Chapter XI: (Addenda.) (4)

“I wrote not to your Maiesty, most Christian King, since the time we suffered the Tempest in the North partes, of the successe of the foure shippes, which your Maiestie sent forth to discouer new lands by the Ocean, thinking your Maiestie had bene already duely enformed thereof. Now by these presents I will give your Maiestie to understand how by the violence of the Windes we were forced with the two shippes, the Norman and the Dolphin (in such euill case as they were), to land in Britaine. Where after wee had repayred them in all poynts as was needful, and armed them very well, we took our course along the coast of Spaine, which your Maiestie shall understand by the profite that we receiued thereby. Afterwards with the Dolphin alone we determined to make discouerie of new Countries, to prosecute the Nauigation we had already begun, which I purpose at the present to recount unto to your Maiestie, to make manifest the whole proceeding of the matter.

“The 17 of January, the yeere 1524, by the Grace of God, we departed from the dishabited rocke by the isle of Madeira (_Alli, 17. Genaro, 1524. Dio gratia partimmo dallo scoglio dishabitato_), appertaining to the king of Portugal, with 50 men, with victuals, weapons, and other ship-munition very well prouided and furnished for eight months; and sailing Westward with a faire Easterly winde (_per Ponente nauigando con vento di Leuante assai piaceuole_), in 25 dayes we ran 500 leagues, and the 20 of Februarie (_alli 20 Febraro_), we were ouertaken with as sharpe and terrible a tempest as euer any saylers suffered, whereof with the diuine helpe and mercifull assistance of Almighty God, and the goodnesse of our shippe, accompanied with the good happe of her fortunate name we were delivered.”—_Vide_ Voyages. London, 1600. vol. ii. p. 295.

[376] One of three islands lying in a row from north to south, southeast of the island of Madeira, in north latitude 32° 30´, off the west coast of Africa. The islands are called Ilhas Dezertas, and are only inhabited by sea-fowl.

[377] In Verrazzano’s geographical explanation of the voyage, he assigns 62½ miles to a degree and 4 miles to a marine league. According to this _data_, 15⅝ marine leagues equal a degree. On Thevet’s map of the fourth part of the world, printed in 1575, is a scale of leagues which shows that a marine league was double the length of a French league. With this information it is easy to ascertain the length of a degree in French leagues of Verrazzano’s day; 31¼, according to his explanation, equalling a degree. Columbus made 56⅔ miles equal an equinoctial degree and 60 miles equal to 15 leagues. Pigafetta assigned 17½ leagues to a degree. “The land-league is three miles,” he says, “the sea-league is four.” The modern nautical league is one-twentieth of a degree, or three equatorial miles or 3.45785 statute miles. A sea-mile, according to the United States standard, is equal to 1.152664 common statute or land-miles. One degree of longitude at the equator is equal to 69.160 land-miles. A French geographical league, according to Verrazzano’s reckoning, equals 2⅕ land-miles of the United States standard.

[378] Cape Fear is in 33° 48´ north latitude.

[379] The translation of Verrazzano’s letter by Joseph G. Cogswell, contained in the New York Historical Society’s collections, second series, vol. i. pp. 37-54, will be followed hereafter, except when a better rendering may be presented.

[380] _Vide_ section of Maiollo map in the cover-pocket. The scale of latitudes on the margin of this part of the map has been appended to indicate the position given to places by Visconte de Maiollo. A similar scale is engraved on another part of the rare map.

[381] Palmetto trees.

[382] It was not until 1728 that this conception of the navigator was disproved. Then Vitus Behring discovered the strait which divides the two continents. The distance between East Cape in Asia and Cape Prince of Wales on the continent of America is forty-five miles.

[383] “_Nè pensiamo participando dello oriente per la circumferenza sieno senza qualche drogheria o liquore aromatico, et altre divitie oro ed altro del quale colore la terra tutta tende._”

[384] Historical collections of South Carolina. By B. R. Carroll. vol. i. p. xxi.

[385] In Ramusio’s text the word is _oriente_, east. Raccolta di navigationi e viaggi. Ramusio. vol. ii. fol. 350.

It was the custom of the aborigines to set fire to the underbrush in spring to enable them to hunt and to inclose game within the limits of the burning wood.

[386] The harbor of Beaufort was too far inland to be seen by Verrazzano.

[387] In Hakluyt’s translation of the text of Ramusio’s condensed copy of Verrazzano’s letter is the following respecting the vines of Virginia: “We saw in this country many vines growing naturally, which, growing up, took holde of the trees as they doe in Lombardie, which if by husbandmen they were dressed in good order, without all doubt they would yeeld excellent wines; for hauing oftentimes seene the fruit thereof dryed; which was sweete and pleasant, and not differing from ours, we thinke that they doe esteeme the same, because in euery place where they growe, they take away the under branches growing round about, that the fruit thereof may ripen the better.”—Voyages. Hakluyt. vol. ii. p. 297.

[388] Chesapeake Bay “extends 190 miles from its mouth, into the States of Virginia and Maryland; it is from 7 to twenty miles broad, and generally 9 fathoms deep.”

The peninsula is “about 60 miles long, and from 10 to 15 wide, and bounded toward the sea by a string of low sandy islets. The waters of the Chesapeake enter the sea between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, forming a strait of fifteen miles in width.”—Gazetteer of Virginia and the District of Columbia. By Joseph Martin. 1835. pp. 23, 18.

[389] _Vide_ Maiollo map of 1527 in the cover-pocket.

[390] “Epistle dedicatorie” to Hakluyt’s Divers voyages, 1582.

[391] “_Da questo mare orientale si vede il mare occidentale; sono 6 miglia di terra infra l’uno a l’altro._”

[392] Hakluyt’s Particular discourse, 1584.

The English collector illustrates his Divers voyages with Locke’s map, which the English cartographer dedicated to Sir Philip Sidney.

[393] Sandy Hook light-house is in 40° 27´ 39´´ north latitude.

[394] At Sandy Hook, a low, sandy point of land, eighteen miles from the city of New York, are two ship-channels through which vessels of the heaviest tonnage can pass. Immediately north of Sandy Hook is the spacious roadstead called the Lower Bay. Between Staten Island, north of it, and Long Island is the Narrows, a channel about one mile and a half long by one wide. North of it is the Upper Bay or harbor of New York.

[395] The Upper Bay or harbor of New York, about eight miles long by five wide, lies between the mouth of the Hudson River on the north and the Narrows on the south. From the bay, vessels can pass into the East River and thence to Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the main-land. Westward is Newark Bay, through which vessels can pass from the Upper Bay of New York, thence into Staten Island Sound, thence into Raritan Bay and the Lower Bay. The rise and fall of the tide in the harbor of New York is about four and a half feet.

[396] Belgische ofte Nederlandsche oorlogen ende geschiedenissen beginnende van ’t jaer 1595 tot 1611.—Door Emanuel van Meteren. 1611. Boek xxx. fol. 327.

[397] Purchas his Pilgrimes. vol. iii. p. 595.

[398] “_De groote noordt rievier van Nieuw-Nederlandt wordt by eenighe ghenoemt de Manhattes rieviere naer volckeren die by naer aen’t begin ofte de mout van de rieviere woonen; by andere oock Rio de Montaigne; doch by de ouse wordt meest genoemt de groote rieviere._”—Nieuwe Wereldt. Door Johannes de Laet. Tot Leyden, 1625. Boeck iii. cap. ix.

[399] _Vide_ map entitled: ’t Noorder deel van West-Indien, contained in the rare work in Dutch: West-Indische Spieghel. Door Athanasium Inga, Peruen, van Cusco. Amsterdam, 1624. The map-maker’s name, A. Goos, is inscribed on the chart.

