Chapter XLI: Conclusion

I lit on the following in the _Home and Colonial Mail_ just before going to press, and it is too pertinent to much in preceding pages to omit:--

THE CHINA TEA TRADE.

The influence of the expansion of the Indian Tea enterprise on the
trade in China is being felt. We have more than once adverted to the
fact that the growing use of the well-flavoured Teas of India would
diminish the consumption of the better grades of China Tea, and that
the effect of the competition between the two countries would be
first seen in the falling off in the demand for so-called fine China
Tea.

The following letter, which appeared in the _Times_ Money article
lately, confirms this view, and refers to the present unsound
condition of the China Tea trade:--

“Sir,--In view of the opening of the Tea season in China, a few
remarks upon the present position and future prospects of this
important trade may not be inopportune.

“It is no secret that for some years past the losses of merchants
have been serious, and that while most of the wealthy firms so long
known as connected with China have either entirely ceased to import
Tea, or have reduced their operations to a very small compass,
the trade has been carried on by new houses possessing but little
capital, who are enabled, by the competition of the banks, to do a
large business by drawing bills on China, not only for the whole
cost of the Teas purchased, but also for their commissions on these
purchases--that is to say, for an unrivalled profit of 3 per cent.
The question, Who has so far paid the losses of the past two years?
is one that greatly exercises the minds of the trade. Many suppose
that large balances are being carried over in the books of some of
the banks, or by the Chinese, and that it is the hope of recouping
a portion of this loss that induces the banks or the Chinamen to
support those who would otherwise be obliged to relinquish the
trade. The Chinese have also a further inducement to support such
firms, since it is partly through them that those high prices are
established in China at the opening of the season which entail so
much loss afterwards. As a result of these prices, about 30 per cent.
more fine Congou is produced than (on account of the competition of
the Indian growth) can be consumed except at the price of medium Tea.
How large the excess is may be gathered from the fact that, although
5,000,000 lbs. of this class of Tea was lost last July in the
‘Moskwa’ and the ‘Fleurs Castle,’ yet stocks in Russia have increased
by about 30,000 half-chests, and there is still so large a quantity
on this market that it can only be realized at a loss of from 5_d._
to 6_d._ per lb. on the China cost; thus some Teas, said to have cost
in Hankow 1_s._ 8_d._ to 1_s._ 9_d._, have been recently sold as low
as 1_s._ 3_d._, and others costing 1_s._ 7_d._ in Foochow, have been
sold at 1_s._ 1_d._ per lb.

“It is evident from the above that merchants as a rule do not realize
the immense change that has been brought about in the conditions
of the trade by the enormous increase in the use of Indian Tea,
which now forms about one-third of the entire home consumption, and
competes mostly with the finer qualities of China congou; nor the
fact that all engaged in the trade are becoming year by year more
averse to holding stock on account of the heavy charges involved,
and the risk of deterioration in quality. Yet, as the whole twelve
months’ supply of first crop Tea arrives within three months of
the opening of the season, it is plain that some one must hold the
balance, which can only be done with safety if the Tea be bought at
a very low price.

“The one remedy for the present condition of things is that the great
bulk of the so-called fine Teas should be bought in China at their
present value on this market--viz., at about 5_d._ to 6_d._ below the
prices given for them in recent years. With the large accumulated
stocks in Russia, and consequently reduced orders from that country,
the yearly-increasing supply of Indian Tea, and the present prices
here, one would think that such a course would at once be adopted.
Unfortunately, however, so much of the Tea is bought on commission,
and the Russian agents seem so reckless as to the prices which they
give, that any such prudent action can hardly be hoped for. It would,
therefore, be wise for holders of shares in Eastern banks, as well
as all who have been in the habit of intrusting orders to buying
agents in China, to ponder the foregoing facts, which can be easily
verified by a reference to any of the trade circulars lest their
money should be lost in the crash which must certainly take place if
the past policy of Tea buyers in China be continued.--I am, &c.,

“A. B.”

Will those warned be wise in time, and not swamp the Home Market with China Teas certain to be sold at a loss? Who can say? But “A. B.” is evidently master of the subject, and if his advice in not taken, the China Tea “crash” he predicts will not be a small one.

When China Teas are _not_ sent home to realise a certain loss, our Indian Teas will have fairer play.

I cannot conclude without acknowledging the great help I have derived from the pages of the _Tea Gazette_ in writing these additions to my Fourth Edition.

* * * * *

Since my remarks on Ceylon were printed, I have acquired much further information regarding the Tea industry in that island, and the prospects certainly seem very favourable. Anyhow, there seems to be no doubt that Ceylon for Tea offers quite as good a field as any part of India, always supposing that good sites are selected and the area to choose from is large.

The future market for Tea is really, as regards Ceylon, the only doubtful point, and consequently (as at page 183) I advise the planters there to act with caution.

Where it is proposed to put coffee lands under Tea, of course one great advantage in economy will be gained, inasmuch as there will be no jungle clearing or previous cultivation. But here again caution is necessary. Make sure the soil is not worn out, for Tea, though it will grow, will not yield largely on such.

* * * * *

_June, 1883._

P.S.--The following are the new rules lately issued by the Customs regarding the future treatment of Indian Teas.

The weight of Indian Tea for duty may, if desired by the importers,
be ascertained under the following regulations:--

1. The Tea on arrival to be weighed to ascertain the gross weight of
each package.

2. With each entry the importer to give an endorsement of the net
contents of each package.

3. To test the accuracy of this endorsement, 10 per cent. of each
break to be turned out and weighed net.

4. If the difference between the weight given of any package and the
weight found exceeds or is less than 3 lbs., the whole parcel should
be weighed net.

5. Duty to be charged on the average weight of the packages weighed
net, unless the importer elects to weigh the whole parcel in the
usual way.

6. When the average of the packages weighed net amounts to so many
pounds and a-half, an additional pound will be charged on each of the
whole parcel; when the fraction is less than half a pound it is to be
rejected.

7. The new system to come into operation on July the 1st next.

FOOTNOTES:

[106] If tares are nearly equal, and if Teas are well bulked in India, only some packages (about 10 per cent.) are opened, and an average tare struck. But this in no way saves the loss in _quantity_ of Tea, though, of course, less Tea is thus _injured_.

[107] Since I wrote the above the Customs have framed new rules for Indian Teas. The absurd tare system is done away with.

ADDENDA

_TO THE THIRD EDITION_.

The following from the _Indian Economist_, regarding Indian Teas in general and Neilgherry Teas in particular, is not out of place here. At the same time I do not agree with the writer, for I believe that in the strength and pungency of Indian Teas consists their value:--

INDIAN TEA.

