Chapter I: Preface

Most works on mind in the lower animals are large and ponderous volumes, replete with technicalities, and unfit for the general reader; therefore the author of this book has endeavored to present the evidences of mental action, in creatures lower than man, in a clear, simple, and brief form. He has avoided all technicalities, and has used the utmost brevity consistent with clearness and accuracy. He also believes that metaphysics has no place in a discussion of psychology, and has carefully refrained from using this once powerful weapon of psychologists.

Many of the data used by the authors of more pretentious works are second-hand or hearsay; the author of this treatise, however, has no confidence in the accuracy of such material, therefore he has not made use of any such data. His material has been thoroughly sifted, and the reader may depend upon the absolute truth of the evidence here presented.

The author does not claim infallibility; some of his conclusions may be erroneous; he _believes_, however, that future investigation will prove the verity of every proposition that is advanced in this book. These propositions have been formulated only after a twenty-years study of biology in all of its phases.

Some of the data used in this volume have appeared in _Appleton's Popular Science Monthly_, _Lippincott's Magazine_, _Worthington's Magazine_, _New York Medical Record_, _Recreation_, _Atlantic Monthly_, _American Naturalist_, _Scientific American_, _Home Magazine_, _Popular Science News_, _Denver Medical Times_, and _North American Review_; therefore the author tenders his thanks to the publishers of these magazines for their kindness in allowing him to use their property in getting out this work.

"WAVELAND," OWENSBORO, KY., January 9, 1899.

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MIND

PAGE
Definition of mind--The correlation of physiology, morphology, and
psychology--The presence of nerve-elements in _monera_--Conscious
and unconscious mind--Unconscious ("vegetative") mind in the
jelly-fish--Anatomy, physiology, and psychology of the jelly-fish
--The origin of conscious mind. 1

CHAPTER I

THE SENSES IN THE LOWER ANIMALS

The sense of touch--The senses of taste and smell--Actinophryans having
taste--The sense of sight--Modification of sight organs by surroundings
--Sight in Actinophryans--Blind fish sensitive to light--Blind spiders
--Blind man--Primitive eyes in _Cymothoe_--In the jelly-fish, sea-urchin,
_Alciope_, _Myrianida_--The sight organs of the snail--Power of vision
in the snail--Eyes of crayfish--Compound eyes--Vision in "whirligig
beetle"--In _Periophthalmus_--In _Onchidium_--In _Calotis_--Organs of
audition--In _Lepidoptera_--_Hymenoptera_--_Orthoptera_--_Diptera_
--_Hemiptera_--_Dyticus marginalis_--_Corydalus_--Ears of grasshopper
and cricket--Of the "red-legged locust"--Of flies--Of gnats--Auditory
vesicles of horse-fly--Ears of butterflies--Cerambyx beetle--Long-horned
beetle--_Cicindelidæ_--_Carabidæ_. 7

CHAPTER II

CONSCIOUS DETERMINATION

Definition--How conscious determination is evolved from the senses--The
presence of nerve-tissue in _Stentor polymorphus_--The properties of
nerve-tissue--Romanes' experiment with anemone--Action of stimuli on
nerve-tissue--Reflection--Origin of consciousness--Time element in
consciousness--Conscious determination in _Stentor polymorphus_--In
_Actinophrys_--In _Amoeba_--In _Medusa_--In a water-louse--In a garden
snail--In the angle-worm--In oysters--In a ground wasp. 39

CHAPTER III

MEMORY

Discussed under four heads, viz. _Memory of Locality_ (_Surroundings_),
_Memory of Friends_ (_Kin_), _Memory of Strangers_ (_Other animals not
kin_), and _Memory of Events_ (_Education_, _Happenings_, etc.)--Memory
of locality in _Actinophrys_--In the snail--In the ant--In sand
wasps--In beetles--In reptiles--_Memory of Friends_--In ants
--Experiments with ants, _Lasius flavus_, _Lasius niger_, and
_Myrmica ruginodis_--Memory of kin in wasps and bees--Experiments
--_Memory of Strangers_ (_Animals other than kin_)--Recognition of
enemies--By bumblebees--Memory of individuals not enemies--By the
toad--By the spider--By ants--By snakes--By chameleons--By birds
--By cattle--By dogs--By monkeys--_Memory of Events_ (_Education_, etc.)
--In the wasp--In fleas--In the toad--In other insects. 60