[400] Angoulême, a town on the Charente River, in France, sixty-six miles northeast of Bordeaux. Angoulême, with the territory of Angoumois, was governed from the ninth to the fourteenth century by counts. Francis I., before he became king of France, was Comte d’Angoulême.

[401] The island of Rhodes, lying off the southwest coast of Asia Minor, between 35° 50´ and 36° 30´ north latitude, has an area of about 452 square miles.

[402] Blank space in the original copy.

[403] Newport is in 41° 29´, and the city of Providence in 41° 49´ 22´´ north latitude.

[404] _Vide_ Gastaldi’s map.

[405] As described by a late writer: “Narragansett Bay is one of the most beautiful sheets of water in the United States; it is unrivalled for its navigable advantages, affording at all times a safe and ready communication with the ocean; and its shores, which are indented with innumerable bays and inlets containing many excellent harbors. This bay ... extends more than thirty miles into the interior of the state, and for this distance affords superior advantages for ship-navigation. The whole extent of the bay and river, from Point Judith to Providence, is about thirty-six miles. The average breadth of the lower section of the bay is nearly ten miles; but the upper part is narrow. Exclusive of the islands, of which there are about fifteen in number, and some of considerable extent, the waters of the bay comprise an area of about one hundred and thirty square miles.”—Gazetteer of Connecticut and Rhode Island. 1819. pp. 302, 303, 349, 359.

[406] See note, page 293.

[407] The distance given by the Spanish historian, Francisco Lopez de Gomara, in 1552, from the Point of Baccalaos, in 48° 30´ to Cape St. Helen, in 32° north latitude, is more than seven hundred and sixty Spanish leagues, measured as the coast trended: “From the Point of Baccallaos are set down eight hundred and seventy leagues to Florida, counting as follows: From the Point of Baccallaos which is in 48° 30´ are seventy leagues of coast to La Baya del Rio, which is in more than 45°. Thence are seventy to another bay called Isleos which is in less than 44°. From Baya Isleos to Rio Fonda are seventy leagues, and thence to Rio de las Gamas, are other seventy, both rivers being in 43°. From Rio de los Gamas are fifty leagues to Cabo Bajo, and thence to Rio de San Anton, they reckon more than a hundred leagues. From Rio de San Anton are eighty leagues along the shore of a gulf to Cabo de Arenas, which is in nearly 39°, thence to Puerto del Principe are more than a hundred leagues, and from it to Rio Jordan seventy, and thence to Cabo de Santa Elena, which is in 32°, there are forty leagues. From Santa Elena to Rio Seco, which is in 31°, are forty leagues.”—La historia general de las Indias. Gomara. cap. xii.

[408] The name Francesca is used on the Maiollo map of 1527. Hieronymus da Verrazzano called the region “_Verrazana seu Gallia nova_,”—Verrazana or New Gaul. By some French writers it was denominated in the sixteenth century, “_Terre Francesque_.”

[409] “This distance,” he remarks, “calculated geometrically upon the ratio that three and one seventh times the diameter of a circle is equal to its circumference, gives 92⁵⁴¹⁶⁴⁄₄₇₂₇₃₃ degrees. For if we take 114⁶⁄₁₁ degrees as the chord of an arc of a great circle, we have by the same ratio 95²⁴⁸³⁄₄₉₅₀ degrees as the chord of an arc on the parallel of 34°, being that on which we first made land, and 300²³³⁄₁₅₇₅ degrees as the circumference of the whole circle, passing through this plane. Allowing then, as actual observations show, that 62½ terrestrial miles correspond to a celestial degree, we find the whole circumference of 300²³³⁄₁₅₇₅ degrees, as just given, to be 18,759³¹⁄₁₂₆ miles, which, divided by 360, makes the length of a degree of longitude on the parallel of 34° to be 52⁹⁸⁹⁄₉₀₇₂ miles, and that is the true measure. Therefore, by a right line to the said rock which stands in 32°, we have to calculate the distance, the said 1,200 leagues which we have found, from the thirty-fourth parallel, from west to east, hence I should have run 92⁵⁴¹⁶⁴⁄₄₇₂₇₃₃ degrees, and this many therefore we have sailed to the West, which was not known to the ancients.”

114⁶⁄₁₁ × 3¹⁄₇ = 360. 300²³³⁄₁₅₇₅ × 7 ÷ 22 = 95²⁴⁸³⁄₄₉₅₀. 300²³³⁄₁₅₇₅ × 62½ = 18,759³¹⁄₁₂₆. 18,759³¹⁄₁₂₆ ÷ 560 = 52⁹⁸⁹⁄₉₀₇₂. 4,800 by 52⁹⁸⁹⁄₉₀₇₂ = 92⁵⁴¹⁶⁴⁄₄₇₂₇₃₃.

[410] “The Spaniards have sailed south beyond the equator, on a meridian 20³²⁰⁶⁰/₄₇₂₈₁ degrees west of the Fortunate Islands to the latitude of 54° and there still found land. Turning about they steered northward on the same meridian and along the coast to the eighth parallel, and then along the coast more to the west, and north to the latitude of 21° [31°?], without finding a termination to the continent. They estimated the distance run as 89²⁹⁷⁰⁹/₄₆₇₈₁ which added to the 20³²⁰⁶⁰/₄₇₂₈₁ first run make 110¹⁴⁴⁸⁸/₄₆₇₈₁, but this may vary somewhat from the truth. We did not make this voyage, and therefore cannot speak from experience. We calculated it geometrically from the observations furnished by many navigators, who have made the voyage and affirm the distance to be 1600 leagues, due allowance being made for the deviations of the ship from a straight course by reason of contrary winds. I hope that we shall now obtain accurate information on these points, by new voyages to be made on the same coasts.”—_Vide_ Maiollo map of 1527.

[411] Verrazzano’s argument is based upon the supposition that the extent of the land of the new continent was greater than it really was, for at this time the Pacific coast of the New Land had not been explored. Verrazzano believed that the New World extended much farther westward than it does.

[412] Tierra del Fuego, south of the Strait of Magellan, had not yet been explored, and it was not known how far it extended, or in what direction.

[413] The number of tons is not mentioned.

[414] According to Carli’s statement, Verrazzano at first attempted to sail to the west by going through the North Sea. Here, as Verrazzano relates, his vessels were disabled, and he proceeded southward toward the desert-rock, whence he steered toward the west in quest of new lands.

[415] Carli evidently was not well informed concerning Magellan’s expedition, for although he speaks of the five ships of the fleet, and of the return of the one commanded by Del Cano, he appears to be ignorant of the death of Magellan, and of the arrival of Estevan Gomez, in 1521, with the ship San Antonio.

[416] King Francis wrote to his parliament, on the second of July, 1524, saying: “I am going to Lyons to prevent the enemy from entering the kingdom, and I can assure you that Charles de Bourbon is not yet in France.”—Historie de François Premier. Gaillard. Paris, 1769. tom. iii. p. 172.

[417] Lettera di Fernando Carli a suo padre. Archivo storico Italiano ossia raccolta di opere e documenti fiuora inediti o divenuti rarissimi risguardanti la storia d’Italia. Appendice. tomo ix. Firenze. Gio. Pietro Vieusseux, direttore-editore al suo gabinetto scientifico letterario. 1853.

[418] Philippe Chabot, Sieur de Brion, admiral of France, was given command of the French marine, March 23, 1526.

[419] Ango & Son was a noted firm of ship-builders in Dieppe.

