Chapter XIX: Appendix: (d.) (1)

STATISTICS OF THE GEORGIA SEABOARD.

The notes here following are derived from a volume entitled “White’s Statistics of Georgia,” a large octavo of seven hundred pages, compiled and published in the State. A special section of the book is devoted to the condition of the trade of each county, while a comparison is also attempted to be given, from the personal observation of the compiler, of the comparative social, moral, and religious properties of the people. Thus, so far as the plan has been thoroughly executed, an estimate is presented, not only of the ordinary commercial demand of the citizens, but, so to speak, of the state of their intellectual and moral market.

The counties referred to by Mr. Gregg are in the second tier from the sea in South Carolina. I shall give statistics from Mr. White, and other authorities named in the note,[77] with regard to all the second tier counties of Georgia. What of good soil to be brought into cultivation, without a heavy expenditure at starting, there was originally in these counties begun to be first occupied by whites about 1740. It was not till nearly twenty years after this that slavery obtained the slightest footing in them, and it was not till about thirty years ago that they had begun to seriously deteriorate in production. There is yet some rich land upon the alluvial bottoms of the numerous rivers, which, rising above, pass through these counties toward the ocean; and here many wealthy planters still remain, owning a large number of slaves, and there has been recently a considerable increase of production of some parts owing to the employment of capital in draining marshes, the riches of which have previously been considered impregnable.[78] In general, however, this whole range of country is now quite barren, and most of the land at present cultivated will not probably yield one third as large a crop for the same expenditure of labour as would fair Mississippi cotton land. The slaves formerly owned here have therefore been very largely transferred westward, and the land they have worn out is left for the non-slaveholding whites to make the best of.

As an instructive contrast, I place in an adjoining column with the statistics of these counties those of the counties which bound each of them on the east. In these there is a much larger proportion of rich alluvial soil, and they contain the famous “sea island” cotton plantations, as well as the Georgian rice plantations. The valuable soil is still entirely possessed, as will be evident, by large planters and slave owners, the usual monopolizing effect of slavery being in this instance increased by the peculiar local insalubrity of the coast.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Bullock County._—(The Central Railroad, the best conducted
road in all the South, passes either through this county or
close beside its northern boundary, for a distance of fifty
miles. It is watered by the Ogeechee and Connauchee and a
number of smaller rivers. On the larger rivers there is yet a
considerable amount of productive land.)

COAST COUNTIES.

_Bryan County_, adjoining Bullock county, on the coast.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Population._—Whites, 2,000; slaves, 1,000. Average amount
of property to each white family, $1,570. State tax for each
white family, $2.95.

Mr. White omits his usual statistics of trade. Both in this
and the adjoining coast county of Bryan, the poor people, as
well as the planters, are in the habit of dealing directly
with Savannah, as described in “Seaboard Slave States,” p.
414, and there are probably no established tradesmen in
either.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Population._—Whites, 1,000; slaves, 2,400. Average amount of
property to each white family, $5,302 (fourfold what it is in
Bullock county). State tax to each white family, $7.

No statistics of trade, again.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Soil._The _soil_ is described by Mr. White as generally poor,
with some productive “hummock” and river tracts.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Soil._—“The soil, under the present system of culture,
cannot, without rest and manure, be made to produce more
than one half as much as when new.” This appears to refer
particularly to the rice plantations.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Education._—“No newspapers are taken, and few books
read. The school fund was once sufficient to educate many
poor children, but owing to bad management it has become
exhausted.” Thus says Mr. White. The census returns show,
however, a public school expenditure of $150 per annum, and a
private expenditure of $3,000, divided among fifteen schools,
which is one for eighty square miles. This is so much better
than usual, that, with Mr. White’s remarks, I am inclined to
think it an error.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Education._—There is no academy, and there are no schools,
except those supported by the “Poor School Fund” (a State
provision for the children of indigent parents). “The children of
the wealthy are either educated by private teachers or sent to
school in the more favoured portions of the country; [the vicinity
of Savannah, where there is a celebrated and well endowed academy,
and of Liberty, where there are others, accounts for this;] the
population is too sparse to furnish pupils enough to sustain a
regular school” (large tracts of land being held by the planters,
though wholly unproductive, to prevent the settlement of poor
whites near their negroes, as one in this county informed me).
According to the census returns, there were eight schools (one to
twenty-five square miles) of all kinds, with an average of twelve
pupils each. Total expenditure for each school, $38 per annum.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Character of the people._—“By industry and economy, they
manage to supply their wants, which, however, are few.
Many rely a great deal on game. * * * As far as temperance
is concerned, they are behind the times. Whiskey has its
votaries. Those who have attempted to show the citizens the
folly and ill consequences of intemperance have been insulted
and threatened. Even ministers of our holy religion have
publicly denounced the motives and efforts of those who have
attempted to form temperance societies.”

COAST COUNTIES.

_Character of the people._—No remarks.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Religion._—“The most numerous [sects] are the
Anti-Missionary [hard shell?] Baptists.” Ten church edifices;
average value, $145. No Sunday school or other public
libraries.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Religion._—The county contains eleven church edifices;
average value, $500. No Sunday school or other public
libraries.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Tatnall County._

_Population._—Whites, 2,000; slaves, 600. Average amount of
property to each white family, $901.

Capital invested in trade, 4,200.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Liberty County._

_Population._—Whites, 2,000; slaves, 6,000. Average amount of
property to each white family, $6,330.

State tax to each white family, $10.

Capital invested in trade, $3,850.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Soil._—“Light and sandy, except on the streams, which is
stiff.”

COAST COUNTIES.

_Soil._—“The practice has been to wear out the virgin soils,
and clear new lands. * * * Much waste land.”

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Education._—“Education is neglected.” Eight public schools
(1 to 148 square miles), with sixteen pupils each. Annual
cost of maintenance of each school, $150. No other schools;
no Sunday school or other libraries.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Education._—“Excellent schools are found. * * * And it is
believed that a greater number of young men from Liberty
county graduate from our _colleges_ than from any other
section of Georgia.” There are five “academies,” with an
average of nineteen pupils each. Five public schools (1 to
160 square miles), maintained at an average expenditure of
$15.40 per annum each. No libraries found in the census
canvass of 1849. Mr. White states that the Medway and
Newport Library Society had, in 1845, “about seven hundred
volumes, in a very bad state of preservation.” This library
was established by some New England immigrants before the
prohibition of slavery was annulled in the province. The
early settlers of the county were chiefly from Massachusetts.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Character of the people._—“Sober, industrious and
hospitable” (phrases applied to every county not specially
noted as conspicuous for some vice or virtue of its
inhabitants.)

COAST COUNTIES.

_Character of the people._—“Generally upright and virtuous,
and they are unsurpassed for the great attention paid to the
duties of religion.”

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Religion._—Sixteen church edifices, valued at 938 each.
According to Mr. White, however, there are “about thirty
churches” in the county.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Religion._—Ten church edifices; average value, $1,200.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Wayne County._

_Population._—Whites, 930; slaves, 350. Average amount of
property for each white family, $898.

State tax, $1.23.

Capital invested in trade, $4,200.

COAST COUNTIES.

