Chapter XIX: Part 19

England, conquest of, by the Romans, and its effects, 21
--severance of, from the Roman Empire, 107
--formation of the Heptarchy in, 120
--state of, in the sixth century, 128
--divided state of, 155
--state of, in the eighth century, 171
--the Church and clergy, 172, 173
--union of, under Egbert, 193, 194
--state of, in the ninth century, 211 _et seq._
--the invasions of the Danes, 212
--its divided state, 213, 214
--settlements of the Danes, 215
--rise and career of Alfred, 215
--the Church and the Crown in, during the tenth century, 229
--state of, during the tenth century, 234
--origin of the wars with France, 285 _et seq._
--subservience to the papacy in, 289
--position of the Church, and feeling towards the Normans, 292
--state of, under John, 294
--rise of the Commons, &c. in, 306
--Magna Charta and its effects, 308 _et seq._
--reign of Henry III., 311
--supremacy of the papacy in, 314
--independence of the Church, 316
--the reign of Edward I. in, 318
--the battle of Bannockburn, 352
--the policy of Edward III., 354
--decline of the nobility in, 360
--divided state of, on accession of Henry IV., 365
--the ballads of, 372
--state of, during fifteenth century, 374
--loss of her French possessions, 376
--conquests of Henry V. in France, 378 _et seq._
--accession of Henry VIII., 404
--increasing commerce of, 413
--first idea of union with Scotland, 414
--battle of Flodden, 414
--the reformation in, 428
--the reign of Mary in, 433
--the policy of Elizabeth and its results, 436
--progress of, under Elizabeth, 450
--the colonization of America by, 454
--under James I., 455 _et seq._
--state of parties, &c. on accession of Charles I., 465 _et seq._
--political and religious parties, 466
--the great rebellion, 468
--the reaction against Puritanism in, 472
--under Charles II., 472
--its degraded position, 473
--ingress of French Protestants into, 484
--reign of James II., 484
--William III., 486
--state, &c. of, during eighteenth century, 493
--state of, under the Georges, 494
--is she a military nation? 496
--the war of the succession, 498 _et seq._
--the peace of Utrecht, 502
--the ministry of Walpole, &c., 505
--the Pretender in, 509
--supports Frederick the Great, 512
--the rise of her Indian empire, 514 _et seq._
--the revolt of the United States, 518 _et seq._
--her progress, 520, 521
--her revolution and freedom contrasted with those of France, 525.

Episcopacy, James's attempt to force, on Scotland, 464.

Ethelbald, the reign of, 214.

Ethelwolf, the reign of, 214.

Etiquette, supremacy of, under Louis XIV., 481.

Eugene, Prince, 501.

Eugenius III., Pope, 279.

Eunapius, character of the early monks by, 115.

Europe, modern, compared with ancient Rome, 56 _et seq._
--state of, in the seventh century, 167
--in the eighth, 171
--rise of the modern kingdoms of, 190
--state of, during the tenth century, 219
--effects of the first Crusade on, 269
--progressive advances of, 297
--state of, during fifteenth century, 375
--changed aspect of, in sixteenth century, 431
--sensation caused by massacre of St. Bartholomew, 442
--changes in, during eighteenth century, 491, 492
--the seven years' war, 512.

Famines, frequency of, during the tenth century, 236.

Faust and the mention of printing, 391.

Favorinus the Grammarian, anecdote of, 46.

Ferdinand of Spain, a party to the league of Cambrai, 409
--declares war against France, 412.

Ferdinand, the emperor, character and policy of, 462.

Ferdinand and Isabella, union of Spain under, 403.

Feudal organization, long retention of, in Scotland, 415.

Feudal system, origin of the, 149.

Feudalism, progress of, in the ninth century, 210
--full establishment of, 279
--decay of, 333, 341
--continued decline of, 359.

Fields of May or March in France, the, 151.

Fine arts, encouragement of, by Charlemagne, 196.

Flagellants, tenets, &c. of the, 374.

Flanders, power of the Dukes of, 232
--rise of the towns of, 277
--the alliance of Edward III. with, 354.

Flodden, battle of, and its effects, 414, 415, _et seq._

Fontenelle, the abbey of, 244.

Fontenoy, the battle of, 502.