“That the Teas of India have at length come to be fully appreciated
in England may be taken, we presume, as an admitted fact; and it
is of importance that planters should direct their attention to
modifying their methods of manufacture so as to suit the public
taste, and, if possible, turn out an article free from the objections
still advanced against the Indian leaf as a daily beverage. There
are, we know, those who argue that enough has been done, and that
consumers will acquire a taste for the produce of our gardens in
time; but we have daily evidence that in the most trivial matters
there is no greater tyrant than the public. It behoves those then who
cater for this tyrant to consult its taste and satisfy its demands,
however exacting and capricious they may be. The remarks we are about
to make are based on experiments and enquiries extending over some
years in this country and in England, and we leave those engaged in
the enterprise to estimate their value. All Teas grown in the plains
of India are known to the trade in London under the general name of
Assam, and are chiefly used for mixing, seldom reaching the consumer
in a pure state. When they do, the objections raised are that the
leaf is too pungent and rough for most palates; and purchasers are
in the habit of mixing it with Chinese to tone down those astringent
qualities. In other words, it wants the delicacy of flavour which
is the chief characteristic of the Chinese leaf, meaning of course
that vended by respectable houses, not the abominable trash that
formed part of the cargoes of the _Lalla Rookh_ and _Sarpedon_,
containing, according to Dr Letheby’s Analysis, ‘40 to 45 per
cent. of iron filings and 19 per cent. of silica.’ Nor is this lack
of delicacy of flavour to be lightly regarded, for the efforts of
our manufacturers have been directed unwittingly and indirectly
to foster the peculiarity, as the test of Indian Tea has hitherto
been its strength and pungency, to fit it for _salting_ weak, thin,
inferior sorts of Chinese. This is what the dealers have demanded,
and what, consequently, brokers in their turn have insisted on, with
the result that the out-turn of our Assam and Cachar plantations is
now, if anything, too powerful to suit public taste. Whether means
of manipulation may be hit upon by which aroma can be retained
without sacrificing strength, we leave those most interested to
determine; but it is worthy of note that this objection to strength
and roughness is almost confined to women, the sterner sex preferring
Assam unmixed, while the working classes of both sexes are unanimous
in favour of the unadulterated Indian article. Experiments were
further tried by substituting Neilgherry Tea, and after a short
interval the verdict of the majority was in its favour. We need
now only point out the difference in the manufacture between the
two Teas, leaving others to decide questions regarding the bearing
of climate or altitude. Up to the time of finishing rolling, the
manipulation of the leaf is identical, care being taken to retain the
juice; but that made on the hills instead of being almost immediately
placed over _choolas_ was spread out thinly on tables all night, in
a temperature of 54 deg., sustaining consequent loss of strength by
evaporation, but developing an aroma that established it at once in
favour. So successful has this Neilgherry Tea been at home, that
offers are now received by plantation proprietors for their produce
at half-a-crown per lb. free on board, in Madras. This would seem to
indicate that the aroma is generated by the action of cold upon the
damp leaf while in a state of ‘suspended fermentation;’ for, previous
to experimenting with consumers, the samples were submitted to
Mincing Lane brokers and pronounced sound, in corroboration of which
opinion the bulk from which they were taken sold at auction for 2_s._
2-1/2_d._, so that fermentation (_i.e._ sourness) had been carefully
avoided. We know that the climate of Assam and temperature of the
Tea-houses render the keeping of rolled leaf even for an hour fatal
to soundness; but should the development of this aroma be really due
to ‘suspension of fermentation’ is it not worth while adopting some
contrivance for cooling down a chamber set aside for the purpose of
spreading out the rolled leaf to the temperature required?

“The question whether delicacy is due to altitude alone and not
to manufacture might be ascertained by experiment. Let a quantity
of green leaf be sent _down_ from one of the Neilgherry gardens,
and worked up in the plains at the foot of the hills, and an equal
quantity sent _up_ from one of the Assam gardens, say to Shillong,
and manufactured on the Neilgherry principles there, and the result
then compared. This experiment would cost little and determine a not
unimportant question: for all engaged in Tea are interested in using
their best endeavours to fit it for public consumption, and to guard
it against Chinese in any shape or form whatever.”

_Note by the Author._--That “delicacy of flavour,” and “want
of strength” with it, _is_ due to altitude has long ago been
admitted, and any experiments on that head would, I think, be quite
unnecessary. The experiments as to manufacture on the Neilgherries
are interesting, and should be further looked into.

E. M.

I have at last completed experiments with a view to do away with the
use of charcoal in Tea manufacture, and I think with success.

The “Furnace Teas,” for so I purpose naming them, have in most cases
been pronounced by the Calcutta brokers to be superior to similar
samples of the same day’s leaf, made in the usual way over charcoal.

Nothing but the heat generated by _any_ fuel placed in furnaces sunk
under ground outside the Tea-house is used. No motive power of any
kind is employed. The apparatus is very simple. It is cheap to erect
and very durable in character.

As the apparatus with which the Teas up to the present time have been
made is a rude and imperfect one, having disadvantages which must
tell more or less on the excellence of the Teas so manufactured, and
as, even with these disadvantages, the Teas are pronounced by the
brokers _at least_ equal to charcoal-dried Teas, it is not too much
to hope that with a perfect apparatus (one of which will be erected
immediately) Teas will be improved in value by this new invention.
The following will be shortly the advantages of this new process,
even supposing the Teas are no better:--

1. _Economy._--This will possibly be even greater than what is set
out in the extract of the local paper below; for the fact that the
Tea is never placed over charcoal until the whole is ignited, and has
become “live charcoal,” is not there recognized, much of the caloric
thus escapes.

2. Cleanliness and absence of charcoal dust.

3. Absence of the objectionable fumes of charcoal.

4. Immunity from fire in Tea-houses.

5. Greater speed in the firing process, and the saving of all the
labour employed to make charcoal.

6. Reduced temperature in Tea-houses.

If all the advantages are, as I expect they will be, attained, the
life of a Tea planter will be more pleasant than hitherto.

The following is the opinion of the new process expressed by the
_Darjeeling News_ of 1st August:--

“It has long been a question, which all planters were desirous to
solve, if the fumes of charcoal were necessary to make Tea, that is
to say, if any chemical action was produced on the Tea by the said
fumes, and if not, whether it would not be possible to do the firing
in some other and far cheaper way.

“The question has, we believe, been solved by Colonel Edward Money,
and if so, for the invention is quite a new one, a boon of great
magnitude will have been conferred on the Tea interest of India. We
congratulate this district as being the birthplace of the improvement.

