Chapter XXIII: Appendix: C (1)

LIST OF AUTHORITIES

UNITED KINGDOM

ALLEN, RALPH. A Narrative of Mr. Allen's Transactions with the Government for the Better Management of the Bye, Way, and Cross Road Posts. 1761 (pub. London, 1897. _Vide_ _infra_, Ogilvie, A. M. J.).

ANDREWS, ALEXANDER. The History of British Journalism. London, 1859.

BAINES, F. E. Forty Years at the Post Office. London, 1895.

BEADON, R. J. Uniform Imperial Postage. London, 1891.

BENNETT, EDWARD. The Post Office and its Story. London, 1912.

BOWIE, A. G. The Romance of the British Post Office. London, 1897.

BRUCE, SIR ROBERT, C.B. Postal Organisation, with special reference to the London Postal Service. London, 1912.

COLE, SIR HENRY. Fifty Years of Public Work. London, 1884.

COLLET, C. D. History of the Taxes on Knowledge. London, 1899.

CORRIE, JOHN M. The Dumfries Post Office, 1642-1910. Dumfries, 1912.

D'AVENANT, WILLIAM. Discourses on the Publick Revenues and on the Trade of England. London, 1698.

DE-LAUNE, THO. The Present State of London. London, 1681.

HARRIS, STANLEY. Old Coaching Days. London, 1882.

HEATON, J. HENNIKER. Postal and Telegraphic Communications of the Empire. London, 1888.

Postal Reform. London, 1890.

HEMMEON, J. C., Ph.D. The History of the British Post Office. Harvard Economic Studies, vol. vii. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., 1912.

HENDY, J. G. The History of the Early Postmarks of the British Isles. London, 1905.

HILL, FREDERICK. An Autobiography of Fifty Years in Times of Reform. London, 1893.

HILL, JOHN. A Penny Post: or a Vindication of the Liberty and Birthright of every Englishman in Carrying Merchants and other Men's Letters, against any restraint of Farmers of such Employments. London, 1659.

HILL, PEARSON. The Origin of Postage Stamps. London, 1890.

HILL, SIR ROWLAND. Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability. London, 1837.

On the Collection of Postage by Means of Stamps. London, 1839.

The State and Prospects of Penny Postage. London, 1844.

Results of Postal Reform. London, 1864.

Life of Sir Rowland Hill, K.C.B., etc., and History of Penny Postage, by Sir Rowland Hill and his Nephew, George Birkbeck Hill, D.C.L. 2 vols. London, 1880.

HORNE, L. T. Postal Communications of the Empire. British Empire Series, vol. v. London, 1902.

HUNT, F. KNIGHT. The Fourth Estate: Contributions towards a History of Newspapers and of the Liberty of the Press. London, 1850.

HURCOMB, C. W. The Posts under the Tudors. _The Antiquary_, 1914.

HYDE, J. W. The Royal Mail: Its Curiosities and Romance. London, 1889.

The Early History of the Post in Grant and Farm. London, 1894.

JOYCE, HERBERT, C.B. The History of the Post Office from its Establishment down to 1836. London, 1893.

LANG, T. B. Historical Summary of the Post Office in Scotland. Edinburgh, 1856.

LEWINS, W. Her Majesty's Mails. London, 1864.

MACPHERSON, DAVID. Annals of Commerce. London, 1805.

MURCH, JEROM. Ralph Allen, John Palmer, and the English Post Office. London, 1880.

NORWAY, A. H. The Post Office Packet Service. London, 1895.

OGILVIE, A. M. J. Ralph Allen's Bye, Way, and Cross Road Posts. London, 1897.

Article on the "Post Office" in Dictionary of Political Economy. London, 1908.

PEACH, R. E. M. The Life and Times of Ralph Allen. London, 1895.

RAIKES, H. ST. J. Life and Letters of H. C. Raikes. London, 1898.

SMYTH, ELEANOR C. Sir Rowland Hill: The Story of a Great Reform. London, 1907.

STEPHEN, LESLIE. Life of Henry Fawcett. London, 1885.

STOW, JOHN. A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster. London, 1720.

SWIFT, H. G. A History of Postal Agitation. London, 1900.

SYMON, J. D. The Press and its Story. London, 1914.

TEGG, WILLIAM, F.R.H.S. Posts and Telegraphs. Past and Present. London, 1878.

TOMBS, R. C. The King's Post. Bristol, 1905.

The Bristol Royal Mail. Bristol (undated).

WEBB, SIDNEY and BEATRICE. The Story of the King's Highway. London, 1913.

WILLIAMS, J. B. A History of English Journalism. London, 1908.

WILSON, JOHN. History of the Birmingham Post Office. _Birmingham Weekly Mercury_, October, 1899.

The Practical Method of the Penny Post. London, 1681.

The Administration of the Post Office from the Introduction of

Mr. Rowland Hill's Plan of Penny Postage up to the Present Time. London, 1844.

The Post Office of Fifty Years Ago. London, 1890.

Celebration of the Jubilee of Uniform Inland Penny Postage. London, 1891.

Records of the Life of S. A. Blackwood. London, 1896.

PERIODICALS.

Notes and Queries, 1st series, vol. iii; 10th series, No. 141.

Quarterly Review, 1839.

Edinburgh Review, 1840.

Chambers's Journal, vol. vii.

The Postmen's Gazette. London.

The Postal Clerks' Herald. Wolverhampton.

The Telegraph Chronicle. London.

The Postal and Telegraph Record. Manchester.

Telephone Journal. London.

St. Martin's-le-Grand Magazine. London.

PARLIAMENTARY AND OFFICIAL PAPERS.

Tenth Report of the Commissioners appointed by Act of Parliament to inquire into the Fees, Gratuities, Perquisites, and Emoluments, which are or have been lately received in the several Public Offices therein mentioned. 1788.

Report of the Committee on Mr. Palmer's Agreement. 1797.

Twentieth and Twenty-first Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the Collection and Management of the Revenue arising in Ireland and Great Britain. 1830.

The Ten Reports of the Commissioners for Inquiry into the Mode of Conducting the Business of the Post Office Department. 1834-38.

The Three Reports from the Select Committee on Postage. 1838. Report from Committee on the Conveyance of Mails by Railway. 1838.

Report from Select Committee on Postage. 1843.

Report from Secret Committee of House of Commons on the Post Office. 1844.

Report from Secret Committee of House of Lords on the Post Office. 1844.

Report from the Select Committee on Newspaper Stamps. 18th July, 1851.

Report of the Select Committee on Contract Packets, 1853.

Report of the Royal Commission on Railways, 7th May, 1867.

Report from Select Committee on Railway Amalgamations, etc. 1873.

Report of the Select Committee on Estimates of the Revenue Departments. 1888.

Post Office Wages. Report of Tweedmouth Committee, 1896.

Post Office Wages. Report of Bradford Committee, 1904.

Report of Select Committee on Post Office Servants (Hobhouse Committee), 1907.

The Post Office: An Historical Summary. London, 1911.

Report of Select Committee on Post Office Servants (Holt Committee), 1914.

Statement showing the Proposed Increases in Postal, Telegraph, and Telephone Charges, 1915 (Cd. 8,067).

First Report of the Committee on Retrenchment in the Public Expenditure, 1915 (Cd. 8,068).

Reports of the Postmaster-General on the Post Office. Annually (from 1854-5).

Official Records of the British Post Office.

COBBETT, WILLIAM. The Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Years to 1803.

SCOBELL, HENRY. A Collection of Acts and Ordinances. London, 1658.

Calendars of State Papers.

Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts.--Reports.

Hansard's Parliamentary Debates.

CANADA

Report of the Special Committee of the House of Assembly on the Post Office Department of the Province of Lower Canada. February 11, 1832.