France, accession of Clovis in, 119
--accession of Pepin to crown of, 183
--position of, under Charlemagne, 198
--loses the boundary of the Rhine, 203
--power of the great nobles, 204
--state of, during the tenth century, 219
--settlement of Rollo in, 222 _et seq._
--possessions of the clergy in, 228
--accession of Hugh Capet, 231
--his policy, 232 _et seq._
--its separation from the empire, 233
--monasteries in, 244
--origin of the English wars, 285 _et seq._
--the kings of, contrasted with the Plantagenets, 288
--acquisitions of, in Languedoc, &c., 305
--reign of Louis IX. in, 311 _et seq._
--the parliaments of, 312
--supremacy of the papacy in, 314
--degeneracy of the clergy, 315
--independence of the church, 316
--subserviency of the Popes to, 342
--title of King of, assumed by Edward III., 355
--depressed state of, at close of fourteenth century, 356
--decline, of the nobility in, 360
--state of, during fifteenth century, 374, 375
--expulsion of the English from, 376
--its history during the century, 376
--career of Joan of Arc, 386
--accession of Francis I., 405
--a party to the league of Cambrai, 409
--the massacre of St. Bartholomew in, 442
--changes witnessed by Brantôme in, 448
--rise of absolutism under Louis XIV. in, 475 et seq.
--policy of Richelieu and reign of Louis XIII., 476 _et seq._
--the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 483
--changes in, during eighteenth century, 491
--contests in India and America with, 513
--the policy and overthrow of, in India, 514 _et seq._
--depression and discontent before the Revolution, 517
--aids the North American colonies, 519
--causes of the Revolution, 522
--general discontent, 523
--the Revolution, 524 _et seq._

Francis I., accession and character of, 405
--death of, 431.

Franks, tribes composing the, 71
--state of the, in the sixth century, 128
--institutions, &c. of the, 151
--divisions of their kingdom, 155.

Frederick the Great, the career of, 512.

Frederick, Elector Palatine, marriage of, to Elizabeth of England,
462.

Frederick Barbarossa, capture, &c. of Rome by, 279.

Free lances, the rise, &c. of the, 350 _et seq._

Freedom, rise of, in England, 306 _et seq._

French ballads, the early, 372.

French Revolution, the, 524 _et seq._

Fritigern, defeat of Valens by, 100.

Froissart, the writings of, and their influence, 347.

Fronde, the wars of the, 478.

Galba, the emperor, 24.

Garter, institution of order of, 344.

Gaul, severance of, from the Roman empire, 108.

Gebhard, Elector of Cologne, 460.

Genoa, prosperity of, during the Crusades, 272
--greatness of, 277.

Genseric, sack of Rome by, 111.

George I. and II., characters of, 494.

George III., loyalty to, in England, 494
--the alleged loss of the United States by his obstinacy, 518.

Georges, England under the, 494.

Germans, defeat of the, by Probus, 73.

Germany, state of, in the sixth century, 128
--divided state of, 155
--separation between France and the Empire, and reign of Otho the
Great, 234
--progress, &c. of the Reformation in, 460
--ingress of French Huguenots into, 484.

Geta, murder of, 65.

Gibraltar, cession of, to England, 501.

Gladiatorial shows, passion of the Romans for, 34 _et seq._

Glo'ster, the Duke of, uncle of Henry VI., 384.

Godfrey of Bouillon, 263
--chosen King of Jerusalem, 266
--his death, 270.

Good Hope, Cape of, discovered, 395.

Gordian, appointed emperor, 69
--his reign, 70
--his death, 72.

Goths, first appearance of the, 98
--admitted within the empire, 99.

Gothia, the Marquises of, 205.

Granada, loss of, by the Moors, 403.

Great Britain, the union of, 502, _See_ England.

Great Rebellion, origin and history of the, 467 _et seq._

Greek fire, the, 166.

Gregory the Great, Pope, 133.

Gregory VII., (Hildebrand,) career, &c. of, 249 _et seq._,
255 _et seq._ _See_ Hildebrand.

Gregory IX., persecution of the Albigenses under, 305.

Guienne, how acquired by England, 286.

Guinegate, the battle of, 418.

Gunpowder, influence of discovery of, 342.

Guthrum, alliance of, with Alfred, 215.

Guttenberg, the invention of printing by, 390
--printing of the Bible by, 422.