“The apparatus at present in use at Soom, and which we have seen
working, is a rough and crude one made on the spot. This, and the
more perfect plans from which larger and better ones are to be made,
are readily shown by Colonel Money to anyone visiting Soom; but until
the invention is patented, it is not well to describe it in print.
Suffice if we say the invention is a remarkably simple one--cheap to
erect--durable in its character, and the working thereof unattended
with any expense whatever, beyond the cost of the fuel (which may
be of any kind), and which of course will be many times less than
charcoal.

“If true, as we hear, that it takes 3-1/2 maunds of wood generally
to make one maund of charcoal, and if also true, as Colonel Money
suggests, that the caloric in one maund of wood equals the caloric
in two maunds of charcoal, it then follows that each maund of wood,
put into Colonel Money’s furnace, equals seven maunds of wood to make
charcoal.

“Of course the above are more or less random figures, but they
suffice to show that the saving of fuel will be very great--a boon
of course to planters, but a boon also to the Forest Department and
to India.

“We knew of the invention some time back, but we forbore to notice
it until the brokers’ reports on the Tea so made had been received.
We have now seen these. Samples of ‘charcoal’ and ‘furnace’ Tea were
sent down, made from the same leaf, the same day, and manufactured
in one up to the “firing” process. Two brokers give the higher value
to the furnace Tea, one to the charcoal kind--but the difference is
small.

“We believe, as one of our most experienced planters, who has tasted
the Teas, been to Soom, and seen the brokers’ reports, says, that
‘the Tea dried by the furnace apparatus will be _at least_ equal to
that prepared over charcoal.’

“As Colonel Money is already known as an authority in Tea, and as
he has stated to us his belief that ‘charcoal days’ for Tea are
now at an end, we await with confidence the ultimate success of
his invention, which even if it makes no better Tea will certainly
make it far cheaper, while the dirt from charcoal dust will be done
away with, the temperature of the Tea-houses much reduced, and the
deleterious fumes of charcoal, so very objectionable from a sanitary
point of view in Tea manufacture, will be known no more.”

Again, 29th August, a month later, the _Darjeeling News_ further
remarks:--

“We alluded recently to Colonel Money’s very ingenious plan for
drying Tea without charcoal. Since then his apparatus has been
in full work at Soom, and has been inspected by numbers of the
Darjeeling planters, one and all of whom have, we understand,
reported most favourably on its working. Samples of Tea manufacture
have been from time to time sent to Calcutta brokers for their
opinion, and reports have been received from fifteen, of whom seven
are in favour of Tea made by the old charcoal process, seven are in
favour of the new furnace process, and one reports that the Tea made
by each process is exactly the same.

“Colonel Money is now taking steps to erect his improved furnace,
which will be in working order by the end of September, and the whole
October crop of Soom Tea will be fired by the new furnace.

“Colonel Money has applied for a patent, and as soon as this is
granted we hope to give our readers a description of the apparatus.
For obvious reasons it would not be advisable to do so before then.
We may mention here that one of the most intelligent and practical
planters in this district has ordered one of Colonel Money’s flues
for his private garden.

“Of the commercial success of Colonel Money’s apparatus we have no
doubt whatever, and we trust that Colonel Money will reap a handsome
profit from his very ingenious invention, which will be an undoubted
boon not only to this district, but to all the Tea-producing
districts of India.

“One point which has struck us as good in Colonel Money’s apparatus
is that the temperature of the Tea-house is considerably lowered
during the firing process as compared with the open _chulas_, and
that there is no free carbonic acid gas allowed to escape into the
Tea-house, so that those very unpleasant symptoms of slow poisoning
which often show themselves in planters and Tea-makers will be
unknown in future. At our suggestion Colonel Money has decided to
keep a register of the maximum temperature of the Tea-house, whilst
the open _chulas_ continue in use, and to compare it with the
temperature when the new apparatus has superseded them, also to test
for free carbonic acid gas in the air with each process.

“We are convinced that when the figures are available our readers
will be rather astonished at the difference from a sanitary point of
view.

“On the whole, we think that Colonel Money’s invention is by far the
most important application of _common sense_ and scientific knowledge
to Tea manufacture that we have yet seen, and we are almost certain
that his apparatus will before long be adopted throughout the Indian
Tea districts.”[108]

FOOTNOTE:

[108] Note to Third Edition.--No. The furnace has been erected but on two or three gardens. Other inventions have since been brought forward, and the whole matter is still in an uncertain state--I mean as to which of the several apparatuses is the best. I believe in mine still, and intend to erect it on the Western Dooar Gardens in which I am interested, but, of course, I am not an impartial judge! One thing, however, I lay claim to, and that is, that I was the first to show by practical results that the fumes of charcoal are in no way necessary to make Tea.

Note to Fourth Edition.--Since the above note was written (now five years ago) many Tea Drying Machines have been invented (see pages 240 to 259), and I most willingly admit they are _all_ better than my furnace apparatus. The first inventor rarely attains perfection, and as in my case, he generally labours for the benefit of those who come after!--EDWARD MONEY.

INDEX.

Area required for a garden, 2
-- large, a mistake, 2

Boxes, 147
-- cost of, 161

Climate, 14
-- in each district, 14 to 25
-- wanted, 14
-- rainfall, 14, 28
-- rain table, 28
-- temperature table, 26
-- elevation table, 26
-- cold, 14
-- hot winds, 14
-- affects flavour of tea, 15
-- good for tea, bad for man, 15, 35

Cultivation, 81
-- what is it, 81
-- when a waste of labour, 81
-- by digging round each plant, 82
-- weeds not to get ahead, 83
-- Dutch hoe for, 83
-- cost each operation per acre, 84
-- cost of, to 6th year, 84
-- cost of in full bearing, 85

Districts, 13
-- which best, 30
-- rainfall in, 28
-- cold in, 26
-- of Assam, 15
-- of Cachar, 16
-- of Chittagong, 16
-- of Terai below Darjeeling, 18
-- of Dehra Dhoon, 18
-- of Kangra, 19
-- of Darjeeling, 20
-- of Kumaon, 22
-- of Gurhwal, 24

Districts of Hazareebaugh, 24
-- of Neilgherries, 24
-- of Western Dooars, 25
-- meteorological table of, 26
-- comparative advantages of, 30
-- soil of, 13 to 25
-- jungle of, 13 to 25
-- lay of land of, 13 to 25
-- price waste lands in, 4
-- elevation of, 26
-- temperature of, 26

Distances for plants, 72
-- table of, 72
-- regulated by class, 72
-- best, 72

Flushes, 97
-- number of, 97 to 101
-- way formed, 104
-- differ in districts, 98
-- intervals between, 99

Hills and Plains--
-- comparison of, chap. iii.
-- high elevations bad, do.
-- table of elevation, 26

Jungle, 34
-- what best in Himalayas, 34
-- not of much consequence in Bengal, 34

Jungle, coarse grass, 34
-- cutting, 75

Labour, 10
-- local, 10, 11, 12
-- imported, 10, 11, 12
-- government action, 10, 11
-- cost of imported, 10

Labour in tea districts, chap. iii.

