Chapter C: No. 132. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1 (2)

_the Hay-Market_ theatre took its name from the street in which it was situated, which was the site of a market for hay and straw from the reign of Elizabeth till the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was built in 1705.

27. _the Exchange_ is at the east end of the Poultry. It was built by Sir Thomas Gresham and opened by Queen Elizabeth in 1571. It was destroyed by the Great Fire of 1666, and has since been twice rebuilt.

Page 4.

5. _blots_. In backgammon to expose a man to capture is called leaving a _blot_.

23. _so many ... which_. Mixed construction: _the many ... which or so many ... as_.

32. _spoken to_. Obsolete in ordinary speaking and writing; survives in oratory.

34. _my lodgings_. The Spectator discourses on this subject in No. 12.

Page 5.

10. _complexion_. Aspect, appearance. Cf. Shakespeare, _Richard II_., III. ii. 194:

Men judge by the complexion of the sky
The state and inclination of the day.

12. _discoveries_. Revelations, disclosures. Cf. Shakespeare, _Rape of Lucrece_, 1314:

She dares not thereof make discovery.

14. _having been thus particular upon_. Having related so many details concerning.

18. For the prevalence of clubs v. _Spectator_ 9.

19. _engaged me_. Made me undertake.

21. _Mr. Buckley's_. The printer of the _Spectator_.

_Little Britain_, formerly the mansion of the Duke of Bretagne, near Aldersgate Street, was the regular booksellers' quarter.

SPECTATOR 2.

Page 6.

5. _Sir Roger de Coverley_. For a discussion of the identity of Sir Roger and the other characters v. Appendix II, On the Spectator's Acquaintance. The name was suggested by Swift (Elwin).

7. _that famous country-dance_. Originated by the minstrels of Sir Roger of Calverley in the reign of Richard I. (Wills).

8. _parts_. Qualifications, capacities. Cf. Shakespeare, _King Lear_, i. iv. 285:

My train are men of choice and rarest parts.

17. _Soho-Square_, south of Oxford Street, was a fashionable place of residence. The name is derived from the cry 'So Hoe' in use when the Mayor and Corporation hunted the hare over the fields of that district.

In _Spectator_ 329 Sir Roger says that he is staying in Norfolk- Buildings.

19. _a perverse beautiful widow_. v. Appendix II.

22. _Lord Rochester_, the poet-wit, who died in 1680, was notorious as a leader of fashionable dissipation. In this connexion he is mentioned by Evelyn and Pepys.

_Sir George Etherege_, author of _The Man of Mode_ and two other comedies, was the companion of Rochester in dissipation and notoriety. He died in 1691.

23. _Bully Dawson_. A notorious ruffian and sharper.

29. _doublet_. A coat reaching just below the waist, introduced from France in the fourteenth century.

Page 7.

9. _justice of the Quorum_. County justice, magistrate. _Quorum_ was a prominent word in their commission of appointment.

10. _quarter-session_. The quarterly meeting of magistrates, at which cases sent up from petty sessions are tried. The word is now always used in the plural form, _sessions_, as in _Spectator_ 126.

12. _the game-act_ originated in the Game Laws of William the Conqueror. The first Game Act was passed in 1496, and the one in force at the time of Addison's writing in the reign of Anne. By these enactments a man was qualified to take out a licence to kill game by his birth or estate. The usual qualification was the possession of land to the value of 100 pounds per annum.

14. _the Inner-Temple_ was originally the property of the Knights Templars. It was converted into Inns of Court in 1311, after the suppression of the military knighthoods.

17. _humoursome_. Whimsical, capricious. Cf. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV_., IV. iv. 34, 'As humorous as winter.'

20. _the house_. The fraternity of lawyers.

_Aristotle and Longinus_. Aristotle's _Poetics_ and the essay '_On the Sublime_' of Longinus are the basis of all classical criticism. Longinus was a critic of the third century. Addison probably knew him in Boileau's famous translation of 1674.

21. _Littleton_. Author of a famous book on Tenures. He died in 1481.

_Coke_. The famous seventeenth century jurist and Chief Justice. He is best known by his commentary on Littleton's _Tenures_.

28. _Demosthenes_. The famous Athenian orator of the fourth century B.C.

29. _Tully_. Marcus Tullius Cicero, the great Roman orator of the last century B.C.

31. _wit_. Understanding, perception. 'True wit consists in the resemblance of ideas' when that resemblance is 'such an one that gives delight and surprise to the reader.' (Dryden.) Cf. Shakespeare, _Julius Caesar_, III. ii. 225:

I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth.

32. _turn_. Bent, proclivity.

34. _taste of_. Obsolete. Modern English, taste in.

Page 8.

5. _the time of the play_ varied from about five o'clock to half-past six. Cf. _Spectator_ 335, where Sir Roger leaves Norfolk Street at four o'clock for the play.

6. _New-Inn_. A square in Lincoln's Inn. _Russel-Court_. A turning out of Drury Lane.

7. _turn_. Short time.

8. _periwig_. The long curled dress wig introduced at the Restoration.

9. _the Rose_ was the actors' tavern in Covent Garden.

18. _the British common_. The sea stands to Britain in the relation that the village common does to the village community.

Page 9.

5. _Captain Sentry_. v. Appendix II.

19. _left the world_. Retired from public life.

32. _his own vindication_. The claim he makes for himself.

Page 10.

9. _humourists._ Eccentrics. Cf. Ben Jonson, Prologue to _The Alchemist:_

Many persons more
Whose manners, now call'd humours, feed the stage.

11. _Will Honeycomb_. v. Appendix II.

20. _habits_. Clothes. Cf. Shakespeare, _Hamlet_, I. iii. 70:

Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy.

30. _the Duke of Monmouth_ was the natural son of Charles II., and was famous for his personal beauty and fine manners. He was executed in 1685 for pretending to the crown. Mention is made of him in the diaries of Evelyn and Pepys.

Page 11.

22. _chamber-counsellor_. A consulting lawyer, who does not conduct cases in the courts.

26. _gone_. Advanced.

SPECTATOR 106.

Page 12.

13. _humour_. Disposition. Cf. Shakespeare, _2 Henry IV._, II. iv. 256, 'What humour's the prince of?--A good shallow young fellow.'

31. _pad_. A horse of easy paces. Obsolete.

Page 13.

13. _engages_. Binds in affection.

14. _is pleasant upon_. Jests concerning. Cf. Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_, III. i. 58:

Take it not unkindly, pray,
That I have been thus pleasant with you both.

30. _conversation_. v. note on p. 23, 1. 16.

34. _in several of my papers_. Once only, p. 6, 1. 10.

Page 14.

22. The meaning of this hint is explained in _Spectator_ 517.

Page 15.

8 et seq. All contemporary or recently dead divines.

