Chapter V (2)

Rafflesia Arnoldi, discovery of, 417;
description of, 418.

Rain in the Sahara, 155.

_Ratellus mellivorus_, 317.

Rattlesnake, the, physiology of, 359-361.

Ravenala Madagascariensis, the, account of, 427.

REACH, ANGUS, quoted, 29, 35.

Red Monkey, the, peculiarities of, 469.

Red Skins, the, ancient distribution of, 534;
false romance with which they have been invested, 534, 535;
various races of, 535, 536;
physical peculiarities of, 536.

Reinaondaban, the, account of, 210.

Reindeer, the, natural history of, 558-561.

RENAN, M., quoted, 176.

RENNIE, JOHN, reference to, 44.

_Retama Duriæi_, 148.

Rhinoceros, the, physiology of, 459, 460;
its habitats, 460;
the Indian species of, 460;
Javanese, 460, 461;
African, 461, 462;
adventure with a, 462.

_Rhizophora mangle_, 411.

_Rhus toxicodendrum_, 259.

RICHARDSON, Sir J., quoted, 211, 561.

Rocellæ, the, nature and properties of, 251.

Rocky Mountains of North America, the, 210, 211.

Rodentia, family of the, described, 169.

Roebuck of Tartary, the, described, 65.

Roggeveld Bergen, the, in South Africa, 187.

ROSE, COOPER, quoted, 462.

Rose of Jericho, the, described, 149.

ROSS, Sir JAMES, quoted, 556, 561;
Arctic discoveries of, 554, 555.

ROWE, Rev. J., quoted, 40.

ROWE, NATHANIEL, quoted, 300.

RUSKIN, J., quoted, 383, 384, 579.

_Saccharum officinarum_, 246.

SACHOT, M. OCTAVE, quoted, 527.

Sagalien, inhabitants of, described, 579.

Sago-palms, the, properties of, 421.

Sahara, the African, its physical aspects, 123, 124;
mountains, 127;
oases, described, 128, 154;
its peculiarity of aspect, 151;
area, 151, 152;
climate of, 155.

Saiga, the, natural history of, 66, 67.

Salsolaceæ, the, properties of, 148.

Salt Desert, the, character of.--See DESERTS.

Salt-wort, described, 148.

Samoiedes, the, history and character of, 573-575.

Sand, Deserts of.--See DESERTS.

Sand-hills of Brittany, the, 32;
their mode of formation, 35;
of Gascony, 35;
density and configuration, 36, 37;
inland encroachments, 37, 38;
their peculiar influence, 38;
of Africa, 133, 134.

_Santalum acuminatum_, 279.

Sapucaya, or Monkey's Nut, the, described, 434.

Sarcoramphus Papa, the, account of, 354.

Sarkha, Desert of, 97.

Sarmiento, Mount, California, 598.

Sarracenia, the, characters of, 262.

Sassafras laurel, the, described, 261, 262.

Savacou, the, described, 354.

Savage Man, his abasement and mean pleasures, 503;
his sanguinary instincts, 504, 505;
his love of intoxicating drinks, want of a literature
and of science, 505;
his intellectual deficiencies as compared with Civilized Man, 506;
his neglect of trade and commerce, imperfect
conceptions of the Supreme Being, 507;
sun-worship, 508;
his priestcraft and superstition, 509;
his low moral standard and cannibal tastes, 510.--For
SAVAGE RACES, see pp. 516-542, and 569-679.

Savannahs of Guinea, their features, 245.

Savenay, marshes of, described, 17, 18.

Saxifragas, the, properties and uses of, 601.

SCHOMBURGK, Sir R., quoted, 417, 439.

_Scindapsus pertusus_, 421.

_Sciurus Alpinus_, account of, 499;
_Carolinensis_, 499, 500;
_getulus_, 500;
_maximus_, 500;
_vulgaris_, 499;
_vulpinus_, 500.

Sea-Bear, the, natural history of, 568.

Sea-Lion, the, natural history of, 568.

Sea-shore Wolf, the, natural history of, 313.

Seal, the, habitats, manners, and physiology of, 568.

Sechura, pampa of, described, 219.

Senegal, serpent-worship of, 323;
serpents of, described, 324.

Senegambia, physical features of, 240, 241;
flora of, 241;
cereal growth of, 241, 242.

Sennaar, physical features of, 247.

Sensitive plant, the, described, 268.

Serpent-Bird, the, of the Cape, natural history of, 321.

Serpents of the Steppes, the, described, 77;
of Asia and Africa, 323-328.--See OPHIDIA, VIPER.

SHAKSPEARE, quoted, 322.

Shekanis, the, account of, 518, 519.

SHELLEY, the poet, quoted, 43, 105, 379.

Shemites, the, characteristics of, 175, 176.--See ARABS,
TIBBOOS, TOURAREGS.

Shepherd races of Asia, their history, manners, customs,
and character, 78, 79.

Shirwa, Lake, in Africa, 201.

Shoa, vegetable life in, 249.

Short-eared Rock Kangaroo, the, natural history of, 375.

Silk-cotton tree, the, properties of, 388.

_Silphium laciniatum_, 260.

_Silphium terebinthinaceum_, 266.

Simoom, the, phenomena and effects of, 135-138.

