Chapter VI: Introduction (4)

_Shell._ Convolute, oval, cylindrical, mostly striated transversely; no epidermis; spire very short, last whorl much larger than all the others together; one or two large plaits on the columella. Inhabits the coast of Britain. Six species.

Tornatella fasciata. T. solidula. T. auricula. T. nitidula. T. pedipes. T. flammea.

2. Genus _Pyramidella_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ As preceding genus.

_Shell._ Smooth and turreted, without epidermis; elongated, conical, or subturriculated; aperture entire, demioval; the outer lip sharp and dentated within, columella produced, subperforate at the base, furnished with transverse plaits. Inhabits the American and W. Indian seas. Six species.

Pyramidella terrebellum.

· · · · ·

Pyramidella maculosa.* P. dolabrata.* Pyramidella plicata.* P. ventricosa.* P. corrugata.*

FAMILY XV.

SCALARINA. Three genera.

1. Genus _Scalaria_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Spiral; foot short, oval, and inserted beneath the neck; two tentacula terminated by a filament, and having the eyes at the extremity of the dilated portion; a proboscis.

_Shell._ Marine, aperture circular, spire more or less pressed and furnished with longitudinal ribs, formed by the preservation of the reflected margin of the aperture; edges united, thickened, and outwardly reflected; operculum horny and thin. Inhabits the American and Indian seas. Fourteen living species, and three fossil.

Scalaria coronata. S. communis. S. Australis. S. tenebralis. S. varicosa. S. raricosta. S. lamellosa. S. pretiosa.

· · · · ·

S. Martinii.* S. Novanglia.* S. lineata.* S. subulata.* S. multistriata.* S. turbinata.*

2. Genus _Vermetus_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ As preceding genus.

_Shell._ Very similar to the Serpula, but the organization of the animal makes it a distinct genus; often found clustered together, and attached to marine substances; conical, thin, tubular, loosely spiral, aperture straight, circular, edges sharp and complete, several partitions not perforated towards the summit, operculum horny and complete. Inhabits the sandy shores of the W. Indies and Africa. Two species.

Vermetus lumbricalis. V. maximus.

3. Genus _Delphinula_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ See Scalaria.

_Shell._ Thick, and pearly in the interior, subdiscoid or conical; spiral whorls rough or angular, often detached, spiny; large umbilicus, sometimes triangular; the margins united, mostly fringed or ventricose. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Five living species. Seven fossil.

Delphinula laciniata. D. turbinopsis. D. distorta. D. rugosa.

· · · · ·

D. laxa.*

FAMILY XVI.

TURBINACEA. Eight genera.

1. Genus _Solarium_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Orbicular, depressed, umbilicus large and conical, crenulated or dentated on the inner margin of the whorls; aperture not modified by the last whorl of the spire, which is entirely flat; no columella. Inhabits the Indian seas. Seven living species. E. fossil.

Solarium granulatum. S. perspectivum. S. hybridum. S. lævigatum. S. stramineum. S. variegatum. S. luteum.

2. Genus _Trochus_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Spiral, having the sides of the body often ornamented with digitated or lobed appendages, and provided with a short foot, rounded at its two extremities; head provided with two tentacula more or less elongated, having the eyes upon a dilation of their external base; mouth without superior tooth, but furnished with a spiral lingual band.

_Shell._ Marine, found in almost all parts of the world, some smooth, others knotted, spined, tuberculated, or undulated; thick, generally pearly, spire sometimes depressed, at others elevated and pointed at the summit, sharp or carinated at its circumference, frequently umbilicated, not always; aperture transversely depressed, the margins not united at the upper part; columella arched and twisted, often projecting forward; operculum horny, thin, with numerous spiral whorls, increasing from the centre to the circumference. Inhabits the European seas. Ninety-nine living species. Eight fossil.

Trochus imperialis. T. longispina. T. solaris. T. Indicus. T. radians. T. pileus. T. calyptræformis. T. fimbriatus. T. brevispina. T. rotularius. T. stella. T. stellarius. T. asperatus. T. rhodostomus. T. spinulosus. T. jujubinus. T. Javanicus. T. annulatus. T. doliarius. T. granulatus. T. granatum. T. moniliferus. T. iris. T. ornatus. T. bicingulatus. T. calliferus. T. umbilicaris. T. undatus. T. Pharaonis. T. sagittiferus. T. costulatus. T. inermis. T. agglutinans. T. coelatus. T. tuber. T. magus. T. merula. T. argyrostomus. T. Cookii. T. niloticus. T. pyramidalis. T. noduliferus. T. cærulescens. T. obeliscus. T. virgatus. T. maculatus. T. granosus. T. squarrosus. T. incrassatus. T. flamulatus. T. elatus. T. marmoreus. T. Mauritianus. T. imbricatus. T. triseliatus. T. crenulatus. T. asperulus. T. acutus. T. concavus. T. lineatus. T. zizyphinus. T. conuloides. T. conulus. T. zonatus. T. carneolus. T. cinerarius. T. excavatus. T. nanus. T. pyramidatus. T. erythroleucos. T. undosus. T. unguis. T. olivaceus. T. Smithii. T. maugeri. T. Mediterraneus. T. reticulatus. T. indistinctus. T. pellioserpentis. T. armillatus. T. acuminatus. T. elegantus. T. granosus. T. tæniatus. T. articulatus. T. pictus. T. callosus. T. clanguloides. T. interruptus. T. lævis. T. albidus. T. celandii. T. quadricostatus. T. Byronianus. T. elongatus. T. filosus. T. clangulus. T. sulcatus. T. Montagui.

3. Genus _Monodonta_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ See Trochus.

_Shell._ This genus appears to be the connecting link between the Trochus and Turbo; distinguished from the former, by an entirely rounded aperture, slightly depressed; from the latter, by the toothlike projecting angle the truncated columella occasions at the base; an operculum. Inhabits the Chinese seas. Thirty-four species.

Monodonta bicolor. M. pagodus. M. tectum-persicum. M. papillosa. M. coronaria. M. Ægyptiacea. M. carchedonius. M. modulus. M. Listeri. M. tectum. M. labio. M. Australis. M. canalifera. M. viridis. M. fragarioides. M. constricta. M. tricarinata. M. badia. M. articulata. M. lugubris. M. punctulata. M. caniculata. M. seminigra. M. rosea. M. lineata. M. rugosa. M. zebra. M. reticularis. M. trochlea. M. atrata. M. obscura. M. concamerata. M. odontis. M. pulcherrima.