SPECTATOR 107.

Page 16.

12. _family_. Household. Obsolete. Cf. Shakespeare, _Othello_, I. 1. 84:

Signior, is all your family within?

Page 17.

1. _stripped_, of his livery, i.e. discharged. Cf. Shakespeare, _Othello_, II. i. 173, 'Such tricks as these strip you out of your lieutenantry.'

17. _cast_. Discarded. Cf. old saw:

Ne'er cast a clout till May be out.

29. _in bestowing_. Elliptical. Sc. _which consist_ before _in bestowing_.

32. _husband_. Manager. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry VIII_., III. ii. 142:

Your earthly audit; sure, in that
I deem you an ill husband.

35. _fine when a tenement falls_. When a tenement became vacant, the incoming tenant paid dues to the landlord.

Page 18.

18. _manumission_. Release. The word is derived from the process of freeing a Roman slave--_manumissio_.

28. _that fortune was all the difference between them_. That their inferior position did not imply an inferiority of nature.

Page 19.

1. _prentice_. Shortened form of apprentice. Cf. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV._, II. ii. 194, 'From a prince to a prentice.'

SPECTATOR 108.

Page 20.

2. _Mr. William Wimble_, v. Appendix II.

8. _jack_. Pike.

32. _angle-rods_. Fishing-rods. Cf. Shakespeare, _Antony and Cleopatra_, II. v. 10:

Give me mine angle,--we'll to the river.

_officious_. Serviceable, ready to do things for other people. The word is now restricted to its bad sense of meddlesome. Cf. Shakespeare, _Titus Andronicus_, v. ii. 202:

Come, come, be every one officious
To make this banquet.

35. _correspondence_. Communication.

36. _a tulip-root_. William III. brought to England the passion for tulip-growing which originated in Holland. At this time it was already on the wane in England.

Page 21.

5. _setting dog_. Setter.

_made_. Trained.

10. _humours_. Pleasantries.

Page 22.

4. _played with it_. Now _played it_.

9. _quail-pipe_. A pipe with which quails are lured to the nets.

26. _humour_. Whim, notion. Cf. Shakespeare, I _Henry IV_, III. i. 237, 'You are altogether governed by humours.'

Page 23.

4. _turned_. Adapted.

8. _my twenty-first speculation_ argues that it is better for a man to go into trade than to enter an over-crowded profession, and reproves 'parents who will not rather choose to place their sons in a way of life where an honest industry cannot but thrive, than in stations where the greatest probity, learning, and good sense may miscarry.'

SPECTATOR 109.

Page 23.

16. _conversation_. Intercourse, behaviour. Cf. Shakespeare, _Antony and Cleopatra_, II. vi. 131, 'Octavia is of a holy, cold, and still conversation.'

Page 24.

1. _jetting_. Projecting. Cf. Shakespeare, _Titus Andronicus,_ II. i. 64:

How dangerous
It is to jet upon a prince's right.

_habit_. v. note on p. 10, 1. 20.

2. The bonnet of the Yeomen of the Guard is a round cap of black velvet with a gold band.

10. _the tilt-yard_. Formerly the yard of St. James's Palace.

11. _Whitehall_ was formerly a royal palace. It was almost entirely destroyed in the two fires of 1691 and 1697.

14. _target_. Small shield. Cf. Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI., II i. 40:

Bear
Upon my target three fair-shining suns.

16. _pommel_. Rim in front of saddle.

17. _rid_. Obsolete. Now _rode_.

_tournament_. Here used for lists.

24. _the coffee-house_, v. Appendix I.

27. _bass-viol_. A large fiddle-shaped instrument held between the legs. It was very fashionable in the eighteenth century, and was generally to be found in the sitting-rooms of the upper classes for the use of any guests who could perform on it. It is the viol-de-gamboys of Sir Andrew Aguecheek (_Twelfth Night_, i. iii. 27).

28. _basket-hilt_. Steel hilt shaped like a basket.

Page 25.

1. _go-cart_. A sort of cage on small wheels for teaching children to walk.

5. _hasty-pudding_. A kind of batter made of flour or meal and water.

6. _white-pot_. A very rich Devonshire dish.

20. _slashes_. Slits to show the lining of a garment.

Page 26.

18. _knight of this shire_. Member of Parliament for this county.

30. _such_. Such and such, a certain. Cf. Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_, I. iii. 128, 'You spurned me such a day.'

Page 27.

2. _discourse of_. Discourse concerning. Cf. Shakespeare, _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, II. iv. 140:

Now no discourse, except it be of love.

6. _the battle of Worcester_, 1651, was the final defeat of Charles II. by Cromwell.

7. _whim_. Whimsical idea.

SPECTATOR 110.

Page 27.

22. Psalm cxlvii. 9, 'He giveth to the beast his food, and to the young ravens which cry.'

Page 28.

25. _Locke_. The author of the _Essay on the Human Understanding_ died in 1704. The reference is to II. xxxiii. 10.

26. _curious_. Elaborate, minutely detailed. Cf. Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_, V. v. 361:

A most curious mantle, wrought by the hand
Of his queen mother.

Page 29.

14. _by that means_. On that account. Cf. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI._, II. i. 178:

By this means
Your lady is forthcoming yet at London.

Page 30.

8. _Lucretius_. Poet and philosopher of the last century B.C. His opinion on this point is expressed in _De Rerum Natura_, IV. 29, 33, et seq.

13. _pressed_. Impressed, constrained.

27. _Antiquities of the Jews_, XVII. xv. 415.

SPECTATOR 112.

Page 33.

27. _do_. Strictly _does_.

Page 34.

3. _incumbent_. Occupant (of the clerk's place).

13. _tithe-stealers_. The tithes being paid in kind, it was easy to cheat the parson out of some portion of them.

16. _his patron_. The squire, who gave him his living.

SPECTATOR 113.

Page 35.

11. _settled_. Salmon thinks that the walk was not actually settled upon the widow as her property, but that it was indissolubly connected with her in Sir Roger's mind.

20. Cf. Orlando in _As You Like It_, III. ii. 10:

Carve on every tree
The fair, the chaste, and unexpressive she.

Page 36.

17. _rid_. v. note on p. 24, 1. 17.

19. _bitted_. Trained to carry their heads well with a bearing rein.

22. _assizes_. Sessions of the court.

Page 37.

20. _far gone_. Deeply experienced. For this use of _gone_, cf. Keats, _On a Lock of Milton's Hair_, 25, 'Grey gone in passion.'

21. _confident_. Now _confidant_.

28. _humane_. Human, civilized.

34. _pretended_. Presumed, attempted. Cf. Shakespeare, I Henry VI., IV. i. 6:

And none your foes but such as shall pretend
Malicious practices against his state.

Page 38.

