whereof ariseth upward to the Right Ventricle of the Heart, and forms the _ascending Vena Cava_; as the other goes downward to the Feet, and constitutes the _descending_.

_What is the Distribution of the ascending _Vena Cava_?_

It perforates the Diaphragm, goes to the Heart, and ascends from thence to the Clavicles, {65} after having communicated to the Midriff in passing, a small Branch call'd the _Phrenicus_; as also one or two to the Heart, nam'd the _Coronary_; and some others to the upper Ribs, besides the single Branch, term'd _Azygos_, only on the right side. But the Trunk of the _ascending Vena Cava_, being once come up to the Clavicles, is divided into two Branches, well known by the Name of the _Subclavian_, one whereof Shoots forth toward the Right side, and the other toward the Left; and they both make various Ramifications like to those of the thick ascending Artery, by producing the _Cervicalis_ or _Soporalis_, and the Internal and External _Jugulars_ that go to the Head; as also the _Axillars_, which pass to the Arms and Shoulders, forming the _Cephalick_, the _Median_, and the _Basilick_ on the inside of the Elbow.

The _descending Vena Cava_ in like manner accompanieth the Ramifications of the _Aorta_, or thick descending Artery, to the fourth _Vertebra_ of the Loins, where it sends forth two Branches, nam'd the _Iliack_, one whereof goes to the Right side, and the other to the Left, both inwardly and outwardly; imparting divers Twigs or lesser Branches to all the Parts contain'd in the _Abdomen_ or lower Belly, even as far as the Fundament, where it makes the External _Haemorrhoidal_ Veins. Afterward the outward Branch of the _Iliack_ descends in the Thigh, to form the _Crural_, and others, as far as the _Saphaena_, together with those that are situated at the end of the Feet.

* * * * *

{66}

CHAP XII.

_Of the Anatomy of the _Abdomen_, or lower Belly_.

_What is the clearest Division of the Human Body into various Parts, and that which is most followed in the Anatomical Schools?_

It is that which constitutes three _Venters_, that is to say, the Upper, the Middle, and the Lower, which are the Head, the _Thorax_ or Breast and the _Abdomen_ or lower Belly, together with the Extremities, which are the Arms and Legs.

_What is the lower Belly?_

It is a Cavity of the Body that contains the nourishing parts, as the Reins, the Bladder, and all those that are appropriated to Generation in both Sexes.

_What is to be consider'd outwardly in the lower Belly?_

Its different Regions, and the several parts therein contain'd.

_What are these Regions?_

They are the _Epigastrick_, the _Umbilical_, and the _Hypogastrick_.

_What is their Extent?_

It is from the _Xyphoides_ or Sword-like Cartilage to the _Os Pubis_, the division whereof into three equal Parts, constitutes the three different Regions; the _Epigastrium_ being the first upward, the _Umbilicus_ the second, and the _Hypogastrium_ the third. {67}

_What Are the Parts contain'd in the _Epigastrium_, and what Place do they possess therein?_

The Parts contain'd in the _Epigastrium_ are the Liver, the Spleen, the Stomach, and the _Pancreas_ or Sweet-bread, which lies underneath: The Stomach takes up the middle before, the Liver being plac'd on the Right side, and the Spleen on the Left; so that these two sides of the Epigastrick Region, are call'd the Right and Left _Hypochondria_.

_What Parts are there contain'd in the Umbilical Region, and what is their situation?_

They are the most part of the thin Intestines or small Guts, _viz._ the _Duodenum_, the _Jejunum_, and the _Ileon_, which have their Residence in the middle, where they are encircled with a Portion of the two great Guts, _Caecum_ and _Colon_, that take possession of the Sides, otherwise call'd the Flanks. The Reins or Kidneys are also in this Place, above, and somewhat backward.

_What Parts are there contain'd in the _Hypogastrium_, and of what Place are they possest?_

The greater part of the thick-Guts, _Coecum_, and _Colon_, are enclos'd therein, with the entire _Rectum_; there is also a Portion of the _Ileon_, which hides it self in the sides of the _Ilia_, or Hip-Bones: In the middle under the _Os Pubis_, the Bladder is situated on the Gut _Rectum_ in Men, and the _Matrix_ in Women lies between the _Rectum_ and Bladder.

_After what manner is the opening of a Corps or dead Body perform'd at a publick Dissection?_ {68}

It is begun with a Crucial Incision in the Skin from underneath the Throat downward, traversing from one side to another in the Umbilical Region; then this Skin is pull'd off at the four Corners, and the _Panicula Adiposa_ is immediately discover'd: Under this Fat lies a Fleshy Membrane, call'd _Membrana Carnosa_; and after that, the common Membrane of all the Muscles of the lower Belly. Thus we have taken a View of what Anatomists commonly term the _five Teguments_, that is to say, the _Epiderma_ or Scarf-Skin, the _Derma_ or true Skin, the _Panicula Adiposa_, the _Panicula Carnosa_ or _Membranus Carnosa_, and the common Membrane of the Muscles.

The five Teguments being remov'd, we meet with as many Muscles on each side, _viz._ the descending Oblique, the ascending Oblique, the Transverse, the streight, and the Pyramidal, by the means whereof the Belly is extended and contracted. Afterwards appears a Membrane nam'd _Peritonaeum_, which contains all the Bowels, and covers the whole lower Belly, being strongly fasten'd to the first and third _Vertebra's_ of the Back. The Fat skinny Net which lies immediately under the _Peritonaeum_, is call'd _Epiploon_ and _Omentum_, or the Caul; it floats over the Bowels, keeping them in a continual Suppleness necessary for their Functions, maintains the Heat of the Stomach, and contributes to Digestion.