Laying out a garden, 42

Lay of land and aspect, 37
-- flat, sloping, steep, 7, 13, 35
-- aspect, 39
-- valleys, 40
-- narrow valleys, 40

Lay of land and selection of steep land, 7, 37
-- disadvantages of steep land, 37
-- lines on steep land, 46
-- plants close on steep land, 45

Leaf-picking, 102
-- principles of, 102
-- diagram of shoot, 104
-- teas made from each leaf, 107
-- cannot make separate teas in practice, 107
-- pruning connected with, 102
-- mistakes in, 42
-- how shoots form, 104
-- mode of, 104

Manufacture, 109
-- importance of good, 109
-- old and new plan, 110
-- withering, 110, 111, 123
-- rolling, 111, 112
-- panning, 109, 112
-- sunning, 112, 128
-- tea, how judged, 113
-- Pekoe tips, 105, 106, 114, 115, 116, 122
-- strong teas and Pekoe tips incompatible, 116
-- fermenting or colouring, 127
-- firing or dholing, 128
-- of flowery Pekoe, 130

Manufacture of green tea, 130, 144
-- sifting and sorting, 134, 135, 136, 161
-- sieves, 135
-- Chinese sieves best, 135
-- classes of tea, 137
-- cost of, 160
-- ignorance of, 7

Manufacture, coarse leaf, 126
-- burntness, 143

Manure, 67
-- advantages of, 17, 67
-- how to apply, 68
-- quantity, 69
-- cost of, 69
-- kinds of, 67
-- results of, 69

Management, accounts, forms, 152
-- what qualities required for a Manager, 152
-- forms, 153
-- accounts, 158

Making a garden, 73
-- general instructions for, 73

Mechanical contrivances, 116
-- McMeekin’s rolling table, 116
-- Kinmond’s rolling machine, 116
-- Nelson’s rolling machine, 118
-- Jackson’s rolling machine, 116
-- McMeekin’s drawers, 119
-- Money’s furnace, 121, 296
-- sifting machines, 121
-- machine required to separate the leaves, 122
-- packing machines, 121

Miscellaneous:--
Transport, chap. iii.
-- in each district, chap. iii.
Green tea, 21, 130, 144
Stagnant water, 40
Inundation, 40
Sections, 42
Yield, 43, 170
Lines of plants, 45, 46
Roads, 45
Relative price green and black teas, 133
Yield first 10 years, 170
Necessities for tea, 173, 180
Past, present, and future of Indian tea, 174
Strange facts about tea, 174
Imports, 177
Annual consumption, 177
Collapse of tea speculation, 178
Share list to-day, 179

Money matters: will tea pay?, 1
-- why has it not paid sometimes?, 1, 6
-- cause of failures, 1 to 8
-- wilful extensions, 6
-- price paid for gardens, 8
-- faulty area sold, 8
-- cost of making a 300-acre garden, 163
-- how much profit tea can give, 168
-- table, result 300 acres for 12 years, 172

Packing, 147
-- lead case for, 147
-- larger each break the better, 151
-- cost of, 161

Planting at stake, 59
-- advantages of, 57
-- disadvantages of, 58
-- mode of, 59

Pruning, 86
-- time for, 86
-- instruments for, 87
-- height to prune, 88
-- cost of, 88

Sale Lands, Waste Lands--
-- sale waste lands, 3
-- auction system, 3
-- price waste lands, 4
-- title, 4

Sanitation, 35

Seed, 54
-- transport of, 55
-- price of, 7
-- shade, natural, 62
-- do. artificial, 64
-- how to sow, 57
-- when ripe, 54
-- treatment of, 54

Seed as manure, 55
-- number in 1 maund, 56
-- proportions that germinate, 56
-- Government gave seed, 51
-- indigenous hybrid and China alike, 51
-- how to increase, 55
-- nurseries or stake planting best, 57

Soil, 31
-- only general rules for, 31
-- sandy, 31
-- greasy, 32
-- poor, 32
-- Ball on, 32
-- friable and porous, 32
-- in Tea districts, 13, 25, 31
-- clay, 33
-- decayed vegetation, 33
-- for seed beds, 62

Transplanting, 76
-- holes for, 59, 76
-- mode of, 77
-- results of bad, 77
-- when to be finished, 78
-- best days for, 79

Vacancies, 92
-- difficult to fill up, 92
-- why difficult, 92
-- best plan to fill up, 92
-- large proportion of, 6

Varieties of tea plants, 47

White-ants, Crickets, Blight, 89
-- harm done by crickets, 89
-- harm done by white-ants, 90
-- harm done by blight, 91
-- remedies for crickets, 90
-- do. white-ants, 91
-- do. blight, 91

Weeds, 82
-- ahead of labour, 83

INDEX

_TO THE ADDITIONS IN FOURTH EDITION._

Agricultural machinery, 223

America, 185, 204, 205, 209

Amsterdam Exhibition, 202 to 211

Any fuel _versus_ charcoal, 239, 258

Australia, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207 to 209

Brick tea, 212

Calcutta Syndicate, 202, 206, 208, 210, 211, 212, 214

China tea trade, 288

China, 194 to 198, 201 to 207, 210 to 212, 288

Consumption of China and Indian Tea, 201

Continent of Europe, 202, 211

Damage to tea by procedure in London, 272, 273

Darby’s digger, 225

Date of commencement of tea cultivation in each district, 194

Deliveries and stocks, 195, 197 to 201

Discovery of indigenous tea, 194

Dryers, by Robertson, the Typhoon, 240, 241

„ Allen, 242

„ Davidson, the Sirocco, 243, 244

„ Gibbs and Barry, 244

„ Shand, 244, 245, 246

„ Jackson, 246 to 248

„ Kinmond, 248 to 257

Fermenting Shelves, 239, 258

First tea in India, 194

Greatest and least possible loss by Custom House procedure, 274, 275

Green tea, 203, 204

Himalayan gardens, 212

Hoop iron, 271

How loss by Custom House procedure could be avoided, 275 to 278

Imports into Great Britain, 194, 195, 198 to 200, 203

Increase of Indian Imports into Great Britain, 195

Indian produce for 1883, 195

Indian _versus_ China tea, 219

Jebens’ transplanter, 223

Local market in India, 213 to 218

Loss of tea by procedure in London, 272, 273

Loss on China teas, 288 to 290

Machinery, 222 to 271

Making Indian tea known in United Kingdom, 218 to 221

Manufacturing machinery, 231 to 271

Markets outside Great Britain, 207 to 217

Money loss to producers and Customs by method of weighing in vogue, 278

New mode bulking at warehouse in Crutched Friars, 282 to 286
-- required further, 287, 288