[420] Twenty thousand pounds, Tours currency, were to be advanced to meet the expenses of the undertaking. The admiral of France contributed four thousand pounds, Guillaume Preudhomme, general of Normandy, two thousand; Pierre Despinolles, one thousand; Jean Ango, two thousand; Jacques Boursier, two thousand; and Verrazzano (Jehan de Varesam, as his name is written in the agreement), chief pilot, two thousand pounds. Verrazzano, having agreed to provide competent pilots for the other two vessels, was to receive one sixth of all the goods which should be brought back, and one tenth of any booty taken at sea from the Moors, or other enemies of France. Foutette collection. xxx. 770. fol. 60. Bibliothèque nationale. Paris.

[421] Zanobus de Rousselay, a merchant of Rouen, in a legal instrument, dated September 30, 1526, gave bonds that “Messire Jehan de Verrassane” was entitled “to defend a certain _clameur de haro_, obtained against him by Guillaume Eynoult, called Cornete, living in Dieppe.” The bonds were placed in the hands of Fremyn Poree and Robert Tassel, sergeant royal, at Rouen, until the matter could be legally settled. MS. in archives of Rouen.

[422] Foutette collection. xxx. 770. fol. 60. Bibliothèque nationale. Paris.

[423] Hakluyt’s Divers voyages, 1582.

[424] “Epistle dedicatorie” to Divers voyages.

[425] Raccolta di navigationi e viaggi. Ramusio. _Discorso sopra la nuova Francia._ vol. iii. fol. 438.

[426] Hakluyt’s Particular discourse, 1584.

[427] In the cover-pocket is a copy of the part of the Maiollo map representing the continent in the western hemisphere.

[428] The inscription on the chart contains this information: “_Verrazana seu Gallia nova quale discopri 5 anni fa Giovanni di Verrazzano fiorentino per ordine et comandamēto del Chrystiannissimo Re di Francia_” (Verrazana or New Gaul, which Giovanni di Verrazano, a Florentine, discovered five years ago, by the order and commandment of the most Christian king of France).

[429] The value of the map made by Hieronymus da Verrazzano is fully discussed in Notes on Giovanni da Verrazano, and on a planisphere of 1529 illustrating his American voyage in 1524, with a reduced copy of the map, by James Carson Brevoort. New York, 1874.

_Vide_ Voyage of Verrazzano: A chapter in the early history of maritime discovery in America. By Henry C. Murphy. New York, 1873.

_Vide_ Verrazano, the Explorer: being a vindication of his letter and voyage, with an examination of the map of Hieronimo da Verrazano and a dissertation upon the globe of Vlpius. By B. F. De Costa. New York, 1880.

[430] The true and last discouerie of Florida made by Captain John Ribault in the yeere 1562. Dedicated to a great noble man of Fraunce, and translated into Englishe by one Thomas Hackit. Hakluyt’s Divers voyages. 1582.

The whole and true discoverye of Terra Florida (Englished, the Florishing Land) conteyning as well the wonderful straunge Natures and Maners of the People, with the mervylous Commodities and Treasures of the Country; as also the pleasaunt Portes and Havens, and Wayes thereunto never found out before the last year, 1562. Written in French by Captain Ribauld, the fyrst that whollye discovered the same, and now newly set forthe in Englishe, the xxx. of May, 1563.

[431] Voyages. Hakluyt. vol. iii. p. 232.

[432] Brief recit, and succincte narration de la nauigation faicte es ysles de Canada, Hochelage, and Saguenay & autres, auec particulieres meurs, langaige & cerimonies des habitans d’icelles: fort delectable à veoir. Auec priuilege. On les uend à Paris au second pillier en la grand salle du Palais, & en la rue neufue Nostre dame à l’enseigne de lescu de Frāce, par Ponce Roffet dict Fanchuer & Anthoine le Clerc frères. 1545.

[433] “_Septem hoies syluestres ex ea isula (que terra noua dicit) Rothomagu adducti sunt._”—Eusebii Caesariensis episcopi chronicon. Paris. 1512. p. 172.

[434] “_Manant, s. m. Paysan habitant en un village ou en une metairie à la campagne. Indigena, incola rusticus.... On appelle proprement manans, ceux qui sont originaires du lieu; & habitans, ceux qui y sont venus demeurer._”—Dictionnaire Trevoux. Nancy, 1740.

“_Manant (ma-nan), s. m. 1° Terme d’ancienne pratique. Habitant d’un bourg ou d’un village.... 2° Absolument, dans le langage ordinaire, mais archaïque, un paysan.... 3° Aujourd’hui, par extension, homme grossier, mal élevé._”—Dictionnaire de la langue Française. Par É. Littré, de l’académie Française. Paris, 1874.

[435] “The French call the Maques, _les Aniuez_, the Oneydes, _les Onoyants_, the Onondagas, _les Montagneurs_, ... the Caiougas, _les Petuneurs_, the Senegues, _les Paisans_.”—Observations of Wenworth Greenhalgh in a journey from Albany to ye Indyans westward. 1677. London documents in the office of the Secretary of State, Albany, N. Y. vol. iii. p. 167.

[436] “This region is called by the peasants (_paesani_) Norumbega.”—Raccolta di navigationi e viaggi. Ramusio. vol. iii. fol. 353.

“_Quando per sua buona uentura intese da paesani, che erano giunto alla marina alcuni nauiglia._” “Here by good luck he heard from the _natives_ that some boats had arrived off the coast.”—Dello Scoprimento dell’ Isole Frislanda, Eslanda, Engronelanda, Estotilanda, & Icaria, fatto per due fratelli Zeni.—_Vide_ Voyages of the Venetian brothers. Major. p. 24.

[437] Nieuwe Wereldt. Door Johannes de Laet. Tot Leyden. 1625. boek. iii. cap. ix.

[438] Novus Orbis, seu descriptionis Indiæ Occidentalis, autore Joanne de Laet. Antuerpiensi, 1633. lib. iii. cap. vii.

When the island in 1625 was purchased from the Manants by the agents of the Dutch West India Company, the transaction is spoken of in a letter addressed to their high mightinesses, the Lords States General of the United Netherlands, as follows: “Our people have bought the island Manhattes from the Wilden (wild men) for the value of sixty guilders [about twenty-four dollars].”—Holland documents, in the office of the Secretary of State, Albany, N. Y. vol. i. p. 155.

[439] Historische Verhael door Nicolaes à Wassenaer. Amsterdam. 1621-1632. deel vi. fol. 144.

[440] Nieuwe Wereldt. boeck. iii. cap. ix. Novus Orbis. lib. iii. cap. ix.

[441] Korte historial ende journals. Door David Pietersz. de Vries. Hoorn, 1655. pp. 146, 151.

[442] New York Colonial MSS. xxxv.

Samuel de Champlain, the French explorer, describing in 1632 the coast of America in the vicinity of St. John’s River, New Brunswick, writes: “I was at four islands near the river St. John.... Farther west there are other islands, one of which extends six leagues, which is called by the savages, _Menane_.” Opposite this word, Champlain writes on the marginal space, “_L’isle de Manthane_,” adding a _t_ and an _h_ to the second syllable of the words.—Les voyages de la Nouvelle France occidentale, dicte Canada, faits par le Sr. de Champlain, Sanctongeois. Paris, 1632. chap. ii. p. 58.

[443] In different historical works and documents the following modes of spelling the word appear: Manatans, Manates, Manate, Manath, Manathans, Manathe, Manathes, Manatte, Manetto, Menates, Minates, Manhates, Manhatas, Manna-hatta, Manhattes, Manahattes, Manahatta, Mahates, Manahatas, Manahatans, Manahata, Manhatens, Manhathans, Manhatoes, Manhatoos, Manhatos, Manhattans, Manhatten, Manhattoes, Manhattons, Manhattos, Manhuttons, Manahactas, Manchatas, Manades, Manadoes, Manados, Menade, Monhatous, Munhaddon, and Manhattan.—_Vide_ General index to documents relating to the colonial history of the State of New York.