7. _go on with_. Continue to charm you with, proceed with.

20. _discovered_, v. note on p. 5, 1, 12.

31. _last_. Most extreme.

Page 39.

9. _the sphinx_. The monster which continued to oppress Thebes until such time as one of her victims should be able to answer the riddle she put to him. Oedipus answered her, and she destroyed herself.

21. _a publick table_. When away from home, it was usual for a traveller to dine, not at his lodgings, but at a _public table_ or _ordinary_.

22. _tansy_. A very popular dish of the seventeenth century, a kind of rich, spiced custard.

Page 40.

3. _Martial_. A Latin poet of the first century of our era. i. 69.

SPECTATOR 114.

Page 40.

24. _pretending_. Pretentious.

_in both cases._ In both particulars, i.e. fortune and conversation.

Page 41.

12. _dipped_. Mortgaged.

32. _personate_. Appear the possessor of.

Page 42.

7, 13. _Laertes and Irus_. Laertes was king of Ithaca and father of Ulysses; Irus, or properly Arnaeus, a beggar who kept watch over Penelope's suitors. Their names are here introduced as typical of the rich and the poor man.

10. _four shillings in the pound_. The amount of the land tax.

19. _way_. If the verb is correctly _are_, _way_ should be written in the plural.

Page 43.

11. _Cowley_, the poet and essayist, who died in 1667.

14. _author who published his works_. Dr. Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, published Cowley's works in 1688.

18. _face_. Appearance. Cf. Shakespeare, _Tempest_, 1. ii. 104, 'The outward face of royalty.'

_great Vulgar_. Cowley concludes his Sixth Essay, Of Greatness, with a translation of Horace, Book III, _Ode_ i, commencing:

Hence, ye profane, I hate ye all,
Both the great vulgar, and the small.

25. _lately mentioned_. In Steele's last paper, _Spectator_ 109, p. 26, 1. 29.

26. _point_. Appoint. Cf. Shakespeare, Sonnet xiv. 6:

Pointing to each his thunder, rain and wind.

Page 44.

2. _being_. Existence, state of being. Cf. Shakespeare, Sonnet lxxxi. II:

Tongues to be your being shall rehearse.

7. _relish_. Taste, enjoyment. Cf. Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_, III. ii. 20:

The imaginary relish is so sweet

10. _mansions_. Abiding-places. Cf. St. John, xiv. 2, 'In my Father's house are many mansions.'

13. Quoted from an earlier passage in the same essay (v. note on p. 43, 1. 18).

SPECTATOR 115.

Page 45.

26. _the spleen_. Melancholy disposition, not the organ of that name. Cf. Shakespeare, _As You Like It_, iv. i. 217, 'Begot of thought, conceived of spleen.'

27. _the vapours_. Moods of depression. Cf. Fielding, _Amelia_, iii. 7, 'Some call it the fever on the spirits, some a nervous fever, some the vapours, some the hysterics.'

29 et seq. The argument runs: nature has adapted the body to exercise, therefore exercise is necessary to our well-being. This is sound only on the assumptions that everything which nature performs is based on necessity, and that the body has been made in such a way as to secure our well-being.

30. _proper_. Fit. Cf. Shakespeare, _Hamlet_, II. i. 114:

It is as proper to our age
To cast beyond ourselves in our opinions.

Page 46.

8. _laboured_. Worked, tilled. The verb is no longer used transitively.

14. _condition_. State of prosperity, material circumstances. Cf. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry VI_, v. i. 64, 'One so rude and of so mean condition.'

22. _chace_. The substantive was distinguished from the verb by its spelling. Cf. modern _practice_, _practise_.

34. _patched_. Perhaps with reference to the black patches worn on the face to enhance its beauty; perhaps merely covered here and there, studded.

Page 47.

1. _distinction sake_. The _'s_ of the possessive is omitted before the initial _s_ of _sake_.

6. _The perverse widow_, v. _Spectator_ 113.

8. _amours_. Used of a single love-affair.

12. _sits_. Couches in her form or seat.

18. _Doctor Sydenham_, the celebrated physician, who died in 1689.

22. _Medicina Gymnastica_, by Francis Fuller, was printed in 1705.

24. _dumb bell_. An apparatus resembling that used for ringing a church bell, but wanting the bell itself. The use of the modern form of dumb-bell was introduced into England in Elizabeth's reign. It is described in the next paragraph under the name of _skiomachia_.

33. _a Latin treatise_. Artis Gymnastica apud Antiquos, by Hieronymus Mercurialis, 1569.

Page 48.

2. _loaden_. The verb has now become weak; loaded.

9. _uneasy_. Troublesome.

SPECTATOR 116.

Page 48.

25. _the Bastile_. The State prison in Paris, which was destroyed by the mob in 1789 (v. Coleridge's poem on this subject, and the stirring description in Dickens' _Tale of Two Cities_, II. xxi.).

Page 49.

20. Budgell has somewhat defaced the character of Sir Roger by this touch, and by the inhuman humanity of p. 52, 1. 18.

24. _managed_. Broken in. Cf. Shakespeare, _Richard II_., III. iii. 179:

Wanting the manage of unruly jades.

25. _stone-horse_. Stallion.

26. _staked himself_. Impaled himself on a stake in jumping.

29. _beagles_. Small hounds formerly employed in hunting the hare. Cf. White's _Selborne_, Letter VI, 'One solitary grey hen was sprung by some beagles in beating for a hare.' They are now superseded by harriers, which are still sometimes called by their name.

30. _Stop-hounds_. So called because when one of them found the scent he stopped and squatted 'to impart more effect to his deep tones, and to get wind for a fresh start' (Wills).

32. _mouths_. Voices. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry V_., II. iv. 70:

For coward dogs
Most spend their mouths when what they seem to threaten
Runs far before them.

33. _cry_. Pack. Cf. Shakespeare, _Coriolanus_, III. iii. 120,

'You common cry of curs.'

34. _nice_. Fastidious. Cf. Shakespeare, _Love's Labour's Lost_, v. ii. 219, 'We'll not be nice; take hands.'

Page 50.

5. _counter-tenor_. Alto.

8. iv. i. 124. Shakespeare was not in Budgell's day so common a reservoir of quotations as he has since become. Dryden had appreciated him, but he was in general very little known, even among men of letters.

15. Hunting in July must have entailed great loss on the farmers before it was forbidden by the Game Laws of 1831.

17. _pad_. v. note on p. 12, 1. 31.

19. _rid_. v. note on p. 24, 1. 17.

20. _benevolence_. In its literal meaning of _goodwill_.

25. _rid_. Now obsolete: _ridden_.

Page 51.

7. _chace_. v. note on p. 46, 1. 22.

35. _took_. Betook herself to. Cf. Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_, v. i. 36:

Run, master, run; for God's sake, take a house!