Sinai, Mount, physical aspect and associations of, 112, 113, 114, 597.

Sioux Indians, cemeteries of the, 215.

Sivas, quicksands of, described, 110, 111.

Skags-tol-tind, Mount, referred to, 588.

Sloth, natural history, habits, and manners of the, 494-496.--See
THREE-TOED SLOTH, TWO-TOED SLOTH.

_Smilax rotundifolia_, 259.

SMITH, SYDNEY, quoted, 274.

SMYTH, Admiral, quoted, 590.

Sneebergen, mountain-range so called, 187, 597.

Snow, perpetual, limit of, 581.

Socotrine aloes, value of, 249.

Solidungulæ, the, order of, 290, 291.

SOMERVILLE, Mrs., quoted, 97, 98, 211, 223, 589.

SONNERAT, M., quoted, 494.

Sorgho grass, properties of, 242.

SOUTHEY, quoted, 404, 405, 508.

South America, inferiority of, to North, 209;
its deserts, 210.--See PAMPAS, VIRGIN FORESTS.

Spain, its conquests in America, 206, 209.

SPENSER, quoted, 356.

Sphagnum, the, properties of, 556.

Spider Monkey, the, described, 489, 490.

Spitzbergen, description of, 550, 551.

Spotted Monkey, the, described, 469.

Squirrel, the, natural history, habits, and characteristics
of, 497-499.--See ALPINE SQUIRREL, BARBARY SQUIRREL,
COMMON SQUIRREL, FLYING SQUIRREL, GRAY SQUIRREL, MALABAR SQUIRREL.

Squirrel Monkey, the, 490.

Stag, the Spotted, described, 340;
Yellow, described, 57.

Staghorn, the, described, 277.

STANLEY, Dean, quoted, 99, 100, 101, 137.

_Stapelia hirsuta_, 234.

Steppes, the, in Europe and Asia, their extent, 46, 47;
their plateaux, 47;
their vegetable life, 47-49;
phenomena connected with, 49, 50;
animal life of, 51;
ornithology, 71-77;
herpetology, 78;
inhabitants, 78.

Steppes of South America, the, surface of, 220;
vegetation, swamps, and conflagrations of, 221-224;
a night on, 225;
inundations of, 226;
solitude of, 227;
Steppes of Patagonia, 227, 228;
Buenos Ayres and the Andes, 228, 229;
of Desplobado, 229;
hurricanes of, 230;
animal life of, 230, 231.

_Sterculia acuminata_, 445.

_Sterculiaceæ_, the, family of, 411.

ST. HILAIRE, AUGUSTUS, quoted, 539.

ST. JOHN, SPENSER, quoted, 596.

_Stipa crinita_, 279.

_Stipa tenacissima_, 150.

STOCQUELER, quoted, 309.

Stork, the, description of, 320.

STRACHEY, Captain, quoted, 593.

_Strelitza regina_, described, 256.

_Struthio camelus_, 318.--See OSTRICH.

Strychnine, nature and properties of, 417.

Styraceæ, family of, their characteristics, 406.

Sugar cane, history of, 246.

Sugar palm, the, described, 418.

Sumatra, vegetable life in, 416, 417;
cannibalism in, 511, 513.

Sun, worship of, once prevalent, 508.

Surinam toad, the, described, 363.

Swamp oak, the, qualities of, 277.

Swan's Marsh, the, reference to, 259.

_Swietenia Mahogani_, its uses, 410.

Table Mountains, the, geography of, 597.

TALFOURD, Sir T. N., quoted, 504, 505.

Tallow tree, the, properties and uses of, 408.

Tamanoir, the, described, 346.

Tamarind, the, characteristics of, 411.

Tamias, the, account of, 502.

Tanganyika, Lake, in Central Africa, 201, 202.

Tanguen, or Tanghin, the, properties of, 427.

Tapioca, commercial value of, 242.

Tapir, the, 288, 289;
natural history of the American, 328;
mode of defence, and peculiarities of, 329, 330.

Tarpan, the, natural history of, 51-55;
reference to, 291.

Tartar-Nogaïs, the, their territories, customs, and religion, 80, 81.

Taro, the, account of, 245.

Tarsi, the, description of, 492.

TAYLOR, HENRY, quoted, 210.

TAYLOR, TOM, Professor, quoted, 20.

Tchad, Lake, discovery of, 203, 204;
description of, 204.

Teak, the, properties and commercial value of, 406.

Tegeter, Mount, referred to, 247.

Telfaria pedata, the, described, 246.

Temperature, laws affecting, 580.

Teneriffe, peak of, described, 597.

TENNYSON, quoted, 14, 28, 44, 151, 231, 596.

Tété, flora of, 258.

Texas, vegetable life of, 262-266.

_Theobroma cacao_, properties of, 245.

Thibet, bear of, 609.

THOMSON, quoted, 119.

_Thrasaëtus_, 355.

Three-toed Sloth, the, natural history of, 496.

Thylacyni, the, natural history of, 371-373.

Ti, the, described, 277.

Tibboos, the, of Africa, their habits and character, 181-183.

Tierra-del-Fuego, inhabitants of, 541.

Tiger, the, natural history of, 305;
described by Buffon, 306;
by Daubenton, 306;
characteristics, habits, swiftness of, 307, 308;
mode of hunting, 309, 310.