Hadrian. _See_ Adrian.

Hair, distinction from the, among the Franks, 152.

Harfleur, siege of, by Henry V., 378.

Harold of the Fair Hair, the reign of, 213.

Hastings the Dane, defeated by Alfred, 216
--enters the service of France, 224.

Heathenism, Julian's attempt to restore, 95 _et seq._

Hegira, the, 157.

Helena, the mother of Constantine, 86.

Heliogabalus, the reign of, 66.

Helvoet Sluys, battle of, 355.

Henrietta Maria, unpopularity of, 466.

Henry I., acquisition of Normandy by, 285.

Henry II., claims of, on France, 286
--character of, 288
--and À-Beckett, 289 _et seq._
--his death, 294.

Henry III., reign of, in England, 311.

Henry IV., divided state of England under, 365.

Henry V., persecution of the Lollards under, 365, 366
--invasion of France by, 377
--captures Harfleur, 378
--battle of Agincourt, 381
--his death, 384.

Henry VI. recognised as King of France, 384.

Henry VII., character, &c. of, 371
--treasure accumulated by, and how, 404.

Henry VIII., accession and character of, 404
--declares war against France, 412
--triumphs of, in 1513, 418
--controversy of, with Luther, 426
--throws off the papal supremacy, 430
--death of, 431.

Henry III. of France, the murder of, 448.

Henry, the emperor, 237.

Henry IV. of Germany, attacks of Hildebrand on, 256
--the struggle between them, 257 _et seq._
--the death of, 260.

Heptarchy, the, 120
--subjugation of the, by Egbert, 193, 194.

Heraclius, Emperor of the East, 158.

Heresies, various, of the thirteenth century, 298.

Heretics, first crusade against the, 302 _et seq._
--first law against, in England, 365.

Highlanders, the, in the Forty-Five, 510.

Hildebrand, the career, &c. of, 249 et seq., 255 _et seq._
--his struggle with the emperor, 257 _et seq._
--his death, 259.

Hippo subdued by the Saracens, 166.

Hira subjugated by the Mohammedans, 162.

History, uses of, and difficulties of studying it from its extent,
11.

Holland, increasing commerce of, 412
--the colonies of, 454.

Holy Land, the first Crusade to the, 262
--and last, 317.

Honorius, the emperor, 101
--besieged by Alaric, 105
--murders Stilicho, 106.

Hugh Capet, accession of, to the French throne, 231
--his policy, 232.

Hugh the Great, Count of Vermandois, 263.

Huguenots, the, the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 483.

Huns, first appearance of the, 99.

Huss, the martyrdom of, 367.

Iconoclast emperor, the, 185.

Images, defence, &c. of, 185 _et seq._

Immaculate conception, dogma of the, 283.

India, Vasco da Gama's voyage to, 401
--effect of the new route to, on Venice, 412
--rise of the British power in, 491, 514 _et seq._

Indulgences, protest of Luther against, 425.

Innocent III., originates the crusade against the Albigenses,
302 _et seq._
--excommunication of John by, 307, 310.

Innovation, general tendency to, during eighteenth century,
493 _et seq._

Inquiry, commencement of, with Scotus Erigena, 207
--rise of, with the Crusades, 280.

Inquisition, the, established under Dominic, 304.

Intellect, direction of, in the present century, 13.

Invention, the present century distinguished by, 13.

Investiture, claims of Hildebrand regarding, 257 _et seq._

Irish Church, the early, its state, &c., 156.

Isabella, queen of Charles VI., profligacy of, 362.

Italy, ravaged by Attila, 110
--irruption of the Lombards into, 129
--state of, in seventh century, 141
--divided state of, 155
--state of, during the tenth Century, 235
--conquests of the Normans in, 254
--rise of the republics of, 277
--state of, before the Reformation, 420.

Jacobite songs, the, 510.

Jacques de Molay, death of, 339.

James I., England under, 455
--influence of his character, &c., 458
--his conduct towards the Elector Palatine, 464
--his attempt to introduce Episcopacy into Scotland, 464.

James II., persecution of the Covenanters by, 473
--accession of, in England, and his dethronement, 485
--death of, 498.

James III., the rebellion in favour of, 503.

James IV. of Scotland married to Margaret of England, 414
--the battle of Flodden, 416.

Jamestown, the first English settlement in America, 454.