Page 52.

2. _chiding_. Barking. Cf. Shakespeare, _Midsummer Night's Dream_, iv. i. 120:

Never did I hear
Such gallant chiding.

10. _his pole_. The huntsman followed on foot, carrying a long leaping-pole, which permitted him to keep a straighter course than he could have done on horseback, owing to the state of the country.

26. _Monsieur Paschal_, the great French philosopher of the seventeenth century, who died in 1662.

Page 53.

12. _habit_. State, condition.

17. But the Spectator's hunting has only consisted of watching the chase from a rising ground!

24. _Epistle to John Dryden_, 73-4, 88-95.

SPECTATOR 117.

Page 54.

4. _neuter_. Neutral, Cf. Shakespeare, _Richard II_., II. iii. 159, 'Be it known to you I do remain as neuter.'

_engaging_. Pledging. Cf. Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_, III. ii. 264:

I have engaged myself to a dear friend.

6. _determination_. Decision. Cf. Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_, III. ii. 258, 'He humbles himself to the determination of justice.'

15. _particular_. Individual. Cf. Shakespeare, _All's Well that Ends Well_, I. i. 97:

That I should love a bright particular star.

Page 65.

7. _applied herself_. Cf. Shakespeare, _Antony and Cleopatra_, v. 2. 126:

If you apply yourself to our intents,

where the word is used in a somewhat different sense. It is now used reflexively only in the sense of applying oneself to the performance of an action.

8. _Otway_, the poet and playwright, died in 1685. The quotation is from his play of _The Orphan_, II. i. The first line should run:

Through a close lane....

36. _palmed_. Foisted, falsely attributed.

Page 60.

16. _tabby_. Brindled or sometimes female, as opposed to tom-cat. The meaning is derived from the word _tabby_, a name for watered silk.

28. _a bounty_. The concrete sense of this word has been lost.

33. _trying experiments with her_. Testing her by ordeal.

Page 57.

1. Sir Roger's doubtfulness on the subject of witchcraft was not exceptional. In 1664 Sir Thomas Browne had assisted in the condemnation of a witch. In 1711 there were two executions for witchcraft, and in 1712 Jane Wenham was sentenced, but afterwards pardoned. In 1716 there were again two executions, and although the Act was repealed in 1736, an old woman was done to death by the mob as late as 1751.

3. _bound her over to_. sc. appear at.

14. _commerce and familiarities_ with the devil or evil spirits.

SPECTATOR 118.

Page 68.

9. _of all others_. A classic construction. For a similar inaccurate phrase cf. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 324, 'The fairest of her daughters Eve.' The phrase occurs also on p. 41, 1. 33.

24. _salute_. Kiss. Cf. Shakespeare, _As You Like It_, III. ii. 50,

You salute not at the court, but you kiss your hands.

33. _set a mark upon_, in order to know and to shun them.

35. _pleasant_. Amusing, ridiculous. Cf. Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew,_ Induction, ii. 132, 'Play a pleasant comedy.'

Page 59.

13. _conduct_. Guidance. Cf. Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV.,_ V. ii. 36: Led by the impartial conduct of my soul.

19. _is addressed to_. Has addresses paid to her.

_presented_. Given presents. The verb is not now used without the indirect completion, 'to be presented with a thing.'

26. _personated_. Affected, feigned. Cf. _Spectator_ 555, 'A personated character.'

Page 60.

24. _honest_. Honourable. Cf. Shakespeare, _Othello,_ III. iii. 225: I do not think but Desdemona's honest.

Page 61.

23. _reads upon_. Reads on the subject of.

26. _policies_. Arrangements, economy, administration.

SPECTATOR 119

Page 62.

7. _manners_. Customs, habits. Cf. Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_, I. ii. 12, 'I'll view the manners of the town.'

12. _article_. Particular. Cf. Shakespeare, _Othello,_ III. iii. 22:

I'll perform it
To the last article.

Now concrete in sense: a material object.

23. _Conversation_. v. note on p. 23, 1. 16.

30. _modish._ Fashionable. Sc p. 64, 1. 2, 'Men of mode,' and p. 63, 1, 3, 'People of mode.'

Page 64.

31. _the country are_. Properly _is_.

Page 65.

3. _upon the western circuit_. As judge.

SPECTATOR 120.

Page 65.

29. _demonstrative._ Conclusive. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry V._, II. iv. 89: In every branch truly demonstrative.

Page 66.

11. _the leaving a posterity_. Mixed construction. _Leaving_ should be used either as a gerund, _leaving a posterity,_ or as a verbal noun, _the leaving of a posterity._

14. _nicer_. More delicate.

17. _birth_. That which they bear, their offspring. Cf. Shakespeare, _Othello_, I. iii. 410:

Hell and night
Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light.

30. _temper_. Temperature.

Page 67.

34. _which_. sc. a circumstance which.

Page 68.

1. _as it spreads_. To the degree in which it spreads.

16. _Take a brute out of his instinct_. Consider an animal in matters outside the range of his instinct.

Page 69.

18. _do not carry an immediate regard to_. Have no immediate bearing on.

SPECTATOR 121.

Page 70.

7. _stepmother_. Properly foster-mother.

17. _A modern philosopher_. M. Bernard, who quotes the Latin saw, is himself quoted by Bayle in a long discussion appended to the articles on _Pereira_ and _Rosarius_ in his Historical Dictionary, a translation of which was printed in 1710. Jacob Tonson, the publisher, declares that the Dictionary was Addison's constant companion.

26. _Dampier_, the great navigator, printed in 1691 a book entitled _A New Voyage round the World_.

Page 72.

4. _Mr. Locke_. v. note on p. 28, 1. 25. The reference is to ii. 9, 13.

19. _Dr. More_ was one of the original members of the Royal Society. He died in 1687.

_Cardan_ or Cardano, was an Italian philosopher of the sixteenth century. The citation is from _De Rerum Subtilitate_, x.

Page 73.

13. _Mr. Boyle_. A famous natural philosopher, and member of the Royal Society, who died in 1691. The citation is from _A Disquisition about the Final Causes of Natural Things_.

18. _one humour_. The typical eye of the higher animals consists of a lens and two humours or fluids, known as the aqueous and the vitreous.

33. _our Royal Society_. Founded in 1662.

Page 74.

2. _original_. Origin. Cf. Shakespeare, _2 Henry IV_, I. ii. 131, 'It hath its original from much grief.'

3. _policies_. v. note on p. 61, 1. 26.

14. _Howling Wilderness and Great Deep_. Deuteronomy, xxxii. 10, 'He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness.' Psalm li. 10, 'The waters of the great deep.'

25. _Tully_. v. note on p. 7, 1. 29.