Tiger-cats, the, description of, 429.

Tigré, geological features of, 248;
flora of, 248, 249.

_Tillandra usneoides_, 264, 265.

Tip, desert of, 111.

Toads.--See AGUA, BULL-FROG, SURINAM TOAD.

Tocusra, the, 242.

_Todea Africana_, 256.

Toothache-tree, the, described, 264.

Topaz, the, account of, 540.

Touaregs, the, of Africa, their manners, habits, and
characteristics, 181-183.

Trachytic rocks, character of, 588.

Traveller's tree, the, described, 279, 427.

TRECUL, M., quoted, 254, 263, 264, 266.

Tree-ferns, their character, 436, 437.

Trees, colossal, of Peru, 387-389.

TREMAUX, M., quoted, 120, 137, 184, 185.

TREMBLET, M., quoted, 183.

_Trichecus_, 568.

Trigonocephalus, the, description of, 361.

_Tristegis gluttinosa_, 271.

TRISTRAM, Rev. H. B., quoted, 96, 97, 128.

Trumpet-Bird, the, description of, 354.

Tumboa, the, physiology of, 251, 252.

Tupinambis, the, described, 172.

Two-toed Sloth, the, natural history of, 496, 497.

Unau, the, described, 496, 497.

_Unghandia speciosa_, 265.

Upas-tree, the properties of, 416;
fables relating to, 417.

Upper Guinea.--See SENEGAMBIA.

Ural Mountains, the, geology of, 592.

_Urceola elastica_, 418.

_Uvaria Æthiopica_, 246.

Vaquois, the, character of, 421, 428.

Varan of the Nile, the, described, 173.

Varans of the Desert, the, natural history of, 171-173.

Variegated Baboon, the, account of, 469.

Venezuela, pampas of, 220-226.

Vesuvius, Mount, description of, 590.

Vibro, the genus, 429.

Victoria N'yanza, Lake, discovery and account of, 202.

Victoria regia, the, history and description of, 269, 270.

Vicuña, the, natural history of, 335-337.

Vine, the, account of, 246.

Viper, the camel-headed, description of, 361-363.

Vipera cerastes, the, natural history of, 171, 172.

Vipers, the, of the Desert, 166, 171, 172;
of South Africa, 325, 326.

Virgin Forests, their extent and characteristics, 385-392;
vegetable life in, 393, 394;
a day in, 395-397.

Vistula, the river, 592.

_Vitis vinifera_, 246.

Viverridæ, the, natural history of, 316, 317.

Vizcacha, the, described, 342.

Vouabembés, the, cannibalism among, 514.

VON MARTINS, the traveller quoted, 387.

VON TSCHUDI, quoted, 229, 333, 334, 337.

Vosges, the, mountain-range of, 14, 591.

WALLACE, Mr., quoted, 329, 330.

Walrus, the, natural history of, 568.

Water-lily, yellow, the, described, 263.

Water snake, the, habits of, 378.

WATERTON, the naturalist, quoted, 495, 496.

Wells in the Sahara, 161.

WELWITSCH, Dr., quoted, 251.

Welwitschia, the, described, 251, 252.

Whirlwinds of sand, description of, 141, 142.

WHITE, WALTER, quoted, 45.

White wormwood, the, properties of, 150, 151.

Whydah, serpents at, 324.

WILKES, Admiral, quoted, 541, 542;
Arctic discoveries of, 553, 554.

WILLS, W. J., quoted, 236, 238.

WILSON, ALEXANDER, quoted, 355, 356.

Wistman's Wood, description of, 40, 41.

Wolf of Tartary, description of, 68;
his ravages, 68-70.

Wombat, the, 370.--See PHASCOLOMYS.

WOOD, Rev. J. G., quoted, 343, 344.

Woods of Europe, their aspect and characteristics, 397, 398.

WORDSWORTH, quoted, 177, 209, 247.

Wourali, the poison, deadly nature of, 439.

Wou-wou, the, natural history of, 478.

WREDE, Baron DE, quoted, 107, 110.

_Xanthorroea arborea_, 278, 279.

Yakoutes, the, their habits and mode of hunting, 576, 577.

Yucca tréculeana, 266.

YVAN, Dr., quoted, 587.

Zambesi, the, course of, 195, 196;
delta and cascades of, 198, 201;
vegetation of, 258.

Zana, Lake, vegetation on the shores of, 247, 248.

Zebra, the, natural history of, 292.

Zebra Wolf, the, natural history of, 372.

Zibeth, the, described, 316.

Zopelotes, the, described, 354.

Zorga, the, account of, 194.

List of Illustrations.

WHOLE PAGE ENGRAVINGS.