New Zealand, 205

Ornamental tin boxes by Harvey Bros. and Tyler, 266 to 271

Petition of Indian Tea Districts Association _re_ mode of weighing teas,
279 to 281

Planting pots, 223

Plantations in Northern India, 203

Ploughing, 223 to 231

Processes of manufacture, 231 to 271

Rollers by Jackson, 233, 235, 237

„ Kinmond, 233, 234, 235, 237

„ Haworth, 235, 237

„ Lyle, 236

„ Greig, 236

„ Thomson, 237, 238

Russia, 203, 211

Sifters, by Jackson, 259

„ Greig, 259

„ Pridham, 259

„ Ansell, 260 to 266

Sorter for green leaf by Greig & Co., 232

Statistics of Indian tea, 194 to 206

Tea outside China and India, 183 to 192
Ceylon, 183
Johore, 184
Japan, 185 to 188, 205, 210
Java, 188
America, 188 to 190, 201, 203, 205, 206, 208
Natal, 191
Fiji, 192

Tea consumption per head, 204, 205

_Tea Gazette_--This is alluded to in most pages, (see 290)

Thibet, 212

Weighing and bulking by Customs, 272 to 288

Weighing teas by Customs, The new rules, 290, 291

Withering machine, 232, 253, 257

W. B. WHITTINGHAM AND CO.,
PRINTERS,
91, GRACECHURCH STREET,
LONDON.

RANSOMES, HEAD & JEFFERIES,

IPSWICH & LONDON.

_SOLE MANUFACTURERS_

OF

ANSELL’S PATENT TEA SORTER.

LATEST REPORT.

(From Mr. D. M. LUMSDEN, Manager of the Borelli Company’s Gardens, through Messrs. J. WILLIAMSON & Co., London, February 8th, 1883.)

“I find that using ANSELL’S Sifter I have spent Rs. 780 less on my sorting than last year, besides sorting 500 maunds more Tea; so I may safely calculate that last season’s working paid for the machine.”

MANUFACTURERS ALSO OF

Portable and Fixed Engines, for burning Coal, Wood, and Vegetable refuse.

Ploughs specially suited for Indian Agriculture.

Catalogues and all information on application to RANSOMES, HEAD & JEFFERIES, 9, Gracechurch Street, London, and Orwell Works, Ipswich; Mr. C. W. ANSELL, Woodcot, Kurseong, Bengal; Messrs. GILLANDERS, ARBUTHNOT & Co., Calcutta.

BRITISH INDIA

STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY,

LIMITED.

FLEET OF STEAMERS.

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*Steamers of the British India Association, running on the Trunk
Lines from London to India and Queensland.

_The various services of the Company are arranged to correspond with the arrivals and departures of the Overland Mail Packets._

~London to Colombo, Madras, and Calcutta.~--Fortnightly.

~London to Java and Queensland.~--Every 28 days. Calling at Port Said, Suez, Aden, Batavia, Thursday Island, Cooktown, Townsville, Bowen, Mackay, Rockhampton, and Brisbane.

~London to Kurrachee, Bombay, and Malabar Coast Ports.~--Fortnightly. Calling at Algiers, Port Said, Suez, Aden, Kurrachee, Bombay, and Malabar Coast Ports; and every alternate Steamer calling at Lisbon, the latter connecting at Aden with the Company’s East African Mail Steamers for Zanzibar, Mozambique, Quillimane, Inhambane, and Delagoa Bay.

~Calcutta to Chittagong, Akyab, Kyouk Phyoo, and Rangoon.~--Weekly.

~Calcutta to Rangoon and Moulmein.~--Weekly.

~Calcutta to Rangoon, Moulmein, Penang, Malacca, and Singapore.~--Fortnightly.

~Rangoon to Penang~ (Coasting).--Five-Weekly.

~Rangoon and Moulmein.~--Weekly.

~Rangoon, Tavoy, and Mergui.~--Fortnightly.

~Madras and Rangoon.~--Fortnightly.

~Calcutta and Bombay~ (Coasting).--Weekly.

~Bombay and Kurrachee.~--Bi-weekly.

~Bombay and Persian Gulf.~--Weekly.

The Netherlands India Steam Navigation Company’s Mail Steamers for Padang, Samarang, Sourabaya, &c., run in connection with the British India Company’s Steamers.

Passengers booked through to all Ports in India, Burmah, the Straits Settlements, the Malay Archipelago, the Soudan, North and East Coast of Africa.

For all information apply to GRAY, DAWES & CO., 13, Austin Friars, and GELLATLY, HANKEY, SEWELL & CO., 109, Leadenhall Street, and 51, Pall Mall, S.W., London; BINNY & CO., Madras; ALSTONS, SCOTT & CO., and DARLEY, BUTLER & CO., Colombo; MACKINNON, MACKENZIE & CO. (Managing Agents in India), Calcutta, Bombay, and Kurrachee.

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⁂ Agents to Government by Appointment for the Sale of the India Office Publications.

_Fourth Edition, with important Additional Chapters. Price ~10~s. ~6~d._

TEA--CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE.

By Lieut.-Col. EDWARD MONEY.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON THE THIRD EDITION.

The ~Saturday Review~, in the course of an extended notice, says:--“We think that Col. Money has done good service by throwing into the form of a book an essay which gained the Prize awarded by the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, in 1872. The author is one of a well-known Anglo-Indian family.... He has had plenty of practical experience, and has tested the labours of other men.... Col. Money’s general rules and principles, as far as we can form a judgment, seem to have reason as well as experience on their side.... No tea planter can afford to disregard his experience.”

The ~Indian Agriculturist~ says:--“Col. Money has advanced with the times, and the work under review may well be considered the standard work on the subject, and it ought to be in every tea planter’s hand in India, Ceylon, Java, Japan, China or America; the merit and sterling value of his essay has been universally and deservedly acknowledged.... We recommend our readers who require full information and sound advice on the subject to procure Col. Money’s book.”

~Allen’s Indian Mail~ says:--“The particulars of this great industry, which comprises (Tea) Cultivation and Manufacture, are given in the work of Col. Money. The Third Edition expanded from the original prize Essay published in 1872, by the results of the author’s practical experience and observations up to the present time, supplies full details of the origin and progress of an Indian Tea Garden, and that in a very lucid and readable form.... The publication of so thorough, clear and instructive a directorium as Col. Money’s work is in itself a proof of the attention devoted to this important industry, which has a great future before it. No one who desires to understand the condition of its development; still more--no one who has a pecuniary interest in a Tea Garden, can feel that the subject of tea is known until this work has been studied.”