Jerome, the martyrdom of, 367.

Jerusalem, importance given by Christianity to, 17
--the capture and destruction of, 30 _et seq._
--named Ælia Capitolina by Adrian, 47
--taken by the Saracens, 162
--commencement of pilgrimage to, 260
--the capture of, by the Crusaders, 266
--the kingdom of, 266.

Jervis, the victories of, 525.

Jesuits, institution and influence of the, 435.

Jews, the dispersion of the, 30 _et seq._
--their rebellion against Adrian, 46
--crusade against the, 251
--spoliation of, by Philip le Bel, 333.

Joan of Arc, history of, 386 _et seq._
--her death, 390.

John, (of England,) character of, 288
--state of England under, 294
--excommunication, &c. of, 307
--signs Magna Charta, 308
--his attempt to evade the charter, 310.

John, (of France,) the treatment of, by Edward the Black Prince, 349
--his capture at Poictiers and ransom, 356.

John XII., Pope, 236.

John, Duke of Burgundy, 361
--murders Louis of Orleans, 362
--assumes the regency, 363
--rule of, in France, 376.

John, Bishop of Constantinople, supremacy claimed by, 133.

Jovian, the emperor, 97.

Jubilee, the, in 1300, 325.

Julian the Apostate, reign and character of, 93 _et seq._

Julius II., character of, 408
--acquisitions from Venice, 410
--declares war against France, &c., 410
--impression made on Luther by, 424.

Justinian, efforts of, to recover Italy, 124
--internal government of, 134
--his law-reforms, 135 _et seq._
--re-introduction of code of, 297.

Khaled, the lieutenant of Mohammed, 158
--his exploits, 162
--and death, 163.

Kieff, the kingdom of, 213.

Kilmich, murder of Alboin by, 130.

Kingdoms, modern, rise of, 190.

Klodwig or Clovis, accession of, in France, 119. _See_ Clovis.

Knight, position, &c. of the, 334, 335.

Knighthood, decay of, 333, 341.

Lally, Count, the execution of, 516.

Land, grants of, and system these originate, 149.

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 247
--defends transubstantiation, 247.

Languedoc, the Albigenses in, 299
--extirpation of the Albigenses in, 304
--peace of, 305.

Laud, Archbishop, 467
--execution of, 468.

Law, the reform of, by Justinian, 135.

Laws, great increase of, in Rome, 67.

Lea, defeat of the Danes at the, 216.

Learning, advancement of, during the eleventh century, 246 _et seq._

Leo the Iconoclast, 185.

Leo, Pope, Rome saved from Attila by, 110.

Leo X., character of, 407
--influence of, on the Reformation, 425.

Leuds or Feudatories, the, 149
--their struggle with the crown, 150 _et seq._

Libraries, early, 372.

Liege, massacre at, by John the Fearless, 363.

Literature, revival of, with Dante, &c., 344
--the modern, of England, 345
--slow diffusion of, before printing, 372
--French, under Louis XIV., 481
--English, during the eighteenth century, 506.

Lombards, or Longobards, irruption of the, 129 _et seq._
--character and polity of the, 131 _et seq._

Long Parliament, the, 468.

Lothaire, son of Louis the Debonnaire, 201, 202, 203
--emperor, 204.

Louis, origin of name of, 120.

Louis the Debonnaire, reign of, 200.

Louis, son of Louis the Debonnaire, 201.

Louis VII. heads the second Crusade, 284
--divorces his wife, 286.

Louis VIII., crusade against the Albigenses under, 304.

Louis IX., crusade against the Albigenses under, 304
--character and reign of, 311 _et seq._
--seventh Crusade under, 317
--prisoner and ransomed, 317
--his death, 318.

Louis XI., first despotic King of France, 371.

Louis XII., a party to the league of Cambrai, 409
--war with the Pope, 411
--expelled from Italy, 412.

Louis XIII., reign of, in France, 476.

Louis XIV., accession of, 469
--rise of, as the absolute King, 475 _et seq._
--the accession, policy, and reign of, 479
--private life of, 482
--the revocation or the Edict of Nantes, 483
--his reception, &c. of James II., 485, 486
--his successes in war, 486
--peace of Ryswick, 487
--the war of the Succession, 489 _et seq._
--the peace of Utrecht, 502.