4. Genus _Turbo_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Very similar to that of Trochus, the sides sometimes ornamented with tentacular appendages, varying in number and form; head proboscidiform; tentacula thin and setaceous.

_Shell._ Depressed conical, or subturreted; sometimes umbilicated, frequently carinated at its circumference; interior pearly; aperture round or depressed, the middle of external edge hollowed; edges rarely joined by a callosity; columella arched, rarely twisted, not truncated at the base; an operculum. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Fifty-one species.

Turbo marmoratus. T. imperialis, T. torquatus. T. muricatus. T. littoreus. T. ustulatus. T. Sarmaticus. T. cornutus. T. argyrostomus. T. chrysostomus. T. radiatus. T. setosus. T. Spenglerianus. T. petholatus. T. undulatus. T. pica. T. versicolor. T. smaragdus. T. cidaris. T. diaphanus. T. rugosus. T. coronatus. T. crenulatus. T. margaritaceus. T. vestitus. T. incarnatus. T. Nicobaricus. T. neritoides. T. retusus. T. bicarinatus. T. rudis. T. obtusus. T. pullus. T. cærulescens. T. cancellatus. T. costatus. T. niger. T. minimus. T. tuberculatus. T. zebra. T. pintado. T. crassus. T. fluctuatus. T. hippocastanum. T. cineræus. T. obscurus. T. saxosus.

· · · · ·

T. irroratus.* T. canaliculatus.* T. palliatus.* T. obligatus.*

5. Genus _Planaxis_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Ovate conical, solid; aperture ovate, sublongitudinal, columella flat and truncated at the base, separated from the right margin by a narrow sinus. Interior surface of the right margin furrowed or lineated, and a callosity running under the summit. Inhabits the American and W. Indian seas. Four species.

Planaxis sulcata. P. bicolor. P. undulata.

· · · · ·

P. lævigatum.*

6. Genus _Phasianella_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Spiral; foot oval; upon each side an appendage ornamented with filaments; head edged anteriorly with a kind of veil formed by a double, bifid, fringed lip; two, long, conical tentacula; eyes borne upon short peduncles and situated at the external part of their base; mouth between two vertical subcornate lips.

_Shell._ Marine; many of them very rare and valuable; their beauty of colouring disposed so as to resemble the plumage of a pheasant. Oval, rather thick, smooth and glossy, spire pointed; columella uniting itself with the left edge, forming interiorly a longitudinal callosity; aperture oval, larger before, with edges disunited; operculum calcareous, oval, oblong, subspiral, the summit at one extremity. Inhabits the British coast. Twelve species.

Phasianella variegata. P. rubens. P. bulimoides. P. elegans. P. lineata. P. nebulosa. P. sulcata. P. angulifera. P. lineolata. P. perdix. P. Mauritania. P. Peruviana.

7. Genus _Turritella_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Spiral; foot fringed anteriorly by a transversely wrinkled band; tentacula long, very fine towards their extremity, somewhat thick at their base, and having the eyes upon an inflation; the head skirted with a veil or fringe garnished with filaments.

_Shell._ Turreted, not nacred, rather thin, striated in the direction of the decurrence of the spire; very pointed, and with numerous whorls; aperture rounded; the edges posteriorly, the right exceedingly thin, and slightly sinuous towards the middle; operculum horny. Inhabits the Indian and American Oceans. Twenty-one living species. Thirty-seven fossil.

Turritella duplicata. T. imbricata. T. terebra. T. replicata. T. fuscata. T. brevialis. T. trisulcata. T. carinifera. T. cornea. T. bicingulata. T. exoleta. T. Australis.

· · · · ·

T. Virginiana.* T. alternata.* T. impressa.* T. concava.* T. saturalis.* T. equalis.* T. erosa.* T. reticulata.* T. bisuturalis.*

8. Genus _Rotella_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ See Turbo.

_Shell._ Orbicular, glossy, destitute of epidermis; spire short, subconic; lower parts convex and callous; aperture half round. Indian Ocean. Seven species.

Rotella lineolata. R. Javanica. R. rosea. R. formosa. R. saturalis. R. equalis. R. monolifera.

FAMILY XVII.

CANALIFERA. Eleven genera.

1. Genus _Cerithium_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Much elongated; the mantle prolonged into a canal at its left side, but without a distinct tube; the foot short, oval, with an anterior marginal furrow; the head terminated by a depressed proboscidiform muzzle.

_Shell._ More or less turriculated and tuberculous; aperture small, oval, and oblique; the columellar edge much excavated and callous, the right edge trenchant, and slightly dilating with age. Operculum horny, oval, round, subspiral, and striated, upon the external face. They are found in almost every sea. Forty-five living species. Sixty fossil.

Cerithium palustre. C. telescopium. C. nodulosum. C. obeliscum. C. aluco. C. giganteum. C. sulcatum. C. ebeninum. C. vulgatum. C. granulatum. C. echinatum. C. subulatum. C. zonale. C. tortulosum. C. morus. C. erythræonense. C. radula. C. decollatum. C. semigranosum. C. lineatum. C. fasciatum. C. muricatum. C. crassum. C. obtusum. C. asperum. C. vertagum. C. literatum. C. heteroclites. C. semiferrugineum. C. tuberculatum. C. ocellatum. C. atratum. C. eburneum. C. lima. C. zonatum. C. rugosum. C. mitriforme. C. punctatum. C. perversum. C. petrosum.

· · · · ·

C. exasperatum.* C. dislocatum.* C. Emersonii.* C. Nigrocinctum.* C. Greenii.*

2. Genus _Pleurotoma_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Body oval, spiral above, enveloped in a mantle of which the right edge is furnished with lobes; foot oval and somewhat short; eyes situated at the external base of long, conical, retractile tentacula; mouth having a long extensible proboscis armed with hooked teeth; organs of respiration formed by two unequal branchiæ.

_Shell._ Fusiform, a little wrinkled, with a turriculated spire; a small oval aperture, terminated by a straight canal more or less long, with the right edge trenchant; a horny operculum. Distinguished from the Cerithium by having a notch in the margin. Twenty-nine living species. Thirty fossil.

Pleurotoma muricata. P. echinata. P. flavidula. P. imperialis. P. auriculifera. P. spirata. P. bimarginata. P. cingulifera. P. Babylonia. P. marmorata. P. crispa. P. nodifera. P. maculata. P. interrupta. P. cincta. P. crenularis. P. unizonalis. P. lineata. P. fascialis. P. buccinoides. P. virgo. P. undosa. P. tigrina. P. albina. P. mitra. P. elegans. P. curvirostris.