[444] “_Anormé, ée, & anormal, adj. Ces mots ne sont plus en usage. Borel dit qu’ils signifient qui est contre la régle commune, & qu’ énorme vient de ces mots.... Énorme, adj. m & f. Prodigieux, éxcessif. Immanis, immensus._”—Dictionnaire Trevoux.

“_Par extension de la signification morale à la signification physique, extraordinaire par sa grosseur ou par sa grandeur. Un énorme bloc de granit.... Rem. Quand énorme signifie excessif en grandeur ou en grosseur, il se met avant ou après son substantif._”—Dictionnaire de la langue Française. Littré.

[445] “_Berge (bèr-j’). s. f. 1°. Bord relevé, escarpé, d’une rivière, d’un fossé, d’un chemin. 2°. Terme de marine. Certains rochers élevés à pic sur l’eau...._

“_Etym. Espagn. et ital. barga. Diez ne veut pas qu’ il soit d’origine germanique, et il en rapproche le kymri bargodi, surplomber, bargod, bord. Cependant le bas-latin berga, garde, défense (qui vient de l’allemand bergen, défendre, protéger), n’ aurait-il pas pu donner, par une série de sens, défense, fortification, meule, et finalement bord escarpé?_”—Dictionnaire de la langue Française. Littré.

[446] “_On appelle aussi en tèrme de Mèr, bèrges, ou barges, les grands rochers, âpres & rélevez à pic; c’est-à-dire, droitement & à plomb, comme les bèrges ou barges d’Olone: telles sont Sylla & Carybde vers Messine._”—Dictionnaire Trevoux.

[447] Gerard Mercator was born at Rupelmonde, in East Flanders, on the fifth of March, 1512. Mercator is the Latinized form of his German name, _Kremer_, a tradesman, merchant. After studying at Bois-le-Duc, in Brabant, he entered the university of Louvain. He selected for his profession the manufacture of mathematical instruments and the art of drawing and engraving. His cartographic fame began with the engraving of a map of Palestine, in 1537. Next followed a map of Flanders, in 1540. Then in 1541, a large terrestrial globe, which he dedicated to the “_Illustriss Dno Nicolao Perrenoto, Domino à Granuella_”; the original drawings of which are preserved in the Royal library of Belgium, in Brussels. In 1552, Mercator removed from Louvain to Duisburg, where, in 1569, he made his famous map of the world. He died in December, 1594.

[448] The original map is now in the possession of the count of Crawford and Balcarres, Scotland.

[449] The edict of Francis I., appointing his mother, Louise of Savoy, regent, is dated October, 17, 1524, but before this time she had virtually assumed in part the direction of the government.

[450] The large gulf is that which is now called the Gulf of Mexico.

“A discourse of a great French sea-captain of the town of Dieppe concerning the voyages made to the New World of the West Indies called New France, from the fortieth to the forty-seventh parallel under the arctic pole, and concerning the country of Brazil, Guinea, Isle of St. Lawrence and that of Sumatra as far as the French caravels and ships have sailed.”—Discorso d’vn gran capitano di mare Francese del Lvogno di Dieppa. Raccolta di navigationi et viaggi. Ramusio. vol. iii. fol. 353.

[451] Les voyages auantureaux dv capitaine Ian Alfonce, Sainctongeois. Auec Priuilege du Roy. A Poitiers, au Pelican par Ian de Marnef.

Jean Alphonse died about the year 1548.

[452] The two first leaves of the manuscript are lost and with them the title of the work. Inasmuch as the subject of the work is defined in what may be said is the preface, and as the manuscript at the beginning and at the end bears the names of “Jehan Allefonsce” and “Raulin Secalart, cosemographe de Honnefleur, 1545,” the title of the work maybe reconstructed and written: Cosmographie de Jehan Allefonsce et Raulin Secalart. 1545. The manuscript is a folio of one hundred and ninety-four leaves. It is designated MS. No. 676.

[453] History of Long Island by Benjamin F. Thompson. 1843. p. 26.

[454] The tide flows up the Hudson as far as the city of Troy, about one hundred and seventy-four miles from the ocean.

[455] An undeciphered word in the manuscript.

“_Je ditz que le cap de Saint Jehan, dict Cap à Breton, et le cap de la Franciscane, sont nord-est et sud-ouest et prennent un quart de est à ouest, et y a en la route cent quarante lieues et icy faict ung cap appelé le cap de Norombègue. Le dict cap est par quarante et ung degrez de la haulteur du polle artique. La dicte coste est toute sableuse ... basse, sans nulle montaigne. Et au long laquelle coste y a plusieurs isles de sable et coste fort dangereuse de bancs et rochiers._

“_Les gens de ceste coste et de Cap à Breton sont maulvaises gens, puissans, grandz fleschiers, et sont gens qui vivent de poissons et de chair, et ont aulcun motz et parlent quasi le mesme langaige de ceux de Canada et sont grand peuple. Et ceux de Cap à Breton vont donner la guerre à ceulx de la Terre neufve quand ils peschent et pour nulle chose ne saulveroyent la vie à ung homme quand ilz le prennent, si n’est jeune enfant ou jeune fille et sont si cruels que si prennent ung homme portant barbe, ilz luy couppent les membres et les portent à leurs femmes et enffans, affin d’estre vengez en cela. Et y a entre eux force pelleteries de toustes bestes._

“_Audela du cap de Norombègue descend la rivière dudict Norombègue, environ vingt et cinq lieues du cap. La dicte rivière est large de plus de quarante lieues de latitude en son entrée et ceste largeur au dedans bien trente ou quarante lieues el est toute pleine d’isles qui entrent bien dix ou douze lieues en la mer et est fort dangereuse de rochers et baptures. La dicte rivière est par quarante et deux degrez de la haulteur du polle artique._

“_Audedans de la dicte rivière quinze lieues y a une ville qui s’ appelle Norombègue et y a en elle de bonnes gens et y a force pelleteries de toutes bestes. Les gens de la ville sont vestuz de pelleteries, portans manteaulx de martres. Je me doubte que la dicte rivière va entrer en la rivière de Hochelaga, car elle est sallée plus de quarante lieues en dedans selon la dict des gens de la ville. Les gens parlent beaucoup de motz qui approuchent du latin et adorent le soleil et sont belles gens et grandz hommes. La terre de Norombègue est haulte et bonne._

“_En avant et audeça de la dicte rivière cent cinquante lieues y a une isle qui s’ appelle la Vermonde qui est par les trente et trois degrez de la haulteur du polle artique. Et du couste devers louest de la dicte ville, y a forces rochiers qui s’ avancent dans la mer bien quinze lieues, et du coste vers le nort y a une anse en laquelle y a une petite isle laquelle est fort subjecte a tempester et n’ y peut habiter._”—Cosmographie de Jehan Allefonsce et Raulin Secarlart. 1545. fol. 184-189.

[456] The Bermudas or Somers’s islands lie between 32° 14´ and 32° 25´ north latitude, and 64° 38´ and 64° 52´ west longitude. In 1522, Juan Bermudez, a Spaniard, while on a voyage from Spain to Cuba, was wrecked on them. In 1609 Sir George Somers, sailing to Virginia, met with a similar misfortune among them. They are said to number three hundred and sixty-five, and are formed by coral reefs. The principal islands are Bermuda or Long Island, St. George’s, Ireland, Somerset, and St. David’s Island.

[457] The map is contained in the third volume of Ramusio’s Raccolta di navigationi e viaggi.

[458] Voyages. Hakluyt. vol. iii. pp. 239, 240.

[459] Nieuwe Wereldt. boek iii. cap. ix.

