Chapter VIII

If any more proofs were wanted of the "benevolent" character of the Government of Alexander II., they might be found in the increase, year by year, of the deportations to Siberia. They are reckoned to be now four or five times more numerous than under the galling system of Nicholas. Political banishments have enormously augmented under his successor. So has the number of the prescribed loose and vagabond class of ordinary criminals, or suspects, who are frequently whisked off to Siberia--for the sake of clearing "Society," as it is called--when the criminals often become mixed up with the political exiles in an indistinguishable mass. This is the very refinement of torture, applied by the agents of a brutal despotism against men generously striving for a reform of the State and of society.

The arbitrary deportations are decreed by the "Third Section," or Secret Police, which is under the Emperor's personal direction. Formerly, this dreaded office had the power of administering corporal punishment, in secret, to persons of the upper classes, male or female. At the Sassulitch trial, the counsel for the defence made a dark allusion to this practice, which created a deep impression in Court. It was a reference to a whipping-machine once in use, and of which some of those present--ladies, as well as gentlemen--may have had personal experience. A correspondent has given the following description:--The suspected person, who could not be brought to trial, but whom it was intended to castigate, would be invited to call at the Office of the Secret Police. After a few moments' conversation with the dread functionary, the floor would suddenly sink beneath the visitor's feet, and he would find himself suspended by the waist, all that part of the body below it being under the floor, and concealed from view. Then invisible hands and equally invisible rods would rapidly perform their duty--the trap-door would rise again--and the visitor would be bowed out with great courtesy, and go home, carrying with him substantial marks to remind him of his interview.

Though this more than Oriental custom has been abolished, enough remains of barbarity to explain why successive chiefs of the hated police Hermandad--Trepoff, Mesentzoff, and Drentelen--should have been the mark of the bullet of popular revenge. A Russian writer says:--

"A history of the secret doings, of all the horrors and crimes
perpetrated by this disgraceful institution, would fill up many
volumes, before the contents of which the most sensational novels
would appear tame and shallow. There is scarcely any sphere of
public or private life which is exempted from the irresponsible
control of this Inquisition of the nineteenth century. The verdict
of a Court has no value whatever for the Third Section. Not only
acquitted political offenders are as a rule transported,
administratively, to some distant town of the Empire, but even the
judges themselves, when they are considered to have passed too
lenient a verdict, are liable to be forced into resigning their
office, and to be then _exiled in company with the very prisoners
who had stood before them_!"

Lest this description should appear to be overdrawn, I may quote from the letter of the St. Petersburg correspondent of an English journal, which is certainly not unfavourable to the Government of Alexander II. The letter was written after the recent proclamation of a state of siege. And the writer says:--

"As proofs and instances, not so much of martial law as of the
repressive measures adopted (in many cases by ordinary
administrative agency, without the machinery of martial law), I may
mention that at the present time, as I am well informed, _more than
600 persons of the privileged classes are under arrest, to be
deported to Siberia without trial_. In one of the temporary
governor-generalships in the south of the Empire (Odessa), sixty
privileged persons have been already sent to Siberia without trial,
and 200 persons of this class are under arrest to be judged. So
great is the number of persons of this category to be escorted that
a practical difficulty is said to have arisen in connection with
their deportation. A noble, or privileged person, who has not been
judicially sentenced, when sent to Siberia by 'administrative
process' (as it is called, _i.e._, by the orders of the Third
Section, or Secret Police), must be escorted by two gensdarmes, it
being against the laws to manacle a privileged person who is
uncondemned. It appears that there are not gensdarmes enough thus
to escort the number of persons to be deported, and the Ministry of
Secret Police has, I understand, proposed to get rid of this
difficulty by sending the privileged persons fettered like ordinary
criminals.... The Third Section, or Secret Police, which is in its
proceedings essentially _extra leges_, claims to act independently
of any other department of the Empire. This institution, which lays
hold of suspected persons, whether justly or unjustly suspected,
and consigns them to Siberia at its pleasure, savours more of
Asiatic lawlessness than of enlightened European rule, such as it
must be the desire of all in authority to see established
throughout the Empire.... I have myself met with respectable,
honourable men, who have been arrested and imprisoned, in some
cases for a few weeks, in other cases during months, _followed by
years of exile in Siberia, without any charge being brought against
them_; and it is the possibility of this recurring to them, or to
others, that constitutes a Reign of Terror."