· · · · ·

P. decussata.* P. bicarinata.*

3. Genus _Turbinella_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Imperfectly known.

_Shell._ Usually turbinated (but sometimes turriculated), wrinkled, thick; spire slightly variable in form; aperture elongated, terminated by a straight canal, and often rather short; the left edge nearly straight and formed by a callosity concealing the columella, which has two or three nearly transverse and unequal folds; the right edge entire and trenchant. Found in the Equatorial or Australian seas. Twenty-three species.

Turbinella scolymus. T. napus. T. pugillaris. T. rapa. T. pyrum. T. leucozonalis. T. cingulifera. T. mitis. T. infundibulum. T. lineata. T. triserialis. T. ocellata. T. rustica. T. polygonia. T. carinifera. T. rhinoceros. T. cornigera. T. ceramica. T. capitella. T. globulus. T. craticulata. T. nassatula. T. variolaris.

4. Genus _Cancellaria_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ See _Purpura_, hereafter.

_Shell._ Oval or globular, wrinkled; spire middling and pointed; aperture wide, ovate, grooved, and sometimes canaliculated anteriorly; the right edge concave and trenchant; the left nearly straight and marked in the middle with two or three folds; operculum horny. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. One species only is found in America. Forty-nine living species. Twenty fossil.

Cancellaria crispa. C. costifera. C. articularis. C. brevis. C. pusilla. C. bullata. C. tuberculosa. C. pulchra. C. cancellata. C. similis. C. chrysostoma. C. rugosa. C. hæmastoma. C. rigida. C. costata. C. goniostoma. C. trigonostoma. C. levigata. C. spirata. C. obliquata. C. scalata. C. contabulata. C. crenifera. C. scalarina. C. littoriniformis. C. elegans. C. asperella. C. oblonga. C. tesselata. C. nodulifera. C. cassidiformis. C. Australis. C. reticulata. C. candida. C. ovata. C. Obesa. C. acuminata. C. solida. C. gemmulata. C. decussata. C. indentata. C. alba. C. clavatula. C. uniplicata. C. mitriformis. C. tritonis. C. granosa. C. piscatoria.

· · · · ·

C. buccinoides.*

5. Genus _Fasciolaria_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Separated from the Murex on account of having no varix fusiform or subfusiform; spire middling; aperture oval, elongated, nearly symmetrical, terminated by a rather long, straight tube, the external edge trenchant, the columellar edge having two or three oblique folds. Inhabits the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Eight living species. Seven fossil.

Fasciolaria trapezium. F. aurantica. F. filamentosa. F. coronata. F. ferruginea. F. tarentina. F. tulipa. F. distans.

6. Genus _Fusus_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ With an epidermis, wrinkled, fusiform or dilated in the middle, prolonged posteriorly by the spire, and still more so anteriorly by the canal; aperture oval; the columellar edge straight or nearly so, the exterior trenchant; a horny and oval operculum. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Forty-six living species. Thirty-seven fossil.

Fusus aculeiformis. F. contrarius. F. longissimus. F. laticosta. F. collosseus. F. tuberculatus. F. distans. F. incrassatus. F. sulcatus. F. despectus. F. proboscidiferus. F. morio. F. cochlidium. F. raphanus. F. polygonoides. F. lignarius. F. strigosus. F. crebricostatus. F. colus. F. Nicobaricus. F. tortulosus. F. multicarinatus. F. antiquirus. F. carinatus. F. Islandicus. F. coronatus. F. corona. F. filosus. F. verruculatus. F. Syracusanus. F. varius. F. afer. F. rubens. F. Nifat. F. buccinatus. F. scalarinus. F. curvirostris. F. inconstans. F. sinistralis. F. articulatus.

· · · · ·

F. pleurotomarius.* F. harpularis.* F. cinereus.* F. fluviatilis.* F. decemcostatus.* F. bicolor.*

7. Genus _Pyrula_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Pyriform on account of the depression of the spire, which distinguishes it from the Fusus; the canal conical, very long or middling, sometimes a little sloped; aperture oval, rather large; the columella edge somewhat excavated, entire and trenchant; an operculum. Found in the Northern and American seas. Twenty-nine living species. Six fossil.

Pyrula salmo. P. carica. P. candelabrum. P. tuba. P. melongena. P. ficus. P. spirata. P. elongata. P. bezoar. P. angulata. P. nodosa. P. abbreviata. P. deformis. P. lineata. P. plicata. P. canaliculata. P. perversa. P. bucephala. P. vespertilio. P. reticulata. P. ficoides. P. spirillus. P. ternatana. P. rapa. P. galeodes. P. squamosa. P. citrina. P. neritoidea.

· · · · ·

P. papyracea.*

8. Genus _Struthiolaria_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ See Triton, hereafter.

_Shell._ Ovate; spire prolonged; aperture sinuous, terminated at the base by a very short, straight canal: columellar edge callous; right edge having a thickened varix. Inhabits the Mediterranean and Northern Seas. Two species.

Struthiolaria nodulosa. S. crenulata.

9. Genus _Ranella_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Oval, and, as it were, depressed by the preservation of each side of a longitudinal thickened band; aperture oval, almost symmetrical by the excavation of the columellar edge, terminating anteriorly by a short canal, often a little sloping; a sinus at the posterior junction of the two edges. This genus forms a distinct division between the Murex and Struthiolaria. Inhabits the Northern and Mediterranean Seas. One species is found in America. Fifteen living species. Five fossil.

Ranella gigantea. R. candisata. R. ranina. R. bufonia. R. granifera. R. bitubercularis. R. anceps. R. leucostoma. R. Argus. R. spinosa. R. granulata. R. semigranosa. R. crumena. R. pygmæa.

· · · · ·

R. caudata*.

10. Genus _Murex_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ See _Pleurotoma_, above.

_Shell._ Usually oval; the spire but slightly elevated, roughened with longitudinal, transversal bands or varices; aperture small, quite oval, and symmetrical by the excavation of the left edge, formed by a lamina applied upon the columella, terminated anteriorly by a middling canal sometimes very long and closed; the right edge more or less furnished with varices. Operculum horny, complete, oval, nearly circular, with sub-concentric partitions; summit terminal. This genus comprehends only such shells as have only three or more varices on each whorl. These varices show how often the animal has increased the size of its shell. F. in all seas. Seventy-three living species. Two fossil.