[460] In the dedication of Laudonnière’s notable history to Sir Walter Raleigh, dated March 1, 1586, the delayed publication of the work is thus adverted to: “It having been suppressed and forgotten for nearly twenty years, I have, with the diligence of Mr. Hakluyt, a gentleman well-versed in geographical history and in various languages and sciences, disinterred it, as it were, from the tomb, where it has lain so long in useless repose, and brought it before the world.” M. Basanier, the publisher, says he followed the text of the manuscript _literatim_, without any emendation or changes.

[461] “That which is toward the arctic or north pole is called New France insomuch as in the the year 1524, Jean Verrazano, a Florentine, was sent by King Francis I. and Madame, the regent, his mother, to the new countries, on which he landed and explored the whole coast extending from the tropic of Cancer, namely, from the twenty-eighth to the fiftieth degree, and still more toward the north.

“He planted at this place the ensigns and arms of the king of France, so that the Spaniards themselves, who were there afterward, have called this country French land. It extends in latitude from the twenty-fifth to the fifty-fourth degree toward the north; and in longitude, from the two hundred and tenth to the three hundred and thirtieth degree. The east part of it is called by the moderns the land of Norumberge, which ends at the Gulf of Gamas, which separates it from the island of Canada.”

“_Celle qui est vers le pole Arctique ou Septentrion, est nommee la nouuelle France, pour autant que l’an mil cinq ces vingt quatre, Jean Verrazano Florentin fut enuoyé par le Roy François premier, & par Madame la Regente sa mere aux terres neuues, ausquelles il prit terre & descouurit toute la coste qui est depuis le Tropique de Cancer, à scauoir depuis le vingt-huictiesme degrè iusques au cinquantiesme: & encore plus deuers le North. Il planta en ce païs les enseignes, & armoiries du Roy de Frāce: de sorte que les Espagnols mesmes qui y furent depuis ont nomé ce païs terre Francesque.... La partie Orientale d’ icelle est nommee par les modernes terre de Norumberge, laquelle abortit au Golphe de Gamas, qui la separe d’auec l’Isle de Canada._”—L’historie notable de la Florida sitvee es Indes Occidentales. Par le Capitaine Laudonnière. Mise en lumiere par M. Basanier. Paris, 1586. pp. 1, 2.

[462] The Dutch, when they took possession of Manants Island, in the seventeenth century, called the lake _het Versch water_ (the Fresh water). The island on which the French built the fort was, in 1728, selected as the site of a powder-house, which was erected there to isolate it from common intruders. John Fitch, in the summer of 1796, navigated his small steamboat on the Fresh water lake.—_Vide_ History of the city of New York. By David T. Valentine. 1853. pp. 11, 282-284. History of the city of New York. By Mrs. Martha J. Lamb. New York and Chicago, 1877-1880. vol. ii. pp. 423, 424, 565, 736. Documentary history of New York. vol. ii. p. 603.

[463] André Thevet was born at Angoulême, France, about the second year of the sixteenth century. He visited Italy, Greece, Egypt, and Palestine, and on his return to France, in 1554, published an account of his travels. In July, 1555, he accompanied Chevalier Villegagnon to Brazil to plant a colony there of French Protestants. When Thevet arrived at Rio Janeiro in November, he was taken sick, and to hasten his recovery he embarked for France on the last day of January, 1556. The vessel sailed on the home voyage northward along the coast of North America as far as Newfoundland. Thevet died in Paris, November 23, 1590. He was the author of the following works: “Cosmographie du Levant,” Lyons, 1554; “Les singulairités de la France antarctique, autrement nommée Amérique, et de plusieurs autres terres et îles découvertes de notre temps,” Paris, 1556; “Discours de la bataille de Dreux,” Paris, 1563; “Cosmographie universelle, illustrée de diverses figures des choses les plus remarquables vues par l’auteur,” Paris, 1571; and “Les vrais portraits et vies des hommes illustres, grecs, latins, et païens, recueillés de leurs tableaux, livres, médailles, antiques et modernes,” Paris, 1584.

[464] _Aggoncy_ or _Aggonzi_ signified the head. Voyages. Hakluyt. vol. iii. p. 231.

[465] “_Ayant laissé la Florida à main gaulche, auec grand nombre d’Isles, Islettes, Goulphes, & Promontoires, se presente l’vne des belles riuieres qui soit en toute la terre, nómee de nous Norombègue, & des Barbares Aggoncy, & marquee en quelques Cartes marines riuiere grande. Il entre plusieurs autres belles riuieres dans ceste cy, & sur laquelle iades les François feirent bastir vn petit fort, quelque dix ou douze lieuës en icelle, lequel estoit enuironé d’eau doulce, qui se va desgorger das icelle: & fut nommee ceste place le fort de Norombègue._”—La cosmographie vniverselle. D’André Thevet. A Paris, 1575. tom. ii. chap. iii. fol. 1008, b.

[466] The copy of Mercator’s map preserved in the National library, in Paris, which is entitled “_Nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio at usum navigantium emendeté accommodata_,” measures seventy-eight and a half inches by fifty inches. On this map is represented the earth _in plano_, the meridians being paralleled and the parallels of latitude straight lines, according to those principles of projection known as Mercator’s projection. Respecting the latter, he says, in an inscription on the chart: “On account of which considerations, we have increased gradually the length of the degrees of latitude toward each pole proportionate to the increase of the parallels beyond the length which they have on the globe, relatively to the equator:—“_Quibus consideratis, gradus latitudinum versus utrumque polum paulatim auximus pro incremento parallelorum supra rationem quam habint ad acquinoctialem._” Abraham Ortelius, the eminent cartographer, speaks of this map of Mercator’s as “his never-enough-praised universal chart,—_Sua nunquam satis laudata universalis tabula._”

[467] A copy of this chart in the general library of the State of New York, at Albany, is entitled: “The Original Carte Figurative, of which the above is an accurate fac-simile, was found on the 26th of June, 1841, in the Locket-kas, of the States General, in the Royal archives at the Hague.”

[468] “This map,” says John Romeyn Brodhead, the historian, “is undoubtedly one of the most interesting memorials we have. It is about three feet long, and shows, very minutely, the course of the Hudson River from Manhattan to above Albany, as well as a portion of the sea-coast; and contains, likewise, curious notes and memoranda about the neighboring Indians,—the work, perhaps, of one of the companions of Hudson ... and made within five years of the discovery of our river, its fidelity of delineation is scarcely less remarkable than its high antiquity.”—Address of J. Romeyn Brodhead, November 20, 1844. Coll. New York Historical Soc. 1845. p. 16.

[469] “_Ma so vele men heeft connen verstaen uyt i seggen ende beduyen van de Maquaas so comen de Françoysen met sloupen tot bovem aen haer land met haerluy handelen._”

[470] “_Fort van Nassoureen is binnen de wallen 58 voeten wydt in ’t viercant de gracht is wydt 18 voeten._” Fort Nassau is 58 feet wide between the walls and built as a square; the moat is 18 feet wide. “_’t hujs is 36 voeten lanch en 26 wyt in t fort._” The house in the fort is 36 feet long and 26 wide.

[471] Journal of a voyage to New York and a tour in several of the American colonies in 1679 and 1680, by Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter of Wiewerd in Friesland. Translated from the original MSS. in the Dutch for the Long Island Historical Society by Henry C. Murphy. Memoirs of Long Island Hist. Soc. 1867. vol. i. p. 318.

INDEX.

Abaco, Great and Little, 107, 184.

Abaiòa, town, 224.

Aborigines, 1, 18, 19. (_See_ _Indians_.)

Abraham, 5.

Abreu, Capistrano de, 213, 220.

Abyla, mountain, 4.

Abyssinia, 58.

Acla, 228.

Adam, tomb of, 57.

Adam of Bremen, 40, 41.

Adamanai, island, 154.

Adams, Clement, 203.

Æthiopia, 60, 212.