The above description is from the correspondent of the _Daily News_. Clearly it is a very pleasant position to be a "privileged person" in Russia. It marks its occupant, by preference, as a possible candidate for exile to Siberia; the more cultivated classes being essentially those which constitute the active element of political dissatisfaction.

Of the treatment of political exiles in Siberia, as it has been carried on for a long time past, I have before me a thrilling description from the pen of Mr. Robert Lemke, a German writer, who has visited the various penal establishments of Russia, with an official legitimation. He had been to Tobolsk; after which he had to make a long, dreary journey in a wretched car, until a high mountain arose before him. In its torn and craggy flank the mountain showed a colossal opening similar to the mouth of a burnt-out crater. Fetid vapours, which almost took away his breath, ascended from it.

Pressing the handkerchief upon his lips, Mr. Lemke entered the opening of the rock, when he found a large watch-house, with a picket of Cossacks. Having shown his papers of legitimation, he was conducted by a guide through a long, very dark, and narrow corridor, which, judging from its sloping descent, led down into some unknown depth. In spite of his good fur, the visitor felt extremely cold. After a walk of some ten minutes through the dense obscurity, the ground becoming more and more soft, a vague shimmer of light became observable. "We are in the mine!" said the guide, pointing with a significant gesture to the high iron cross-bars which closed the cavern before them.

The massive bars were covered with a thick rust. A watchman appeared, who unlocked the heavy iron gate. Entering a room of considerable extent, but which was scarcely a man's height, and which was dimly lit by an oil-lamp, the visitor asked, "Where are we?" "In the sleeping-room of the condemned! Formerly it was a productive gallery of the mine; now it serves as a shelter."

The visitor shuddered. This subterranean sepulchre, lit by neither sun, nor moon, was called a sleeping-room. Alcove-like cells were hewn into the rock; here, on a couch of damp, half-rotten straw, covered with a sackcloth, the unfortunate sufferers were to repose from the day's work. Over each cell a cramp-iron was fixed, wherewith to lock-up the prisoners like ferocious dogs. No door, no window anywhere.

Conducted through another passage, where a few lanterns were placed, and whose end was also barred by an iron gate, Mr. Lemke came to a large vault, partly lit. This was the mine. A deafening noise of pickaxes and hammers. There he saw some hundreds of wretched figures, with shaggy beards, sickly faces, reddened eyelids; clad in tatters, some of them barefoot, others in sandals, fettered with heavy foot-chains. No song, no whistling. Now and then they shyly looked at the visitor and his companion. The water dripped from the stones; the tatters of the convicts were thoroughly wet. One of them, a tall man, of suffering mien, laboured hard with gasping breath, but the strokes of his pickaxe were not heavy and firm enough to loosen the rock.

"Why are you here?" Mr. Lemke asked.

The convict looked confused, with an air almost of consternation, and silently continued his work.

"It is forbidden to the prisoners," said the inspector, "to speak of the cause of their banishment!"

Entombed alive; forbidden to say why!

"But who is the convict?" Mr. Lemke asked the guide, with low voice.

"It is Number 114!" the guide replied, laconically.

"This I see," answered the visitor; "but what are the man's antecedents? To what family does he belong?"

"He is a count," replied the guide; "a well-known conspirator. More, I regret to say, I cannot tell you about Number 114!"

The visitor felt as if he were stifled in the grave-like atmosphere--as if his chest were pressed in by a demoniacal nightmare. He hastily asked his guide to return with him to the upper world. Meeting there the commander of the military establishment, he was obligingly asked by that officer--

"Well, what impression did our penal establishment make upon you?"

Mr. Lemke stiffly bowing in silence, the officer seemed to take this as a kind of satisfied assent, and went on--

"Very industrious people, the men below; are they not?"

"But with what feelings," Mr. Lemke answered, "must these unfortunates look forward to the day of rest after the week's toil!"

"Rest!" said the officer; "convicts must always labour. There is no rest for them. They are condemned to perpetual forced labour; and he who once enters the mine never leaves it!"

"But this is barbarous!"

The officer shrugged his shoulders, and said, "The exiled work daily for twelve hours; on Sundays too. They must never pause. But, no; I am mistaken. Twice a year, though, rest is permitted to them--at Easter-time, and on the birthday of His Majesty the Emperor."