Chapter I: Front Matter

THE CROSS.

_From a photo by Carlton & Son, Horncastle._]

The Cross
IN
Ritual, Architecture, and Art

BY THE
REV. GEO. S. TYACK, B.A.

LONDON:
WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE.

WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO
THE HULL PRESS

Preface.

In this work my aim has been to deal in a popular way with the manifold uses of the Cross as the symbol of the Christian Faith. The attempt necessitates certain limitations; to give prominence to controversial points, to go to foreign lands for illustrations and examples when so many apt ones are to be found at home, or to load the pages with references--any of these things would have been opposed to the object which I have set before myself. If my outline be sufficiently broad and clear, and the details, so far as they go, accurate--and to attain this no pains have been spared--I shall be content.

Before closing this brief preface, it is to me both a pleasure and a duty to express my grateful thanks to my friend and publisher, Mr. William Andrews, for the use of his collection of works, notes, and pictures relating to the Cross, and from his own productions I have gleaned some out-of-the-way information.

GEO. S. TYACK,

CROWLE, DONCASTER,
_August, 1896_.

Contents.

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTORY--The pre-Christian Cross--Primitive
cross-forms--The "Graffito blasfemo"--The vision of
Constantine--Finding of the "True Cross"--The
Crusades--Heraldic Crosses--The Templars, etc.--The
Cross in the arms and badges and coinage of modern
state 1

2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRUCIFIX--Early symbols of
Christ, the Vine, Good Shepherd, etc.--The Agnus Dei--
The Vatican Cross--Conciliar authority for Crucifix--
The Iconoclasts--Eastern attitude towards images--
Character of early crucifixes--Crucifixion scenes--
Italian sacred art 14

3. THE CROSS IN RITUAL--Prophetic types of the Cross--Sign
of the Cross primitive--Method of making--Used in
public offices: Eucharist, ordination, baptism,
confirmation, public prayer--Processional Cross--
Archbishop's Cross--Pectoral Cross--Cross in
consecration of churches--Cross of Absolution--
"Creeping to the Cross"--Feasts of the Cross--Invention
and exaltation--Dedication to S. Cross or Holy Rood 28

4. THE CROSS AS AN ORNAMENT OF THE CHURCH, ETC.--Cruciform
churches--Altar Cross--Genevan aversion to--The rood
and rood-loft--English roods--The "Rood of Grace"--
Destruction of roods--Modern revival of use of--
Embroidered crosses on vestments--The fylfot on bells--
Spire-cross--Churchyard crosses destroyed and renewed--
Weeping Cross and Palm Cross 44

5. PUBLIC CROSSES--Universal use of cross-forms in old
England--Removal of crosses--Crosses chiefly secular in
use--Edinburgh Cross: its history--English
market-crosses--Destructions and recent restorations--
Chichester and other crosses--Preaching crosses--S.
Paul's: its history--Other English preaching crosses 63

6. MEMORIAL CROSSES--S. Oswald's Cross--Neville's Cross--
Cross in Leeds--Alpine and Spanish Crosses--Eleanor
Crosses and modern copies of them--Newark and Wedmore
Crosses--Sandbach, Iona, Monasterboice, etc.--Crowle
Stone--Hall Cross, Doncaster--Dartmoor Memorials 87

7. WAYSIDE AND BOUNDARY CROSSES--Whiteleaf Cross--Uses of
wayside crosses--Dartmoor Crosses--Cornish Crosses--
Notable crosses elsewhere in England: Burythorpe,
Tottenham, Henley, etc.--Well Crosses 106

8. CONCLUSION--Popularity of Symbolism--Totems--Kobong--
Heraldic Symbols--Symbol of the Cross: What it implies? 120

THE CROSS IN RITUAL, ARCHITECTURE, AND ART.