Lower Canada. Report of the Special Committee of the House of Assembly on the Present Condition of the Post Office Department. March 8, 1836.

Report of the Special Committee of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada on the Bill intitled "An Act to establish a Post Office in this Province, etc." March 15, 1836.

Report of a Select Committee of the Legislative Council of the Province of Upper Canada upon the Post Office. February 17, 1837.

Report on Affairs in British North America, by the Earl of Durham. 1840.

Report of the Commissioners appointed to Inquire into the Affairs of the Post Office in British North America. December 31, 1841.

Report of a Committee of the Executive Council of Canada on the Post Office. June 10, 1848.

Correspondence on the Subject of the Establishment of a General Post Office System in the British Provinces of North America. Montreal, February 27, 1849. (Appendix B.B.B., 8th volume of Journals of the Legislative Assembly of Canada.)

Report of the Railway Service Commissioners. Quebec, March 29, 1865.

Canada Official Postal Guide.

Debates and Proceedings in Dominion Parliament, reported in Ottawa _Times_.

Hansard. Official Reports of the Debates of the House of Commons and of the Senate of the Dominion of Canada.

KINGSFORD, WILLIAM. The History of Canada. London, 1890.

HENDY, J. G. Early Posts in Canada. _Empire Review_, London, 1903-4, vols. iv. and vi.

UNITED STATES

BANCROFT, GEORGE. History of the United States of America. New York, 1883-5.

BURROWS, CHARLES WILLIAM. One-Cent Letter Postage, Second-Class Mail Rates, and Parcels Post. Cleveland, Ohio, 1911.

FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN. Autobiography. London, 1908.

LEAVITT, JOSHUA (Corresponding Secretary, Cheap Postage Association). Cheap Postage. Boston, Mass., 1848.

LEECH, D. D. T., and NICHOLSON, W. L. The Post Office Department of the United States of America; its History, Organization, and Working. Washington, D.C., 1879.

NEWCOMB, H. T. The Postal Deficit. Washington, D.C., 1900.

NICHOLSON, W. L. _Vide_ Leech, D. D. T.

NORVELL, S. Parcel Post. Address at Atlantic City, N.J., November 16, 1911.

PHELPS, E. M. Selected Articles on the Parcels Post. Minneapolis, 1911.

SEITZ, DON C. (Chairman, American Newspaper Publishers' Association). Statement before Commission on Second-Class Mail Matter. New York, 1911.

SLACK, STANLEY I. (Curator of the Postal Museum). A Brief History of the Postal Service. Omaha (undated).

WILLIAMS, NATHAN B. The American Post Office. A Discussion of its History, Development, and Present-Day Relation to Express Companies. Washington, D.C., 1910.

WOOLLEY, MARY E. The Early History of the Colonial Post Office. Providence, R.I., 1894.

History of the Railway Mail Service. Columbia Correspondence College. Washington, D.C., 1903.

International Parcels Post. Some Serious Errors Corrected, 1912. Document H.E. 6171.I.6, Library of Congress.

Report to Members of the American Weekly Publishers' Association of Proceedings before the Postal Commission on Second-Class Mail Matter. New York, 1906.

The Private Profit Railway _versus_ The Public Service Post Office. Postal Progress League (1908).

An Argument on Second-Class Postal Rates from the Business Side Alone. Submitted to the Postal Commission on behalf of the Periodical Publishers' Association of America. New York, 1911.

An Answer to the Statement of the Post Office Department showing the estimates by which the cost of transporting and handling the several classes of Mail was obtained. The Periodical Publishers' Association of America. New York, 1911.

The Answer of the Magazines and their Demand. New York, 1911.

Progress of the Contest for a Free, Untrammelled, Independent Public Press in the United States. Address delivered before the Periodical Publishers' Association of America (April 17, 1912).

Mail-Carrying Railways Underpaid. A Statement by the Committee on Railway Mail Pay. New York, 1912.

CONGRESSIONAL AND OFFICIAL PAPERS.

Report of Committee on Rates of Pay for Carrying the Mails on Railroad Routes (1884).

Orders and Decisions relative to Railroad Mail Matter (1897).

A Brief Comparison of the Postal Facilities of Great Britain and the United States (1899).

Report of the Postal Committee of the National Board of Trade (1900).

Railway Mail Pay. Report of Joint Commission to Investigate the Postal Service (1901).

Record of Weight (July 1-December 31, 1906) of Second-Class Mail Matter (1907).

Report of Postal Commission on Second-Class Mail Matter (1907).

Report of Special Weighings of the Mails of 1907 (1908).

Preliminary Report of Joint Commission on Business Method of Post Office Department and Postal Service (1908).

Data relative to Proposed Extension of Parcel Post (1908).

Cost of Transporting and Handling the Several Classes of Mail Matter (1909).

Hearings before the Committee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads of the House of Representatives on Second-Class Mail (1910).

1911.

Instructions to Publishers in the Preparation of Second-Class Matter for Mailing and Dispatch (May 1).

Information issued by the Second Assistant Postmaster-General relative to the Transportation of Mails by Railroad.

Letter from Postmaster-General submitting a Report giving Results of the Inquiry as to the Operation Receipts and Expenditures of Railroad Companies Transporting the Mails, and recommending Legislation on the Subject (August 15).

Hearings of the Commission on Second-Class Mail Matter:--

Statements on behalf of the Post Office Department (August 1).

Supplemental Statement on behalf of the Post Office Department (September 14).

Supplemental Statement on behalf of the Post Office Department (October 20 and 21).

Memorandum filed on behalf of the Publishers of Certain Magazines.

Memorandum on behalf of the Post Office Department in Reply to "Memorandum filed on behalf of the Publishers of Certain Magazines" (October 28).

Supplemental Memorandum filed on behalf of the Publishers of Certain Magazines.

Memorandum on behalf of the Post Office Department in Reply to "Supplemental Memorandum filed on behalf of the Publishers of Certain Magazines" (November 27).

1912.

Hearings before the Sub-Committee on Parcel Post of the Senate Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads.

Parcel Post in Foreign Countries (prepared under the direction of Hon. Jonathan Bourne, Jun., Chairman of the Senate Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads).

Hearings before the Committee on Expenditure in the Post Office Department--Rural Delivery Service.

Parcel Post. Speech of Hon. David J. Lewis, of Maryland, in the House of Representatives (February 2).

Message of President transmitting Annual Report of the Postmaster-General and Report of the Commission on Second-Class Mail Matter (February 22).

Postal Express as a Solution of the Parcel Post and High Cost of Living Problems, by Hon. David J. Lewis, Member of Congress (March 5).

The Parcel Post and Postal Express Situation in Congress. Letter to the People of the United States by Hon. Obadiah Gardner, United States Senator from the State of Maine (April 4).

Postal Express: Report from the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce (April 25).

Alphabetical Scheme of New York for use of Publishers in the Distribution of Second-Class Mail (May).

Hearings before Senate Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads _re_ Transportation of Periodical Second-Class Mail Matter by Freight (June 5-11).

Report on Post Office Appropriation Bill from Senate Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads (July 23).

Parcel Post Bill. Speech by Hon. David J. Lewis in House of Representatives (August 19).

Post Office Appropriations Act (containing authority for establishment of Inland Parcel Post).

The Postal Laws and Regulations pertaining to the Second Class of Mail Matter (October.)

The Lewis Publishing Company _v_. The Post Office Department. Brief for the Post Office Department (November 19).

1913.

Parcel Post Regulations.

Interstate Commerce Commission: In the Matter of Express Rates, Practices, Accounts, and Revenues. Opinion No. 1967.

Reports of the Postmaster-General on the Post Office. Annually.