_McIntosh County_, broadest on the sea.

_Population._—Whites, 1,300; slaves, 4,400. Average amount of
property for each white family, $7,287, or eight times as much
as in Wayne.

State tax, $2.77.

Capital invested in trade, $1,200.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Soil._—“Generally poor, barren pine land; when manured, will
produce about twenty bushels of corn per acre.”

COAST COUNTIES.

_Soil._—Poor turpentine pine land in the rear; on the
Altamaha, “of inexhaustible fertility.”

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Education._—“Few schools;” two academies (one Baptist, and
the other Methodist, probably), with thirteen pupils between
them. Four public schools (1 to 148 square miles), averaging
ten pupils each; expense of maintenance not returned.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Education._—One academy, with thirty-eight scholars; four
public schools, twelve and a half miles apart, averaging
twenty pupils each. Expense of maintaining each school,
$78 per annum. “The wealthier classes are highly educated;
but, generally, little interest is felt in the subject of
education.”

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Character of the people._—“High for morality and
hospitality;” “poor, but honest.” At the seat of justice
“are many beautiful pine hills, affording delightful summer
residences to the wealthy planters of Glynn” (hence the
academical advantages).

COAST COUNTIES.

_Character of the people._—“Like all parts of Lower Georgia,
the citizens of McIntosh are generally intelligent and
hospitable.”

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Religion._—Eight church edifices; average value, $240.

COAST COUNTIES.
_Religion._—Twelve church edifices; average value, $1,041.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Ware County._—(About one fifth of this county is occupied by
the Okefenokee Swamp.)

_Population._—Whites, 2,000; slaves, 300. Average amount of
personal property for each white family, $480.

State tax, $4.05.

Stock in trade, $2,200.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Camden County._—Much the largest part of this county, which
is L shaped, with but one arm on the sea, is inland, and
unfertile.

_Population._—Whites, 3,000; slaves, 4,000. Average amount
of personal property for each white family, $4,428.

State tax, $13.

“Amount of business done at St. Mary’s is about $30,000 per
annum,” nearly all in lumber, and done by New Englanders. No
other trade statistics.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Soil._—“Light and tolerably productive.”

COAST COUNTIES.

_Soil._—“Of celebrated fertility.”

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Education._—“Very little interest is taken in the subject of
education.” No academies; six public schools (1 to 485 square
miles), sixteen pupils each. Wages of teachers, etc., yearly,
$41 each school. No Sunday school or other libraries.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Education._—No remarks on education or character by Mr.
White. Four public schools (1 to 280 square miles), with
seventeen pupils each, maintained at an average expenditure
of $290 per annum. Two academies, with forty-five pupils.
Five Sunday school libraries, with one hundred and ten
volumes each.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Character of the people._—“The citizens are said to be
hardy, industrious, and honest.” “Much good might be done by
the organization of temperance societies.”

COAST COUNTIES.

_Character of the people._—No remarks.

SECOND TIER COUNTIES.

_Religion._—Fifteen church edifices, fourteen miles apart,
each accommodating one hundred sitters, and valued at $56
each.

COAST COUNTIES.

_Religion._—Ten churches (five of which are in the town of
St. Mary’s, a beautiful and healthy village, resorted to by
consumptives); average value, $850.

I have purposely omitted Effingham county in the above arrangement, because the adjoining coast county of Chatham contains the city of Savannah, an aggregate agency of northern and foreign merchants, through which is effected the commercial exchanges of a great extent of back country, the population of which can therefore afford no indication as to the point under consideration. Effingham, the county above Chatham, and one of the second tier, is worthy of notice, from some other important exceptional features of its constitution. Owing to the amount of rich soil in the county, along the Savannah river, there is a larger proportion of slaves to the whole population than is usual in the second tier, their number being sixteen hundred against only eighteen hundred whites; the non-slaveholders, however, appear to possess unusual privileges. There is an academy, with fifty pupils, which Mr. White describes as “a fine school.” The public schools, eight in number, are less than eight miles apart, with an average attendance of sixteen pupils. Each school costs one hundred and twelve dollars a year. There are twenty-one churches, less than five miles apart, and valued at over twelve hundred dollars a-piece. Mr. White says that honesty and industry are leading characteristics of the people, who, notwithstanding the poverty of the soil, are generally in comfortable circumstances.

The reason of this is partially the close vicinity of Savannah, affording a cash market for a variety of productions and household manufactures, among which, as distinguishing the county from any other in the State, are mentioned fruits, silk, fishing lines, and cow-bells, “the latter,” Mr. White is told, “superior to any manufactured in the North or in Europe.” But an equally important reason for the better character and condition of the people is to be found in the fact that a majority of them[79] are descendants and heirs of the land of those very early settlers who most strenuously and to the last resisted the introduction of slaves into the colony, being convinced that, if permitted, it would, as they said in their memorials, “prove a scourge” to the poor people who were persuaded to petition for it.[80] It is most gratifying to perceive that all traces of the habits of industry, honesty, and manly self-reliance, in which they thus educated their children, are not wholly lost in the lapse of a century.

INDEX.

_Abolition_, effect of low prices of cotton in promoting, i., 201; extent of the agitation to remote districts, ii., 37; abolitionist sentiments of a slaveowner in Mississippi, 98; feeling in favour of, in North Carolina, 131.

_Abolitionists_, danger of poor whites becoming, ii., 357; literature of, 358.

_Advantage_ (supposed) of slave-labour in cultivating cotton and tobacco, ii., 252.

_Advertisements_ for runaway negroes, i., 157; of slaves for sale, ii., 22.

_Acadians_, or poor French _habitans_ in Louisiana, i., 338; ii., 33.

_Adams, Governor_, on the want of education for the poor, ii., 293.

_African races_, character of, compared with the Teutonic, ii., 221.

_Agriculture_, scientific, on a farm on James River, i., 52; wretched implements used in North Carolina, 172; successful cultivation of the sugar-cane, 322; on a Mississippi plantation, ii., 201; decay of, in Virginia, 303; in Slave and Free States, 367.

_Alabama_, appearance of the country, i., 274; “reasons” for making Montgomery the capital, ii., 112; women getting out iron ore, 115; picture of decay by one of her statesmen, 297.

_Alabama River_, voyage down the, i., 275; number of so-called landings, 275; mode of loading cotton, 275; Irishmen cheaper than niggers, 276.

_Albemarle_, proportion of slaves to whites, i., 116.

_Alexandria_ (Louisiana), yellow fever at, i., 357; unenviable reputation of, 357.

_Alligators_, ii., 24; dangers of their holes, 29.

_Amalgamation_, i., 307.

_Americans_ in Texas, ii., 101.

‘_American Agriculturist_,’ quoted, i., 116.

_Annexation_ of Cuba, its effect on the sugar manufacture of Louisiana, ii., 50; on the African slave-trade, 51.

_Apparatus_ used in sugar manufacture, i., 329.

_Aptness_ of negroes for learning, ii., 70; for mechanical occupations, 78.

_Association_ of whites with coloured people, i., 168, 169, _note_; the quadroon society of New Orleans, 305.

_Aristocrats_, “swell heads,” of Mississippi, ii., 156, 166.