1. A Pyrenean Landscape, 15

2. Celtic Memorials in Brittany, 21

3. The Shepherds of the Landes, 25

4. A Flood in Brittany, 33

5. Wild Horses terrified by a Storm, 53

6. The Dead Sea, 103

7. Caravan in the Desert, 107

8. Lake Baudouin (a Salt Lake), 115

9. Landscape in the Atlas (Region of Tablelands), 125

10. The Sahara (Desert of Erosion), 129

11. French Column surprised by the Simoom, 139

12. Night-Scene in the African Interior, 189

13. Victoria Falls, River Zambesi, 199

14. Prairies of North America, 207

15. View of the "Mauvaises-Terres," Nebraska, 213

16. A Prairie on Fire in Central America, 217

17. Pampas of South America, 221

18. Australian Landscape, 233

19. Vegetable Life in the African Plains, 243

20. Tiger hunting in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, 311

21. Hunter pursued by Peccaries, 331

22. The Virgin Forest of the Gaboon, 381

23. The Virgin Forest in Brazil, 391

24. Tropical Vegetation, 399

25. Flora of the East Indian Islands, 419

26. A Forest in Madagascar, 425

27. Flora of the New World, 443

28. Hunting the Elephant in Africa, 453

29. A Corral in Ceylon, 457

30. Death of an Orang-Outang, 475

31. A Gorilla killing a Negro, 485

32. A Cannibal Feast among the Battas of Sumatra, 511

33. The Desert of Ice (Arctic Pole), 547

34. The Reindeer of Lapland. 559

35. The Condor of the Andes, 611

VIGNETTES.