Abstract of Laws passed between 1792 and 1910, fixing the Rates of Postage on Newspapers and other Periodical Publications when sent in the Domestic Mails.

Abstract of Laws passed between 1792 and 1910 fixing Rates of Postage on Domestic Mail Matter.

Journals of Congress. Philadelphia, 1781-2.

Journals of the Continental Congress. Philadelphia, 1774-89 (pub. Washington, D.C., 1904).

Gales and Seaton's Register of Debates in Congress. Washington, D.C., 1825.

The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States. Gales and Seaton, Washington, D.C., 1849.

Abridgement of Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856. New York, 1861.

Congressional Globe. Washington, D.C.

Congressional Record. Washington, D.C.

The Postal Laws and Regulations of the United States of America. Washington, D.C., 1912.

FRANCE

BELLOC, A. Les Postes francaises. Paris, 1886.

BERNEDE, CHARLES. Des Postes en g['e]n['e]rale, et particuli[e']rement en France. Nantes, 1826.

BONNET, EDGAR. Importance des Postes et T['e]l['e]graphes au point de vue social et ['e]conomique. Paris, 1891.

CAZES, L['E]ON. Le Monopole postale. Paris, 1900.

DELMAS, ALBERT. Les Agents des Postes et le Parlement R['e]publicain. Paris, 1902.

GALLOIS, E. La Poste et les Moyens de Communication des Peuples [a'] travers les Si[e']cles. Paris, 1894.

GOUIN, M. (Administrateur des Postes). Essai historique sur l'['e]tablissement des Postes en France. Paris, 1823.

JACCOTTEY, PAUL (Professeur Adjoint [a'] l'Ecole Professionnelle sup['e]rieure des Postes et des T['e]l['e]graphes). Trait['e] de L['e]gislation et d'Exploitation postales. Paris, 1891.

MAURY, LUCIEN. Les Postes romaines. Paris, 1890.

MERCIER, REN['E]. La Franchise postale. Librairie nouvelle de Droit et de Jurisprudence. Paris, 1904.

PAULHAN, L. La Poste aux Lettres.

ROTHSCHILD, A. DE. Histoire de la Poste aux Lettres. Paris, 1879.

Les Services postaux francais. Paris, 1905.

R['e]pertoire du Droit administratif. Paris, 1905.

OFFICIAL PAPERS.

Rapport au Pr['e]sident de la R['e]publique sur les Conditions du Fonctionnement de l'Administration des Postes et des T['e]l['e]graphes, par A. Millerand, le Ministre du Commerce, de l'Industrie, des Postes, et des T['e]l['e]graphes. May 12, 1900.

Proceedings in National Assembly. Reported in _Moniteur Universel_.

Proceedings in Parliament. Reported in _Journal Officiel_.

Chambre des D['e]put['e]s. Rapport fait au nom de la Commission du Budget charg['e]e d'examiner le projet de loi portant fixation du Budget g['e]n['e]ral, Postes, T['e]l['e]graphes, et T['e]l['e]phones. (Annually.)

S['e]nat. Rapport fait au nom de la Commission du Budget charg['e]e d'examiner le projet de loi portant fixation du Budget g['e]n['e]ral, Postes, T['e]l['e]graphes, et T['e]l['e]phones. (Annually.)

GERMANY

CROLE, B. E. Geschichte der deutschen Post von ihren Anf[:a]ngen bis zur Gegenwart. Eisenach, 1889.

DAMBACH, OTTO. Das Gesetz [:u]ber das Postwesen des deutschen Reiches vom 28. Oktober 1871. Berlin, 1890.

DIECKMANN, CARL. Postgeschichte deutscher Staaten seit einem halben Jahrtausend. Leipsic, 1896.

FAULHABER, B. Geschichte des Postwesens in Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt a. M., 1883.

GROSSE, OSKAR. Die Beseitigung des Thurn und Taxis'schen Postwesens in Deutschland durch Heinrich Stephan. Minden in Westf., 1898.

GRUNOW, F. W. Zur Reform des Paketportos in Deutschland und OEsterreich-Ungarn. Leipsic, 1898.

HAASS, FRIEDRICH. Die Post und der Charakter ihrer Eink[:u]nfte, mit einem Anhang [:u]ber die Packetpost. Stuttgart, 1890.

HOLZAMER, J. Zur Geschichte der Briefportoreform in den Culturstaaten. T[:u]bingen, 1879.

HULL, C. H. "Die deutsche Reichs-Packetpost." Sammlung national[:o]konomischer und statistischer Abhandlungen des staatswissenschaftlichen Seminars zu Halle (Saale) von Prof. Dr. Conrad. Jena, 1892.

JUNG, J. Entwickelung des deutschen Post und Telegraphenwesen in den letzten 25 Jahren. Leipsic, 1893.

KOEHLER, B. Die Reichs-Post und Telegraphentarife in ihren Rechtlichen Formen. Berlin, 1907.

MEYER, A. Die deutsche Post im Weltpostverein und im Wechselverkehr. Berlin, 1902.

MUELLER, C. F. Die F[:u]rstlich Thurn und Taxis'schen Posten und Posttaxen. Jena, 1845.

Posten und Posttaxen. Freiburg im Breisgau, 1864.

NICKAU, P. J. Wettbewerb in der Kleingewerbef[:o]rderung innerhalb des Reichspostgebiets. W[:u]rzburg, 1909.

OHMANN, F. Die Anf[:a]nge des Postwesens und die Taxis. Leipzig, 1909.

PERROT, F. Die Anwendung des Penny-Porto-Systems auf den Eisenbahntarif und das Packet-Porto. Rostock, 1872.

PORTAS, K. Deutsche Postzeitungsgeb[:u]hrentarif. K[:o]nigsberg, 1914.

RUEBSAM, JOSEPH. Francis von Taxis, the Founder of the Modern Post, and Johann Baptista von Taxis, his Nephew, 1491-1541. _L'Union Postale_, Berne, 1892.

SCHMID, K. A. H. Zur Geschichte der Briefporto-Reform in Deutschland. Jena, 1864.

SCHMIDT, ARTUR. Die Tarife der deutschen Reichs-Post- und Telegraphenverwaltung. _Finanz-Archiv_, Berlin, 1905-6.

VON STEPHAN, HEINRICH. Geschichte der preussischen Post. Berlin, 1859.

ULLRICH, P. Die Finanzen der Reichs-Post- und Telegraphenverwaltung. Stettin, 1913.

Die Brieftaxe in Deutschland. Freiburg im Breisgau, 1862.

Die Uebernahme der Privat-Bef[:o]rderungsbetriebe durch die Reichs-Postverwaltung. _Deutsche Verkehrs-Zeitung_, Berlin, March 1901.

Handw[:o]rterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Jena, 1901 and 1910.

Allgemeine Dienstanweisung f[:u]r Post und Telegraphie. Berlin, 1901.

Archiv f[:u]r Post und Telegraphie. Beihefte zum Amtsblatt des Reichs-Postamts. Fortnightly. Berlin.

Bl[:a]tter f[:u]r Post und Telegraphie. Zeitschrift der h[:o]heren Post- und Telegraphen-Beamten. Berlin.

Stenographische Berichte [:u]ber die Verhandlungen des Reichstags. Berlin. (Cited _Reichstag, Official Reports_.)

GENERAL

ACWORTH, W. M. Elements of Railway Economics. Oxford, 1905.

ADAMS, H. C. Science of Finance. New York, 1909.

ALEXANDER, E. PORTER. Railway Practice. New York, 1887.

BAINES, F. E. Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, and their Relation to Trade. London, 1896.

BASTABLE, C. F. Public Finance. London, 1903.

BENNETT, A. R. The Telephone Systems of the Continent of Europe. London, 1895.