The ~China Express~ says:--“The experience gained since 1872 is added to the work, and it now forms a most complete guide to the tea planter. The great progress the cultivation of tea is making in India renders a practical work of this kind very valuable; and the method in which Colonel Money deals with the subject shows his thorough knowledge of it.”

The ~Scotsman~ says:--“With respect to the conditions of climate and soil necessary for successful tea cultivation, the requirements of the plant in the way of water, &c., the varieties best suited for culture in the various districts, the laying out of the tea garden, and all the various details of cultivation and manufacture, Colonel Money writes with the authority derived from many years of experience; and in the present edition the fruits of his latest experience are embodied. To new beginners in tea cultivation this book must be of the greatest value, while it will be found full of interest by outsiders who may be desirous of information about the condition and prospects of an important department of agricultural industry.”

The ~Produce Markets Review~ says:--“Colonel Money is a practical tea planter, and his work is the standard work on the subject, so that it should be procured by all who are interested in the subject. The new edition is greatly enlarged, and corrected by the experience of the past six years.”

The ~Planters’ Gazette~ says:--“The cultivation of tea in the British dominions is becoming a rapidly extending industry, and we are glad to see that Colonel Money’s prize essay has reached a third edition, for it is full of practical information and deserves to be studied by every tea planter.”

The ~Manchester Examiner~ says:--“During the last few years the fact that India is a tea-producing country has become more generally known in England; but few people know that the finest Indian teas are more expensive than the best of Chinese growth, and, that the average price of the tea grown in India is higher than that which comes from the Flowery Land. Another piece of information given in this book is not less suggestive; we mean that which assures us that India is capable of producing as much tea as would meet the wants of great Britain and all her colonies. But the culture is yet in its infancy. Colonel Money’s treatise is one of the most complete and exhaustive of the kind we have ever read. He seems to anticipate all possible difficulties; his warnings and his counsels embrace every branch of the subject, and only a practical man could have written them. One would think that a tea grower of common sense could scarcely make blunders with such an admirable guide before him; and the commercial side of the enterprise is discussed in the same careful manner as the agricultural.”

The ~Broad Arrow~ says:--“In this work we have the results of eighteen years’ experience of a tea planter in India, and the author has so written it that the beginner will find it invaluable, for he has had his wants specially in view. It is, so far as we know, the best, as it is certainly the most practical, book about tea that has been published.”

_Third Edition. Crown 8vo. Cloth, ~3~s. ~6~d._

THE ART OF TEA BLENDING.

A Handbook for the Tea Trade; a Guide to Tea Merchants, Brokers,
Dealers and Consumers, in the Secret of Successful Tea Mixing.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

The ~Field~ says:--“This is a practical and authentic little text book on the principles involved in Tea Blending.”

The ~Grocer’s Chronicle~ says:--“The book ought to be in the hands of every grocer of the United Kingdom.”

The ~Grocer’s Journal~ says:--“We cordially recommend ‘The Art of Tea Blending’ to our readers as giving useful instruction and guidance.”

~Allen’s Indian Mail~ says:--“The author gives full technical instructions for the professional tea-blender and tea-taster; and in doing so, he imparts much information that will be found both valuable and interesting to the tea-drinking public.”

~Broad Arrow~ says:--“A trader should be able by its aid to make a name as a teaman, and realise the result which the housewife only needs--a gentle hint as to the opportunity of exercising real judgment and correct taste in a matter of such important family interest as tea.”

The ~Grocer~ says:--“This is the third edition of a book which we have previously noticed with favour, and which has met with considerable success. Although the art of successful tea-blending is not one which can well be gleaned from mere book-lore--practical experience being essential to its acquisition--there are many young beginners, and possibly also some older hands, who will derive a good deal of information from the work now under notice. It has evidently been prepared with much care, and in its way is a very useful handbook.”

The ~Daily Chronicle~ says:--“This capital handbook, which will prove of great service to merchants, brokers, and all engaged in the tea trade, has reached a third edition. For consumers we may extract the information that water for making tea should be soft and pure; it should be boiled quickly, and used when at the boiling point; the tea will be at its best in rather less than ten minutes, losing part of its flavour if allowed to stand longer.”

The ~Grocer’s Gazette~:--“This is a work which has now reached its third edition, and which fully bears out its claim as an excellent handbook on the subject. Not only is it a useful book to all professionally engaged in the trade, but it is also calculated to educate those who have not had the benefit of a practical experience, by teaching them how to obtain a knowledge of the different classes of teas and the proper method of mixing them. To the mature grocer the work will be of interest, while the uninitiated may by its aid learn how to select proper teas, please his customer’s palate, and sustain his reputation by keeping up the character of his mixings.”

_Price ~28~s._

THE TEA CYCLOPÆDIA.

A Compilation, by the Editor of the _Indian Tea Gazette_, of
Information on Tea, Tea Science and Cultivation, Soils and Manures,
Statistics, &c., with Coloured Plates on Blights. 350 pages.

The ~Grocer~ says:--“One of the most valuable and exhaustive contributions to tea literature which we remember to have seen.... The cultivation of the plant in the different districts and provinces, the selection of soils and manures, and buildings for its manufacture, &c., are all ably treated in this work; and as it deals thoroughly with the scientific, statistical, and domestic branches of the subject, it is a manual deserving the attention of the tea planter, importer, dealer, and consumer. The experience of practical growers and cultivators is here fully narrated, the opinions of the most competent authorities on disputed points are clearly given and explained; and, in short, every matter connected with the history of the tea trade, as a growing industry and a widening channel of commerce, is gone into with a completeness and precision which leave nothing to be desired.”

The ~American Grocer~ says:--“The Tea Cyclopædia is one we can commend to our importers, grocers, and dealers, as being the most complete work of its kind on Indian teas, as well as furnishing innumerable items of interest to those engaged in the sale of China and Japan teas.”

_Fancy boards, price ~2~s. Cloth, ~3~s. ~6~d._

WOMAN’S FORTITUDE--

A Tale of the Indian Mutiny. By Lieut.-Col. EDWARD MONEY.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

~Public Opinion~ says:--“The author has managed to convey the characteristic tone of garrison talk in a very clear manner.... There is much good narrative and brilliancy of dialogue.”

The ~Scotsman~ says:--“Written with much spirit ... it will be full of interest to anybody who cares to know what European life and Society were in India in the last days of ‘John Company.’”

The ~Daily Chronicle~ says:--“The horrors enacted at Cawnpore during the Indian Mutiny give a tragic interest to this thrilling tale.”