29. _nice_. Accurate, precise. Cf. Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_, v. i. 75:

Despite his nice fence and his active practice.

SPECTATOR 122.

Page 75.

8. _approbations_. Not now used in the plural.

21. _assizes_, v. note on p. 36, 1. 22.

23. _rid_. v. note on p. 24, 1. 17.

28. _the game-act_, v. note on p. 7, 1. 12.

Page 76.

3. _shoots flying_. This accomplishment was just coming into fashion, and was not yet common.

4. _the petty-jury_, which actually gives a verdict on cases tried. The _grand jury_ decides whether cases shall be sent up for trial.

8. _quarter-sessions_, v. note on p. 7, 1. 10.

14. _cast and been cast_. To defeat or be defeated or condemned in a trial or law-suit. Cf. Milton, _Eikonoklastes_, 'The Commons by far the greatest number cast him.'

34. _was sat_. Was seated.

Page 77.

2. _for_. For the sake of, in order to enhance.

Page 78.

11. _be at the charge_. Bear the expense.

29. _conjuring_. Urging. Cf. Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_, iv. iii. 68:

I conjure you to leave me and be gone.

SPECTATOR 123.

Page 80.

8. _a novel_ at this time meant a short fictitious tale, generally of love.

9. _Eudoxus and Leontine_. This charming story is reminiscent of Shakespeare's _Winter's Tale_. Leontine, the friend who has a daughter, may well trace his descent from Leontes, King of Sicilia. Eudoxus must stand for Polixenes, King of Bohemia, since his son Florio is certainly the shadow of Prince Florizel. The plot hinges on the fact that both of the children, like the daughter of Leontine's prototype, grow up in ignorance of their parentage, and in both cases there is an apparent inequality of fortune between the lovers.

In a letter of the same date addressed to Mr. Wortley, Addison writes: 'When you have a son I shall be glad to be his Leontine, as my circumstances will probably be like his.' He had just sustained heavy losses.

32. _turned of_. We should now say _turned_.

33. Cowley, Essay X, 'But there is no fooling with life when it is once turned beyond forty.'

Page 81.

1. _In order to this_. In order to accomplish this.

Page 82.

1. _dictated_. Dictated to, counselled. Not now used transitively of persons.

Page 83.

26. _relish_, v. note on p. 44, 1. 7.

30. _discoveries_, v. note on p. 5, 1. 12.

SPECTATOR 125.

Page 84.

19. _St. Anne's Lane_. Turning out of Aldersgate Street.

24. _prickeared_. A contemptuous term applied to Roundheads, in allusion to the effect produced by the shortness of their hair, and borrowed from its ordinary use as applied to mongrel dogs.

Page 85.

7. _prejudice of the land-tax_. The land-tax was first levied in 1699 to pay for the French War. It was carried by Whig feeling in opposition to the Tory landholders.

_the destruction of the game_, which would proceed while the country gentlemen were occupied with their party differences.

19. _sinks_. Used transitively, _lowers, diminishes_. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry VIII_., iii. ii. 383, 'A load would sink a navy.'

28. _Plutarch_, the great Greek moralist and biographer of the first century of our era. The quotation is from _De Inimicorum Utilitate_.

Page 86.

2. _that great rule_. St. Luke, vi. 27, 'Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you.'

10. _the regard of_. A regard for.

19. _an object seen in two different mediums_. For instance, a straight stick partly immersed in water appears as if bent at the point at which it enters the water. The rays of light reflected from the position under water, by which we see that portion, are bent when they leave the water and enter the air in such a way as to make that part of the stick appear nearer to our eye than it would appear in air.

Page 87.

4. _postulatums_. The word has now become Anglicized in a different form, _postulate_, plural _postulates_.

15. _Guelfes and Gibellines_. The opposing political parties in Germany and Italy from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. In Italy they were the adherents of the Pope and the Emperor respectively.

16. _the League_. The Holy League, formed in 1576, in the Roman Catholic interest.

17. _unhappy_. Unfortunate. Cf. Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_, IV. iv. 126, 'O most unhappy day!'

SPECTATOR 126.

Page 89.

7. _such persons, that_. Mixed construction: _all persons that_ or _such persons as_. Frequent in Shakespeare; cf. _Measure for Measure_, II. ii. 147:

Such things
That want no ear but yours.

16. _retainers_. Followers, adherents.

28. _Diodorus Siculus_, a Greek historian of the last century B.C. The citation is from his universal history, a work in forty books, i. 35. 7.

30. _Ichneumon_. An animal belonging to the same family as the civets. The Egyptian ichneumon, known also as Pharaoh's cat, was held sacred among the ancient Egyptians because of its propensity for destroying crocodiles' eggs, but unfortunately for Addison's illustration, it is now proved that the degenerate ichneumon does actually 'find his account' in feeding upon the eggs which he breaks, whether they be those of crocodiles or merely of the barn-door fowl.

34. _finds his account_. Receives any recompense or advantage.

Page 90.

8. _the wild Tartars_. The Tartars are a race of Russians, of Turkish and Mongolian origin. Some of them adhere to the religion of the Greek church, some are Moslems, and some Shamanites. The reference is probably to some Shaman belief, for magic and the spirits of the dead play a very large part in this religion.

12. _of course_. In due course, in consequence. Cf. Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_, III. i. 259, 'This being granted in course, now follows all.'

27. _cock-match_. Match between fighting-cocks.

_humour_, v. note on p. 22, 1. 26.

30. _quarter-sessions_, v. note on p. 7, 1. 10.

34. _the landed and ... the monied interest_. The land-owner would naturally be a Tory, and the merchant a Whig.

Page 91.

6. _interest_. Political position, by virtue of which he was returned for his county.

11. _such an one_. v. note on p. 26, 1. 30. Here, the Tory candidate for the district.

19. _take up with_. Put up with.

30. _a very fair bettor_. Quite a good bettor or better.

32. _disagreeable_. Unpleasing, unpopular.

34. _correspondence_. v. note on p. 20, 1. 35.

Page 92.

10. _fanatick_. A madman. Will Wimble suspects the Spectator of unsoundness in politics, that is, of not being of the Tory persuasion.

SPECTATOR 127.

Page 92.

24. _the post_ would have reached Sir Roger in Worcester twice a week, on Thursdays and Saturdays (Report for 1809.)

25. _Dyer's letter_. Dyer's _News Letter_ was published three times a week. It dealt more in domestic news than did the regular newspapers, such as _The Postman_, and was sometimes driven to fill up space by relating fictitious events. Cf. _Tatler_ 18, in which Steele and Addison declare that Dyer is famous for whales in the Thames!

29. _under the quality of_. In the office of. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry V_., III. vi. 146, 'What is thy name? I know thy quality.'

Page 93.

2. _ordinary_. Used as an adverb.