BURRITT, ELIHU. Ocean Penny Postage. London, 1849.

COHN, G. The Science of Finance. Translated by T. B. Veblen. Chicago, 1895.

COLSON, C. Railway Rates and Traffic. London, 1914.

DARWIN, LEONARD. Municipal Trade. London, 1903.

ELY, R. T. Taxation in American States and Cities. New York, 1888.

FARRER, LORD. The State in its Relation to Trade. London, 1902.

FISCHER, P. D. Post und Telegraphie im Weltverkehr. Berlin, 1879.

GIFFEN, SIR R. Essays in Finance. London, 1890.

GRIERSON, J. Railway Rates, English and Foreign. London, 1886.

HAASS, DR. FRIEDRICH. Weltpostverein und Einheits-Porto (Welt-Penny Porto). Heidenheim (Brenz), 1914.

HADLEY, A. T. Railroad Transportation. Its History and its Laws. New York, 1886.

HAMILTON, I. G. J. An Outline of Postal History and Practice, with a History of the Post Office in India. Calcutta, 1910.

JEVONS, W. S. A State Parcel Post. _Contemporary Review_, January 1879.

Methods of Social Reform. London, 1883.

JONES, R. The Nature and First Principle of Taxation. London, 1914.

JUERGENSOHN, ARVED. Weltportoreform. Berlin, 1910.

KNOOP, D. Outlines of Railway Economics. London, 1913.

LEE, JOHN. Economics of Telegraphs and Telephones. London, 1913.

LEROY-BEAULIEU, P. Trait['e] de la Science des Finances. Paris, 1899.

MCCULLOCH, J. R. Taxation and the Funding System. London, 1863.

MERRITT, A. N. Scope of Government Functions. Journal of Political Economy, Chicago, July 1908.

MEYER, H. R. Public Ownership and the Telephone in Great Britain. New York, 1907.

NORTHCOTE, STAFFORD. Twenty Years of Financial Policy. London, 1862.

PARNELL, SIR H. On Financial Reform. London, 1832.

PLEHN, C. C. Introduction to Public Finance. New York, 1909.

RIPLEY, W. Z. Railway Problems. Boston, U.S.A., 1907.

SAY, L. Dictionnaire des Finances. Paris, 1889.

SELIGMAN, E. R. A. Essays in Taxation. New York, 1913.

SPENCER, HERBERT. The Man versus the State. London, 1884.

STEIN, L. VON. Lehrbuch der Finanzwissenschaft. Leipsic, 1885.

TERRA, OTTO DE. Im Zeichen des Verkehrs. Berlin, 1899.

WAGNER, ADOLPH. Finanzwissenschaft. Leipsic, 1890.

WILHELM, JULIUS. Frachtporto. Vienna, 1900.

Memoranda, chiefly relating to the Classification and Incidence of Imperial and Local Taxes. Bluebook C. 9528, 1899.

RUFFY, M. E. L'Union postale universelle. Sa fondation et son d['e]veloppement. Lausanne, 1900.

Official Documents of the International Postal Congresses. Published by the International Bureau, Berne.

Statistique g['e]n['e]rale des postes. (Annually.) Berne.

L'Union postale. (Monthly.) Berne.

NOTE.--_The foregoing list includes particulars of the chief works consulted, but is not in any sense a complete bibliography._

INDEX

Act of Union, 15

Acts, Post Office, _see_ Post Office Acts

Advertisement duty, 117, 119, 128

Agriculture, encouragement of, 190, 245

_Aktentaxe_, 225, 240

Allen, Ralph, 18

Armour, R., 138

Australia, parcel post in, 197

Bastiat, Fr['e]d['e]ric, 86

Bath Road, 21

_Binnenporto_, 102

Blackwood, Sir Arthur, 234, 279

Blind, rate on printed matter for, 244, 320

Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, 167

Book Post, 32, 184, 220, 320

Books, rate for, _see_ Rates of postage

_Boten-Anstalten_, 97, 209, 349, 350

_Botenmeister_, 97, 98

_Botenpost_, 98

Bourne, Jonathan, Senator, 196

Buildings, Post Office, cost of, 293, 309

Burlamachi, Philip, 10

Bye letters, 17

Canadian Magazine Post, 346

Cape Breton, posts in, 51

Carriers, common, and conveyance of letters, 1, 250, 380, 381

_Cartes de visite_, 224

Catalogues, 170, 172, 225

Chesterfield, Lady, 112

Clanricarde, Lord, 53, 345

"Class" newspapers, 124, 125

Classification of mail matter, _see_ Mail matter;
of postal revenue, _see_ Revenue, net

Clerks of the Road, 114, 118, 403-11

Closed post, 222, 320 note

_Colis encombrants_, 280

Colonial letters, rates for, 345, 346

Commercial papers, rate for, _see_ Rates of postage

Commissioners of Inquiry into Fees and Emoluments, 1788, 115 note;
into Revenue Departments, 1829, 25, 114 note;
of Post Office Inquiry, 1837, 248 note;
1838, 29

Commissioners on Post Office in British North America, Report of, 1840,
47, 48

Committee, Select, on Postage, 1838, 30;
on Newspaper Stamps, 1851, 122, 127

Commonwealth, The, 14

Confederation of British North American Colonies, 1867, 55, 141, 254

Conference, international postal, 1863, 265

Congress, Constitutional (United States), 70;
Continental (United States), 66, 149

Congress, international postal, 1874, 266;
1876, 270;
1878, 277;
1880, 278;
1886, 280;
1897, 272, 281;
1906, 274, 281

Convention, General Postal Union, 1874, 270;
Parcel Post (international), 1880, 279

Conveyance of mails, cost of, 26, 35, 47, 191, 253, 254, 292, 307, 308,
321, 326

Conway Bridge, additional rate for, 339

Cost of handling (United Kingdom), 35, 311;
for buildings, 293, 309;
for conveyance of mails, 26, 35, 47, 191, 253, 254, 292, 307, 308,
321, 326;
for staff, 289, 301, 306;
for second-class mail (United States), 156, 158;
letters (France), 85;
newspapers (Germany), 175;
parcels (Germany), 219, (United States) 198;
postcards, 243

Council of State, 11, 12

Country newspapers (protected), _see_ Newspapers (provincial)

Couriers, post, _see_ Post-couriers

Crimean War, 125

Cromwell, Thomas, 3

Cross-posts, 14, 17, 22, 70, 388

Cumbersome parcels, additional charge for, 206, 215, 280;
definition of, 206 note, 280 note

Cunard, Samuel, 347

Cunard Steamship Company, 348

_Cursores_, 1, 2, 377

Daily post, establishment of, in England, 19

Declaratory Act, 1778, 44, 45

Deficit, on newspapers, 133, 169, 176, 294;
on parcels, 190, 219, 294;
on second-class mail, 147, 155, 158, 162

Delivery fees, 107, 110, 180, 206, 249, 258

Deputy Postmasters, _see_ Postmasters

Deputy Postmaster-General (North America), 37, 48, 52, 64, 136, 140, 148

Dockwra, William, 183, 247

Double letter, definition of, 336

_Dragonerpost_, 98

Drop letter, 254

Duty (paper), 117, 119 note;
(advertisement), 117, 119, 128;
(stamp), 117, 119, 121, 128

East India Company, 344

Elgin, Lord, 53

Evasion of postage, 16, 27, 48, 72, 254

Express companies, competition for second-class mail, 161;
delivery of parcels, 193, 195