1. The Tarpan, or Wild Horse, 51

2. Onagra, or Wild Ass, 57

3. Bactrian Camel, 60

4. The Eland, 65

5. Capture of a Wolf by a Kirghiz Horseman, 69

6. Great Bittern--White Heron--Curlew, 73

7. The Eagle of the Steppes, and the Antelope Saiga, 76

8. Cossack Horsemen in the Steppes, 83

9. Night Encampment of Gipsies in the Steppes, 87

10. Khirgiz Aoul or Village, 90

11. Mount Sinai, 113

12. Ravines of Korosko, 122

13. Whirlwinds of Sand, 141

14. A Mirage in the Desert, 145

15. Jujube Tree--Lentiscus--Tamarisk, 150

16. Doum-Palm--Date Palm--Alfa, 153

17. A Street in Ouargla, 159

18. The Mahari--The Djemel, 163

19. Striped Hyænas of the Sahara, 165

20. Jackals disinterring Dead Bodies, 166

21. Gypaëtos--Sociable Vulture--Cathartes Percnopterus, 167

22. Gazelles--Antelope--Nanguer, 169

23. Gazelles of Arabia opposing a Panther, 170

24. Jerboas attacked by a Horned Viper, 171

25. Varan of the Nile--Varan of the Desert, 172

26. Bedouin Shepherds and Bedouin Nomades, 180

27. Touaregs, 181

28. Attack upon a Q'sour, 182

29. Nubian Women, 184

30. Burke, Wills, and King in the Deserts of
Central Australia, 239

31. Vegetable Life in South Africa, 250

32. Vegetable Life of Cape Colony, 253

33. Vegetable Life of Cape Colony, 254

34. Vegetable Life of Cape Colony, 255

35. Vegetable Life in the American Prairies, 261

36. Vegetable Life in Texas, 263

37. Vegetable Life in the Texan Prairies, 265

38. Vegetable Life in the Plains of the Meta, 269

39. Aquatic plants of Guiana, 271

40. Vegetable Life in the Pampas, 272

41. Vegetable Life in Victoria, 276

42. Vegetable Life on the Australian Plains, 278

43. Vegetable Life on the Australian Plains, 280

44. Hippopotamus and Crocodile of the River
Nile, 286

45. Rhinoceros, 289

46. The Daw and the Quagga, 290

47. Zebras, 292

48. A Lion rending a Giraffe, 294

49. Antelope Gnu--Oreas Lanna--Striped
or Banded Gnu, 296

50. An African Hopo, 298

51. The African Leopard, 304

52. Spotted Hyænas, 314

53. Zibeth and Indian Genet, 315

54. Striped Parodoxure devouring a Crested
Goura, 316

55. Ostriches, 319

56. Rose Flamingoes, 321

57. Python Molure--Echidna--Fennec, 326

58. American Tapir, 329

59. Guanaco--Llama--Vicuña, 337

60. Agouti--Capybara, 340

61. Armadillo Loricata--Ant-Eater, 347

62. Cougouars, or Pumas, 349

63. Bison attacked by Jaguar, 350

64. Prairie Wolves, 351

65. Cathartes-Urubu--King of the Vultures, 355

66. Alligators, or Caimans, 357

67. Crotalus, and Boa-Constrictor, 360

68. Trigonocephalus pursued by Birds, 362

69. Bufo Agua--Pipa Surinamensis, 364

70. Fishing for Gymnoti, 365

71. Large-Browed Wombat, 369

72. Thylacynus Cynocephalus, 372

73. Ornithorhynchus--Echidna, 374

74. Apteryx Australis, 377

75. The Banyan Tree, 404

76. Baobab--Guinea Palm--Acacia verek, 409

77. Bread-fruit Tree of Ceylon, 414

78. Nipa fruticans--Sugar Palm--Ipo-Antiar, 416

79. Ravenala Madagascariensia--Heritiera
argentea--Tanghin, 424

80. Large-leaved Magnolia--Virginian Catalpa--Pinas
Sabiniana, 431

81. Blechnum Brasiliense--Alsophila horrida--Panicum
plicatum--Maranta--Caladium violaceum, 436

82. Banana--Carolinea insignis--Clusia rosea, 438

83. Kaffir Hunter carried off by a Rhinoceros, 461

84. Baboons plundering a Garden, 466

85. The Black Cynopithecus, 467

86. Gibbon-Siamang, and Mourning Gibbon, 478

87. Howling Monkeys, 488

88. Ateles crossing a River, 489

89. Maki-Mocoas--White-Mantled Maki, 493

90. Cheiromys, or Aye-Aye of Madagascar, 495

91. Aï-Unau, 497

92. Common European Squirrels, 498

93. Negroes: Natives of Kidi, Africa, 519

94. Kaffir Warriors, 520

95. Hottentots: A Man and Woman, 521

96. Australians, 523

97. Papuans, 524

98. Malays: Male and Two Females, 527

99. Hovas of Madagascar: Men, Woman, and Child, 528

100. Warriors of the Island of Ombai, 529

101. Islanders of Noukahiva, 531

102. Indians of North America. The Red Skins, 533

103. Indian Women of North America, 536

104. The Apaches attacking an Emigrant Train, 537

105. Guarani Indians (South America), 538

106. Patagonians, 539

107. Adelie Land (Antarctic Ocean), 554

108. Ermine and Sable-Marten, 563

109. The White Bear and her Cubs, 567

110. Lapland Fishers, 572

111. A Samoiede Family, 574

112. Yakout Warrior worried by a White Bear, 576

113. Kamtschatdales, 577

114. The Organ Mountains of Rio Janeiro, 586

115. The Himalayas: Mount Guarisankar, 594

116. Fir, with Bearded Usnea--Great Yellow
Gentian--Martagon, 600

117. Cedar of Lebanon, 602

118. Rhododendrons of the Himalaya, 604

119. Musk Deer, 607

120. Black Bear of Canada--Gray Bear of
North America, 610

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The "Mysteries of the Ocean," rendered into English by the Translator of "The Bird" and of the present volume, is published, as a companion work, by Messrs. T. Nelson and Sons.

[2] The Jura chain is an outlier of the great Alpine system, and situated on the border of Switzerland; the Vosges separate the valley of the Rhine from that of the Moselle (greatest elevation, 469 feet); and the Cevennes that of the Loire from the basin of the Rhone (greatest elevation, 5794 feet).

[3] The forest covers an area of about sixty-four square miles. The château, originally founded by Robert the Pious in 975-990, was rebuilt in the twelfth century by Louis VII.

[4] Jules Janin, "La Bretagne" (ed. Paris, 1845), c. xvii.

[5] Deane, "Archæologia," vol. xxv.

[6] See Mr. Jephson's "Walking Tour in Brittany," and Tom Taylor's recent book of "Translations of Breton Songs and Ballads."

[7] P. Fletcher, "The Purple Island," canto i. 45.

[8] Tennyson, Poems: "Mariana."

[9] Angus Reach, "Claret and Olives."

[10] The fir plantations, which are so numerous in the Landes, were first formed in 1789, under the direction of the minister, M. Necker (father of Madame de Stael). In 1862, the department had a population of 300,859. Acreage, 2,434,752.

[11] Angus B. Reach, "Claret and Olives."

[12] M. Perris, in "Mémoires de l'Académie de Lyon."

[13] "Dunes," from _dun_, a hill. These sand-mounds also extend along the coast of the Netherlands, where they serve to protect the low country from tidal inundation. "In some places," says a traveller, "they look like a series of irregular hills; and when seen from the top of the steeples, they are so huge as to shut out the view of the sea. The traveller, in visiting them from the fertile plains, all at once ascends into a region of desert barrenness. He walks on and on for miles in a wilderness such as might be expected to be seen in Africa, and at last emerges on the sea-shore, where the mode of creation of this singular kind of territory is at once conspicuous."--_W. Chambers, "Tour in Holland."_

[14] Rev. S. Rowe, "Perambulation of the Ancient Forest of Dartmoor" (ed. by Dr. E. Moore; London, 1856).

[15] Mrs. Bray, "The Borders of the Tamar and the Tavy."

[16] Rev. C. Kingsley, in _Good Words_, vol. for 1867, pp. 302-310.

[17] Dyer, "Poetical Works," _The Fleece_, book ii.

[18] Walter White, "Eastern England," ii. 13, 14.

[19] Humboldt, "Ansichten der Natur," vol. i., App.

[20] Humboldt, "Ansichten der Natur," vol. i. (Notes).

[21] Homer, "Iliad," book i.

[22] Madame Hommaire de Hell: "Voyage aux Steppes de la Mer Caspienne," tome 1^{er.}

[23] The Onagra is identical with the Koulan (_Equus hemionus_) of the Persian. It is described in the Book of Job, ch. xxxix. 5-8.

[24] T. W. Atkinson, "Oriental and Western Siberia," pp. 286, 287.

[25] Brande, "Dictionary of Art and Science," art. _Camel_.

[26] Madame de Hell, "Voyage aux Steppes de la Mer Caspienne," tome I^{er.}

[27] Class I., Mammalia: Order III., Carnaria; Order V., Rodentia; Order IX., Ruminantia.

[28] Also called the Musmon (_Ovis Musmon_).