CHAPTER IV

THE EMOTIONS

The higher animals--Laughter--In monkeys--In the dog--In the chimpanzee
--In the orang-utan--Fear, dismay, consternation, grief, fortitude,
joy shown by bees--Affection for the individual evinced by house wren
--Anger, hate, fear, revenge, in the higher animals--Forgiving
disposition in the monkey--Sympathy--In ants--Care of young by ants
--Solicitude of butterflies--Of gadfly--Of the ichneumon fly--Of the
mason wasp--Of the spider--Of the earwig--Anger and hate evinced by
ants, centipedes, tarantulas, weevils. 88

CHAPTER V

ÆSTHETICISM

The love of music--In spiders--In quail--In dogs--Origin of love of
music in the dog--Dog's knowledge of the echo--Love of music in rats
--In mice--Singing mice--Love of music in lizards--In salamanders--In
snakes--In pigeons--In the barnyard cock--In the horse--Amusement and
pastime--In _Actinophrys_--In the snail--In _Diptera_--In ants--In
lady-bugs (_Coccinellæ_)--Æsthetic taste in birds--The snakeskin
bird--Humming-bird--Bower bird--The love of personal cleanliness--In
birds--In insects--In the locust. 107

CHAPTER VI

PARENTAL AFFECTION

Origin of parental feeling--Evidence of this psychical trait in spiders
--In earwigs--In crayfish--In butterflies--In fish--In toads--In
snakes--Instance of pride in parents--In the dog--In the cat--Parental
affection in birds--Animals seeking the assistance of man when their
offspring is in danger--The evolution of parental affection. 134

CHAPTER VII

REASON

Definition of reason--Origin of instincts--Instances of intelligent
ratiocination--In the bee--The wasp--The ant--Mental degeneration in
ants occasioned by the habit of keeping slaves--The honey-making ant
filling an artificial trench--Other evidences of reason in the insect
--_Termes_--Division of labor--The king and queen--Bravery of soldier
ants--Overseer and laborers--Blind impulse and intelligent ideation
--Harvester ants--Their habits and intelligence--Their presence in
Arkansas believed to be unique--Animals able to count--This faculty
present in the mason wasps--Experiments--Certain birds able to count
--Also dogs and mules--Cat recognizing the lapse of time--Monkey's
ability in computing--Huber's experiment with glass slip and bees
--Kirby and Spence's comment--Summary. 147

CHAPTER VIII

AUXILIARY SENSES

The color-changing sense and "homing instinct" so-called--These
faculties not instincts but true senses--The chromatic function
--Tinctumutation--Chromatophores and their function--Various
theories--Experiments of Paul Bert with axolotls--Semper's
contention--The difference between plant coloring and animal
coloring--Effects of light--Experiments with newts--Lister's
observations--Pouchet's experiments--Sympathetic nerves--Author's
experiments with frogs--The sense-centre of tinctumutation--Effects
of atropia--Experiments with fish--With katydid--The "homing instinct"
a true sense--Evidences of the sense in a water-louse--Author's
experiments with snails--Location of sense-centre in snails--Evidences
of the homing sense in the limpet--In beetles--In fleas--In ants--In
snakes--In birds--In fish. 181

CHAPTER IX

LETISIMULATION

Not confined to any family, order, or species of animals--Death-feigning
by rhizopods--By fresh-water annelids--By the larvæ of butterflies and
beetles--By free-swimming rotifers--By snakes--By the itch insect
(_Sarcoptes hominis_)--By many of the _Coleoptera_--The common "tumble
bug" (_Canthon Lævis_) a gifted letisimulant--The double defence of the
pentatomid, "stink-bug"--Reason coming to the aid of instinct--
Death-feigning an instinct--Feigning of death by ants--By a hound--Not
instinctive in the dog and cat--The origin of this instinct--Summary. 202

CONCLUSION

Instinct and reason--Specialized instincts and "intelligent accidents"
--Abstraction in the dog--In the elephant--The kinship of mind in man
and the lower animals shown by the phenomenon of dreaming--By the
effects of drugs--The action of alcohol on rhizopods--On jelly-fish
--On insects--On mammals--Animals aware of the medical qualities of
certain substances--Recognition of property rights--Animals as tool
users--Instinct and reason differentiated--Summary. 215

BIBLIOGRAPHY 225

INDEX 227

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DAWN OF REASON

MENTAL TRAITS IN THE LOWER ANIMALS