Farm (of the posts), 13, 14, 15, 70, 80, 380

Fee letter, _see_ Letters

Finance, 35, 36

Finlay, Hugh, 37, 401

First-class mail matter, _see_ Mail matter, classification of

Fittings (for sorting), 284;
cost of, 293

Foot-messengers, 184, 221, 331, 378

Foreign letter office, 8, 12, 13

Foreign posts, _see_ Posts

Fourth-class mail matter, _see_ Mail matter, classification of

Foxcroft, Thomas, 66, 399

Frank, definition of, 27 note

Franking, 27, 49, 52, 114, 115, 116, 118, 138, 148, 403-11

Franklin, Benjamin, 39, 63, 64, 66, 148

Freeling, Sir Francis, 22, 137, 138

Freight trains, use of for second-class mail, 163

_Gazette, London_, 113, 114

_Gazette, Oxford_, 113, 114

General post, 248

General post delivery (London), 248

Germain, Lord George, 67

German-Austrian Postal Union, 1850, 213, 226, 236, 264

_Gesch[:a]ftspapiere_, 240

Gladstone, W. E., 126, 130

Goddard, William, 65

Gratuitous transit (of foreign mails), 268, 273, 275

Halfpenny Packet Post, 222

Hamilton, Andrew, 60, 62, 392-9

Hamilton, John, 64

Hand-stamping machines, 303

Handling, cost of, _see_ Cost of handling;
method of, 284

Hartington, Marquess of, 130

Heaton, Sir J. Henniker, 346

Heriot, John, 40

Hickes, James, 113

Hill, Matthew Davenport, 29

Hill, Sir Rowland, 23-30, 47, 72, 74, 84, 127, 220, 312, 323

Horse-posts, _see_ Posts

Howe, John, 43, 139

_Illustrated London News_, 129

Inland letter office, 10, 12

International Parcel Post, _see_ Parcel post

Jaccottey, P., 171

Joyce, H., 17

King's messengers, 1, 4, 6, 377

_Landbestellgeld_, 110

_Landkutschen_, 97

_Landporto_, 102

Laurier, Sir Wilfred, 147

L'Estrange, Roger, 112, 113

Letter rate, _see_ Rates of postage

Letters, definition of "single," "double," "treble," 336;
bye, 17;
cross-post, 17;
drop, 254;
fee, 51;
way, 18, 50;
average weight of, 33, 291, 308

Licences, issue of, by Post Office, 357

Licensing Act, 1662, 112, 117

Lichfield, Lord, 29

Local newspapers (protected), _see_ Newspapers (provincial)

Local penny posts, 250

Local rates, _see_ Rates of postage

_London Gazette_, 113, 114

London Penny Post, 183, 247, 342

London Threepenny Post, 252

London Twopenny Post, 252

Loss on certain branches of Post Office business, _see_ Deficit

Maberley, Colonel, 29, 184

Magazine Post to Canada, 346

Magazines, transmission by post, 150, 152, 154, 155, 159, 346

Mail-coach, introduction of, 21

Mail matter, classification of, 75, 152, 191, 244

Mail order business, 196

_Ma[^i]tres de poste_, 37, 39

Manley, John, 13, 383

_Maryland Journal_, 65

Master of the Posts, 2, 12

Menai Bridge, additional rate for, 339

Merchant Adventurers, 8

Merchant Companies, 8

_Mercurius Publicus_, 112

Military post routes, 40, 42, 43

Millerand, A., 92, 93

Monopoly, postal, 7, 9,13, 60, 80, 255, 259, 325, 330, 340, 358, 380-4

Monsell, W., 133

Muddiman, Henry, 112, 113

Mulock, Sir William, 57, 146, 147

Murray, Robert, 247

Neale, Thomas, 60, 62, 391-8

Net revenue, _see_ Revenue, net

New England colonies, 59

Newsbooks, 111, 112

Newsletters, 111

Newspaper rate, _see_ Rates of postage

Newspaper Stamps, Select Committee on, 1851, 122, 127

Newspaper supplements, 171, 172, 181

Newspapers, average weight of, 132, 142, 308;
cost of transmission, 175, 176;
franking of, 148;
free transmission of, 51, 56, 57, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144;
"class," 124, 125;
political, 167, 168;
provincial (protected), 142, 146, 150, 151, 166, 169, 177;
transient, 137, 152

Nicholas, Sir Edward, 113

North German Union, 108, 213, 214, 228, 257

_Nuncii_, 1, 2, 377

Old Age Pensions, payment of, 357

Open post, 222, 320 note

Oxenbridge, Clement, 13

_Oxford Gazette_, 113, 114

Pacific mails, 75

Packet post, _see_ Post for the packet

Packet postage, 339

Page, W. J., 49, 52

Palmer, John, 20

Paper duty, 117, 119

_Papiers d'affaires_, 93, 239

Parcel Post, international, 185, 204, 206, 277;
local, 207, 208;
loss on, 190, 219, 295, 334

Parcel Post Act, 1882, 188, 288

Parcel rate, _see_ Rates of postage

Parcels, cost of transportation, 188, 218, 219, 311, 321, 325, 331;
average weight of, 33, 190, 216, 325

Paris, University of, 78, 79

_Parliamentary Intelligencer_, 112

Parnell, Sir Henry, 24

Pattern Post, _see_ Rates of postage (samples)

Penalty frank, 192

Penny Post (London), 183, 247, 342

Penny posts (local), 250

Penny postage, uniform, introduction of, 23

Penrose Overstreet Commission, 156, 157

Periodicals, transmission by post, 150, 152, 154, 155, 159

Pitt, William, 21, 344

Political newspapers, 167, 168

_Poor Man's Guardian_, 120

Popish Plot, 14

Post Office Acts--
1657, 13;
1660, 14, 337, 341;
1711, 15, 229, 248, 337, 343;
1730, 249, 251;
1763, 17;
1764, 115;
1765, 20, 250, 338;
1784, 21, 338;
1794, 251;
1795, 230;
1796, 338;
1797, 22;
1799, 344;
1801, 22, 230, 251, 338;
1802, 116;
1805, 22, 230, 252, 338;
1812, 22, 230, 339;
1814, 344;
1815, 345;
1836, 122;
1837, 339, 347;
1838, 288;
1839, 231;
1840, 231;
1853, 128;
1855, 128;
1870, 131, 221;
1882, 188;
1893, 288;
1908, 131

Post Office revenue, _see_ Revenue, net

Postage, origin of term, 2, 6;
prepayment of, 27, 238, 251;
rates of, _see_ Rates of postage

Postage, uniform, _see_ Uniform postage

Postage stamps, introduction of, 27

Postal monopoly, _see_ Monopoly

Postal traffic, growth of, in United Kingdom, 32

Postal Union Convention, 1874, 270

_Post-boten_, 97

Post-boys, 16, 20, 22

Postcards, 241;
average weight of, 308

Post-couriers, 9, 39, 41, 49, 51, 52, 79, 81, 99, 374, 376

Post for the packet, 5, 8, 378

Post-horses, 2, 4, 5, 6, 20, 374-7, 381, 385

Postmasters, 5, 7, 9, 18, 49, 51, 66, 71, 114, 192, 254, 342, 387, 390,
397, 404, 406, 410

Post-riders, 4, 5, 20, 22, 67

Post-roads, 14, 17

Post-stages, 2, 20, 38, 79, 99, 374-7

Posts, 2;
cross-posts, 14, 17, 22, 70, 388;
extraordinary, 3, 6;
foreign, 8, 340;
horse, 2, 22, 37, 61, 65, 79, 99, 350;
military, 40, 43, 98;
ministerial, 67;
municipal, 6;
ordinary, 3;
parliamentary, 67;
regular, 2, 6;
temporary, 3, 6;
thorough, 4, 5;
Thurn and Taxis, 108, 350;
travelling, 3-6, 79;
university, 6, 78

Povey, Charles, 250

Power stamping machines, 303

Prepayment of postage, 27, 238, 251

Press, restrictions upon, 112, 117, 119, 122, 126, 166, 167, 180

Prideaux, Edmund, 11

Prince Edward Island, posts in, 52

Profit, Post Office, _see_ Revenue, net

Prospectuses, transmission by post, 170, 172, 225

Provincial newspapers, _see_ Newspapers

Provost, Sir George, 42

De Quester, Matthew, 7, 340

Railway Clearing Committee, 189

Railway companies, remuneration of, for conveyance of mails, 186, 288

Railway rates, basis of, 321, 322, 323

Randolph, Thomas, 3

Rates of Postage--

ENGLAND.