_Auction_, sale of slaves by, at Richmond, i., 50; ii., 372.

_Aversion_ to labour, difficulty in overcoming the negro’s, ii., 192.

_Bacon_ raising, ii., 176.

_Bals masqués_ at New Orleans, i., 304.

_Barton, Dr._, on the advantages of slavery, ii., 277, _note_.

_Bee-hunting_, ii., 117.

_Big woods_, ii., 29.

_Bill of fare_ of an hotel at Memphis, ii., 57.

_Blacksmith_, an independent, ii., 8.

_Boarding-house_ at Washington, i., 28.

_Boat-songs_ of the negroes on the steamboats, i., 347.

_Books_, dangerous, ii., 358.

_Brazos_ bottoms, cotton plantations on the, i., 14.

_Breeding_ slaves for sale in Virginia, i., 57; early period at which they have children, ii., 80.

_Brooks, P. S._, ii., 348.

_Burning alive_ of a negro in Eastern Tennessee, ii., 349, 351; frequency of such cases, 354.

_Calcasieu River_ (Texas), ii., 30.

_Canada_, running of slaves into, ii., 362; loss to the South by, 362.

_Cape Fear River_, a type of the navigable streams of the cotton States, i., 191; passage from Fayetteville to Wilmington, 191; panic of a steamer’s crew, 192; taking in wood, 193; description of the passengers, 194; features of the river-banks, 196.

_Capital_ transferred, ii., 299; with Northern men, 301.

_Carolina, North_, fisheries, i., 149; desolate aspect of the country, 171; want of means of communication, 181; degraded condition of white labourers, 188; general ignorance and torpidity of the people, 190; their causes, 190; aspect of slavery more favourable than in Virginia, 191; cultivation of forage crops neglected, 200; wages of labourers, ii., 132.

_Carolina, South_, appearance of the country, i., 204, 215; thinly peopled, 206; log cabins, 206; negro-quarters, 207; repulsive appearance of field-hands, 208; conversation with an elderly countryman in, 217; his ignorance and good-nature, 218, 221; conduct of two negro-girls, 222; plantations, 233; negro settlements, 233, 237.

_Cartwright, Dr._, on the peculiar diseases of negroes, i., 122.

_Carts_, primitive style of, in Georgia, i., 231.

_Cavaliers_, English, Virginia partly colonized by, ii., 335.

_Cemeteries_, negro, i., 224.

‘_Chambers’ Journal_,’ on the Virginia slave-trade, ii., 372.

_Character_, difference of, in North and South, how accounted for, ii., 332, _et seq._

‘_Charleston Mercury_,’ quoted, ii., 362.

‘_Charleston Standard_,’ the, on dishonest trading with slaves, i., 253.

_Charleston_ (S. C.), average mortality of whites and negroes at, ii., 259.

_Chastity_ of so-called pious slaves, ii., 226.

_Children_, bad effects on, from intercourse with slaves, i., 222.

_Christmas_ holidays of the negroes, i., 97; serenade in San Augustin, 375; presents to slaves, ii., 180.

_Church_ edifices, value of, in Georgia, ii., 388.

_Churches_ of coloured people in Washington, i., 36; description of a religious service in New Orleans, 308.

_Claiborne_ (Alabama), curious mode of loading cotton at, i., 275.

_Clay, Mr. Cassius_, ii., 281.

_Climate_ of cotton lands, reckoned unsuitable for white labourers, ii., 256.

_Clothing of slaves_, i., 46, 105; ii., 200; fondness for finery, 201.

_Coal_, beds of, in Virginia, i., 55; extensive fields of, ii., 365.

_Coloured Church_ members, statistics of, ii., 222; hollowness of their professions, 225.

_Columbus_ (Georgia), i., 273; extensive manufactures, 274; frequent distress of white labourers, 274; wretched hotel accommodation, 274.

_Conspiracy_ to overawe the North, i., 6.

_Comparison_ of the moral and social condition of the negro, in Slave and Free States, ii., 238.

_Corporeal punishment_, severe instance of, witnessed, ii., 205.

_Cottage_ in Louisiana, a night spent in, ii., 38; superior manners of the inmates, 39.

_Cotton_, fallacies with respect to its influence, i., 5; the monopoly not beneficial to the Slave States, 8; neglected resources of the so-called cotton States, 12; profitable cultivation, 15; number of slaves engaged in cotton culture, 17; profits of large and small planters, 18; limited area devoted to its growth, 24; effect of low prices on abolition, 201; reckless loading on steamboats, 275; chiefly produced in the valley of the Mississippi, 342; expense of raising, ii., 182; planting and tillage the chief items, 253; advantages of free labour, 262, 268; possibility of greatly increasing the cotton supply, 269.

‘_Cotton Planter_,’ the, extract from, ii., 186.

_Cotton-planters_, general characteristics of, i., 18, 276, 343; their want of the comforts of civilized life, 19, 137; their hospitality generally a matter of business, ii., 95; sudden acquisition of wealth by, 158.

_Counties_ of Georgia, statistics of, ii., 385.

“_Crackers_” of Georgia, religious service among the, i., 265; at Columbus, 275.

_Creoles_, French, i., 338; ii., 33; their passion for gambling, 45; general character and mode of life, 46.

_Crockett_ (Eastern Texas), scarcity of provisions at, ii., 2.

_Cruelty_ of negro slaveholders, i., 336.

_Cuba_, emancipation law of, i., 257; probable effect of its annexation on sugar-planting in Louisiana, ii., 50.

‘_Daily News, the London_,’ extracts from, ii., 189, 190; letter in, 322.

_Dancing_, fondness of negroes for, ii., 72.

_Danger_ of the South, ii., 338.

_Darby, Mr._, on the effects of climate, ii., 257.

_De Bow, Mr._, his ‘Compendium of the Census,’ quoted, i., 19, 20, 24; his ‘Review,’ quoted, on the valley of the Mississippi, ii., 63; on the want of education, 293; ‘Resources of the South,’ 182, 227, 265, 310; his charges against the author, 311; on negro capacity, 345; on abolitionist books, 360.

_Deep River_, extensive fisheries, i., 149; mode of fishing described, 150; expenditure of gunpowder, 151; removal of stumps of trees from the bottom, 151; mode of operation, 151; negro divers, 152; cheerful and willing to work, 153.

_Deer_, ingenious mode of killing, ii., 197.

_Deserted plantations_ in Texas, ii., 1.

_Diseases_ peculiar to negroes, i., 122; malaria, 235; yellow fever, 259; ii., 260.

_Dismal Swamp_, i., 144; importance of the lumber trade, 144; character and mode of life of slaves employed as lumbermen, 146; their superiority over field-hands generally, 148; a refuge for runaway negroes, 155.

_Distances_, discrepancies in estimating, ii., 31.

_Distress_, in 1855, in New York, ii., 243; in the Southern States, 248.

_Divers_, skill and perseverance of slaves employed as, i., 151.

_Dogs_ used for hunting negroes, i., 156; ii., 120, 122, 178, 184.

_Domestic servants_, their great value in the South, i., 125; their cost in proportion to white domestics, 125; a Southern lady’s description of her household, 126; their carelessness, 131; in Eastern Texas, ii., 12; indifference to scolding, 93.