Louis XVI., the execution of, 524.

Louis of Orleans, struggle of, with John of Burgundy, 361
--his murder, 362.

Lower classes, how regarded by the Crusaders, 271.

Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits, 406
--character of, and institution of the Jesuits by, 434.

Luitprand, King of Lombardy, 182, 183.

Luther, early life of, 406
--the rise and career of, 423 _et seq._
--death of, 431.

Lutherans and Calvinists, hatred between, 460.

Luxembourg, the marshal, 481
--the victories of, 486.

Macrinus, the emperor, 66.

Magdeburg, the sack of, 466.

Magna Charta, effects of, 306, 308
--its conditions, 308 _et seq._

Magyars, first appearance of the, 99.

Mahomet. _See_ Mohammed.

Maid of Norway, the, 319.

Maintenon, Madame de, married to Louis XIV., 482.

Marcus Aurelius, accession and reign of, 50 _et seq._

Marlborough, the victories of, 499 _et seq._

Martin V., Pope, 368.

Mary, the reign of, in England, 433.

Mary of Scotland, policy of Elizabeth toward, 437 _et seq._
--defence of her execution, 439, 443.

Mary de Medicis, position of, in France, 475.

Matilda, the countess, 255, 258.

Maximilian, the emperor, a party to the league of Cambrai, 409
--hostilities with the Pope, 411
--proposed as his successor, 411
--turns against the French, 412
--in the pay of Henry VIII., 418
--and Luther, 426.

Maximian, the emperor, 75
--abdicates, 76.

Maximin, the accession and reign of, 68.

Maximus, appointment of, 69
--his death, 70.

Mayors of the palace, origin of the, 150
--powers, &c. of the, 176.

Mazarin, the cardinal, the policy, &c. of, 478
--his death, 479.

Mecca, capture of, by Mohammed, 158.

Mediterranean, supremacy of Rome over the, 56
--diminished importance of the, 413.

Meroveg, King of the Franks, 110.

Messalina, the empress, 20
--her death, 22.

Mexico, conquest of, by the Spaniards, 404.

Michelet, picture of France in the ninth century by, 208.

Middle Ages, commencement of the, 131.

Middle class, destruction of the, under the Roman emperors, 90.

Milan, sack of, by the Franks, &c., 124.

Military spirit, strength of the, in England, 496.

Military strength, the, of ancient Rome and modern Europe,
56 _et seq._

Minorca ceded to England, 502.

Mirandola, Julius II. at siege of, 410.

Mohammed, birth and career of, 138
--death of, 159
--his successors, 159 _et seq._

Mohammedanism, commencing struggle of, with Christianity, 141
--progress of, 157 _et seq._
--first arrested by battle of Tours, 179
--resemblances between, and Catholicism, 271.

Monarchical principle, restoration of the, with Pepin, 183.

Monasteries, influence of, on agriculture, 143
--their intelligence, &c., 146
--commencement of corruption, 147
--the early English, 173
--reformation of, by St. Benedict, 200
--state of the, during the tenth century, 221
--number of, in France, 244
--dissolution of the, in England, 430.

Monks, the early, 115
--industry, &c. of, 142 _et seq._
--the early English, 172, 173
--gluttony, &c. of the, 274
--degeneracy of in the thirteenth century, 314.

Moors, final loss of Spain by the, 403.

Municipalities, rise of the 277
--their growing importance, 279.

Murder, fines for, among the Franks, 152.

Music, encouragement of, by Charlemagne, 197.

Nantes, edict of, its revocation, 483.

Napoleon, the rise, &c. of, 525.

Narses, exploits of, in Italy, 127.

National debt, the English, its growth, 493.

Navareta, the battle of, 351.

Navies of Modern Europe, the, 57 _et seq._

Nelson, the victories of, 525.

Netherlands, Alva's cruelties in the, 441.

Nero, character and reign of, 22.

Nerva, the emperor, 42, 44.

Neustria, kingdom of, 155.

Nice, the Council of, 92.

Nicea taken by the Crusaders, 264.

Nicene creed, the, 92.

Nicholas Breakspear becomes pope, 289.

Niger, a candidate for the empire, 60.