5. _expence_. Now expense, v. note on _chace_, p. 46, 1. 22.

13. _You praised them_. v. _Spectator_ 98, On Ladies' Headdresses.

14. _the humour_. The fluid which causes the disease.

30. _Sir George Etherege_. v. note on p. 6, 1. 22. His first comedy, 1664, was entitled _The Comical Revenge, or Love in a Tub_. The reference is to IV. vi.

Page 94.

2. _the farthingale_ was a framework for extending the skirt of a woman's dress. It was introduced in 1545, and finally assumed a perfectly cylindrical shape.

_the ruin of the Spanish monarchy_. The defeat and dispersal of the Armada in 1558.

5. _the tail of a blazing star_. Comets have always been held to foretell disaster.

11. _into meetings and conventicles_. That is, to Dissent.

12. _trunk-breeches_. Very full, short breeches, reaching to the knee or half-way down the thigh.

16. _it is recorded of Alexander the Great_ in Plutarch's _Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans_. 'He first contrived many vain and sophistical things to serve the purposes of fame; among which were arms much bigger than his men could use ... left scattered up and down.' This report is probably baseless, as it is opposed to the magnanimity of Alexander's character.

28. _Rotunda_. A building of circular shape both outside and inside, such as the Pantheon in Rome.

31. _a little black monkey enshrined_. Each Egyptian village had its sacred animal or fetish.

Page 95.

8. _the sensitive plant_. _Mimosa pudica_, whose leaflets fold together at a touch.

SPECTATOR 128.

Page 96.

9. _from thence_. A redundant expression. _Thence_ is in itself equivalent to _from there_. Cf. Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_, IV. iv. 79, 'Did not I in rage depart from thence?'

Page 97.

4. _carries it_. Succeeds. Cf. Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_, II. iii. 228, 'Shall pride carry it?'

Page 98.

3. _the younger Faustina_, the profligate wife of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.

25. _your_ was frequently used instead of _the_ in naming an object as typical of its class, especially when the speech carries any flavour of pleasantry. Cf. Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_, IV. ii. 46, 'Every true man's apparel fits your thief.'

Page 99.

1. _Aristus_. aristos, best.

_Aspasia_. The mistress of Pericles, and the inspiration of his greatness.

SPECTATOR 129.

Page 99.

17. _periwig_. v. note on p. 8, 1. 8.

Page 100.

1. _habits_, v. note on p. 10, 1. 20.

5. _the mode_. v. note on p. 62, 1. 30.

12. _engage_. Undertake.

23. _circuit_. v. note on p. 65, 1. 3.

28. _Stains_, now spelt _Staines_, in Middlesex, ten miles from London.

29. _commode_. A wire erection to raise the front of the hair and the cap. First worn by Mlle. Fontange, at the court of Louis XIV. In _Spectator_ 98, Addison notes that head-dresses have diminished in height.

33. _the Ramilie cock._ A particular way of folding back the flaps of a cocked hat invented after Marlborough's victory at Ramillies, 1706.

Page 101.

10. _a Friezland hen._ Probably _frizzled hen_ (_Gallus crispus_) whose feathers stand outward from the body, giving it a much beruffled aspect.

15. _retrenching_. Cutting back, diminishing. Cf. Milton, _Paradise Regained_, i. 454:

But this thy glory shall be soon retrenched.

18. _franked by a parliament-man_. Members of Parliament were privileged to send and receive postal matter free of charge. The custom began in 1660, and was regulated by law in 1764. Until 1837 the member had simply to write his name on the corner of the envelope, and often presented his friends with parcels of franked envelopes. The privilege was abolished in 1840.

22. _next_. Most recent, last. Obsolete in this sense. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry VIII_., I. i. 17, 'Each following day became the next day's master.'

26. _in buckle_. In curl.

Page 102.

4. _astonishments_. The plural form is not now in use.

7. _bob-wig_. A wig with short curls or _bobs_, to imitate natural curly hair.

18. _Monmouth cock_. Another fashion of cocking the hat, named after the Duke of Monmouth. v. note on p. 10, 1. 30.

23. _night-cap wig_. A periwig with a short tie and a small round head.

Page 103.

1. _the Steenkirk_ was a black silk cravat, tied so as to produce an effect of negligence, in imitation of the victorious French generals, when a sudden attack summoned them hastily to the field at the battle of Steinkirk. v. note on _Spectator_ 335.

SPECTATOR 130.

Page 103.

10. _exert the Justice of the Peace_. Exercise the authority of a justice of the peace.

Page 104.

15. _A Cassandra_. A prophetess. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, King of Troy, was inspired by Apollo with the divine frenzy.

17. _in a corner_. Secretly. Cf. Acts of the Apostles, xxvi. 26, 'This thing was not done in a corner.'

Page 105.

21. _our monthly accounts about twenty years ago_. From 1681 monthly publications began to appear, the most notable being _The Gentleman's Journal_, issued by Peter Mottuex, 1691-4, which proved to be the germ of our entire magazine literature.

22. _Trekschuyt_. Literally _draw-boat_.

_hackney-boat_. Boat plying for hire.

Page 106.

4. _gave him for_. Gave him up for. Cf. Shakespeare, _The Winter's Tale_, III. ii. 96:

Your favour
I do give lost.

SPECTATOR 131.

Page 107.

17. _a month's excursion_. In the _Spectator_ for July 2 Addison writes that he went 'last week' to Sir Roger's country-house.

Page 108.

10. _killed a man_. In a duel. Duelling was still the one way of repudiating an insult. The crusade against it was on foot, but it died hard.

11. _visit ... to Moll White_, v. _Spectator_ 117.

13. _cunning_. Learned in magic. Cf. _Spectator_ 505, 'Wizards, gypsies, and cunning men.'

16. _a White Witch_ is a witch who can do no harm, and who sometimes performs beneficent actions. Cf. the use of _white_ in such phrases as _white lie._

21. _harbour a Jesuit_. The last order for the expulsion of the Jesuits was issued in 1602. Those who harboured them in defiance of this order were liable to very heavy penalties.

28. _discarded Whig_, as Salmon points out, is an exact description of Addison at this time.

29. _out of place_. Deprived of his post or office.

31. _disaffected_, to the sovereign.

Page 109.

3. _discovers_, v. note on p. 5, 1. 12.

7. _temper_. Temperament, disposition. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry V_., V. ii. 153, 'A fellow of this temper.'

26. _picking of_. As if the gerund, _a-picking of_.

27. _smelling to_. Now _smelling at_.

33. _stories of a cock and a bull_. Now condensed to _cock-and- bull stories_. Cf. Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, II. 11. iv. 274.

Page 110.

6. _commonwealth's men_. Republicans.

SPECTATOR 132.

Page 110.