Murex cornutus. M. tenuispina. M. ternispina. M. motacilla. M. palmarosæ. M. adustus. M. crevicornis. M. microphyllus. M. phylopterus. M. trigonularis. M. brandaris. M. rarispina. M. haustellum. M. inflatus. M. brevifrons. M. rufus. M. acaleatus. M. capucinus. M. acanthopterus. M. ucinarius. M. crassispina. M. brevispina. M. tenuirostrum. M. elongatus. M. calcitrassa. M. axicornis. M. longispina. M. asperrimus. M. tripterus. M. hemitripterus. M. gibbosus. M. brassica. M. radix. M. scorpico. M. turbinatus. M. melonulus. M. erinaceus. M. costularis. M. angularis. M. cingulatus. M. torosus. M. granarius. M. aciculatus. M. ferrugo. M. pinnatus. M. triqueter. M. saxatilis. M. melanomathos. M. secundus. M. trunculus. M. Magellanicus. M. tarentinus. M. polygonulus. M. crispatus. M. cinguliferus. M. lyratus. M. fimbriatus. M. regius. M. funiculus. M. pictus. M. trigonulus. M. endivia. M. hexagonus. M. quadrifrons. M. anguliferus. M. lamellosus. M. scaber. M. vitulinus. M. fenestratus. M. subcarinatus. M. concatenatus. M. pulchellus. M. cristata. M. lubiosus.

11. Genus _Triton_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Oval with straight spire and canal, middling generally wrinkled, furnished with varices, rare, scattered, and preserved in longitudinal rows; aperture suboval, elongated, terminated by a short open canal; the columellar edge less excavated than the right and covered by a callosity; operculum horny, oval, round, and rather large. Found in the Northern and Mediterranean seas. Thirty-one living species. Three fossil.

Triton variegatum. T. lampas. T. corrugatum. T. lotorium. T. cynocephalum. T. retusum. T. vespaceum. T. clathratum. T. maculosum. T. cutaceum. T. undosum. T. nodiferum. T. scorbiculator. T. succinctum. T. femorale. T. tripus. T. clavator. T. chlorostomum. T. subdistortum. T. clandestinum. T. dolarium. T. australe. T. Splengleri. T. pileare. T. pigrum. T. canaliferum. T. tuberosum. T. anus. T. cancellatum. T. rubecula. T. tranquebaricum.

FAMILY XVIII.

ALATA. Three genera.

1. Genus _Rostellaria_. Pl. XI.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Subdepressed, turriculated, with a produced and pointed spire; aperture oval on account of a rather large excavation of the columellar edge, the right margin dilating with age and having a sinus contiguous to the pointed canal which terminates the shell; an operculum. This genus is distinguished from the Strombus by having a sinus in the lower part of the right margin contiguous to the canal. Inhabits the European seas; four living species. Three fossil.

Rostellaria curvirostris. R. rectirostris. R. pespelicani. R. cancellata.

2. Genus _Pteroceras_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ See Strombus, below.

_Shell._ Oblong-ovate; canal elongated, attenuated and often closed; right margin dilating by age into an expanded digitated wing, attached to and covering a short spire with a sinus in the lower part not contiguous to the body. Distinguished from the Strombus by not having the canal at the base shortened or truncated, and from the Rostellaria by having the sinus of the right margin distant from the body. Found in the Equatorial seas. Seven species. Five fossil.

Pteroceras truncata. P. lambio. P. scorpio. P. chiragra. P. millepeda. P. pseudoscorpia. P. aurantia.

3. Genus _Strombus_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Spiral; the foot rather wide anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; mantle thin, forming a prolonged fold anteriorly, whence issues a sort of canal; head very distinct; mouth a vertical slit at the extremity of a proboscis, provided in the inferior median line with a lingual band having prickles flexed posteriorly; tentacular appendages cylindrical, thick, and long, with the eyes at their extremity.

_Shell._ Thick, subinvolute, dilated in the middle, terminating in a cone anteriorly and posteriorly; aperture very long and narrow; terminated anteriorly by a canal more or less elongated and flexed; edges parallel, the external dilating with age, presenting posteriorly a gutter at its point of attachment with the spire, and, anteriorly, a sinus behind the canal, through which the head of the animal passes; operculum horny, long, and narrow; summit terminal. Found in the Indian and Equatorial seas, and one species in Florida. Thirty-two living species. Five fossil.

Strombus gigas. S. latissimus. S. Canarium. S. vittatus. S. gallus. S. cristatus. S. bubonius. S. auris-Dianæ. S. pyrulatus. S. Luhuanus. S. colomba. S. troglodytes. S. urceus. S. lineatus. S. turritus. S. accipitrimus. S. tricornis. S. Isabella. S. epidromis. S. bituberculatus. S. dilatus. S. lentiginosus. S. pugilis. S. gibberulus. S. Mauritianus. S. succinctus. S. tridentatus. S. plicatus. S. papilio. S. marginatus. S. cancellatus.

· · · · ·

S. Floridus.*

FAMILY XIX.

PURPURIFERA. Eleven genera.

1. Genus _Cassidaria_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Somewhat elongated, widened anteriorly; mantle with simple edges and provided with a distinct tube; foot very wide, elliptical, sub-biolate anteriorly, and having a large operculum upon the dorsal face of its posterior part; head wide and indistinct; tentacula anterior, approximating at base, subcylindrical, and having the eyes at two-thirds of their length; mouth inferior, concealed by the foot; two pectiniform branchiæ, nearly parallel.

_Shell._ Subglobular, tuberculated or channeled, with a short, pointed spire; aperture long, ovate, subcanaliculated anteriorly; right edge folded back; columella covered by a wide, smooth callosity, uniting posteriorly with the right edge. Inhabits all seas except the Northern. Five living species. Seven fossil.

Cassidaria echinophora. C. Tyrrhena. C. striata. C. oniscus. C. cingulata.

2. Genus _Cassis_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Spiral, with the foot (which is shorter than the shell) rounded anteriorly; mantle provided, before the respiratory cavity, with a long open canal, used as an organ of prehension; head furnished; a single pair of blackish tentacula, having the eyes at an inflation about half way from the base; mouth armed with a proboscis.

_Shell._ Inflated, oval, subinvolute; spire slightly projecting; aperture long, oval, sometimes very narrow, terminated anteriorly by a very short canal, sloped, and flexed obliquely towards the back; columella covered by a large callosity, indented throughout its length; operculum horny. Found in the Indian, Mediterranean, and Equatorial seas. Twenty-five living species. Eight fossil.