Africa, 4, 5, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 69, 70, 73, 77, 85, 219.

Afranius, L., 60.

Agave, 249, 252.

Agesingue, 85.

Aggoncy, 351, 359, 360.

Agnaneo, island, 221.

Aguados, 78.

Aguajaluco, 234.

Aguilar, Geronimo de, 239, 240, 242, 267.

Aguino, Marcos de, 265.

Ajes, 129.

Alabama, 275.

Alaminos, 275.

Albany, N. Y., 357, 361, 362, 363.

Albuquerque, Affonso d’, 285.

Alderley, Lord Stanley of, 295.

Alexander VI., Pope, 142, 145.

Alexandria, 59, 194.

Alfonce, Jan. (_See_ _Alphonse_.)

Alfragranus, 75, 76.

Allfonsce, Jehan. (_See_ _Alphonse_.)

Aloe, 124, 136.

Alonso X., 61.

Alphonse, Jean, 352, 353-356, 358.

Altars, 235.

Alvarador, Pedro de, 236.

Amalfi, 63.

Amasis, 2.

Amatl, 264, 268.

Amber, 264, 268.

America, name, 218, 219.

Amerige, name, 218, 219.

Amoretti, Carlo, 295.

Ampheres, 8.

Ampolletas, 69.

Anaximander, 71.

Ancon bajo, 279.

Andaman, 57.

Andrada, Francisco d’, 300, 301.

Andros, island, 107.

Angelo, Michael, 265.

Angels, 5.

Anghiera, 181.

Ango, Jean, 298, 339.

Ango & Son, 339.

Angoulême, 319.

Animals, domesticated, 109, 116, 123, 147, 231, 268, 283.

Animals, wild, 8, 166, 202, 215, 268, 308, 324.

Anicatiye, 281.

Aniuez, les, 346.

Anormée Berge, L’, 348, 349, 350, 351;
le fort d’, 359, 360.

Anoxa, 281.

Antediluvians, 1, 6.

Antilla, island, 79, 84.

Antipater, Cælius, 60.

Antipodes, 88, 89.

Antiquaries, Royal Soc. of Northern, 23, 33, 34.

Apianus, Petrus, 219.

Appalachee Bay, 279.

Appalachicola Bay, 270.

Aqueducts, 1, 10, 12, 252, 270.

Arabian Gulf, 60.

Arabian Sea, 59.

Arambe, 281, 284.

Arctic Ocean, 217.

Aristotle, 71, 332, 336.

Arna-Magnœan collection, 34.

Arnold, Governor Benedict, 43.

Arona, 181.

Arana, Diego, 133, 149.

Arroba, 123.

Arrows. (_See_ _Indians_.)

Arsenals, 264.

Asher, G. M., 300.

Asia, 4, 57, 142, 153, 192, 215, 219;
wife of Prometheus, 219.

Asius, 219.

Astrolabe, 66-68, 79, 125, 128.

Athenæus, 198.

Athens, 17.

Atlantic empire, 5, 8, 17;
island, 4-21, 80;
ocean, early navigation of, 4, 59;
name, 7;
impassable, 17, 18, 21;
navigated, 72, 79, 80, 89;
race, 17.

Atlas, 7, 8.

Atwood’s key, 107, 108.

Aubert, Thomas, 298, 299.

Autochthon, 8.

Avila, Pedro Arias de, 229.

Axes, 236, 237.

Ayala, Pedro de, 195.

Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, 279, 281, 282, 284.

Azaës, 8.

Azores, 67, 74, 78, 79, 140, 145, 157, 158, 213.

Bacallaos or baccallaos, land of, 197, 200, 202, 330.

Bachian, island, 294.

Bacon, Roger, 62.

Badajos, congress of, 296.

Badakhshan, 57.

Bahamas, the, 107.

Bahia de todos os Santos, 214.

Bakelos, name, 198, 203.

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 225-228.

Banda, 292.

Bardsen, Ivar, treatise of, 23.

Barges or bèrges, 248, 349.

Barrett, William, 188.

Barros, Joam de, 68.

Bartolomé, Francisco, 240.

Basanier, M., 357, 358.

Bastidas, Rodrigo de, 174, 225.

Baths, 12, 266.

Baya Isleos, 330.

Beamish, North Ludlow, 25.

Bear, the Great and Little, 213.

Bears, 199, 202.

Beaufort, N. C., 310.

Behaim, Martin, 67, 80, 290.

Behring’s Strait, 303, 308.

Behring, Vitus, 308.

Beimeni, island of, 221, 224, 278.

Belem, 177.

Belle Isle, Strait of, 297, 345.

Bells, 176.

Beneventanus, Marcus, 215.

Benewitz, Peter, 219.

Berg, Joshua van, 74.

Bergenroth, G. A., 187.

Bermudas, 356.

Bermudez, Juan, 356.

Bernaldez, Andres, 120.

Bernardino, Cardinal, 154.

Berruguette, Alonso, 265.

Beseneghe, 212.

Bethlem, 177.

Bethune, Vice-admiral, 64.

Bible, La, 61.

Biddle, Richard, 195.

Bimini, fountain of, 222, 224;
island of, 224, 278.

Birds, 100, 103, 104, 105, 109, 116, 122, 123, 147, 166, 181, 203,
308.

Bjanneyjar, 34.

Bjarni, voyages of, 25-27, 37, 40.

Block Island, 320.

Blood-letting, 164, 298.

Bobadilla, Francisco de, 172.

Boemia, Martin of, 290.

Bohemia, Martin of, 67.

Bohio or Bosio, 114, 130, 133.

Boiuca, 221.

Borriquen, island of, 148, 221.

Boulenger, Ludovicus, 219.

Bourbon, Charles de, 338.

Boursier, Jacques, 339.

Bows. (_See_ _Indians_.)

Bradley, Thomas, 195.

Brahmans, 57.

Brass, 8, 269.

Brattahlid, 24, 28.

Brazil, 173, 206, 207, 212, 213, 214, 216, 220, 228, 286, 300, 352,
359;
island of, 195;
port of, 175, 179.

Brazil-wood, 216, 229, 286.

Breidafjörd, 25.

Bretons, 297.

Brevoort, James Carson, 343.

Bridges, 164, 258, 270.

Brisa or Briso, island, 320.

Bristol, 73, 188, 189, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199.

Britons, 297.

Brittany, 301, 304.

Brodhead, John Romeyn, 362.

Brown, Rawdon, 190.

Brunelleschi, Alderotto, 338.

Buil, Friar Bernardo, 152, 196.

Burma, 57.

Bygd, 24.

Cabo Bajo, 330.

Cabo Casinas, 175.

Cabo de Arenas, 330.

Cabo de Boa Esperança, 69.

Cabo de Campana, 126.

Cabo de Cinquin, 127.

Cabo de Corrientes, 224.

Cabo de Cuba, 125.

Cabo de las Conchas, 171.

Cabo de las Higueras, 278.

Cabo del Elefante, 127.

Cabo del Estrella, 127.

Cabo del Isles, 115.

Cabo del Monte, 127.

Cabo del Pico, 126.

Cabo de Palmas, 118.

Cabo de San Nicolas, 152.

Cabo de Santa Elena, 279, 280, 284, 330.

Cabo Deseado, 292, 293.

Cabo Fuerte, 152.

Cabo Hermoso, 114.

Cabo Lindo, 127.

Cabo Santa Cruz, 154.

Cabo Santa Maria de la Consolacion, 174.

Caboto, Giovanni, his proposals to Henry VII. of England; sails from
Bristol, 188;
his voyage, 188, 189;
Prima Tierra Vista, 190;
island of Sant Joan, 190;
maps, 185, 191, 192;
Soncino’s account of his discoveries, 192-194;
his globe, 193;
Cabot’s second voyage, 194, 195;
described, 195, 196;
field of his discoveries, 185, 201, 210, 300.