23. _chamberlain_. Servant who attends the bedchambers. Cf. Milton, _On the University Carrier_, 1. 14, 'In the kind office of a chamberlin.'

25. _Mrs._ was the early abbreviation of _mistress_, which we have now unhappily abbreviated to _miss_.

Page 111.

8. _half-pike_. A kind of short lance, the weapon of an infantry officer.

10. _equipage_. Train, following.

12. _cloak-bag_. Portmanteau. Cf. Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_, III. iv. 172:

'Tis in my cloak-bag-doublet, hat, hose, all.

_in the seat_. Under the actual seat, in the well of the coach.

Page 112.

1. _the brideman_. Now called the _best man_.

8. _the giving her_. The giving of her.

11. Cf. Shakespeare, _Henry V._, IV. iv. 73, 'The saying is true,-- the empty vessel makes the greatest sound.'

19. _countenance_. In its original meaning of bearing, behaviour. Cf. Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_, i. i. 234:

Puts my apparel and my countenance on.

22. _fleer_. Gibe. Cf. Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_, V. i. 58, 'Never fleer and jest at me.'

28. _hasped up_. Shut up.

30. _Ephraim_ was a generic name for Quakers, given them because they refused to fight, v. Psalm lxxviii. 9, 'The children of Ephraim being armed and carrying bows turned back in the day of battle.'

35. _smoky_. The current slang for shrewd. To _smoke_ a plot or a trick was to detect it; in modern slang to _smell a rat_.

Page 113.

4. _ruffle_. Disturbance, commotion.

7. _conduct._ Cf. note on p. 59, 1. 13.

11. _taking place_ of other vehicles was an important privilege, for the road was generally practicable only for one vehicle at a time, so that the displaced one would have to stop till the road should be clear again.

25. _inward_. Pious, earnest. Cf. Thomas a Kempis, _De Imitatione Christi_, II. i. 41, 'a very inward man:' also Penn, _Rise and Progress of the Quakers_, 1690, 'more religious, inward, still.'

32. _thee and I_. The Friends generally employ _thee_ for _thou_. So too in p. 114, 1. 2.

Page 114.

3. _affections_. Dispositions, feelings. Cf. Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_, II. iv. 168:

By the affection that now guides me most.

SPECTATOR 269.

Page 114.

19. _Gray's Inn Walks_ are said to have been planted by Bacon. They are situated on the north side of Holborn, and were the regular promenade of people of fashion in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, for the air blew straight over from Hampstead, unimpeded by the houses which have since sprung up.

22. _Eugene_, Prince of Savoy, had arrived in London three days before the date of this paper. He had been Marlborough's colleague in the War of the Spanish Succession, and he had come over in order to attempt to repair the overthrow of Marlborough and to prevent the Tory government from concluding peace with France on ruinous and disgraceful terms.

27. _Eugenio_ was regularly employed by Prince Eugene as his signature, in recognition of his Italian family.

28. _Scanderbeg_ was the great Albanian prince and commander of the fifteenth century, who freed his country from the dominion of Turkey.

Page 115.

15. _made_. Preached, delivered.

16. _Dr. Barrow_, v. p. 15, 1. 12.

18. _thirty merks_. Twenty pounds. A merk or mark was worth 13s 4d. It was not a coin, but only a convenient name, as _guinea_ is now.

21. _fob_. A small pocket, usually intended to hold a watch.

22. _tobacco-stopper_. A small plug for pressing down the tobacco in the bowl of the pipe.

28. _Tom Touchy_. v. _Spectator_ 122.

31. _Moll White_. v. _Spectator_ 117.

Page 116.

8. _hogs-puddings_. Large sausage-shaped bags stuffed with minced pork.

18. _for twelve days_, that is, till Twelfth Night, January 6, which puts an end to the Christmas festivities.

22. _smutting_. A trick, the victim of which is made unconsciously to blacken his own face. Cf. Goldsmith:

The swain mistrustless of his smutted face
While secret laughter tittered round the place.

27. _the late act of Parliament for securing the Church of England_. The Act of Occasional Uniformity, 1710, attempted to exclude Dissenters from political power and office by strengthening the Test Act of 1673. Dissenters who had once taken the sacrament in order to qualify for civil, military, or magisterial office, were prohibited under very severe penalties from appearing afterwards in sectarian places of worship.

28. _securing_. Making safe. Cf. Shakespeare, _Tempest_, II. i. 310, 'We stood here securing your repose.'

Page 117.

6. _the Pope's procession_ was a Whig demonstration performed annually on November 17, the anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth, to relieve the feelings of the Anti-Papal party. This year a particularly riotous procession had been prepared, but it was prevented by the seizure of all the images and accessories by the police in the middle of the preceding night.

17. _Baker's Chronicle_. Sir Richard Baker, who died in 1645, was the author of _A Chronicle of the Kings of England_. The observations which Sir Roger applied to Prince Eugene had not, of course, been written with regard to him.

23. _Squire's_. v. Appendix I.

25. _waited on_. Attended. Cf. Shakespeare, _Two Gentlemen of Verona_, III. ii. 96:

We'll wait upon your grace till after supper.

30. _the Supplement_ was 'an alternative edition of _The Postboy_, by Jacob Abellius, a postscriptorian, otherwise Boyer.' (Fox Bourne.)

SPECTATOR 329.

Page 118.

5. _my paper upon Westminster Abbey_. _Spectator_ 26.

8. _promised another paper upon the Tombs_. 'I have left the repository of our English kings for the contemplation of another day.'

Page 119.

3. _the sickness_. The plague, which was at Dantzick in 1709.

5. _a hackney-coach_. A coach let out on hire, the precursor of the modern cab. The hackney-coach was introduced into London in 1625, and in 1715 their number had to be restricted to seven hundred. Cf. p. 105, 1. 22, _hackney-boat_.

15. _engaged_ in my affections, not betrothed. Cf. p. 13, 1. 13.

34. _Sir Cloudesly Shovel_, the admiral, who was wrecked off the Scilly Isles in 1707.

Page 120.

2. _Dr. Busby_, the famous flogging head master, who ruled Westminster School for fifty-five years, 1640-95.

6. _the little chapel on the right hand_. St. Edmund's Chapel.

9. _the lord who had cut off the king of Morocco's head_, or who was supposed to have done so on the evidence of his crest.

'a Moor's head orientally crowned,' was Sir Bernard Brocas, a knight of the fourteenth century.

12. _the statesman Cecil_, in the Chapel of St. Nicholas. Lord Burleigh was Secretary of State to Edward VI., and Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth.

14. _that martyr to good housewifery, who died by the prick of a needle_. Elizabeth Russell, whose effigy is sculptured with one finger extended, in reality to direct attention to the death's-head at her feet. Cf. Goldsmith, _The Citizen of the World_, Letter xiii., in which the guide to the Abbey 'talked of a lady who died by pricking her finger; of a king with a golden head, and twenty such pieces of absurdity'.