_Douglas, Mrs._, on Amalgamation, i., 307.

_Drapetomania_, a disease peculiar to negroes, i., 122.

_Drivers_, selection of, i., 249; their qualifications and duties, 249; their general character, 250.

“_Driving_,” i., 135; ii., 178, 201.

_Duel_, savage conduct and termination of, ii., 231.

_Dutch-French_ farmer, conversation with a, ii., 39.

_Dysæsthesia Æthiopica_, a disease peculiar to negroes, i., 122.

_Economy_, political, of Virginia, i., 108.

_Eggs_, negroes well supplied with, i., 103, 281; a circulating medium, 254.

_Education_, want of provision for, in the South, ii., 292.

_Educational_ projects in Mississippi, ii., 156; statistics of Northern and Southern States, 331.

_Ellison, Mr._, on ‘Slavery and Secession,’ i., 58, _note_.

_Engineers_, slaves employed as, i., 240.

_English_ mechanic at New Orleans, conversation with, i., 296.

_Enlightenment_ of Christianized Africans, specimens of the, ii., 89, 225; a “pious” negro, 89.

_Epidemic_ of 1820, in the Southern States, i., 258; admirable conduct of the slaves, 259.

_Epitaphs_ in negro burial-ground, i., 226.

_Excitement_ of blacks, at their religious meetings, i., 259, 309.

_Extravagance_ and wastefulness of the blacks, i., 98.

“_Eyebreaker_,” black gnat so called, its attacks on cattle, ii., 41.

_False assertion_ of the superior material condition of Southern slaves to that of Northern and European labourers, ii., 242.

_Famine_ of 1855, its effect in New York, ii., 243; extracts from Southern newspapers during, 248; how felt in the Slave States, 248.

_Farm_, in Maryland, described, i., 32; on James River, 52; description of a, cultivated by free labour, 92; employment of Irishmen, 95.

_Farm-lands_, comparative value in Slave and Free States, i., 11, 35, 114.

_Farmer_, conversation with a free-labour, in Tennessee, on slavery, ii., 140.

“_Fast man_” in Mississippi, ii., 154.

_February_ weather in Georgia, i., 227.

_Feliciana_, beauty of the region, ii., 143.

_Field-hands_ on a rice plantation, classification of, i., 246.

_Filthiness_ of negroes, ii., 200.

_Fires_ in the open air, negro fondness for, i., 215.

_Fisheries_ in North Carolina, i., 149; interesting and novel operations, 150.

_Fleas_, mode of destroying by an ingenious negro, i., 104, _note_.

_Food_, supplied to the slaves in Virginia, i., 101; on a Georgia rice plantation, 244; on a Mississippi plantation, ii., 179, 195; generally in the South, 240, 241.

_Frambœsia_, or Yaws, slaves peculiarly subject to, i., 123.

_Free Labour_, plantation in Virginia cultivated by, i., 92.

_Fruit-trees_, supplied by a peddler, ii., 74.

_Funeral_, negro, in Richmond, i., 43; ludicrous features of, 44.

‘_General Gabriel’s_’ rebellion, i., 42.

_Georgia_, winter climate of, i., 227; “show plantations,” 230; strange appearance and language of the rustics, 231; statistics of seaboard district of, ii., 295, 385; worn-out cotton lands, 296.

_Germans_, their patient industry and docility as labourers, i., 33, 195; in Eastern Texas, ii., 19; in Western Texas, 96; immigration to Texas, 102; their influence, 102; schools, 103; conversation with a persevering German, 164; at Natchez, 171; superior quality of the cotton picked by, 263; cultivation of cotton by, in Texas, 266.

_Glue-manufacturer_, his reasons for employing whites, i., 194.

_Grades_ of coloured people, i., 294.

_Graniteville_ Manufacturing Company, of South Carolina, improvement in the condition of their operatives, ii., 286.

_Grave-yard_ for negroes, i., 224.

_Gregg, Mr. W. H._, quoted, ii., 286, 287, 301.

_Griscom, Mr. T. R._, on slave labour, i., 133, 135.

_Grog-shops_, their evil effects on the slaves, i., 251; homicide of a negro, 253, _note_.

_Guano_, the Hon. W. Newton on the beneficial effects resulting from its introduction, i., 101.

_Hammond, Governor_, on the influence of cotton, i., 7; on slavery, ii., 228.

_Handbill_ of a North Carolina innkeeper, i., 163.

_Harper, Chancellor_, on the tendency of slavery to elevate the female character, i., 222; his ‘Address,’ quoted, ii., 278.

‘_Harper’s Weekly_,’ quoted, ii., 158.

‘_Hernando Advance_,’ quoted ii., 147.

_Highlands_, feelings of inhabitants of, with regard to slavery, ii., 129, 131, 135; their dislike of negro competition, 137; their manners and phraseology, 137; general ignorance, 138.

_Hiring_ a saddle-horse, i., 61; lucid directions for an intricate journey, 62.

_Hogs_, raising of, ii., 176; large plantations not suited to, 177.

_Homochitto_ ferry, ii., 164.

_Honesty_, instances of, among slaves, i., 148, 259; ii., 213, _note_.

_Horses_ in Natchez, ii., 167; objections of a Texas drover to “iron on their feet,” 54.

_Hospitality_, reputation of the South for, generally unwarranted, ii., 282; instances of its refusal, 315.

_Hotels_, at Washington, i., 28; Richmond, 51, 55; Norfolk, 160; Gaston, 168; Fayetteville, 183; specimen of, in Eastern Texas, ii., 5; first-class, at Memphis, 56; bill of fare and its result, 57; at Woodville, dress-etiquette and wretched arrangements, 148.

‘_Household Words_,’ extract from, ii., 258.

_Houses_ of slave population in Virginia, i., 87, 104; in South Carolina, 207; Georgia, 233, 237; Mississippi, ii., 68.

_Houston County_, ii., 1; deserted plantations, 1; scarcity of provisions, 2; runaway mulatto captured by a negro, 21.

_Hunting_ a runaway slave in the back country, ii., 161.

“_Idee of Potasun_,” extraordinary composition of “the best medicine,” i., 169.

_Ignorance_ of a planter’s son, ii., 90; of the father, 91; of a respectable farmer, 130.

_Illinois_, a farmer of, on the condition of South-western Slave States, ii., 308.

_Immersion_, fondness of religious negroes for, ii., 72.

_Impetuosity_ of the Southerners, ii., 327.

_Improvement_ in the condition of slaves within the last twenty years, ii., 101.

_Indian_ farms in Mississippi, ii., 105.

_Indians_, in Louisiana, ii., 38; costume of Choctaws and Alabamas, 38; hired to hoe cotton, 93.

_Intelligence_ and industry of negroes on a Mississippi plantation, ii., 79.

_Irishmen_, employment of, i., 95; the best labourers to be obtained, 95; too self-confident and quarrelsome, 195; Germans preferred to them, 195; labourers to negro masons, 297.

_Iron-mining_ in Alabama, ii., 115; conversation with a miner, 116; wages earned, 117.