_Letters_, 1635, 9;
1649, 11;
1657, 13, 336;
1660, 14, 337;
1711, 15, 337;
1765, 20, 338;
1784, 21, 338;
1797, 1801, 1805, 22, 338;
1812, 22, 339;
1840, 23, 339;
1865, 31, 339;
1871, 31, 340;
1885, 1897, 32, 340;
1915, 36, 340

_Newspapers_, 1836, 122;
1853, 1855, 128;
1870, 181;
1915, 135

_Book Post_, 1847, 220;
1853, 1866,
1870, 221;
1897, 222;
1915, 223

_Parcels_,1883, 187;
1915, 190

_Samples_, 1753, 1795, 1805, 1812, 230;
1837, 1863, 231;
1864, 1870, 232;
1887, 1897, 234;
1915, 235

_Commercial Papers_, 1660, 238;
1847, 239

_Local Rates_, 1680, 247;
1730, 249;
1794, 1801, 251;
1805, 252

CANADA.

_Letters_ (First-class Mail), 1765, 38;
1842, 49-52;
1851, 55;
1867, 56;
1889, 1898, 57

_Newspapers_ (Second-class Mail), 1840, 136;
1844, 140;
1867, 141;
1882, 143;
1898, 145;
1903, 147

_Book Post_ (Third-class Mail), 245

_Fourth-class Mail_, 245

_Parcels_, 1914, 856

_Local Rates_, 1867, 1889, 254;
1898, 255

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

_Letters_ (First-class Mail), 1693, 61;
1711, 1765, 63;
1775, 66;
1777, 68;
1780, 1781, 1782, 69;
1792, 1814, 71;
1845, 73;
1851, 1863, 75;
1883, 1885, 76

_Newspapers_ (Second-class Mail), 1792, 149;
1794, 1825, 150;
1845, 1847, 1851, 151;
1863, 1872, 152;
1879, 153

_Book Post_ (Third-class Mail), 76, 245

_Fourth-class Mail_, 76, 245

_Parcels_, 1913, 201; 1914, 202

FRANCE.

_Letters_, 1576, 1627, 1676, 80;
1703, 1759, 81;
1791, 82;
1827, 83;
1849, 85;
1850, 1854, 1871, 88;
1876, 1878, 90;
1906, 94;
1910, 1917, 96

_Newspapers_, 1791, 1795, 1799, 165;
1827, 1850, 166;
1856, 167;
1878, 1895, 1908, 169

_Book Post_,1791, 1856, 223;
1878, 224;
1909, 225

_Parcels_, 1881, 205; 1897, 206

_Samples_,1791, 1856, 235;
1871, 1873, 1875, 236

_Papiers d'Affaires_, 1856, 1871, 1875, 240

_Local Rates_, 1653, 255; 1759, 1878, 256

GERMANY.

_Letters_, 1712, 1762, 100;
1766, 1770,
1822, 101;
1824, 102;
1844, 104;
1848, 105;
1850, 106; 1860, 1861, 107;
1868, 1871, 1900, 109

_Newspapers_, 1821, 1848, 174;
1899, 178

_Book Post_, 1712, 1821, 1824, 225;
1850, 226;
1856, 227;
1871, 1874, 228;
1890, 229

_Parcels_, 1699, 1713, 210;
1762, 1766, 211;
1770, 1805, 1811, 1824, 212;
1842, 1850, 1857, 1867, 213;
1874, 214-15

_Samples_, 1825, 1850, 236;
1860, 1863, 1871, 237;
1875, 1914, 238

_Gesch[:a]ftspapiere_, 1900, 241

_Local Rates_, 1852, 256;
1860, 1865, 1867, 257;
1875, 258;
1900, 261

INTERNATIONAL.

_Letters_, 1874, 270;
1906, 275

_Parcels_, 1880, 1886, 280;
1897, 281;
1906, 282

Rates, international transit, _see_ Transit rates

Redirection (of letters, etc.), 283, note 2

Reform Act, 1832, 119

Revenue, net, 16, 22, 31, 35, 58, 63, 71, 76, 80, 83, 87, 89, 91, 94, 99,
100, 104, 105, 109, 253, 314, 353, 355, 358;
theoretical character of, 362, 363

Rice, Spring, 122

Richelieu, 80

Riders in post, 4, 5, 20, 22, 67

Rural delivery, 89, 110, 161, 314 note, 331, 332;
free, 161

Sample rate, _see_ Rates of postage

Savings Bank, Post Office, 33, 357

_Schriftentaxe_, 225, 240

Second-class Mail, _see_ Mail matter, classification of;
Congressional Commission on, 1907, 156;
1912, 158;
deficit, 147, 155, 158, 162;
use of freight trains for, 163

Select Committee on Postage, Report of, 1838, 30;
on Newspaper Stamps, 1851, 122, 127

Seven Years' War, 81, 100, 211

Ship Letter Office, 344

Ship letters, 339, 342

Single letter, definition of, 336

Smith, Adam, 329, 330

Sorting frames, 285

_Stafetti_, 8, 378

Staff, 33-5;
cost of, 289, 301, 306

Stage coach, 20, 250 note, 385

Stamp duty (on newspapers), 117, 119, 121, 128

Stamping machines, 303

Stamps, postage, introduction of, 27

Stanhope, Lord, 7, 341, 380

State control of Post Office, 328

Stayner, T. A., 138

Stephan, H. von, 241, 266

Supplemental services, 33, 109, 357

Supplements (newspaper), 132, 171, 172, 181

Surveyors (post office), 20, 21

Sutherland, Daniel, 43

Taxes on knowledge, 126, 142

Taxis, J. von, 350

Telegraphs, Post Office, 33, 358

Telephones, Post Office, 33, 358

Temporary uniform fourpenny rate. 30 note

Third-class Mail Matter, _see_ Mail matter, classification of

Thirty Years' War, 209, 353

Thorough Post, 4, 5

Threepenny Post (London), 252

Thurn and Taxis Posts, 108, 350

_Times_ newspaper, 121, 129

Trade journals, transmission by post, 132, 147, 159

Transient newspapers, 137, 152

Transit, gratuitous, 268, 273, 275

Transit rates, international, 267, 270, 271, 273, 275, 279, 281

Travelling Post, 3-6, 79

Treble letter, definition of, 336

Tuke, Brian, 2, 3

Tupper, Sir Charles, 57

Twopenny Post (London), 252

Uniform postage, 23, 26, 28, 54, 72, 75, 85, 108, 312, 323

_Union g['e]n['e]rale des Postes_, 269

_Union postale universelle_, 269, note 3

Universal penny postage, 276, 348

Universal Postal Union, 224, 229

University posts, 6, 78

Urgent parcels, special fee for, 215

Wages (of postmasters), 3, 5

Wages, Post Office, 34, 297

Walkley, A. B., 275 note

Wanamaker, J., 77, 154, 155, 192

Ward, Edmund, 137, 139

Ward, Sir J. G., 276

Warwick, Earl of, 11

Way letter, 18, 50

Way Office, 49, 50

Weighing of mails (United States), 156, 157

Wells, H. G., 134

West, Robert, 398

Williamson, Joseph, 113

Witherings, Thomas, 8, 9, 12, 378, 381

Yearly express, 40

Zone rates, 177, 199, 201, 202, 215, 356

* * * * *

_Printed in Great Britain by_

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON

* * * * *

[1] _Report from Secret Committee on the Post Office_ (_Commons_), 1844, Appx., p. 21.