Cassis cornuta. C. flammea. C. rufa. C. achatina. C. areola. C. abbreviata. C. saburon. C. Ceylonica. C. erinaceus. C. tuberosa. C. fascinata. C. pennata. C. crumena. C. zebra. C. sulcosa. C. canaliculata. C. semigranosa. C. Madagascariensis. C. glauca. C. testiculus. C. plicaria. C. decussata. C. granulosa. C. pyrum. C. vibex.

3. Genus _Ricinula_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Oval or subglobular, thick, armed with points and with a depressed spire; aperture narrow, elongated, notched, sometimes canaliculated anteriorly and digitated exteriorly; left edge more or less callous; operculum horny, oval, and transverse. Found in the Indian seas. Nine living species.

Ricinula horrida. R. arachnoidea. R. digitata. R. aspera. R. clathrata. R. miticula. R. pisolina. R. morus. R. mutica.

4. Genus _Purpura_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Oval, tuberculated, thick; spire short, the last whorl much larger than all the others united; aperture oval, greatly dilated, terminated anteriorly by a short, oblique canal notched at the extremity; the columellar edge nearly straight, covered with a callosity; operculum horny, flat, nearly semicircular, with faintly marked transverse striæ. Found in the European and South American seas. Sixty-two species.

Purpura Persica. P. columellaria. P. armigera. P. undata. P. bufo. P. planospira. P. carinifera. P. squamosa. P. sertum. P. ligata. P. imbricata. P. bicostalis. P. thiarella. P. echinulata. P. unifascialis. P. clavus. P. bizonalis. P. Francolinus. P. cruentata. P. lagenaria. P. plicata. P. rustica. P. hystrix. P. retusa. P. fasciolaris. P. nucleus. P. subrostrata. P. patula. P. consul. P. hippocastana. P. mancinella. P. neritoides. P. coronata. P. sacella. P. bulbus. P. cariosa. P. Rudolphi. P. succincta. P. bitubercularis. P. hæmastoma. P. callosa. P. callifera. P. scalariformis. P. rugosa. P. textilosa. P. lambosa. P. lapillus. P. cateracta. P. fiscella. P. semi-imbricata. P. deltoides. P. trochlea. P. vexillum. P. distorta. P. tectum.

· · · · ·

P. engonata.* P. brevidens.* P. lapilloidis.* P. harpa.* P. Floridana.* P. dumosa.* P. macrostoma.*

5. Genus _Monoceros_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Differs only from the _Purpura_ by a long, conical pointed, somewhat reflexed tooth in the outer lip. Five species.

Monoceros cingulatum. M. imbricatum. M. striatum. M. glabratum. M. crassilabrum.

6. Genus _Concholepas_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Wide, rough, ovate; spire very short; aperture very large, oval and sloped anteriorly; the edges united, the right very thick and dentated; muscular impression almost in form of a horse-shoe; operculum horny and rudimentary. It was formerly considered a Patella, from which it differs by the operculum. One species.

Concholepas Peruvianus.

7. Genus _Harpa_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Oval, inflated, rather thin, with longitudinal parallel ribs, formed by the preservation of the band of the right margin; the spire very short and pointed, the last whorl much longer than all the others together; aperture large, ovate, with a wide slope anteriorly; the right edge much hollowed, and thickened outwardly; the columella smooth and terminated in a point anteriorly. A beautiful genus. Found in the Indian Ocean. Nine species.

Harpa imperialis. H. ventricosa. H. conoidalis. H. minor. H. nobilis. H. articularis. H. rosea. H. striata. H. mutica.

8. Genus _Dolium_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As in _Purpura_.

_Shell._ Subglobular, thin, surrounded by decurrent flutings; spire very short, the last whorl much larger than all the others together; aperture oblong, very large, on account of the great excavation of the right edge, which is crenated throughout its length; columella twisted. Found in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean seas. Seven species.

Dolium galea. D. fasciatum. D. pomum. D. variegatum. D. perdix. D. olearium. D. maculatum.

9. Genus _Buccinum_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ See _Purpura_.

_Shell._ With a light epidermis, oval, elongated; the spire moderately elevated; aperture oblong, oval, notched, sometimes subcanaliculated anteriorly; right edge thick, not reflexed; columella simple and dilated superiorly; operculum horny, complete, and oval. Found in all seas. Sixty-six living. Fourteen fossil.

Buccinum undatum. B. papyraceum. B. tenniplicatum. B. levigatum. B. crenulatum. B. lineatum. B. maculosum. B. mutabile. B. ventricosum. B. fasciatum. B. arcularia. B. pauperatum. B. achatinum. B. olivaceum. B. Brazilianum. B. vinosum. B. Ascanias. B. aciculatum. B. glaciale. B. annulatum. B. reticulatum. B. fuscatum. B. politum. B. inflatum. B. gemmulatum. B. miga. B. coronatum. B. neriteum. B. glans. B. canaliculatum. B. semiconvexum. B. corniculatum. B. Anglicanum. B. lævissimum. B. Tranquebaricum. B. lineolatum. B. suturale. B. retusum. B. Coromandelianum. B. lyratum. B. Thersites. B. testudineum. B. papillosum. B. tricarinatum. B. fasciolatum. B. subspinosum. B. flexuosum. B. cribarium. B. grana. B. zebra. B. aurantium. B. gibbolusum. B. marginulatum. B. coccinella. B. dermestoideum. B. pediculare. B. pullus. B. polygonatum.

· · · · ·

B. ornatum.* B. trivittata.* B. acuta.* B. alba.* B. vibex.* B. obsoleta.* B. unicincta.* B. lunata.*

10. Genus _Eburna_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Oval or elongated, smooth; spire pointed, its whorls as if softened off; aperture ovate, elongated, widely notched anteriorly; the right margin entire; columella callous posteriorly, umbilicated, and subcanaliculated at its left side; an operculum. Found in the Indian and South American seas. Five species.

Eburna glabrata. E. Ceylonica. E. spirata. E. areolata. E. lutosa.

11. Genus _Terebra_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Spiral and high; foot oval with a transverse anterior furrow, and two lateral auricles; head bordered with a small fringe; tentacula cylindrical, terminating in a point and very distant; eyes indistinct, situated at the foot, and at the external side of the tentacula; mouth without proboscis; tube of the respiratory cavity very long.