_Italians_ at Natchez, ii., 169; their character by one of themselves, 170.

_James River_, i., 52, 142.

_Jefferson_, on the moral sense of negroes, i., 106; on the evils of slavery, ii., 231.

_Jerked beef_, preparation of, ii., 25.

_Jews_, settlement of, in Southern towns, i., 252.

“_Jodel_,” the musical yell of the South Carolina negro, i., 214.

_Jones, Rev. C. C._, quoted, ii., 225.

‘_Journal of Commerce_,’ letter to, by a Virginian, on the scarcity of labourers, i., 111.

_Kentucky_, negro-trader of, ii., 44.

_Killing_ negroes, viewed merely as an offence against property, ii., 190.

_Labour_ of slaves, compared with that of labourers in Free States, i., 10, 137; ii., 382; influence of the association in labour of slaves and free-men, i., 300; cost of, in the Border States, ii., 380; difference between slave and free, 382.

_Land_, value of, i., 114; in Virginia and Pennsylvania, ii., 369.

_Liberation_ of slaves on a plantation in Virginia, happy results of, i., 92.

_Liberia_, emigration to, i., 149, 335.

_Liberty_, county of (Georgia), interest of the planters in the well-being of their slaves, ii., 215; statistics of, 388.

_Licentiousness_, comparative, of North and South, i., 307.

_Liquor_, traffic with slaves, evils of, i., 251; habit of pilfering to procure it, 252.

_Log-cabin_ in North Carolina, i., 180; in South Carolina, 206, 213; in Eastern Texas, 367.

_Log-roads_ in the swamp, i., 145.

_Longstreet_, Judge, his ‘Georgia Scenes,’ quoted, ii., 297.

_Lorettes_, the, of New Orleans, i., 302; a quasi-marriage, 303; economy of the system, 306.

_Louisiana_, laws of, favourable to negroes, i., 101; a negro’s opinion of, compared with Virginia, 334; contrast of manners in, and in Texas, ii., 31; good-nature of the people, 31; miserable condition of the poorer planters, 44; disregard of slave-laws in, 47; Sunday-work, 47; insecurity of slaveholding interest, 51.

_Lumberers_, slave, habits and mode of life in the swamp, i., 146; superior to most slaves, 148.

_Lumber-trade_ in the Dismal Swamp, i., 145.

_Lying_, almost universal among slaves, i., 105.

_Maine Law_, arguments for, in the South, i., 253.

_Malaria_ of rice-fields, i., 235.

_Management_ of slaves, increasing difficulty of the, i., 252.

_Manchac Spring_, a well-ordered plantation, ii., 15.

_Manufactures_, beneficial effect of, on the community, i., 25; ii., 286.

_Marriage_, indifference of negroes to, ii., 80.

_Maury, Lieutenant_, on the advantageous situation for commerce of Norfolk (Virginia), i., 143.

_Medical survey_, ii., 197.

_Memphis_, ii., 55.

‘_Methodist Protestant_,’ the, quoted, ii., 228.

_Methodists_, their opinion on slavery, ii., 140; their five ‘Christian Advocates,’ 140, _note_.

_Mexicans_, dislike of Americans to, ii., 19.

_Mill’s_ ‘Political Economy,’ quoted, ii., 338.

_Miner_, conversation with a, ii., 115.

_Mineral_ treasures of Virginia, ii., 365.

_Misrepresentation_, charge of, against the author, ii., 311.

_Missionary_ system, slavery as a, ii., 215.

_Mississippi River_, cotton plantations on the, i., 13, 17, _note_; ii., 59; rich planters, 158; number of slaves on a plantation, 159.

_Mississippi_, feeling in, against slavery, ii., 98, 109; condition of the slaves, 101.

_Mississippi, Northern_, remarkable plantation in, ii., 67; all the negroes able to read, 70; their religion and morals, 71.

_Mobile_ (Alabama), description of, i., 282; scarcity of tradesmen and mechanics, 283; chief business of the town, 283; English merchants, owners of slaves, 284.

_Montgomery_ (Alabama), i., 274.

_Morals_ of white children suffer from association with slaves, i., 222; ii., 229.

‘_Morehouse Advocate_,’ the, quoted, i., 298.

_Mulatto_, a runaway, captured by a negro, ii., 21; their value compared with pure blacks, 82, 211.

_Murder_ of a young lady by a negro girl, i., 125, _note_.

_Music_, negro fondness for, ii., 73, 221.

_Nachitoches_ (Louisiana), i., 358.

_Nacogdoches_ (E. Texas), ii., 1; difficulty of procuring needful supplies for our journey, 2.

_Names_ of blacks, ii., 208.

_Natchez_, gambling at, ii., 154; beauty of the neighbouring country, 165; the town described, 166; view of the Mississippi from the Bluff, 168; conversation with an Italian at, 169.

‘_National Intelligencer_,’ the, quoted, i., 143.

_Nebraska Bill_, opinions of, ii., 135, 141.

_Negroes_, numbers engaged in cotton culture, i., 17; their increased value, 26; appearance of, in Virginia, 33; an illegal meeting at Washington, 36; problem of Southern gentlemen with respect to, 61; their Christmas holidays, 74; how they live in the swamp, 96, 155; their cunning to avoid working for their masters’ profit, 99; alleged incapacity of exercising judgment, 100; kind treatment in Louisiana, 101, 328, 338; proverbial habit of lying, 105; agrarian notions, 106; universally pilferers, 106; their simulation of illness, 118; Dr. Cartwright’s work on their diseases, 122; runaways in the swamp, 155; mode of hunting them, 156; superior character of those employed in the turpentine forest, 188; repulsive appearance of, on a Carolina plantation, 208; their love for fires in the open air, 215; occasional instances of trustworthiness and intelligence, 240; employed in the cultivation of rice, 243; field-hands, 245; effect of organization of labour, 248; permission to labour for themselves after working hours, 251; evil effects of grog-shops, 251; excitement at religious meetings, 259, 315; their jocosity, 281; engaged, in cultivation of sugar, 319, 328; their thoughts of being free, 334, 339; capacity for learning, ii., 70, 99; mode of working in Mississippi, 178; treated as mere property on large plantations, 192; general character of, 221. See _Slaves_.

_Negro consumption_, i., 123.

_Negro_ slaveowners in Louisiana, i., 336; their cruelty, 336.

_Negro-traders_ in Louisiana and Kentucky, ii., 44.

_New Orleans_, arrival at, i., 290; first impressions, 291; the French quarter, 291; cathedral, 293; mixture of races, 294; a lot of twenty-two negroes, 295; number of free labourers, 299; manners and morals of the citizens, 302; association with mulatto and quadroon females, 302.

‘_New Orleans Crescent_,’ quoted, i., 300, 301.

‘_New Orleans Delta_,’ on justice to slaves, ii., 185.

_Newton_, the Hon. Willoughby, on the introduction of guano, i., 101.

‘_New York Times_,’ letters to, on slave and free labour, i., 134, 135; ii., 268.

_Norfolk_ (Virginia), its filthy condition, i., 142; natural advantages for trade and commerce, 143; market gardens, 153; hotel accommodation, 159.

‘_Norfolk Argus_,’ the, quoted, i., 154.