21. _the two coronation chairs_. The ancient chair was made for Edward I. to enclose the stone of Scone, which he had brought from Scotland. It was the sacred coronation stone of the Scottish kings, and was supposed to have come originally from Palestine. Unfortunately for this theory it consists of Scotch sandstone, and, as Wills remarks, 'Sir Roger's question was extremely pertinent.' All succeeding sovereigns have been crowned on this chair and stone. It is now railed in, but in Addison's time it was a source of revenue to the guides, who demanded a fine of any person who should sit in it. The second chair was made for the coronation of William III. and Mary.

24. _Jacob's pillar_, or pillow, v. Genesis, xxviii. 11, 18, and 22.

30. _trepanned_. In the two earliest editions spelt _trapanned_, that is, _entrapped_. In later editions its spelling was influenced by the word _trepan_, a surgical operation.

Page 121.

1. _Edward the Third's sword_. A mighty weapon, seven feet long and weighing eighteen pounds, in the Chapel of Edward the Confessor.

8. _touched for the evil_. _The evil_ is scrofula. Cf. the use of _the sickness_, p. 119, 1. 3, for the plague. It was long held to be cured by the royal touch. Dr. Johnson remembered being taken to London to be touched by Queen Anne when he was a small child. She was the last sovereign who practised touching for the evil. Cf. _Macbeth_, IV. iii. 140-56.

_Henry the Fourth's_ tomb is at Canterbury Cathedral, Henry III. is probably intended.

10. _fine reading in the casualties of that reign_. In Baker's _Chronicle_ the chapter on _The Reign of King Henry IV_ contains a paragraph entitled _Casualties happening in his time_, relating the appearance of a 'blazing star', a visit of the Devil 'in the likeness of a Gray Friar', a flood, a fire, and finally a winter so severe 'that almost all small birds died through hunger'.

12. _the figure of one of our English kings without an head_. The effigy of Henry V. was made of oak covered with silver, but the head was of solid silver, and was stolen at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries, 1536-9.

33. _Norfolk-Buildings_, in Norfolk Street, Strand, were originally the property of the Howards. For Sir Roger's residence, v. also _Spectator_ 2, p. 6, 1. 17.

SPECTATOR 335.

Page 122.

9. _the Committee_ was a play by Sir Robert Howard, 1662, the motive of which is ridicule of the Puritans.

12. _Distressed Mother_, an adaptation by Ambrose Philips of Racine's _Andromaque_, had been produced on March 17.

15. _at the end of the dictionary_, where biographical notices of famous persons used to be inserted.

18. _the Mohocks_. Ever since the Restoration the streets of London had been infested at night with bands of dissolute young men who assaulted and injured men and women by wounding and beating them. No sort of mischief came amiss to them; they effected endless damage by the breaking of windows, and so forth, and a favourite diversion consisted in binding a woman in a barrel, and rolling it down Snow Hill or Ludgate Hill. Their name was derived from the Mohawks, a tribe of North American Indians, and was used to denote savages in general. An especially flagrant outbreak of this Hooliganism was in progress at this time (v, _Spectator_ 324, 332), and on March 17 a royal proclamation against the Mohocks had been issued.

20. _black_, v. note on p. 1, 1. 9.

21. _Fleet Street_ ran beside the river Fleet, which is now covered over.

22. _put on_. Hastened.

24. _to hunt me_. The View Hallo was a favourite and doubtless a very amusing pastime of the Mohocks. The person elected to share in the game was run down and surrounded by a circle of sportsmen, who kept him rotating like a top by pricking him with their swords. Cf. _Spectator_ 332.

26. _in King Charles the Second's time_ the marauders were known as Muns and Tityre-Tus.

Page 123.

8. _about four o'clock_. For the time of the play, v. note on p. 8, 1. 5.

14. _the battle of Steenkirk_, 1692, in which the French defeated the allies under William III.

16. _oaken plants_. Cudgels.

22. _the pit_ was the resort of the critics and people of fashion.

30. _Pyrrhus_, son of Achilles, was one of the warriors who entered Troy in the wooden horse. He killed Priam, and was given Andromache, the widow of Hector, as his share of the spoil. The play goes on to depict how Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen, was forced by her parents to marry him, and how in consequence her lover Orestes raised the Delphians and killed him.

31. _the King of France_, whom Sir Roger regards as the leader of fashion.

32. _a better strut_. By reference to an advertisement of the play in the _Spectator_ for March 17, we learn that the happy possessor of this strut was a certain Mr. Booth.

Page 124.

9. _Pyrrhus his_. This form of the possessive was in frequent use, especially after proper names ending in _s_.

21. _begun_. Obsolete in prose; now _began_.

25. _the widow_. Andromache.

27. _Astyanax_, the son of Hector and Andromache.

35. _a very remarkable silence_. For an account of the talking and disturbance that usually went on, v. _Spectator_ 45 and 240.

Page 125.

6. _Pylades_, the close friend of Orestes.

9. _the old fellow in whiskers_. Phoenix, counsellor to Pyrrhus, a minor character.

12. _smoke_, make a butt of, amuse themselves with. Cf. modern schoolboy slang, _roast_.

26. _justling_. Hustling, jostling. Cf. Shakespeare, _Tempest_, III. ii. 29, 'I am in case to justle a constable.'

SPECTATOR 359.

Page 126.

16. _that once_. We should say _that for once_.

Page 127.

13. _I had formerly boarded with a surgeon_, and so was presumably not a strong man.

14. _Put_. A Devonshire word, the old _wretch_.

19. _waited upon_. Visited.

22. _Lion's-Inn_. An old Inn of Court, destroyed in 1863.

Page 128.

5. _spindle_. Thin like the stick with which the thread is twisted in spinning.

21. _the book I had considered last Saturday_. The Tenth Book of _Paradise Lost_. Addison's famous criticism of this poem, which appeared in the Saturday issue of the _Spectator_ from January 5 to May 3, 1712, was written before Milton had come into his kingdom.

23. _the following lines_. _Paradise Lost_, x. 888-908.

SPECTATOR 383.

Page 129.

20. _bounces_. Rough, disorderly knocks.

26. _Spring-Garden_, The new gardens at Vauxhall, not the old Spring Gardens in Whitehall. They are mentioned by Pepys as a place of bad repute.

Page 130.

7. _The Temple Stairs_ were the landing stairs in the grounds of the Temple. Although there was much wheeled traffic in London the river remained a very favourite highway.

14. _bate him_. Let him off, remit him. Cf. Shakespeare, _Tempest_, I. ii. 250:

Thou didst promise
To bate me a full year.