Caboto, Ludovicus (Lewis), 188.

Caboto, Sanctus, 188.

Caboto, Sebastiano, his voyages, 196-199;
extent of his explorations, 200, 202;
his maps and discoveries, 203, 204;
congress of Badajos, 296.

Cabo Tormentoso, 69, 205.

Cabot. (_See_ _Caboto_.)

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, 206, 207.

Cacamatzin, prince of, 256, 260.

Cacao, 267;
liquor, 263;
nuts, 176, 269.

Cadamosto, Luigi da, 66, 300.

Cadiz, 7, 60. (_See_ _Gades_.)

Cæsar, calendar of Julius, 107.

Caiougas, 346.

Calachionies, 239.

Calicut, 206, 336.

Calpe, mountain, 4.

Cam, Diogo, 67.

Cambaluc, 57.

Camos, Martin, 238.

Campeachy, 230, 238.

Canada, 345, 354, 355;
river of, 357;
island of, 357, 358.

Canals, 9, 10, 13, 14, 252.

Canary Islands, 72, 74, 79, 95, 97, 104, 134, 158, 160.

Cañaveral, 279.

Cannibals. (_See_ _Indians_.)

Canoes. (_See_ _Indians_.)

Cano, Sebastian del, 295.

Canso, Strait of, 201.

Cantino, Alberto, 211.

Capac, 289.

Cap de la Franciscane, 354.

Cape Bojador, 64, 66, 145.

Cape Breton, 342, 351, 354, 355.

Cape Breton Island, 191, 201, 297.

Cape Briton. (_See_ _Cape Breton_.)

Cape Buona Vista, 297.

Cape Catticara, 293.

Cape Charles, 314.

Cape Comorin, 294.

Cape de Bertoni. (_See_ _Cape Breton_.)

Cape de Não, 63, 64.

C. de S. Maria, 316, 319.

Cape Fear, 306.

Cape Henry, 314.

Cape Lookout, 310.

Cape Neddock, 329.

Cape North, 201.

Cape of England, 185, 201.

Cape of Florida, 224.

Cape of Good Hope, 69, 85, 205, 323.

Cape of Norombègue, 354, 355.

Cape of St. John, 354.

Cape of St. Mary, 316, 319.

Cape of the Bretons, 297. (_See_ _Cape Breton_.)

Cape of the Franciscan, 354.

Cape of the Holy Spirit, 289.

Cape of the Virgins, 289, 292.

Cape Prince of Wales, 308.

Cape Ras, 297.

Cape Ray, 201.

Cape St. Augustine, 212, 229, 286.

Cape St. Roque, 228.

Cape St. Vincent, 77, 84.

Cape Verd, 74, 78.

Cape Verd Islands, 72, 74, 75, 86, 145, 146, 168.

Caradoc of Llancarvan, 43.

Caravels, 96, 180.

Caria, sierras of, 215.

Cariay, 178.

Caribbees, 148.

Caribbean Islands, 174.

Caribi, 160.

Caris, island of, 135.

Carixagusignanin, 281.

Carli, Fernando, 302, 335.

Carli, Francisco, 338.

Carolinas, archipelago, 85.

Carpets, 260.

Carreira, Visconde da, 64.

Carroll, B. R., 309.

Carthagena, Juan de, 289.

Carthaginian merchants, 79.

Cartier, Jacques, 42, 344, 345, 352.

Cartier, John, 195.

Carvajal, Alonzo Sanchez de, 152.

Casada, Caspar de, 289, 292.

Casas, Bartolomé de las, 107, 118, 126.

Caspian Sea, 75, 334.

Cassava, 242.

Cassia, 213, 216.

Castellanos de Oro, 250.

Castilblanco, 250.

Castilla del Oro, 183.

Castle Island, 361, 362, 363.

Cathay, 51, 58, 72, 74, 82, 84, 118, 125, 174, 175, 178, 180, 182,
186, 188, 199, 201, 205, 207, 284, 297, 301, 306, 332, 336.

Cat Island, 107, 108.

Cattigara, 227.

Caunaboa, 149, 156.

Causeways, 256, 257, 258, 270.

Cautio, 223.

Cavalcanti, Guido, 62.

Cavo de Inglaterra, 185, 201.

Cāzabi, 164.

Cazadilla, Diego Ortiz de, 86.

Celer, Q. Metellus, 60.

Cemies, 154, 155.

Cempoalla, 249.

Ceuta, 63.

Ceylon, 57.

Chabot Philippe, 339.

Chalchihuis stones, 251, 259, 265.

Champlain, Samuel de, 68, 347, 348.

Champoton, 230, 233.

Chapultepec, 252, 270.

Charles V., of Spain, 191, 199, 240, 249.

Charles’s wain, 102.

Charybdis, 349.

Chehkiang, 83.

Chersonesus aurea, 226, 227.

Chesapeake Bay, 314, 343.

Chiahuitzla, 249.

Chicora, 280, 281, 282.

Chila, 277.

China, 55, 57, 74, 75, 82, 84.

Cholula, 254.

Churchhill, collections of A. and J., 71.

Cibao, mines of, 150.

Cimbri, 334.

Cinnamon, 345.

Cintra, Pedro de, 66.

Cipango, 84, 204, 111, 114, 115, 116, 193.

Circumnavigation of the earth, 295.

Claude, wife of Francis I., 320.

Claude or Claudia, island, 320.

Cleasby, Richard, 33.

Cleito, 7, 11.

Clement IV., Pope, 52.

Climates, 166, 299, 336.

Cloves, 294, 345.

Cocayo, 281.

Cocca, Antonia, 289.

Cochin China, 57.

Codfish, 198, 202, 203.

Coelho, Gonçalo, 215.

Coelho, Nicolas, 206.

Cogswell, Joseph G., 307.

Cohoes, N. Y., 351.

Cojohuacan, 258, 274;
prince of, 260.

Colba, 114.

Colibre, 135.

Coligni, Admiral Gaspard de, 340.

Coloma, Juan de, 93.

Colombo, Cristoforo. (_See_ _Christopher Columbus_.)

Colombo, Dominico, 70.

Colombo, Fernando. (_See_ _Ferdinand Columbus_.)

Colon, Cristobal. (_See_ _Christopher Columbus_.)

Colon, Diego. (_See_ _Diego Columbus_.)

Colon, Luis, 71.

Columbus, Bartolomé, 86, 87, 172.

Columbus, Christopher, birthplace, 70;
parents, 70;
sea-faring, 72, 73;
geographical knowledge, 74-80;
correspondence with Toscanelli, 80;
proposals to King John II., of Portugal, 85;
sends his brother to England, 86;
goes to Spain, 87;
his project discussed at Salamanca, 87-90;
its consideration postponed by Ferdinand and Isabella, 90;
intends to go to France, 90;
befriended by Friar Juan Perez, 90, 91;
another conference, 91;
unfavorable decision, 91;
Luis de Santángel’s help, 92;
Columbus commissioned, 93-95;
intends to make a sea-chart, 96;
sails from Palos, 96;
keeps his reckoning short, 98;
observes the variations of the magnetic needle, 98, 99;
conduct of his crew, 100-102;
discovers island of Guanahani, 107;
his landing, 108;
the people, 108-110;
calls the island San Salvador, 111;
discovers the islands of Santa Maria de la Concepcion, Fernandina,
Isabela, and Cuba, 113-116;
believes he has reached Asia, 120;
sends embassadors to the Grand Khan of Cathay, 120;
productions of Cuba, 121;
natives, 122, 123;
returns from the north, 124;
his high latitudes, 126;
explores the coast of Española, 127, 128;
its natives, productions, and soil, 128-130;
builds Villa de la Navidad, 132, 133;
sails for Spain, 135;
the voyage, 137;
anchors in the Tagus, 140;
visits the king of Portugal, 141;
arrives at Palos, 141;
celebration of his discoveries, 142-144.