“_Norther_,” a, ii., 6; disinclination to labour caused by, 9.

_Nott, Dr._, his ‘Essay on the Value of Life in the South,’ quoted, ii., 257.

_Oak-woods_, near Natchez, ii., 165.

_Ohio_, produce per acre compared with that of Virginia, ii., 255.

“_Old Family_,” the traditional, of Virginia or South Carolina, ii., 335.

“_Old Man Corse_,” an Italian-French emigrant, ii., 32; his house and family, 32; conversation with a negro, 34.

_Old Settler’s_, a night at an, in Eastern Texas, ii., 4.

_Opelousas_ (Louisiana), ii., 30.

_Overseers_, character of, i., 53, 94; ii., 184, 189; a kind and efficient one on a Carolina plantation, i., 208; stringent terms of contract, 250; precaution against undue corporeal punishment, 251; surly behaviour of one in Mississippi, ii., 94; another specimen, 143; a night in an overseer’s cabin, 175; wages of, 185, 195; their want of consideration for slaves, 189.

_Passes_ to negroes, forged, i., 301.

_Patent Medicines_, ii., 175.

_Patent Office Reports_ for 1847 and 1852, quoted, i., 115.

“_Patriarchal Institution_,” a favourable aspect of the, i., 236.

_Peddlers_ of tobacco, i., 209; of cheap literature, 345.

_Peripneumonia notha_, or cold plague, i., 123.

_Phillips, Mr. M. W._, on plantation economy, ii., 186.

_Physical_ power, necessary to maintain discipline among slaves, i., 124.

‘_Picayune, The_,’ quoted, i., 343; ii., 211.

“_Plank-dancing_,” ii., 73.

_Plantations_ in South Carolina described, i., 207, 233; in Georgia, 243; in Louisiana, 317; Creole plantation, 340; in Eastern Texas, 372; ii., 9, 14; in Mississippi, 67, 90; ignorance of proprietor, 90; the most profitable one visited, described, 193; the manager and overseers, 194; arrangements for the slaves, 195; their rate of increase, 209; indiscriminate intercourse, 209; statistics of, 236.

_Planters_, characteristics of, i., 18, 19, 137, 276, 343; comfortless living of, in Eastern Texas, ii., 10, 14; Creole, in Louisiana, 46; their passion for increasing their negro stock, 48; life of, compared with that of men of equal property in New York, 48; conversation with a nervous planter, 152; hospitality of, in Mississippi, 163; general character of those of the South, 230, 272.

_Plough-girls_, ii., 201.

_Polk, Bishop_, his description of slavery in the Red River county, ii., 213, _note_.

_Poor whites_ in Virginia, i., 81, 95; their condition worse than that of the slaves, 83; their reluctance to do the work of slaves, 112; degraded condition of, in the turpentine forest, 188; their belief in witchcraft, 189; of South Carolina, 231; trading with them injurious to the negroes, 252; girls employed in the cotton-mills at Columbia, 273; in Eastern Texas, their dishonesty, 372; engaged in iron mining, ii., 115; in Mississippi, 196; feeling of irritation against, 355.

_Preacher_, Methodist, tales of “nigger” hunting by, ii., 122.

_Preachers_, negro, i., 309.

_Presbyterian minister_, employed by Georgia planters to instruct the blacks, ii., 215; his opinions on slavery, 216 _et seq._

_Price-current_ of slaves at Richmond, Virginia, ii., 374.

_Progress_, comparative, of North and South, i., 25.

_Pronunciation_, effect of, on names, ii., 32.

_Property_ aspect of slavery, ii., 183.

_Privileged classes_ of the South, their condition and character, ii., 272; their assertion of the beneficence of slavery, 273; their two methods of vindicating it, 276; their claims to high-breeding and hospitality generally unwarranted, 282; instances of the opposite qualities, 315 _et seq._; their revengeful disposition, 327.

_Public worship_ in the South, provisions for, i., 259, 261.

_Purchase_ of a plantation, a gambling operation, i., 321.

_Quadroons_ at New Orleans, their beauty and healthiness, i., 294, 303; their cultivated tastes, 305; peculiar characteristics of their association with whites, 305.

_Quakers_, negro opinion of, ii., 37.

_Racing_ on the Red River, i., 351.

_Railroads_, in Virginia, i., 38, 55; want of punctuality, 56, 141; in North Carolina, 161; disregard of advertised arrangements, 167; desirable improvements, 170; in South Carolina, 216; their superiority in Georgia, 272.

_Raleigh_ (North Carolina), described, i., 170; desolate aspect of the country around, 171.

_Rations_ of U. S. Army, compared with allowances to slaves, ii., 240.

_Red River_, cotton plantations on the, i., 13; preparations for a voyage up the, 343; supper and sleeping arrangements, 350; a good shot, 352.

_Religion_, want of reverence for, i., 262; ii., 89, 104, 220.

_Religious condition_ of the South, i., 261; proportion of ministers to people, 261; rivalry and jealousy of different sects, 262; religious instruction to slaves objected to, ii., 214; general remarks on religious professions in the slaves, 220.

_Religious service_ in a meeting-house in Georgia, i., 205; in a negro chapel at New Orleans, 308.

_Remonstrance_ by South Carolina planters against religious instruction to negroes, ii., 214.

_Revival_ among the slaves, ii., 222.

_Rice plantation_, a model one visited, i., 235; house servants and field-hands, 236; negro-quarters, 237; nursery for black children, 238; a rice-mill, 239; burning stubble, 243; ploughing, 244; food of the slaves, 244; field gangs, 245; task-work, 247; important duties of drivers, 249; limitation of power of punishment, 251; trade on the plantation, 254.

_Richmond_, Virginia, described, i., 40; railway economy, 42; negro funeral, 43; ludicrous oratory, 44; Sunday appearance of coloured people, 45; their demeanour to whites, 47; “Slaves for sale or hire,” 50; farm on James River, 52; coal-pit, 54.

‘_Richmond American_,’ the, quoted, i., 125, _note_; ‘Enquirer,’ ii., 364; ‘Whig,’ 370.

_Ruffin, Mr. Edmund_, quoted, ii., 303.

_Runaway slaves_, i., 119, 155; ii., 7; advertisements of, 157; cure for, ii., 6; pursuit of one, 20; hunting with dogs, 120, 122, 178; stocks for punishment of, 161; conflict with a runaway, 161, _note_; favourite lurking-ground for, 183.

_Russell, Mr._, his ‘North America: its Agriculture, &c.,’ quoted, ii., 176, _note_, 182, 252, 256; mistaken views of, with respect to free and slave labour, 252 _et seq._

_Sabine River_, country on each side described, ii., 24; coarseness of the inhabitants, 25; a night with a gentleman of the country, 25; “figures of speech,” 27.

_San Augustin_ (Eastern Texas), i., 374; Presbyterian and Methodist universities merged in a “Masonic Institute,” 375.

_St. Francisville_, ii., 143; neighbouring country described, 145; appearance of the slaves, 146.

_Savannah_ (Georgia), commerce and prospects of, i., 273.

_Scripture_ expressions, their familiar use by the negroes, i., 262; a dram-seller’s advertisement, 263.