Nobility, new, originated by Constantine, 87
--collision between, and the Church, 153
--policy of Hugh Capet towards the, 232
--effects of the Crusades on the, 276
--conditions of Magna Charta regarding the, 308
--decline of the, 359 _et seq._
--policy of Richelieu against the, 476 _et seq._
--the French, at the time of the Revolution, 523.

Nogaret, Chancellor of France, 329.

Nominalists, rise of the, 248.

Normans, the conquest of England by the, 253
--feeling against the, in England, 292.

Norman kings, character of the, 288.

Normandy, settlement of the Normans in, 222 _et seq._
--power of the dukes, 232.

Norsemen, Charlemagne's prescience regarding the, 197
--progress of the, in the ninth century, 208
--their invasions of England, 212 _et seq._
--results of the settlements of the, in France, 219
--settlement under Rollo, 222 _et seq._

North America, the English colonization of, 454.

Novellæ of Justinian, the, 136.

Novatian and Cornelius, the schism between, 78.

Novgorod, the kingdom of, 213.

Nunneries, reformation of, by St. Benedict, 200
--of the twelfth century, the, 283.

Odoacer, King of Italy, 111
--overthrow of, 118.

Omar, the lieutenant of Mohammed, 158, 160
--chosen caliph, 162
--destruction of the Alexandrian library, 164
--his habits, 163, 165.

Orleans, the siege of, 385
--relieved by Joan of Arc, 387 _et seq._

Ostrogoths, overthrow of the, in Italy, 127.

Otho, the emperor, 24.

Otho the Great, the emperor, 234.

Padua, destroyed by Attila, 110.

Palos, the return of Columbus to, 397.

Palestine, eagerness for news from, during the Crusades, 275.

Pandects of Justinian, the, 136.

Pantheism, form of, in the thirteenth century, 298.

Papacy, the, state of, during the tenth century, 220, 235
--supremacy of, under Hildebrand, 250 _et seq._
--general subjection to, 289
--triumphs of, in the thirteenth century, 314
--diminished consideration of, 325
--struggle of Philip the Handsome with, 326 _et seq._
--the schism in, 342
--state of, in the fifteenth century, 369.

Papal supremacy, the, abjured by England, 430.

Paper, first manufacture of, from rags, 392.

Paris, state of, under John the Fearless, 364
--the massacre of St. Bartholomew in, 442.

Parliament, first summoned in England, 313
--concessions wrung from Edward I. by, 320.

Parliaments, the French, what, 312.

Party libels, prevalence of, under Walpole, 505.

Passau, the treaty of, 431.

Peasantry, the, insurrection of, during fourteenth century, 356
--state of, during fifteenth century, 374 _et seq._
--the French, before the Revolution, 521.

People, state of the, under the early emperors, 34 _et seq._
--conditions of Magna Charta regarding the, 309.

Pepin, accession of, 182
--crowned king, 183.

Persia, new monarchy of, 71
--subdued by the Mohammedans, 165.

Pertinax, accession and murder of, 59.

Pestilence, frequency of, during the tenth century, 236.

Peter the Hermit, preaches the first Crusade, 262.

Peterborough, Lord, the victories of, in Spain, 501.

Petrarch, the works of, 344, 346.

Philip, the emperor, 72.

Philip I. of France, attacks of Hildebrand on, 256.

Philip le Bel, struggle of, with Boniface VIII., 326 _et seq._
--arrests the latter, 329 _et seq._
--poisons Benedict XI., 331
--secures election of Bernard de Goth, 331
--the persecution of the Templars, 337 _et seq._

Philip VI., war with Edward III., 355.

Philip II., accession of, 432
--the Spanish Armada, 444.

Philip of Valois, the victory of, at Cassel, 353.

Philip Augustus, conquest of the English possessions by, 305.

Pinkie, the battle of, 415.

Pitt, (Lord Chatham,) the ministry of, 513.

Plague of Florence, the, 356.

Plantagenets, character of the, 288.

Plassey, the battle of, 513, 516.

Pococke, Admiral, exploits of, in the East, 516.

Poictiers, the battle of, 356.

Poitou, how acquired by England, 286.

Poland, the partition of, 492.

Polemo, a philosopher, anecdote of, 50.

Pompeia Plotina, wife of Trajan, 45.

Pondicherry, the capture of, by the English, 516.

Poor, relations of the Church to the, 274.