[29] This rod, or whip, is furnished with a long cord terminating in a slip-knot, something like a lasso. With this instrument the Tartars seize and carry away the horses and wild asses, and, as we see in the Engraving, capture wolves alive, and satisfy their hatred against these unfortunate beasts, less ferocious, assuredly, than the Tartars themselves.

[30] Huc, "Souvenirs d'un Voyage dans la Tartarie, la Thibet, et la Chine," tome 1^{er.}

[31] Bishop Mant, "British Months."

[32] Atkinson, "Oriental and Western Siberia," pp. 463-465.

[33] Humboldt, "Ansichten der Natur," vol. i.

[34] Prof. Max Müller, "Lectures on the Science of Language," 2nd Series, p. 309.

[35] The Spanish gipsies call themselves _Calés_ (black). Many interesting details of this curious people are embodied in George Borrow's "Zincali; or, An Account of the Gipsies in Spain."

[36] All that is really known about them will be found in Professor Pott's "Zigeunersprache" (Halle, 1845).

[37] Max Müller, "On the Origin of Language," 2nd series, p. 317.

[38] T. W. Atkinson, "Oriental and Western Siberia," pp. 284-286.

[39] Max Müller, "Origin of Language," pp. 311, 312.

[40] Dr. Latham thus describes their physical characteristics:--"The face is broad and flat, because the cheek-bones stand out laterally, and the nasal bones are depressed. The cheek-bones stand out _laterally_; are not merely projecting, for this they might be without giving much breadth to the face, inasmuch as they might stand forward. The distance between the eyes is great, the eyes themselves being oblique, and their carunculæ concealed. The eyebrows form a low and imperfect arch, black and scanty. The iris is dark, the cornea yellow. The complexion is scanty, the stature low. The ears are large, standing out from the head; the lips thick and fleshy rather than thin; the teeth somewhat oblique in their insertion, the forehead low and flat, and the hair lank and thin."--_Descriptive Ethnology._

[41] Rev. H. B. Tristram, "The Great Sahara," p. 360.

[42] Mrs. Somerville, "Physical Geography," vol. i., p. 105.

[43] Moore, "Lalla Rookh"--_Veiled Prophet of Khorassan._

[44] Lake Sir-i-Kol is 15,600 feet above the sea-level; that is, nearly as high as Mont Blanc. It is fourteen miles long and one mile broad.

[45] Dean Stanley, "Syria and Palestine," pp. 290-294.

[46] Laorty-Hadji, "La Syrie, la Palestine, et la Judée."

[47] Shelley, "Poetical Works"--_Stanzas Written in Dejection_, &c.

[48] A parasang varies in length; in some parts of Persia it measures thirty, in others fifty furlongs.

[49] Such quicksands are found at some parts of the British coast, and the reader will remember that in one of them occurs the catastrophe of Scott's romance, "The Bride of Lammermoor."

[50] Miss Martineau, "Eastern Life: Past and Present."

[51] Coleridge, "Poetical Works"--_Kubla Khan_.

[52] Trémaux, "Egypte et Ethiopie," 1re partie, c. vii.

[53] M. Charles Martins, "Du Spitzberg au Sahara" (Paris, 1866), pp. 555, _et seq._

[54] Martins "Du Spitzberg au Sahara," p. 556.

[55] Tristram, "The Great Sahara," p. 354.

[56] Martins. "Du Spitzberg au Sahara," _in loc._

[57] Fromentin. "Une Eté dans le Sahara."

[58] Moore's "Poetical Works"--_Veiled Prophet of Khorassan_

[59] Martins, "Du Spitzberg au Sahara," p. 562.

[60] Dean Stanley, "Sinai and Palestine," pp. 68, 69.

[61] Philip Smith, "History of the World," i. 286.

[62] T. W. Atkinson, "Travels on the Russo-Chinese Frontiers."

[63] Moore, "Lalla Rookh"--_The Fire-Worshippers_.

[64] Homer, "Odyssey," book xi., Pope's Translation.

[65] M. le Comte d'Escayrac de Lauture, "Le Désert et le Soudan" (Paris, 1853).

[66] Dante, "L'Inferno," c. xiv., Longfellow's Translation.

[67] Order, _Cruciferæ_.

[68] Sub-order, _Tubulifloræ_.

[69] Martins, "Du Spitzberg au Sahara," pp. 565, _et seq._

[70] Moore, "Lalla Rookh"--_The Fire-Worshippers_.

[71] Martins, "Du Spitzberg au Sahara," p. 567.

[72] Tristram, "The Great Sahara," pp. 95-98.

[73] Général Daumas, "Le Grand Desert," pp. 160-162.

[74] Carrette, "Exploration de l'Algérie," tome ii.

[75] This substance, according to other authorities, was more probably the saccharine exudation, _Mount Sinai manna_, which forms on the branches of the tamarix mannifera, and thence falls to the ground.

[76] Wordsworth, "Poetical Works"--_Rob Roy's Grave_, vol. iii., p. 21.

[77] Gibbon, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," v., p. 451.

[78] Tremblet, "Les Français dans le Desert" (Paris, 1863).

[79] Goethe's "Faust," translated by Theodore Martin, p. 202.

[80] Dr. Livingstone, "Missionary Researches in South Africa."

[81] Thomas Pringle, "South African Sketches."

[82] Livingstone, "Missionary Travels and Researches."