_Shell._ Without epidermis, ovate, with a pointed spire, low, or subturriculated; aperture wide, oval, with a strong slope anteriorly; lower end of the columella twisted. Found in tropical seas. Twenty-four species.

Terebra macalata. T. crenulata. T. dimidiata. T. raphanula. T. muscaria. T. flammea. T. striatula. T. chlorata. T. cerithina. T. subulata. T. oculata. T. Babylonica. T. Senegalensis. T. cingulifera. T. scabrella. T. lanceata. T. granulosa. T. duplicata. T. corrugata. T. cærulescens. T. myuros. T. strigilata. T. aciculina. T. vittata.

FAMILY XX.

COLUMELLARIA. Five genera.

1. Genus _Columbella_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Imperfectly known; eyes placed much below the middle of the tentacula.

_Shell._ Thick, turbinated, with a short obtuse spire; aperture narrow, elongated and terminated by a very short canal, narrowed by an inflation at the inner side of the right edge, and by some folds on the columella; a very small horny operculum. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Twenty species.

Columbella rustica. C. Hebræa. C. semipunctata. C. reticulata. C. strombiformis. C. mercatoria. C. flavida. C. bizonalis. C. turturina. C. pardalina. C. ovulata. C. zonalis. C. mendicaria. C. punctata. C. scripta. C. nitida. C. fulgurans. C. unifascialis.

· · · · ·

C. labiosa.* C. avara.*

2. Genus _Mitra_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Turriculated, subfusiform and oval; spire always pointed at the summit; aperture small, triangular, widest anteriorly where it is strongly emarginated; external edge trenchant, nearly straight, always longer than the columella, which is formed by a very thin callosity, and marked with oblique parallel folds, the anterior of which are the shortest; no operculum. Inhabits the Chinese seas. Eighty species.

Mitra papalis. M. puncticulata. M. cardinalis. M. versicolor. M. pedicula. M. cornicularis. M. striatula. M. cornea. M. melaniana. M. episcopalis. M. pontificalis. M. crocata. M. nexilis. M. scabrinscrula. M. crenifera. M. tæniata. M. corrugata. M. lyrata. M. cinctella. M. Caffra. M. stigmataria. M. fissurata. M. millepora. M. archiepiscopalis. M. sanguinolenta. M. lactea. M. lutescens. M. subulata. M. tringa. M. ferruginea. M. adusta. M. plicaria. M. costellaris. M. melongena. M. vulpecula. M. sanguisuga. M. filosa. M. ampliorella. M. patriarchalis. M. harpæformis. M. ficulina. M. conularis. M. dermestina. M. dactylus. M. conulus. M. coronata. M. muriculata. M. semifasciata. M. nucleola. M. plumbea. M. granulifera. M. clavula. M. Peronii. M. oniscina. M. terebralis. M. granulosa. M. costa. M. olivaria. M. granatina. M. serpentina. M. arenosa. M. literata. M. obliquata. M. scutulata. M. fenestrata. M. texturata. M. limbifera. M. paupercula. M. torulosa. M. retusa. M. unifascialis. M. larva. M. tabanula. M. crenulata. M. aurantiaca. M. cucumerina. M. ebena. M. microzonias. M. bacilla. M. pisolina.

3. Genus _Voluta_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Oval, involuted, provided with a very broad foot; head very distinct; tentacula rather short and triangular; eyes large, altogether sessile, and situated a little posteriorly; a thick trunk furnished with hooked teeth at its extremity; two pectiniform branchiæ.

_Shell._ Oval, more or less ventricose; the first whorls of the spire rounded into a teat; aperture generally much longer than wide and sloping anteriorly; the right edge bent outwardly, entire and soft; the columellar edge garnished with large folds more or less oblique, and slightly varying in number with age. Found chiefly in the seas of the Torrid Zone. Forty-four species.

Voluta nautica. V. armata. V. tesselata. V. cymbia. V. proboscidalis. V. diadema. V. ducalis. V. Neptuni. V. olla. V. porcina. V. pellis-serpentis. V. chlorosina. V. polyzonalis. V. magnifica. V. Magellanica. V. fulminata. V. scapha. V. mitis. V. Braziliana. V. Guinaica. V. undulata. V. festiva. V. Æthiopica. V. imperialis. V. vespertilio. V. musica. V. levigata. V. nodulosa. V. ancilla. V. Pacifica. V. Junonia. V. melo. V. Hebræa. V. serpentina. V. carneolata. V. fulva. V. nuclea. V. Lapponica. V. volvacea. V. mitræformis. V. nivosa. V. thiarella. V. sulcata. V. vexilla.

4. Genus _Marginella_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Oval, involuted; foot elliptical, very large, and widest in front, where its edge presents a transverse furrow; head small, distinct, with two long, very sharp tentacula, the eyes at the external part of their base; mouth provided with a trunk.

_Shell._ Smooth, polished, oval-oblong, a little conical, with a short mammelonated spire; aperture somewhat narrow, slightly oval on account of a light curve of the right edge, which is dilated outwardly; the columellar edge marked with three oblique distinct folds. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Twenty-four living species and nine fossil, according to Defrance.

Marginella radiata. M. limbata. M. lifasciata. M. dentifera. M. bullata. M. avellana. M. glabrella. M. quinqueplicata. M. rosea. M. faba. M. dactylus. M. cornea. M. nubeculata. M. aurantia. M. longivaricosa. M. eburnea. M. persicula. M. tessellata. M. cærulescens. M. bivaricosa. M. muscaria. M. formicula. M. lineata. M. interrupta.

5. Genus _Volvaria_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Cylindrical, convolute; spire obsolete or concealed; aperture narrow, extending the whole length of the shell, with one or more folds on the lower portion of the columella. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Seven species.

Volvaria pallida. V. monilis. V. miliacea. V. triticea. V. oryza. V. bulloides. V. canaliculata.

FAMILY XXI.

CONVOLUTA. Six genera.

1. Genus _Cypræa_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Oval, elongated, involute; head provided with two very long conical tentacula; eyes at the extremity of an inflation which forms a part of them; a transverse buccal orifice at the extremity of a kind of cavity, at the bottom of which is the true mouth between two thick vertical lips; a lingual band, bristled with small teeth, and prolonged into the abdomen.

_Shell._ Oval, convex, very smooth, involute; spire entirely posterior, very small, often concealed by a calcareous layer deposited by the lobes of the mantle; aperture longitudinal, very narrow, slightly arcuated, as long as the shell, and with the edges internally dentated, and notched at each extremity. Inhabits the W. Indian seas and Sandwich Islands. One hundred and eighteen species.