Pope, the claims to supremacy of, 132 _et seq._
--efforts of the early English monks on behalf of, 172, 173
--his position in the eighth century, 174, 175
--alliance, &c. between Charles Martel and, 182
--crowns Pepin, 183
--supremacy of, after Hildebrand, 259
--the revolt of Arnold of Brescia against, 278
--his supremacy denied by the Albigenses, 299
--position, &c. of, before the Reformation, 420.

Popes, the, the claims of supremacy by, 148
--increasing supremacy of, 133
--increasing pretensions of, 186, 190
--subservience of, to France, 342
--the rival, 342.

Popular assemblies, early, 151.

Portugal, maritime discoveries of, 395
--increasing naval power of, 412.

Prætorian Guards, sale of the empire by the, 59.

Printing, influences of, 14
--discovery of, and its effects, 373, 391
--growing importance of discovery of, 402.

Probus, the emperor, 72
--his conquests and policy, 73.

Protestantism, influence of, 402
--establishment of, by treaty of Passau, 431
--established in England under Elizabeth, 436 _et seq._

Protestants, the, expelled from France, 484.

Provençal dialect, disappearance of the, 304.

Prussia, rise of, during eighteenth century, 491, 492
--the seven years' war, 512.

Puritanism, origin, &c. of, in England, 456 _et seq._, 464
--growing tendency to, 466.

Quebec, the battle of, 513.

Raleigh, the naval exploits of, 452.

Ravenna, the Exarch of, 137
--the exarchate of, 177
--transferred to the Pope, 183.

Raymond of Toulouse, the leader of the Albigenses, 299.

Raymond VII., Count of Toulouse, 303
--deprived of his possessions, 306.

Realists, rise of the, 248.

Rebellion of 1715, the, 504
--and of 1745, 507.

Reformation, influences of the, 14
--supreme importance of, 419
--state of the Church before it, 419 _et seq._
--the rise of the, 422 _et seq._

Regner Lodbrog, 214.

Relics, the system of, 262
--passion for, during the Crusades, 276.

Religion, state of, during the tenth century, 219
--in the thirteenth century, 298
--before the reformation, 422.

Republics, the Italian, rise of, 277.

Revolution of 1688, the, 485.

Rheims, coronation of Charles VII. at, 388.

Richard Coeur de Lion, character of, 288
--heads the third Crusade, 285.

Richelieu, Cardinal, 449
--the policy of, and its results, 476 _et seq._
--the death of, 468.

Robert of Normandy, the Crusader, 263
--loss of Normandy by, 285
--a prisoner in England, 286.

Robert, son of Hugh Capet, 237.

Robert Guiscard, conquests of, in Italy, 254
--sack of Rome by, 258.

Rochelle, the capture of, from the Huguenots, 476, 477.

Rois fainéants, the 175, 176.

Rollo, settlement of, in Normandy, 222 _et seq._
--created Duke of Normandy, 225 _et seq._

Romans, the conquest of England by, and its effects, 21
--passion of, for gladiatorial shows, 34.

Roman empire, first broken in on by the barbarians, 51
--its extent and forces, 56
--compared with modern Europe, 57 _et seq._
--divided into East and West, 97.

Roman law, reintroduction of, in Europe, 297.

Rome, the supremacy of, the characteristic of the first century, 16
--power of the emperor, 20
--state of, during the first century, 35
--increasing weakness of, 79 _et seq._
--removal of the seat of empire from, 84
--the sack of, by Alaric, 106
--sacked by the Vandals, 111
--causes of her fall, 111 _et seq._
--recovered by Belisarius, 124
--taken, &c. by Totila, 125
--supremacy of the Bishop of, 126 _et seq._
--fallen state of, in the sixth century, 133
--the Bishops of, claim supremacy, 148
--influence of the unity of, 184
--state of during the tenth century, 235
--sack of, by the Normans, 258
--the Crusaders at, 262
--Arnold of Brescia in, 278
--jubilee at, 1300, 325
--state of, before the Reformation, 420
--Luther at, 424.

Romish Church, influence of the Jesuits on, 434 _et seq._
--rejoicings of, on massacre of St. Bartholomew, 442.

Romulus Augustulus, the emperor, 111.

Rosamund, wife of Alboin, 129.

Roses, the wars of the, 393
--effect of, on the nobility, 360.