[83] Keat's "Poetical Works," sonnet ix.

[84] Livingstone, "Missionary Travels and Researches."

[85] Baker, "Basin of the Nile and Equatorial Africa," ii. 101-103.

[86] Morin, "Sources du Nil," in _Annuaire Scientifique_ for 1864.

[87] Dr. Barth, "Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa" (London, 1857-58).

[88] Wordsworth, "Poetical Works;" sonnet xvi., vol. iii., p. 61.

[89] Taylor, "Isaac Comnenus," Poetical Works, ii. 216.

[90] Mrs. Somerville, "Physical Geography," i. 259, _et seq._

[91] W. C. Bryant, "Poetical Works."

[92] Mrs. Somerville, "Physical Geography," i. 79.

[93] These inundations are nowhere more extensive than in the network of rivers formed by the Apure, the Arachuna, the Pajara, the Arauca, and the Cabuliare. Large vessels sail across the country over the Steppe for forty or fifty miles.

[94] Humboldt, "Ansichten der Natur," i., Steppes and Deserts.

[95] Dr. I. Von Tschudi, "Travels in Peru" (London, 1847), pp. 305, 306.

[96] _Polylepis racemosa._

[97] _Krameria triandria._

[98] Journal of W. J. Wills, _in locis_.

[99] Order, _Euphorbiaceæ_.

[100] Order, _Tiliaceæ_.

[101] Order. _Pandanaceæ_.

[102] Order, _Musaceæ_.

[103] Order, _Anacardiaceæ_.

[104] Mansfield Parkyns, "Life in Abyssinia," i. 226, 227.

[105] Adansonia digitata, a species of Baobab (Order, _Stercubaceæ_).

[106] Order, _Celastraceæ_.

[107] Order, _Rosaceæ_.

[108] Order, _Gnetaceæ_.

[109] Brande, "Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art," iii. 1018, 1019.

[110] Order, _Anacardiaceæ_.

[111] Order, _Ranunculaceæ_; Sub-order, _Actaea_.

[112] Order, _Onagraceæ_, or Evening Primrose Tribe.

[113] Order, _Zygophyllaceæ_.

[114] Humboldt, "Ansichten der Natur"--Steppes and Deserts, note 17.

[115] Order, _Nymphaceæ_.

[116] The Pampas grass is very hardy. Its stems are from ten to fourteen feet high, its leaves six or eight feet long, and its panicles of flowers silvery white, and from eighteen inches to two feet in length. Another Brazilian species of the same _genus, Gynerium saccharoides_, yields a considerable quantity of sugar.

[117] Sydney Smith, in _Edinburgh Review_, for 1819.

[118] Order, _Amentaceæ_.

[119] Order, _Liliaceæ_.

[120] Order, _Malpighiaceæ_.

[121] Order, _Myrtaceæ_.

[122] The same name, "Traveller's Tree," is applied to the _Urania speciosa_.

[123] _Pachydermata_, from [Greek: pachus], thick, and [Greek: derma], skin; an order of quadrupeds distinguished by the thickness of their hides.

[124] Sir S. Baker, "The Albert N'yanza," &c., i. 65-67.

[125] Livingstone, "Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa."

[126] Stocqueler, "Handbook to India."

[127] Du Chaillu, "Travels in Equatorial Africa."

[128] Dr. Livingstone, "Missionary Travels and Researches."

[129] F. Buckland, "Curiosities of Natural History."

[130] As in Jer. viii. 7; and Psalm lviii. 4, 5.

[131] Wallace, "Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro."

[132] Dr. Von Tschudi, "Travels in Peru" (London, 1847).

[133] It was introduced into England by the Earl of Derby in 1836. An alpaca factory, covering eleven acres, was erected at Saltaire, near Shipley, Yorkshire, by Mr. Titus Salt, in 1852, and is now the largest establishment of its kind in the world.

[134] Dr. Von Tschudi, "Travels in Peru."

[135] Dr. Darwin, "Journal of a Naturalist" (Voyage of the Beagle, 3rd vol.)

[136] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the River Amazons."

[137] Rev. J. G. Wood, "Homes Without Hands."

[138] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the Amazons," pp. 112, 113.

[139] Hon. C. A. Murray, "Travels in North America."

[140] A. Wilson, "American Ornithology."

[141] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the Amazons."

[142] Gould, "Quadrupeds of Australia," _in loc._

[143] M. P. Gervais, "Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères," sub nom. _Thylacynus_.

[144] Sir. G. Grey, "Expeditions of Discovery in North-Western and Western Australia" (1840).

[145] Ruskin, "Modern Painters," vol. v., pt. vi., c. i., § 3, 4.

[146] Longfellow, "Poetical Works"--_Evangeline._

[147] Milton and Cheadle, "North-West Passage by Land," chap. xv.

[148] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the River Amazons."

[149] Order, _Lycopodiaceæ_; club-mosses.

[150] Lecythis Ollaria (order, _Lecythidaceæ_).

[151] Bertholletia Excelsa (_Lecythidaceæ_).

[152] Order, _Bignoniaceæ_.

[153] Order, _Leguminosæ_; tribe, Mimosæ.

[154] Order, _Sterculiaceæ_.

[155] Order, _Urticaceæ_.