Cypræa princeps. C. mappa. C. tigris. C. pantherina. C. mauritania. C. stercoraria. C. aurora. C. leucodon. C. sulcidentata. C. Arabica. C. lynx. C. vitellus. C. carneola. C. cinerea. C. Reevi. C. obscurus. C. achatina. C. arenosa. C. nivosa. C. Broderipii. C. exanthema. C. cervus. C. testudinaria. C. talpa. C. exusta. C. argus. C. scurra. C. pulchra. C. Isabella. C. controversa. C. lurida. C. dediculus. C. oryza. C. coccinella. C. Australis. C. Childrini. C. depauparata. C. solandri. C. Californica. C. suffusa. C. Pacifica. C. pediculus. C. nivea. C. oryxa. C. stercus-muscarum. C. pulex. C. fusca. C. Europea. C. sanguinea. C. quadripunctata. C. rufescens. C. maugeriæ. C. aperta. C. Adansonii. C. caput-serpentis. C. Lamarchii. C. Cumingii. C. Goodalii. C. Humphreysii. C. Walkeri. C. Listeri. C. pulchella. C. microdon. C. Scottii. C. mus. C. tessellata. C. annulata. C. Margarita. C. cicercula. C. globulus. C. staphylæa. C. tigrina. C. cerina. C. Argus. C. histrio. C. alba. C. zonata. C. icterina. C. lota. C. ovulata. C. helvola. C. Arabicula. C. pustulata. C. nucleus. C. limacina. C. moneta. C. obvelata. C. annulus. C. radians. C. oniscus. C. pyriformis. C. piperita. C. algoensis. C. edentula. C. similis. C. fusco-dentata. C. gangrenosa. C. bicallosa. C. poraria. C. guttata. C. Xanthodon. C. nigro-punctata. C. pallida. C. zigzag. C. moneta. C. aurantia. C. fimbriata. C. variolaria. C. erosa. C. miliaris. C. ratta. C. asella. C. turda. C. adusta. C. moniliaris. C. ursella. C. hirundo. C. olivacea.

2. Genus _Ovula_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ As above.

_Shell._ Oblong, convex, distinguished from the Cypræa by the want of a spire, and by not having teeth on the columellar lip; the two extremities of the aperture notched, and more or less prolonged like a tube; left margin dentated. Inhabits the Indian seas. Twelve species.

Ovula oviformis. O. carnea. O. verrucosa. O. spelta. O. angulosa. O. hordacea. O. birostris. O. gibbosa. O. volva. O. lactea. O. triticea. O. acicularis.

3. Genus _Terebellum_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Entirely unknown.

_Shell._ Thin, shining, subcylindrical, involute, pointed posteriorly, truncated anteriorly; aperture longitudinal, triangular; edges entire; columella truncated, and prolonged beyond the aperture. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Three living species and two fossil.

Terebellum subulatum. T. convolutum. T. fusiforme.

4. Genus _Ancillaria_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Unknown.

_Shell._ Smooth, oval, oblong posteriorly, widened and truncated anteriorly; aperture oval, somewhat elongated, angular posteriorly; a wide but not deep slope anteriorly; columella covered anteriorly with an oblique callous band; right lip obtuse, Inhabits the Australian seas. Four living species, and five fossil.

Ancillaria cinnamonea. A. ventricosa. A. candida. A. marginata.

5. Genus _Oliva_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Oval, involute, mouth somewhat thin at its edges, prolonged to the two angles of the branchial aperture in a tentacular band, and, anteriorly, by a long branchial tube; foot very large, oval, subauriculated, with a transverse cleft anteriorly; head small, with a labial proboscis.

_Shell._ Thick, solid, smooth, oval, elongated, subcylindrical; the whorls of the spire very small, and separated by a canal; aperture long and narrow, the columellar edge dilated anteriorly by a band striated obliquely in all its length. Found in the Australian and Equatorial seas. Only one species has been found in America. Sixty-three species. Six fossil.

Oliva textilina. O. pica. O. angulata. O. sepulturalis. O. irrisans. O. episcopalis. O. venulata. O. leucophœa. O. inflata. O. harpularia. O. ustulata. O. tessellata. O. espidula. O. candida. O. tigrina. O. utricula. O. porphyria. O. erythrostoma. O. themulina. O. maura. O. fulminans. O. elegans. O. guttata. O. undata. O. bicincta. O. hepatica. O. avellana. O. carneola. O. oriola. O. volutella. O. Brazilliana. O. reticularis. O. granitella. O. literata. O. tricolor. O. mustelina. O. funebralis. O. Peruviana. O. fusiformis. O. acuminata. O. luteola. O. hiatula. O. Ceylonica. O. fabagina. O. undatella. O. nana. O. oryza. O. flammulata. O. araneosa. O. scripta. O. sanguinolenta. O. lugubris. O. glandiformis. O. senagalensis. O. auricularis. O. subulata. O. testacea. O. obtusaria. O. nebulosa. O. conordalis. O. eburnea. O. Zonalis.

· · · · ·

O. mutica.*

6. Genus _Conus_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Elongated, much compressed, involute; foot small, oval, long, widest in front, where it is edged by a transverse furrow; head tolerably distinct; tentacula cylindrical, having the eyes near their summit, which is setaceous; mouth at the bottom of a long labial trunk; a somewhat short tongue, although projecting into the visceral cavity, and bristled with long styliform hooks in two rows.

_Shell._ Covered with a periosteal membrane, thick, solid, involute, conical; summit of the cone anterior, spire slightly projecting, or not at all; a very narrow longitudinal aperture; external edge straight and trenchant; the internal also straight with oblique folds in its anterior portion; a very small horny operculum, subspirated, with a terminal summit. Found in the Australian and Mediterranean seas. One hundred and eighty-one species.