[2] Ibid., p. 4. _Annual Report of the Postmaster-General_, 1854, p. 8.

[3] _Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_, London, 1908, vol. xi. p. 344. J. W. Hyde, _The Post in Grant and Farm_, London, 1894, p. 131.

[4] _Report from Secret Committee on the Past Office_ (_Commons_),1844, Appx., p. 95. In 1324 a writ or letter was issued to the Constable of Dover and Warden of the Cinque Ports, to the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, the Bailiffs of Bristol, Southampton, and Portsmouth, and the Sheriffs of Hants, Somerset, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall, reciting that previous orders _de scrutinio faciendo_ had not been observed, in consequence of which many letters prejudicial to the Crown were brought into the kingdom; and commanding them to "make diligent scrutiny of all persons passing from parts beyond the seas to England, and to stop all letters concerning which sinister suspicions might arise, and their bearers, and to keep the bearers in custody until further directions, and to transmit the letters so intercepted to the King with the utmost speed."

[5] Richard III in 1484 "followed the practice which had been recently introduced by King Edward in the time of the last war with Scotland (1482) of appointing a single horseman for every 20 miles, by means of whom travelling with the utmost speed, and not passing their respective limits, news was always able to be carried by letter from hand to hand 200 miles within two days."--_Third Continuation of the Chronicle of Croyland_, Oxford, 1684, p. 571. The system was identical with that of the posts of antiquity (_vide_ Appendix B, pp. 374-7, _infra_).

[6] Derived from _posta_, a contraction for _posita_, from _ponere_, to place. The general use of the word is to signify relays placed at intervals on the routes followed by messengers.

[7] "Ne men can kepe horses in redynes without som way to bere the charges"--Tuke to Cromwell, 17 August 1533 (_Report from Secret Committee on the Post Office_ (_Commons_), 1844, Appx., p. 32).

[8] "The King's pleasure is that postes be better appointed, and laide in al places most expedient; with commaundement to al townshippes in al places on payn of lyfe, to be in such redynes, and to make such provision of horses at al tymes, as no tract or losse of tyme be had in that behalf "--Ibid., Appx., p. 32.

[9] "A.D. 1572. The Office of the Maister of the Postes. The Accompte of Thomas Randolphe esquier, Maister of the Postes.... As also of the yssuyng and defrayment owte of the same, as well for the wages of the ordinarie postes laide betwene London and Barwicke and elles where within hir Ma^ts Realme of Englande, As also for the wages of divers extra ordenarie postes laid in divers places of the Realme in the tyme of hir Ma^ts severall progresses, and also to divers postes for cariage of packets of l'res from Sittingbourne, Dartforde Rochester, Canterbury and Dover for hir Ma^ts service and affayres, as occasion from tyme to tyme did requier."--Ibid., Appx., p. 34.

[10] In the United Kingdom this system exists to a considerable extent, chiefly in the south and west of Ireland, and in many parts of Scotland, more especially among the Western Isles. In remote parts the means of communication are in general provided for the double purpose, and economy to the Post Office naturally results from the fact that the contractors for the mail service have a source of income in addition to the Post Office payment. Indeed, it is probable that since the days of the post-boys by far the greater portion of the mails has always been conveyed by means not exclusively provided for that purpose. The mail coaches carried passengers and goods, and it was from that traffic that the income of the proprietor was mainly derived. The payment in respect of the mails was very small, the real consideration inducing the proprietors to carry the mail being the fact that the mail coaches were exempt from tolls. The railway displaced the mail coach, and increased the dependence of the mail service on means of communication provided primarily for other purposes. The number of trains run solely for the conveyance of mails has always been extremely small. The weight of mails to be conveyed is usually insufficient to warrant the provision of a special train, and the Post Office is therefore compelled, as far as possible, to make use of such trains as may be run for other traffic, endeavouring to obtain such modification in the times and working as will make them of the greatest advantage to the mail service without destroying their utility for general traffic. The existence of extensive means of communication for general purposes therefore results advantageously to the Post Office.

[11] 2 and 3 Edward VI, cap. 3.

[12] "The Lords of the Privie Counsell, endevouring heretofore the like furtherance of the service of the State, as well in horsing such as ride on their Prince's affaires, as the speedy despatch of packets in all places where Posts were erected and ordeined, considering that for the service of the one, a daily fee is allowed, and for the other, no certaine wages at all, but the hire of the horses let out, and that often ill paide, whereby they stand not so bound to the one, as to attend to the other; And that the townes and countreys besides became many wayes vexed and perplexed, by the over great libertie of riders in poste, specially by such as pretend publike service by speciall commission, contrary to the King's meaning or their lordships' orders."--Orders for Thorough Posts and Couriers, riding Post on the King's Affairs, 1603 _(Report from Secret Committee on the Post Office (Commons_), 1844, Appx., p. 38).

The "Thorough Post" was the term applied to the travelling facilities provided by the posts, i.e. when the messenger travelled "through," in contradistinction to the "Post for the Pacquet" (or "Packet"), i.e. the post for the transmission of the mail, or "pacquet."

[13] "1. First it is ordered, That in all places where Posts are layde for the packet, they also, as persons most fit, shall have the benefit and preheminence of letting, furnishing, and appointing of horses to all riding in poste (that is to say) with horse and guide by commission or otherwise.

"2. And, like as in the orders for the carrying of the packets, the furtherance of our service and the State is only aymed at; so in this it is intended that none be holden to ride on publique affairs but with speciall commission, and the same signed either by one of our Principall Secretaries of State, ... and of all such so riding in publike affaires, it shall be lawfull for the Posts, or the owners of the horses, to demand, for the hire of ich horse, after the rate of twopence halfe-peny the mile (besides the guides groats). But of all others riding poste with horse and guide, about their private businesses the hire and prices are left to the parties discretions, to agree and compound within themselves."--Ibid., Appx., p. 39.

[14] Contemporary papers show that this was largely a measure of police, intended to enable the Government to keep a watch on all persons travelling about the kingdom.

[15] As late as 1620 there were only four, and they touched only a small portion of the kingdom. They were (1) The Courte to Barwicke, (2) The Courte to Beaumaris, (3) The Courte to Dover, and (4) The Courte to Plymouthe.

[16] See _supra_, p. 3.

[17] "The constables many times be fayn to take horses oute of plowes and cartes."--Brian Tuke, 1533 (_Report from Secret Committee on the Post Office_ (_Commons_), 1844, Appx., p. 33).

[18] The post from London serving the "Westerne part" of the kingdom was discontinued in 1610 as unnecessary except in time of war.--Ibid., Appx., p. 43.

[19] "Universities and great towns had their own particular posts; and the same horse or foot post went through the journey, and returned with other letters, without having different stages as at present. It was thus practised later in Scotland as having less commerce than in England."--D. Macpherson, _Annals of Commerce_, London, 1805, vol. ii. p. 400.

[20] The Committee of Secrecy of the House of Commons were of opinion that the practice of carrying private letters probably began at an early period and became a perquisite of the postmasters (_Report from Secret Committee on the Post Office_ (_Commons_), 1844, p. 4).

[21] Ibid., Appx., p. 56.

[22] Ibid., Appx., p. 36; see p. 380, _infra._

[23] Ibid., Appx., p. 41.