~Capital and Labour~ says:--“The plot of the tale is carefully constructed and well worked out, and while the main purpose is always kept in view, opportunity is taken to depict some of the phases of Anglo-Indian life, while the characters in the story are cleverly portrayed, and the attention of the reader is never allowed to flag.”

_Crown 8vo. cloth elegant, bevelled boards, gilt edges. Price ~5~s. Plain, ~3~s. ~6~d._

JEMIMA.

A Story of English Family Life. By ADELAIDE. With Frontispiece.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

The ~Times~ says:--“‘Jemima,’ by Adelaide, is another tale that girls should care to read, with sufficient proportion of story, and of a more original type than girls’ books generally are. The humour, of which there is an unusual proportion for such works, is not, perhaps, of a very subtle or rich quality, but it is easy and simple, and appropriate to the characters. Any humour, so long as it is neither vulgar nor obscene, is surely preferable to the long-drawn melancholy which is too apt to pervade girls’ books--for what reason we could never understand; girls are no more naturally prone to sadness than boys.”

The ~Scotsman~ says:--“A better story of its kind than ‘Jemima’ cannot easily be met with. The book is written with a freshness and exuberant buoyancy of manner that suit the subject admirably.”

The ~Academy~ says:--“‘Jemima’ is a very natural and charming story of a very natural and charming little girl. It is exactly what it pretends to be--‘a story of English family life’--but it has a distinctness of quality which is by no means common in stories of English family life.”

The ~Daily Chronicle~ says:--“The story of English family life told by Adelaide, under the title of ‘Jemima,’ is of a much more realistic character. Lively and amusing throughout, there is also an element of good sense introduced, which keeps the juvenile escapades within reasonable bounds, and extracts a lesson even from naughtiness.”

_Crown 8vo. 2 vols. ~10~s. each_.

VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH-MALAY LANGUAGES--

With Notes. English-Malay Vocal Dialogues. By FRANK A. SWETTENHAM.

_Demy 8vo., cloth, price ~7~s. ~6~d._

HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF SAVAGE LIFE IN POLYNESIA--

With Illustrative Clan Songs. By Rev. W. W. GILL, B.A.

_Second and Revised Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth elegant. Price ~2~s._

SERMONIC FANCY WORK

On the Figures of our First Acquaintances in Literature. By JOHN PAUL
RITCHIE.

I. Little Jack Horner. The Spirit of Self-Satisfaction.
II. Peter White. How we are led by the Nose.
III. Humpty Dumpty. The Spirit of Exclusiveness.
IV. Little Miss Muffit. The Education of Fear.
V. Jack Spratt and his Wife. The Perfect Law of Liberty.
VI. Jack and Jill. The Climbing Spirit and its Incumbrances.
VII. Little Bo-peep. The Recovery of the Lost Sheep.
VIII. Beauty and the Beast. The Union of the Strong and Beautiful.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON THE FIRST EDITION.

The ~Literary Churchman~ says:--“Pungent, amusing, and replete with clever satire.”

The ~Christian~ says:--“In this ingenious and novel experiment, gravity and mirth go hand in hand. The style is energetic and pointed, and the matter pregnant and suggestive.”

The ~Sword and Trowel~ says:--“Very clever.”

The ~Nonconformist~ says:--“Under the guise of commentary on texts from old nursery rhymes and stories, Mr. Ritchie really gives us some admirable discourses--‘Sermonic Fancy Work’ in very deed. It is astonishing how, by the help of a slight vein of paradox and a nimble fancy, he can pass, almost imperceptibly, from mild fun to very sad earnest, touching not a few of our most ingrained faults in the most efficient way.”

The ~Scotsman~ says:--“A clever, wholesome, readable little book.”

The ~Homilist~ says:--“The sermons are really good. They have satire, but it is satire which consumes religious rubbish and nonsense. They have fun and humour, but you are made to laugh in order that you may think with more vigour and seriousness.”

The ~Freeman~ says:--“The ‘Familiar Texts’ are the old nursery rhymes treated homiletically. In the styles adopted we fancy we can trace resemblances to those of some of the popular preachers of our day. The wit is not without wisdom. The satire is not destitute of sense. It is the sort of book that a reader with any humour in him will find it difficult to lay down before he has read it right through.”

~Capital and Labour~ says:--“A droll book and yet containing much quaint wisdom in searching out and applying principles of truth and common sense.... As a whole, and considering its healthy tone and practical scope, we heartily commend this handsome little volume. It is a fine specimen of the combined arts of the typographer and bookbinder, and its attractive exterior ought to draw many readers, who will then be charmed with the contents and with the unconventional method of treatment.”

_Crown 8vo. Cloth elegant, gilt edges, price ~5~s. Plain, ~4~s. ~6~d._

WON BY WAITING.

A Story of Home Life in France and England. By EDNA LYALL. With
Frontispiece by FRANK MURRAY.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

The ~Daily News~ says:--“The book is full of promise, the story soon deepens into real interest and develops considerable power of construction and character drawing.”

The ~Spectator~ says:--“The characters are drawn with considerable skill, with force, and without exaggeration.”

The ~Academy~ says:--“The Dean’s daughters are perfectly real characters--the learned Cornelia especially;--the little impulsive French heroine, who endures their cold hospitality and at last wins their affection, is thoroughly charming; while throughout the book there runs a golden thread of pure brotherly and sisterly love, which pleasantly reminds us that the making and marring of marriage is not, after all, the sum total of real life.”

The ~Freeman~ says:--“A very pleasing and well-written tale: full of graphic descriptions of French and English life, with incidents and characters well sustained. A book with such pleasant reading, and with such a healthy tone and influence, is a great boon to the young people in our families.”

_Cloth elegant, ~5~s._

POEMS, DOMESTIC AND MISCELLANEOUS.

By JAMES GILES.

The ~Sheffield Independent~ says:--“Very pretty poems, full of a dainty and airy melody. It is beautifully got up.”

~Public Opinion~ says:--“Mr. Giles has evidently a true poetical instinct.”

The ~Literary World~ says:--“Full of gentle human feeling, domestic tenderness, and patient submissive thinking.”

_8vo. cloth. Price ~7~s. ~6~d._

OLD CEYLON.

Sketches of Ceylon Life in the Olden Time. By JOHN CAPPER. With
Illustrations by Ceylon Artists.

“Readable and entertaining sketches.”

_New and Enlarged Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth elegant. Price ~7~s. ~6~d._

SEATS AND SADDLES,

Bits and Bitting, Draught and Harness, and the Prevention and Cure of
Restiveness in Horses. By Major FRANCIS DWYER.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON THE NEW EDITION.