Conus Bandanus. C. Nicobaricus. C. zonatus. C. fuscatus. C. regius. C. marmoreus. C. nocturnus. C. araneosus. C. imperialis. C. viridulus. C. tulipa. C. punctatus. C. musicus. C. mus. C. Barbadensis. C. geographicus. C. tæniatus. C. miliaris. C. lividus. C. roseus. C. cedo-nulli. C. nebulosus. C. betulinus. C. puncticulatus. C. Proteus. C. augur. C. nivosus. C. acuminatus. C. Janus. C. lithoglyphus. C. venulatus. C. muscosus. C. Mozambicus. C. Franciscanus. C. rattus. C. amabilis. C. nobilis. C. terminus. C. gubernator. C. terebra. C. raphanus. C. spectrum. C. leoninus. C. pertusus. C. sulcatas. C. vermiculatus. C. pulicarius. C. obesus. C. millepunctatus. C. eburneus. C. generalis. C. Malacanus. C. monile. C. vitulinus. C. flavidus. C. daucus. C. capitaneus. C. vittatus. C. vexillus. C. figulinus. C. aurantius. C. minimus. C. Hebræus. C. arenatus. C. fustigatus. C. varius. C. literatus. C. tesselatus. C. Maldivus. C. lineatus. C. centurio. C. vulpinus. C. virgo. C. pastinacus. C. classiarius. C. mustelinus. C. Sumatrensis. C. quercinus. C. cardinalis. C. distans. C. Caledonicus. C. puncturatus. C. fulgurans. C. amadis. C. flammeus. C. testiludinarius. C. quæstor. C. Narcissus. C. guinaicus. C. informis. C. Jamaicensis. C. Omaicus. C. aurisiacus. C. striatus. C. grannulatus. C. verulosus. C. magus. C. Bullatus. C. auratus. C. omaria. C. panniculus. C. Timorensis. C. præfectus. C. nimbosus. C. archiepiscopus. C. legatus. C. canonicus. C. textilis. C. Australis. C. Mauritianus. C. eques. C. catus. C. acutangulus. C. Japonicus. C. columba. C. memocanus. C. fusiformis. C. Aurora. C. Adansonii. C. Portoricanus. C. lamellosus. C. exiguus. C. hyæna. C. ammiralis. C. papilionaceus. C. Promethæus. C. Suratensis. C. ranunculus. C. achatinus. C. stramineus. C. lacteus. C. vicarius. C. ochraceus. C. Mediterraneus. C. Magellanicus. C. pontificalis. C. sponsalis. C. Ceylonensis. C. pusillus. C. asper. C. miles. C. genuanus. C. siamensis. C. glaucus. C. monachus. C. anemone. C. cinereus. C. zebra. C. cingulatus. C. mercator. C. strigatus. C. mitratus. C. aulicus. C. colubrinus. C. auricomus. C. rubiginosus. C. prælatus. C. fumigatus. C. luzonicus. C. verrucosus. C. mindanus. C. pusio. C. madurensis. C. cancellatus. C. cærulescens. C. Taitensis. C. tinianus. C. crocatus. C. glans. C. nussatella. C. clavous. C. pennaceus. C. cervus. C. dux. C. stercus-muscarum. C. tendineus. C. melancholicus. C. episcopus. C. pyramidalis. C. abbas. C. gloria-maris.

FAMILY XXII.

NAUTILACEA. Two genera.

1. Genus _Spirula_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Body elongated, cylindrical, terminated posteriorly by two lateral lobes partially concealing the shell; head provided with five pairs of tentacula, of which two are longer than the others.

_Shell._ Very symmetrical, longitudinally twisted throughout nearly all its extent; the cone spiral, conical, regular, circular; whorls of the spire very evident; partitions simple, concave, and pierced by a single syphon. Inhabits the West Indian seas. One species.

Spirula Peronii. (Nautilus spirula. _Lin._)

2. Genus _Nautilus_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Body round and terminated posteriorly by a tendinous or muscular filament, attaching itself to the syphon, by which the partitions of the shell are pierced; the mantle opening obliquely, and prolonged into a sort of hood above the head (which is provided with digitated tentacula), and surrounding the aperture of the mouth.

_Shell._ Discoid, but slightly compressed, with a rounded or subcarinated back, umbilicated or not, but never mammelonated, the partitions simple, not visible exteriorly; the last profoundly sunk, and perforated by a syphon running through them all. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Two living species. Fifteen fossil.

Nautilus Pompilius. N. umbilicatus.

FAMILY XXIII.

HETEROPODA. Two genera.

1. Genus _Argonauta_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Body conical, elongated, enrolled longitudinally, widened anteriorly, and provided on each side with an arcuated subtriangular, aliform appendage; mouth at the extremity of the angle formed by two inferior lips. De Blainville denies that this animal is at all known, and speaks of one described by M. Oken as a small polypus of the genus Ocythoe.

_Shell._ Navicular, symmetrical, very thin, compressed, bicarinated, longitudinally subinvolute in the same plane; aperture very wide, symmetrical, complete, square anteriorly, slightly modified by the turn of the summit, and provided on each side with an ear-like appendage having thick and smooth edges. Inhabits the Mediterranean. Three species.

Argonauta argo. A. tuberculosa. A. nitida.

2. Genus _Carinaria_. Pl. XII.

_Animal._ Body elongated, prolonged behind the nucleus into a veritable tail, edged at its extremity by a vertical fin; head sufficiently distinct; two, long, conical tentacula; two sessile eyes; the organs of respiration and the nucleus entirely enveloped in a mantle with lobed edges.

_Shell._ Very thin, symmetrical, a little compressed, without spire, but with the summit a little reflexed posteriorly; aperture oval and entire. Inhabits the African, Mediterranean, and Australian seas. Three species.

Carinaria vitrea. C. fragilis. C. cymbium.

GLOSSARY
OF TERMS USED IN CONCHOLOGY.

A.

Abbreviated, cut short.

Abdomen, the belly.

Acuminated, sharp pointed.

Aculeated, prickly.

Alated, winged.

Annulated, divided into rings.

Annulations, rings.

Aperture, the orifice or opening of the shell.

Apex, the point of the spire.

Approximating, approaching together.

Arcuated, of an arch form.

Area, surface between the lines.

Articulations, junctures or joints.

Attenuated, thin, slender.

Aurated, having ears, as the Pecten.

Auricled, having ear-like appendages.

Auriform, ear-shaped.

B.

Barbed, bearded.

Base, lower extremity of the shell.

Beak, prolongation at the base.

Beard, see Byssus.

Bi, signifying two.

Biangulated, having two corners or angles.

Bidentate, having two teeth.

Bifid, opening with a cleft.

Bilobate, divided into two lobes.

Bimarginate, two margins or lips.

Biradiate, having two rays.

Bivalve, having two valves.

Blunt, obtuse, opposed to acute.

Borer, a piercer.

Bulging, gibbous, swollen out.

Byssus, common in the Mytilus and Pinna, by which they attach
themselves to objects.