_Seguin, Dr._, on the capacity of the negro, ii., 344.

_Separation_ of North and South inconsistent with the welfare of either, i., 1.

_Sermons_ by negroes, i., 311.

_Settlement_, negro, described, i., 237.

“_Show Plantations_,” i., 230.

_Sickness_, real and feigned, of slaves, i., 96, 118; ii., 198, 199.

_Skilled_ labour, negroes employed in, i., 240.

_Slavery_, Jefferson’s opinion on, i., 92; practicability of rapidly extinguishing, 255; cruelty a necessity of, 355; strong opinion against, of a Mississippi planter, ii., 98; of a Tennessee farmer, 140; necessary to produce cheap cotton, ii., 252.

_Slaveholders_, opinions of, on slavery, i., 53, 60, 332, 354; ii., 92; American, French, and negro slaveowners, 336, 337.

_Slave-mart_, at Richmond, i., 50; at Houston, ii., 22.

_Slaves_, liberated, doing well in Africa, i., 92; prospects of those going North, 93.

_Slaves_, their value as labourers, i., 16, 94; as domestic servants, 125; causes of the high prices given for them, 16; number engaged in cultivating cotton, 17; number annually exported from slave-breeding to cotton States, 58; proportion of workers to slaves maintained, 59; improvement in their conditions, 94; their food and lodging in Virginia, 102, 104; their clothing, 105; subject to peculiar diseases, 122; necessity of humouring them, 128; have no training as children, 131; work accomplished in a given time, 133; “driving,” 135; increasing difficulties in their management, 252; instance of their trustworthiness, 259; best method of inducing them to exert themselves, 328; bad effect of their association with white labourers, 330; and of their dealings with petty traders, 331; condition of, on a profitable plantation in Mississippi, ii., 195; worked hardest in the South-west, 202; some nearly white, 210; their religious instruction, 222;

impolicy of allowing them to cultivate patches, 238; auction at Richmond described, 372. See _Negroes_.

_Slave States_, condition of the people, i., 8; not benefited by their cotton monopoly, 8; dearness of slave-labour, 10, 94; antipathy of the whites to work, 22; small proportion of the area devoted to cotton cultivation, 24; their small contribution to the national treasury, 27; general characteristics and features of the country, 85.

_Slave trade_, activity of, in Virginia, i., 57; difficulty of obtaining statistics, 58.

_Sleeping-quarters_, unpleasant, ii., 87, 106; abundance of insect vermin, 87; mode of keeping away gnats, 107.

‘_South Carolinian_,’ the, on planters and overseers, ii., 188.

_South_, danger of the, ii., 338; condition of the negro, 339; Southern method of treatment dangerous, 344; unconscious habits of precaution, 346; apparent tranquillity deceptive, 348; police machinery, 350; abolitionist literature, 358; cause of agitation, 361; impossibility of acceding to the demands of the South, 362; threat of dissolution, 363; probable result, 363.

‘_Southern Agriculturist_,’ the, quoted, ii., 182, 188.

‘_Southern Cultivator_,’ the, on the effect of the society of negroes on their masters’ children, i., 222, _note_; on allowing negroes to cultivate “patches,” 239, _note_.

_Stage-coach_ rides in North Carolina, i., 163, 174, 201; a swindling driver, 163; cruelty to horses, 175; unexpected comforts of a piny-wood stage-house, 177; in Mississippi, ii., 64.

_Stage-house_ at Fayetteville, described, i., 183.

_Steam-boats_: on Cape Fear River, i., 191; on the Alabama River, 275; passengers, 276; wastefulness and joviality of the crew, 281; description of one on the Red River, 347; sleeping arrangements, 349; life of the firemen, 350; deck-passengers, 350; a race, 351; gambling on board, 353.

_Street-fights_ in Louisiana, ii., 53.

_Steward_, negro, on a rice plantation, importance of his office, i., 240; privileges enjoyed by, 242.

_Subjugation_ of the South, its alleged impossibility, i., 2.

_Suffering_, occasional, different effect of, on the slave and free labourer, ii., 251.

_Sugar_ plantation, in Louisiana, i., 317; the owner’s popularity, 318; mansion and offices, 319; arrangements for the slaves, 320; usual expenses of carrying on, 321; ii., 236; mode of cultivation, i., 323; planting the cane, 325; tillage, 327; grinding the cane, 328; increased labour in grinding season willingly performed by the slaves, 328; late improvements in the manufacture, 329.

_Suggestions_ for improving the condition of the negro, and preparing him for freedom, i., 255.

_Sumner_ and Brooks, ii., 348.

_Sunday_, slave labour on, ii., 47, 181.

_Sweep-seines_, the largest in the world, used in the North Carolina fisheries, i., 149.

“_Swell-heads_,” ii., 156, 166.

_Task-work_ general in Georgia and South Carolina, i., 247.

_Texas_, its prospect of becoming a Free State, ii., 102; influence of the Germans, 102, 103.

_Texas, Eastern_, route across, i., 359; a day in the woods, 359; plantation described, 359; a sick child, 361; the emigrant road, 365, 374; appearance of the emigrants, 365; the Red Lands, 373; Christmas serenade, 375; a planter’s residence, ii., 9; his comfortless mode of living, 10; promising sons, 10; literary dearth, 10; interest taken in foreign affairs, 11; domestic servants, 13; a night, with another planter, 14; his habits of life, 14, 15; determination of inhabitants to conceal unfavourable facts, 18; hatred of Mexicans, 19. _Texas, South-eastern_, district described, ii., 23; imperfect drainage, 23; sparsely settled, 24; not a desirable place of abode, 24.

_Tennessee, North-eastern_, contrast between the homes of a slaveholder and a farmer without slaves, ii., 138.

_Tennessee_ squire, a night with, ii., 128; his notion of buying Irishmen, 129.

_Tobacco_, plantation in Eastern Virginia, i., 88; reasons for growing, 88; negroes not able to cultivate the finer sorts, 89; ii., 254; their mode of payment, i., 98, 140.

_Tobacco-peddling_ in South Carolina, i., 209.

_Treating_ in Mississippi, ii., 155.

_Tree-peddler_, his catalogue of “curosest trees,” ii., 75.

_Trinity Bottom_, ii., 2; fertility of surrounding lands, 3.

_Turpentine_ forest, character of slaves employed in, i., 188.

_Umbrellas_ carried by Alabama Indians on horseback, ii., 38.

‘_Uncle Tom’s Cabin_,’ conversation on, i., 345, 354; ii., 135.

_Vicksburgh_, ii., 55.