Columbus’s second voyage, 146;
discovers the islands of Dominica, Marigalante, Santa Maria de
Guadalupe, 146, 147;
his sea-chart, 148;
arrives at Villa de la Navidad, 148;
builds the town of Isabela and castle of San Tomas, 150, 151;
appoints a council, 152;
coasts Cuba, 152;
believes it to be Asia, 153;
sails for Spain, his compasses, 157;
his pilots, 158;
arrives at Cadiz, 159;
goes to Burgos, 159;
his privileges prejudiced, 167.

Columbus’s third voyage, 168;
discovers the island of Trinidad, 169;
sees the continent, 169;
Tierra de Gracia, 170;
enters the Gulf of Paria, 171;
map of the country, 171;
reaches Española, 172;
sent in chains to Spain, 172.

Columbus’s fourth voyage, 174;
discovers the island of Mantinino, 175;
reaches Española, 175;
sails to the Guanaia islands, 175;
captures a canoe laden with Indian commodities, 175;
explores the coast of Veragua, 177-187, 226, 227;
sails to Jamaica, 180;
returns to Spain, 182;
dies at Valladolid, 182;
his map, 182, 183, 300.

Columbus, Diego, 87, 90, 152, 168.

Columbus, Ferdinand, 70, 71, 168.

Comargo, 277, 278.

Combahee River, 284.

Comogre, 225.

Compass. (_See_ _Mariner’s compass_.)

Conchillos, Lopez de, 276.

Connecticut, 253, 354;
river, 354.

Contarini, Gasparo, 199.

Copper, 8, 10, 111, 176, 178, 199, 236, 237, 269, 322, 328.

Coquibacoa, Gulf of, 164.

Cordoba, Francisco Hernando de, 229, 233, 238, 278.

Corn, 283.

Coronel, Pedro Fernandez, 152.

Correa, Pedro, 77.

Cortereal, Gaspar, 207-211.

Cortereal, João Vaz, 207.

Cortereal, Miguel, 207, 208, 211.

Cortes, Hernando. Diego Velasquez appoints him captain-general, 237;
sails to the island of Cozumel, 238;
receives embassadors from Montezuma, 239;
the presents, 243-245;
explores the coast of Mexico, 247;
builds Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, 249;
begins his march toward the city of Mexico, 249;
engagements with the Tlascallans, 250;
enters Tlascalla, 251;
marches to Cholula, 253;
escorted into the city of Mexico by Montezuma, 259-261;
visits the market-place and the temple of Huitzilopochtli, 267-272;
besieges the city, 273;
sends presents to the emperor, 274.

Corvea, Gaspar, 206.

Corvo, island, 100, 158.

Cosa, Juan de la, 173, 183, 184, 185, 201.

Cosco, Leander de, 142.

Cotastlan, 239, 266.

Cotta, Joannes, 215.

Cotton, 109, 110, 111, 119, 121, 123, 124, 136, 148, 176, 178, 265,
284.

Cotys, 219.

Coyba, 226.

Cozumel, 238, 239.

Crato, prior of, 141.

Crawford and Balcarres, count of, 350.

Critias, or the Atlantic, 3.

Crœsus, 2.

Crooked Island, 107.

Crosses, 230.

Cruz, Juan de la, 265.

Cuba, 114, 115, 116, 118, 126, 127, 128, 152, 153, 154, 184, 197,
202, 216, 232.

Cuitlahuac, prince of, 260.

Cuitlahuatzin, 270.

Culba, 232.

Culhua, 248.

Culua, 235.

Cusa, Cardinal Nicolaus de, 80.

Dagaghiano, Pier Francisco, 338.

Dagmala-stad, 31-33.

Datha, 282.

Damascus, 59.

Dankers, Jasper, 363.

Darien, isthmus, 174, 177, 225, 226, 227, 228, 315, 342.

Davila, Pedrarias, 228.

Davis, Henry, 19.

Davis’s Strait, 318.

Declination, line of, 98, 99, 102, 158.

De Costa, B. F., 343.

Degree, measures of, 76, 83, 98.

Delaware Bay, 315.

Demons, 217, 288.

Demorgorgon, 198.

Denis, Jean, 298.

Denmark, 334.

Desmarquets, Jean Antoine, 299.

Despinolles, Pierre, 339.

Diaprepes, 8.

Dias, Bartolomeu, 69, 205.

Diaz, Bernal, 21, 229;
Father Juan, 240.

Diepa or Dieppe, 297, 298, 307, 334, 351, 352.

Dighton rock, 42.

Disraeli, 350.

Dods, Marcus, 89.

Dogs, 123, 268.

Dominica, island of, 146.

Doña Marina, 240, 242, 259, 260, 261, 267.

Drake, Sir Francis, 292.

Drogio, island of, 47, 49.

Ducats, 244, 245.

Duero, Andres de, 237.

Duharhe, 281, 283.

Duisburg, 360.

Dwarfs, 263.

Eannes, Gil, 65.

Eannes de Azurara, Gomes, 64.

Earth, globular form of, 71, 88, 193;
circumference of, 74, 75, 83;
circumnavigation of, 295.

East Cape, 308.

East Indies, 145.

East River, 317.

Eden, Richard, 199.

Egypt, priests of, 2, 3, 21;
invaded, 5, 8;
gods rule in, 6, 15;
stars seen in, 72.

Egyptians, chroniclers, 2, 4, 15;
chronology of, 17;
ships of, 18;
hermetic books of, 20.

Eider-ducks, 35.

Ekallumiut, 30.

Elasippus, 8.

El Crespello, 265.

Elephants, 8, 9.

El Gran Cairo, 229.

El Marien, 249.

Elohim, 6.

Emeralds, 244.

Emmanuel, king of Portugal, 207, 211.

England, 73, 74, 186, 188.

Eric, the Red, 23, 24;
the wanderer, 25.

Escovedo, Rodrigo de, 108, 133, 149.

Española, 104, 128, 130, 133, 135, 148, 154, 159, 172, 175, 179, 182,
184.

Espiritu Santo, Rio del, 278;
Baya del, 279.

Estotiland, 46, 49, 50.

Estrithson, Sveyn, king of Denmark, 40.

Ethiopia, 60, 212.

Eudæmon, 8.

Eudoxus, 60.

Euenor, 6, 7.

Eugene IV., Pope, 83.

Eumelus, 7.

Europa, 219.

Europe, 4, 5, 219.

Eusebius, 299, 345.

Euthydemus, 198.

Euxine Sea, 52.

Evangelista, island of, 153, 154.

Everett, E., 34.

Eyktar-stad, 31-33.

Eynoult, Guillaume, 340.

Ezcapuzalco, 265.

Fabian, Robert, 197.

Faroe islands, 22, 23.

Fayal, island of, 67, 68.

Ferdinand, king of Spain, 70, 72, 142, 143, 144, 159, 160, 168, 172,
187, 195, 216.

Fernandina, 113.

Fish, 198, 202, 209, 241.

Fitch, John, 359.

Flateyensis, codex, 25.

Flatö, 25;
book of, 25.

Floki, the viking, 23.

Flores island, 78.

Florida, 124, 126, 200, 223-225, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 307, 330,
342, 344, 351, 352, 357, 358.

Flowers, 9, 115, 116, 251, 266, 309, 314.

Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de, 168, 276.

Fornari, Baltano de, 71.

Fort Caroline, 357.

Fort Nassau, 363.

Fortunate Islands, 74, 75, 331, 332.