[156] Iriartea Ventricosa.

[157] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the Amazons," pp. 33, 35.

[158] Matthew Arnold, New Poems: "Empedocles on Etna," p. 16.

[159] F. de Lanoye, "L'Inde Contemporaine," c. 1^{er.}

[160] Order, _Musaceæ_.

[161] Order, _Moraceæ_.

[162] Southey, "Poetical Works"--_The Curse of Kehama._

[163] Craufurd, "The Eastern Archipelago."

[164] Brande, "Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art," iii. 610.

[165] From the Greek [Greek: epi], upon, and [Greek: phyton], a plant.

[166] Order, _Leguminosæ_.

[167] Rev. W. Ellis, "Three Visits to Madagascar."

[168] Order, _Apocynaceæ_.

[169] The genus _Vibris_ is the type of a tribe of animalcules commonly known as microscopic eels, remarkable for their extraordinary minuteness. One species is parasitic upon wheat, and when full grown attains a quarter of an inch in length; but the young are so microscopically small that 30,000 might be contained in a single grain of wheat.

[170] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the Amazons," pp. 37-39.

[171] Dr. Buckland. Bridgewater Treatise, "On Geology and Palæontology," &c.

[172] Mansfield Parkyns, "Life in Abyssinia." See some interesting details in Major Harris's "Sport in the Western Highlands of Ethiopia."

[173] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the Amazons," p. 175.

[174] According to Humboldt, this is an exaggeration: the Howlers assemble in large numbers, morning and evening, and join in a chorus of discords, but do not obey a president or leader.

[175] In the foregoing paragraphs I have allowed the French author, M. Mangin, to express his opinions in his own language. I must guard myself, however, from being supposed to endorse them as a whole. Between the most intelligent Simiæ and Man a wide gulf exists, which I see no reason for supposing the Ape will ever cross. And I believe that his physical likeness to Man may be satisfactorily referred to that general progressiveness in creation which we may trace from the lowest to the highest types.

[176] Du Chaillu, "Travels and Adventures in Equatorial Africa" (London, 1863).

[177] Du Chaillu, "Travels and Adventures in Equatorial Africa."

[178] T. Noon Talfourd, "Dramatic Works."

[179] Arthur Helps, "Spanish Conquest in America."

[180] Pope, "Poetical Works"--_Essay on Man._

[181] Capt. R. F. Burton, "Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa."

[182] R. W. Emerson. "Essays" (Collected Works, Bell & Daldy, 2 vols.)

[183] This was written in September 1867.

[184] Alfred Maury, "La Terre et l'Homme," ch. vii.

[185] For information, as entertaining as it is valuable, respecting the history, people, and products of Madagascar, see the Rev. William Ellis's "Three Visits to Madagascar," and M. Octave Sachot's "Madagascar et les Madécasses" (Paris, 1864).

[186] In the language of the Sandwich Islanders. _Kanak_ or _Kanaque_ signifies "a man."

[187] Compare the narratives of the early voyagers, especially those of De Bougainville, Cook, and Wallis.

[188] _Hacienda_, a farm; _haciendero_, a farm-proprietor.

[189] Admiral Wilkes, "Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition."

[190] The isothermal line of 0°, which in Europe scarcely touches the North Cape of Lapland (about 72°), descends in America fully 20 degrees lower, even to the south of James Bay.

[191] Hervé and Lanoye, "Voyages dans les Glaces du Pôle Arctique," chap. i. (Paris, 1854).

[192] Sir James C. Ross "Voyages of Discovery and Research" (London, 1847).

[193] Sir J. Richardson, "Fauna Boreali Americana."

[194] Professor Forbes, "Norway and its Glaciers" (Edinburgh, 1853).

[195] 51° 30' north latitude, the parallel of London.

[196] Compare Malte Brun, ed. by Lavallée, "Géographie Universelle;" Mrs. Somerville, "Physical Geography;" and Sir J. Herschel, "Physical Geography" (Encycl. Britt., 9th edit.)

[197] Coleridge, _Hymn in the Valley of Chamouni_. For a glowing account of these phenomena, see Professor Tyndall's "Glaciers of the Alps."

[198] Admiral Smyth, "The Mediterranean."

[199] Matthew Arnold, "New Poems" (1867)--_Empedocles on Etna_.

[200] Dr. J. Hooker, "Himalayan Journals."

[201] Captain Strachey, "Journal of Royal Geographical Society" (vol. xxi.)

[202] Spencer St. John, "Life in the Forests of the Far East" (London, 1863).

[203] Longfellow, "Poetical Works."

[204] Charles Martins, "Du Spitzberg au Sahara."

* * * * *

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

In the Desert of Kahalari=> In the Desert of Kalahari {pg 256}

the evergeen oak=> the evergreen oak {pg 265}

from Monte Video to the mouth of the Rio Nigro=> from Monte Video to the mouth of the Rio Negro {pg 276}

salver-shaped carolla=> salver-shaped corolla {pg 427}

incalculable longivity=> incalculable longevity {pg 430}

with its orbed noon=> with its orbed moon {pg 436}

communicates with the larnyx=> communicates with the larynx {pg 473}

Muller, Max, quoted, 79, 88, 92.=> Müller, Max, quoted, 79, 88, 92. {index}