[24] The business of carrying foreign letters had been conducted by the holder of the general patent for carrying letters, although that patent covered only inland posts and foreign posts within the King's dominions. In 1620 a patent was issued to Matthew de Quester and his son, conferring on them the office of Postmaster of England for Foreign Parts. The holder of the patent for the Inland Posts, who had hitherto been conducting this service, attempted to resist this new grant, but without success; and for some time there was a sort of triple division of the posts, viz. the Inland Posts, the posts in parts beyond the seas within the King's dominions, and the posts for foreign parts out of the King's dominions. There was, nevertheless, no regular provision for the conveying of letters for places out of England. The foreign mails were conveyed by men who were engaged in other business, who bought their places in the posts, and were accused of delaying the mails through "more minding their own peddling traffic than the service of the State or merchants, omitting many passages, sometimes staying for the vending of their own commodities, many times through neglect by lying in tippling-houses."--See J. W. Hyde, _The Post in Grant and Farm_, London, 1894, p. 12.

[25] "Nether can anie place in Christendom bee named wher merchants are allowed to send their letters by other body or posts, then by those only which are authorized by the State.... Your Lordship best knoweth what accompt wee shal bee hable to give in our places of that w^{ch} passeth by letters in or out of the land, if everie man may convey lrs, under the covers of merchants, to whome and what place hee pleaseth."--30th February 1627. John Coke to Lord Conway (_Report from Secret Committee on the Post Office (Commons)_, 1844, Appx., p. 51).

[26] A copy is given in Appendix B, _infra_, pp. 378-380.

[27] "Now his Majesty ... taking into his princely consideration how much it imports this State and this whole realm, that the secrets be not disclosed to foreign nations; which cannot be prevented if promiscuous use of transmitting or taking up of foreign letters by these private posts and carriers aforesaid should be suffered, which will be also no small prejudice to his merchants in their trading.... And his Majesty, taking further into his consideration that the mutual commerce and correspondency of his subjects within his Majesty's dominions will be as advantageous and beneficial as the trade with foreign nations, and that nothing will more increase and advance the same than the safe and speedy conveying, carrying, and re-carrying of letters from one place to another ... he doth hereby straightly charge and command, that no post or carrier whatsoever within his Majesty's dominions, other than such as shall be nominated and appointed by the said Thomas Witherings, shall presume to take up, carry, receive, and deliver any letter or letters, pacquet or pacquets whatsoever, to any such place or places where the said Thomas Witherings shall have settled posts, according to the said grant, except a particular messenger sent on purpose with letters by any man for his own occasions, or letters by a friend, or by common known carriers."--Proclamation of 11th February 1637-8 (_Report from Secret Committee on the Post Office (Commons)_,1844, Appx., p. 58).

[28] "1650. June 29th. Council of State to (Serjeant Dendy and his assistants?):--

"You are to repair to some post stage 20 miles from London on the road towards York; seize the letter mail going outward, and all other letters upon the rider, and present them by one of yourselves; the other shall then ride to the next stage, and seize the mail coming inwards, and bring the letters to Council, searching all persons that ride with the mail, or any other that ride post without warrant, and bring them before Council, or the Commissioners for Examinations. All officers civil and military to be assistants. With note of like orders for Chester Road and the western roads."--_Calendar of State Papers (Domestic Series_), 1650, p. 223.

[29] _Commons Journal_, 7th September 1644, p. 621.

[30] Ibid., 21st March 1650, p. 385.

[31] Ibid.

[32] H. Joyce, _History of the Post Office_, London, 1893, p. 25.

[33] _Commons Journal_, 19th October, 1652, p. 192.

[34] _Register of Council of State_, 7th May 1653, vol. xvi. pp. 34-6.

[35] _Calendar of State Papers (Domestic Series)_, 1652-3, p. 455.

[36] "The case of the first undertakers for reducing letters to half the former rates, viz. Clem. Oxenbridge, Rich. Blackwell, Fra. Thompson, and Wm. Malyn. We observed that the postage of inland letters was long continued at 6d. a letter, and that the whole benefit went into one hand, to the grievance of many. Being encouraged by the votes of the last Parliament (made in the time of their primitive, free, and public actings, viz. 16 August 1642) that the taking of letters from and the restraints and imprisonments of Gower, Chapman, Cotton, and Mackedral were against the law and the liberty of the subject ... and that the said secretaries and Witherings were delinquents, being also encouraged by the opinion of the judges given in the House of Lords, that the clause in Witherings' patent for restraint of carrying letters was void and against law--we attempted to put the same in practice, but through the interest of Mr. Prideaux, who for many years had enjoyed excessive gains by the former high rates, we met with all the obstruction he could make against us, by stopping our mails, abusing our servants, etc., though he always held forth that it was free for any to carry or send letters as they pleased."--_Calendar of State Papers (Domestic Series)_, 1653/1654, p. 22. Cf. John Hill, _A Penny Post_, London, 1659.

[37] "Cross posts did not exist. Between two towns not being on the same post road, however near the towns might be, letters could circulate only through London; and the moment London was reached an additional rate was imposed. Hence the apparent charges, the charges as deduced from the table of rates, might be very different from the actual charges. Bristol and Exeter, for instance, are less than 80 miles apart; but in 1660, and for nearly forty years afterwards, letters from one to the other passed through London, and would be charged, if single, not 2d. but 6d., and if double, not 4d. but 1s. That is to say, the postage or portage, as it was then called, would consist of two rates, and each of these rates would be for a distance in excess of 80 miles."--H. Joyce, _History of the Post Office_, p. 29. Cf. _infra_, Appendix B, pp. 390-1.

This practice of charging according to the route traversed and not according to direct distance was also followed in other countries. It is perhaps comparable to the practice of computing railway charges on the basis of the distance by railway, and not as the crow flies.

[38] H. Scobell, _Collection of Acts and Ordinances_, London, 1658, p. 511.

[39] 12 Car. II, cap. 35.

[40] See, e.g., Royal Proclamations, 16th January 1660-1 and 16th July 1667.

[41] See Appendix, pp. 388-391.

[42] "As early as William's reign they (the Postmasters-General) had been asked to estimate how much an additional penny of postage would produce; ... the necessities of the Civil List had prompted the inquiry."--H. Joyce, _History of the Post Office_, p. 119.

[43] 9 Anne, cap. 10.

[44] 9 Anne, cap. 10, [S] 35.

[45] "The additional tax has never answered in proportion to the produce of the revenue at the time it took place, the people having found private conveyances for their letters, which they are daily endeavouring to increase, notwithstanding all the endeavours that can be used to prevent them."--Statement by the Postmasters-General, 20th May 1718 (_British Official Records_).

[46] H. Joyce, _History of the Post Office_, p. 145.

[47] 9 Anne, cap. 10, [S] 39.

[48] 3 Geo. III, cap. 75, [S] 1.

[49] "An important legal decision, with which the Post Office had only the remotest concern, an improved system of expresses following as a natural consequence from circumstances over which the Post Office had no control, a simple contrivance to facilitate the posting of letters (i.e. the aperture), and an acceleration of the mail between London and Edinburgh--this as the record of forty or fifty years' progress is assuredly meagre enough; and yet we are not aware of any omission."--H. Joyce, ibid., p. 184.

[50] "A letter between Bath and London would be a London letter, and a letter from one part of the country to another which in course of transit passed through London would be a country letter. A bye or way letter would be a letter passing between any two towns on the Bath Road and stopping short of London--as, for instance, between Bath and Hungerford, between Hungerford and Newbury, between Newbury and Reading, and so on; while a cross post letter would be a letter crossing from the Bath road to some other--as, for instance, a letter between Bath and Oxford."--Ibid., p. 147.

[51] 9 Anne, cap. 10, [S] 18.