_Virginia_, characteristics of the population, i., 39; association of blacks and whites, 40; the Public Guard, 41; rebellion of coloured people in 1801, 42; mode of living of Virginia gentlemen at home, 89; treatment of negroes in, 101; Economy of Virginia, 108; an Englishman’s impressions on landing in the United States, 108; apparent indifference to shabby living, 108; its causes, 108; difference of means required to procure the same result, 108; a similar analogy between the North and South, 109; an exceptional case, 109; high price paid for skilled labour, 110; state of the community as a whole, 111; complaints of scarcity of hands, 111; the employment of whites in occupations usually performed by slaves distasteful both to master and labourer, 112; land most valuable, where proportion of slaves to whites is least, 114; comparative cost of slave and free labour, 117; advantages of the latter in wages paid, 118; in freedom from loss by disability, 118; frequency of feigned illness, 118; peculiar diseases of negroes, 122; means of maintaining discipline, 124; want of the motives to exertion possessed by free labourers, 131; influence of slave system on the habits of the whole community, 131; general want of civilized comforts, 137; waste of natural resources, 138, 143; rule of make-shift, 138; exceptional instances, 139; decay of its agriculture, ii., 303; mineral wealth, 365; want of means of education, 371.

_Virginia, Eastern_, its resources neglected, i., 8; poverty of its inhabitants, 10; description of a ride, 64; a strange vehicle, 65; the school-house, 65; “Old Fields,” 66; desolate appearance of the country, 66; a farm-house, 70; a country “grosery,” 72; the court-house, 74; a night at an old plantation with a churlish host, 76; the “supper-room” and “sitting-room,” 79; precarious existence of poor white labourers, 81; the “bed-room,” 84; the planter’s charge for his “hospitality,” 85; sparse population, 86; the meeting-house, 86; negro quarters, 87; a tobacco plantation, 88.

_Voyage_ from Mobile to New Orleans, i., 285.

_Washington_, number of visitors at, i., 28; a boarding-house, 28; the market-place, 34; price of land in the neighbourhood, 35; number of white labourers, 35; character of the coloured population, 36; an illegal meeting, 36.

_Watchman_, the, on a Carolina plantation, i., 240, 242.

_Water-snakes_, numbers of, ii., 24, 29.

‘_West Feliciana Whig_,’ account of slaughter of a runaway, ii., 161.;

_Wharves_, absence of, on the Southern rivers, ii., 55.

_Whip_, constant use of the, ii., 202.

_Whipping_, of coloured preachers of the Gospel, i., 226; of a slave girl, ii., 205.

_Wise, Governor_, on the decay of Virginia, ii., 303.

_Whites_, some slaves hardly to be distinguished from pure-blooded, ii., 210.

_White’s_ ‘Statistics of Georgia,’ ii., 385.

_Wilmington_ (North Carolina), i., 97; destruction of a building at, because erected by negroes, ii., 98.

‘_Wilmington Herald_,’ quoted, ii., 99, _note_.

_Witchcraft_, belief in, by poor whites, i., 189.

_Women_ employed in ploughing, ii., 201.

“_Wooding_” on Cape Fear River, i., 193.

_Woodville_ (Mississippi), ii., 148; dress etiquette, 148; neighbourhood described, 149; robberies, 149.

_Yazoo Bottoms_, the son of a planter in, ii., 63; journey with him in Northern Mississippi, 64; his dislike to babies, 66.

_Yellow Fever_, good conduct of negroes at Savannah during its raging, i., 259; at Natchez, ii., 160.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Many freemen have been kidnapped in Illinois and sold into slavery.

[2] Evidently an allusion to the “underground railroad,” or smuggling of runaway slaves, which is generally supposed to be managed mainly by Quakers. This shows how knowledge of the abolition agitation must be carried among the slaves to the most remote districts.

[3] Creole means simply native of the region, but in Louisiana (a vast region purchased, by the United States, of France, for strategic reasons, and now proposed to be filibustered away from us), it generally indicates French blood.

[4] I also saw slaves at work every Sunday that I was in Louisiana. The law permits slaves to be worked, I believe, on Sunday; but requires that some compensation shall be made to them when they are—such as a subsequent holiday.

[5] The following resolutions were proposed (I am not sure that they were adopted) in the Southern Commercial Convention, at New Orleans, in 1855:

“_Resolved_,—That this Convention strongly recommends the Chambers of Commerce and Commission Merchants of our Southern and South-western cities to adopt such a system of laws and regulations as will put a stop to the dangerous practice, heretofore existing, of making advances to planters, in anticipation of their crops—a practice entirely at variance with everything like safety in business transactions, and tending directly to establish the relations of master and slave between the merchant and planter, by bringing the latter into the most abject and servile bondage.

“_Resolved_,—That this Convention recommend, in the most urgent manner, that the planters of the Southern and South-western States patronize exclusively our home merchants, and that our Chambers of Commerce, and merchants generally, exert all their influence to exclude foreign agents from the purchase and sale of produce in any of our Southern and South-western cities.

“_Resolved, further_,—That this Convention recommend to the legislatures of the Southern and South-western States to pass laws, making it a penitentiary offence for the planters to ask of the merchants to make such pecuniary advances.”

[6] The Junta was a filibustering conspiracy against Cuba.

[7] Cocoa is a grass much more pernicious, and more difficult of extirpation when it once gets a footing upon a sugar plantation, than the Canada thistle, or any other weed known at the North. Several plantations have been ruined by it, and given up as worthless by their owners.

[8] See “Resources;” article, “Mississippi,” etc.

[9] At Wilmington, North Carolina, on the night of the 27th of July (1857), the frame-work of a new building was destroyed by a number of persons, and a placard attached to the disjointed lumber, stating that a similar course would be pursued in all cases, against edifices that should be erected by negro contractors or carpenters, by one of which class of men the house had been constructed. There was a public meeting called a few days afterwards, to take this outrage into consideration, which was numerously attended. Resolutions were adopted, denouncing the act, and the authorities were instructed to offer a suitable reward for the detection and conviction of the rioters. “The impression was conveyed at the meeting,” says the _Wilmington Herald_, “that the act had been committed by members of an organized association, said to exist here, and to number some two hundred and fifty persons, and possibly more, who, as was alleged, to right what they considered a grievance in the matter of negro competition with white labour, had adopted the illegal course of which the act in question was an illustration.” Proceedings of a similar significance had occurred at various points, especially in Virginia.

[10] See De Bow’s Review, for August, 1857 p. 117.

[11] RELIGION IN VIRGINIA.—A mass meeting of citizens of Taylor county, Virginia, was held at Boothesville recently, at which the following, among other resolutions, was passed unanimously:

“That the five _Christian Advocates_, published in the cities of New York, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Chicago, having become Abolition sheets of the rankest character, we ask our commonwealth’s attorneys and post-masters to examine them, and, if found to be of an unlawful character, to deal with them and their agents as the laws of our State direct.”—_Washington Republic._

[12] “This latter received its beautiful and expressive name from its beautifully variegated surface of hills and valleys, and its rare combination of all the qualities that are most desired in a planting country. It is a region of almost fairy beauty and wealth. Here are some of the wealthiest and most intelligent planters and the finest plantations in the State, the region of princely taste and more than patriarchal hospitality,” etc.—_Norman’s New Orleans._

[13] “FINE PROSPECT FOR HAY.—While riding by a field the other day, which looked as rich and green as a New England meadow, we observed to a man sitting on the fence, ‘You have a fine prospect for hay, neighbour.’ ‘Hay! that’s _cotton, sir_,’ said he, with an emotion that betrayed an excitement which we cared to provoke no further; for we had as soon sport with a rattlesnake in the blind days of August as a farmer at this season of the year, badly in the grass. * * *