It remains to take an Account of the Bowels _viz._ the Stomach, Mesentery, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Bladder, and Guts, together with the Parts appointed for Generation, which in Men {69} are the Spermatick Vessels, the Testicles, and the _Penis_; and in Women, the Spermatick Vessels, the Testicles or Ovaries, the _Matrix_, and its _Vagina_ or Neck.

_What is the Stomach?_

It is the Receptacle of the Aliments or Food convey'd thither thro' the _Oesophagus_ or Gullet, which is a Canal, or kind of streight Gut that reacheth from the Throat to the Mouth of the Stomach. The Stomach it self is situated immediately under the _Diaphragm_ or Midriff, between the Liver and the Spleen, having two Orifices, whereof the Left is properly call'd _Stomachus_, or the Upper, and the Right (at its other Extremity) _Pylorus_, or the lower Orifice. Its Figure resembleth that of a Bag-Pipe, and the greater part of its Body lies toward the Left side. It is compos'd of three Membranes, _viz._ one Common, which it receives from the _Peritonaeum_; and two Proper; the two uppermost being smooth, and the innermost altogether wrinkled.

_What is the _Pancreas_ or Sweet-bread?_

It is a Fat Body, consisting of many Glandules wrapt up in the same Tunicle, being situated under the _Pylorus_ or lower Orifice of the Stomach: It helps Digestion, and hath divers other uses; but its principal Office is to separate the serous Particles of the Blood, to be convey'd afterward into the Gut _Duodenum_, by a Canal or Passage, nam'd the _Pancreatick_. This Juice serves to cause the Chyle to ferment with the Choler, in order to remove the grosser Particles from those that ought to enter into the Lacteal Vessels.

_Into how many sorts are the Guts distinguish'd?_ {70}

There are two sorts, _viz._ the thin and the thick.

_How many thin or small Guts are there?_

Three; that is to say, the _Duodenum_, the _Jejunum_, and the _Ileon_.

_How many thick Guts are there?_

Three likewise; _viz._ the _Coecum_, the _Colon_, and the _Rectum_.

_Why are some of them call'd thin Guts, and others thick?_

Because the thin are smaller, being appointed only to transport the Chyle out of the Stomach into the Reserver; whereas the thick are more large and stronger, serving to carry forth the gross Excrements out of the Belly.

_Are the six Guts of an equal length?_

No, the _Duodenum_, which is the first of the thin Guts, is only twelve Fingers breadth long. The _Jejunum_, being the second, so call'd because always empty, is five Foot long: The third is nam'd _Ileon_, by reason of its great Turnings which oblige it to pass to the _Os Ilion_, where it produceth a Rupture; it extends it self almost twenty Foot in length.

The first of the thick Guts, known by the Name of _Coecum_, is very short, and properly only an _Appendix_ or Bag of a Finger's length. That which follows is the _Colon_, being the largest of all, and full of little Cells, which are fill'd sometimes with Wind and other Matters that excite the Pains of the Colick. It encompasseth the thin Guts, in passing from the top to the bottom of the Belly, by the means of its great Circumvolutions, and is from eight to nine Foot long. The last is the _Rectum_ or {71} streight Gut, so nam'd, because it goes directly to the Fundament: It is no longer than ones Hand, but it is fleshy, and situated upon the _Os Sacrum_, and the _Coccyx_ or Rump-Bone.

_What is the _Peristaltick_ Motion of the Guts?_

It is the successive Motion and Undulation, whereby the Guts insensibly push forward from the top to the bottom, the Matters contain'd in them; and that Motion which on the contrary is perform'd from the bottom to the top, is term'd the _Antiperistaltick_ as it happens in the _Iliack_ Passion, or twisting of the Guts, call'd _Domine Miserere_, by reason of its intolerable Pain.

_What is the Mesentery?_

It is a kind of Membrane somewhat fleshy, which is join'd to the Spine in the bottom and middle of the Belly, and by its folding, keeps all the Guts steady in their place; it is all over beset with red, white, and Lymphatick Vessels; that is to say, those that carry the Blood, Chyle, and _Lympha_, which serves to cause this last to run more freely, and to ferment. Three notable Glandules are also observ'd therein, the greatest whereof lies in the middle, and is nam'd _Asellius's Pancreas_; the two other lesser are call'd _Lumbar_ Glandules, as being situated near the Left Kidney. From each of these Glandules proceeds a small Branch; and both are united together to make the great _Lacteal_ Vein, or _Thoracick_ Canal. This Tube conveys the Chyle along the _Vertebra's_ of the Back to the Left _Subclavian_ Vein; from whence it passeth into the ascending _Vena Cava_, and descends in the Right Ventricle of the Heart, {72} where it assumes the form of Blood; from whence it passeth to the Lungs thro' the _Pulmonary_ Artery; then it returns to the Heart thro' the _Pulmonary_ Vein, and goes forth again thro' the Left Ventricle of the Heart, between the _Aorta_ or great Artery, to be afterward distributed to all the Parts of the Body. This is the ordinary Passage for the Circulation of the Chyle, and the Sanguification of the Heart.

_What is the Liver?_