~Bell’s Life~ says:--“The work which Major Dwyer has so successfully carried through the press in two former editions is, for the third time, presented to the public in a new and enlarged form. In all the details of horse management the author is perfectly at home, and the practical way in which he deals with his subject cannot fail to be appreciated by equestrians or those who keep studs. The first portion of the volume is devoted to a lengthy dissertation on the all-important subject of Seats and Saddles. These chapters afford much valuable information gained by a careful study, not only of the framework of the animal considered from a mechanical point of view, but also of the influence of the saddle in its relation to the seat of the rider.... We assure our readers that the whole contents of the book are well worth perusal. It may be well, however, to mention that the question of bits and bitting is thoroughly considered, while Part III. is taken up with remarks on the true principles which should be observed in matters of draught and harness. The concluding portion of the book deals with that worst of all vices in the horse, restiveness, its prevention and cure.”

The ~Saturday Review~ says:--“It is a book which we should recommend to the notice of young cavalry officers.”

_Limp cloth, plain, ~1~s. Cloth gilt, gilt or red edges, ~1~s. ~6~d._

THE LIVING EPISTLE;

Or, The Influence of Christian Character.

The ~Christian~ says:--“Unflinching in its loyalty to the highest of all standards, simple in its delineation of what Christian character should be, earnest in its appeals to the heart and to common sense, this little book brings to its readers a draught of clear, pure air, and ought to send them on their way invigorated and quickened in their desires after holiness.”

The ~Freeman~ says:--“A really ingenious and beautiful exposition of the inspired description of Christian life. The volume is from the pen of the late Dr. Jenkyn, formerly of Coward College, and is worthy of a place by the side of other works we owe him.”

_In Large Crown 8vo. cloth elegant, bevelled boards. Price ~14~s._

PERTHSHIRE IN BYGONE DAYS--

One Hundred Biographical Essays. By P. R. DRUMMOND, F.S.A.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

The ~Nonconformist~ says:--“The volume is simply full of the raciest material, on the whole well laid out, and cannot fail to prove of interest to many beyond the circle of Perthshire men into whose hand it may have the good fortune to come. Mr. Drummond had no purpose to serve in writing the book beyond giving vent to his wide knowledge and his love of the subject. He was a bookseller in Perth, and it is evident that to nothing in literature or in human life was he indifferent. All the notables he knew; and he treasured up _ana_ year by year simply because it fell in with his tastes and enjoyments to do so.... The book is full of delicious morsels.”

The ~Athenæum~ says:--“It contains a great deal of sound sense, and many amusing stories.”

_Price ~1~d. Stiff Paper, ~2~d. With Gold Bead, head and foot, ~4~d. Oak Bead, ~6~d. Handsomely Framed, ~5~s. ~6~d._

THE PEOPLE’S POLITICAL ALMANACK,

A Sheet Calendar, edited by JOHN NOBLE, of the London and Counties
Liberal Union.

The ~Daily News~ says:--“It is ornamented with an excellent engraving of the Victoria Tower. It should hang in every Liberal Club in the Kingdom.”

100 Copies, post free, 8s.; 500 Copies, post free, £1 15s.; 1,000 Copies, post free, £3. If 1,000 copies are taken, the names of the Officers of Local Societies and their Branches are printed at foot free of charge.

_Price ~3~s. ~6~d._

SACHS’S GERMAN GRAMMAR--

A Complete Grammar of Pure Modern High-German. A New and Practical
Method of Learning the German Language. By H. SACHS.

The ~Daily Telegraph~ says:--“A complete introduction to pure modern High-German on true principles.”

_Price ~6~d. Cloth, ~1~s._

STRAY HINTS ON LAWN TENNIS,

With latest Club Rules. By NEMO.

Including Directions for making the Best and Cheapest Poles yet
invented--without Guy Ropes.

_Price ~7~s. ~6~d._

WHITTINGHAM’S SKELETON TELEGRAPH CODE--

A Secret Expansive Code for ordinary Business Purposes--with Code
Words representing Pounds Sterling, Numbers, every Date in the
Year, Weights, &c., in addition to Words and Spaces available for
4,500 Special Messages--all Code Words revised under the latest
International Regulations.

The ~Standard~ says:--“Appears to us to answer admirably the purpose for which composed.”

_8vo., roan, price ~5~s. The “1881” Code, ~12~s. ~6~d._

THE SOCIAL CODE:

Compiled for Family Use in Telegraphing to Friends abroad.

“The best of its kind.”

_Price ~5~s._

THE PREMIUM CALCULATOR--

An Office Manual, with Cut Index, for the use of Underwriters, &c. By
C. MCKAY SMITH.

DR. AGER’S TELEGRAPH CODES.

General Commercial, £2 15s.; Standard, 100,000 Words, £5 5s.;
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LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTING.

Lithographic Letters, Fac-simile or otherwise, Bankers and Merchants’ Circulars, Auctioneer’s Estate Plans, Policies and Calendars Designed and Produced in every variety of Style.

BOOK DEPARTMENT.

Books sent _Post Free_, on receipt of the Published Price, to any part of England, the United States, Egypt, British India, and Continental Countries within the Postal Union.

NEWSPAPERS and PERIODICALS.

Despatched with regularity to any part of the World.

_Authorised AGENTS for the Supply of the Bills of Lading of the
“Peninsular and Oriental,” the “British India,” the “Messageries
Maritimes,” and other steam Navigation Companies._

ACCOUNT BOOKS.

Messrs. W. B. Whittingham & Co. invite attention to the unsurpassed Strength and Finish of the Ledgers which they Manufacture. The same Workmanship and Materials which for more than Half-a-Century have established the reputation of these Account Books are guaranteed.

W. B. WHITTINGHAM & CO., 91, Gracechurch-st., London.

Transcriber's Note

The following apparent errors have been corrected:

p. 14 "it well" changed to "it will"

p. 94 "wonld" changed to "would"

p. 97 "fifteeen" changed to "fifteen"

p. 107 "_a_." changed to "_a_",

p. 139 "leafs" changed to "leaves"

p. 177 (note) "was--" changed to "was:--"

p. 187 "similiar" changed to "similar"

p. 203 "considered." changed to "considered,"

p. 243 "litle" changed to "little"

p. 264 "viz," changed to "viz.,"

p. 264 "seive-mesh" changed to "sieve-mesh"

p. 273 "loose" changed to "lose"

p. 273 "tare." changed to "tare,"

p. 280 "he gross" changed to "the gross"

p. 299 "Hazareebagh" changed to "Hazareebaugh"

p. 300 "Transport, chap" changed to "Transport, chap."

p. 301 "title" changed to "-- title"

Advertisement "Chapers" changed to "Chapters"

Advertisement "PERIODICALS" changed to "PERIODICALS."

Inconsistent spelling, hyphenation, italics and punctuation have otherwise been kept as printed.

Tables have been refactored for accessibility.