Rouen, occupied by the Normans, 222
--execution of Joan of Arc at, 390.

Royal power, general consolidation of, in the fifteenth century, 370.

Russia, the Danes in, 213
--rise of, during eighteenth century, 491, 492
--the seven years' war, 512.

St. Bartholomew, the massacre of, 442
--its effects, 442.

St. Benedict, industry, &c. inculcated by, 142, 143
--the second, 200.

St. Bernard on the luxury, &c. of the clergy, 274
--discussions of, with Abelard, 281
--the second Crusade originated by, 284.

St. Boniface, coronation of Pepin by, 183.

St. Columba, and Brunehild, 150.

St. Dominic. _See_ Dominic.

St. Francis of Assisi, 315.

St. Louis. _See_ Louis IX.

St. Remi, Clovis baptized by, 119.

Sapor, the capture of Valerian by, 72
--death of Julian in war with, 96.

Saracens, the, the conquests of, 162 _et seq._
--their defeat by Charles Martel, 176, 179 _et seq._
--in Spain, 246
--crusade against, in Italy, 251
--in Palestine, 270, 271.

Sarmatians, the, 71.

Sassanides, dynasty of, 71.

Saxons, feeling of the, towards the Normans in England, 292.

Saxony, the Elector of, and Luther, 426, 428.

Scholastic philosophy, rise of the, 247.

Schools, establishment of, under Charlemagne, 195.

Scotland, state of, in the eighth century, 171, 172
--resistance to the papacy in, 314
--Edward I.'s attempt on, 319 _et seq._
--the battle of Bannockburn, 352
--the ballads of, 372
--effects of battle of Flodden in, 414, 418
--its subsequent state, 415 _et seq._
--the policy of Elizabeth in, 437 _et seq._
--James's attempt to force Episcopacy on, 464
--persecution of the Covenanters in, 473
--the Union Act, 502
--the rebellion of 1715, 504
--and of 1745, 507.

Scotus Erigena, career, &c. of, 207.

Septimania, power of the Dukes of, 204.

Serfs, conditions of Magna Charta regarding the, 309.

Seven years' war, the, 512.

Severus, Alexander, accession and reign of, 67.

Severus, Septimius, accession and reign of, 60 _et seq._

Sicily, conquest of, by the Normans, 255.

Simon de Montfort, the crusade against the Albigenses under, 302
--his death, 303.

Simon de Montfort, summoning of parliament by, 313.

Sixtus V., approval of the murder of Henry III. by, 448.

Slaves, state of the, under the Romans, 35, 90.

Smalcalde, the Protestant league of, 429.

Society, state of, under James I., 455.

Solway Moss, the battle of, 414.

South Sea bubble, the, 505.

Spain, severance of, from the Roman empire, 108
--the Saracens in, 246
--threatened predominance of, in sixteenth century, 402
--its increasing importance, 403
--increasing naval power of, 412
--consolidation of, in the sixteenth century, 413
--continued hostilities with, at sea, 451
--the attacks of the buccaneers on her colonies, &c., 452.

Spanish Armada, the, and its defeat, 444.

Spanish Succession, the war of the, 498 _et seq._

Spurs, the battle of the, at Courtrai, 336
--at Guinegate, 418.

Staupitz, connection of, with Luther, 423.

Stephen, the wars of, in England, 292.

Stilicho, opposed to Alaric, 101, 105
--his murder, 106.

Strafford, execution of, 468.

Succession, the war of the, 498 _et seq._

Sulpician, a candidate for the empire, 59.

Supino, betrayal of Anagni by, 328.

Surenus, minister of Trajan, 45.

Surrey, the Earl of, at Flodden, 416.

Switzerland, ingress of French Protestants into, 484.

Sylvester II., Pope, 238, 242
--his character, &c., 246.

Syria, progress of Mohammedanism in, 158, 161.

Talbot, raises the siege of Orleans, 387.

Tancho, the invention of bells by, 196.

Taxes, system of collecting, under Constantine, 89.

Taylor, Rowland, the martyr, 433.

Tchuda, check of the Saracens at, 166.

Templars, the destruction of the, 337 _et seq._
--the charges against them, 340.

Tetzel, the sale of indulgences by, 425.

Theodora, wife of Justinian, 134.

Theodoric the Goth, at the battle of Châlons, 110.

Theodoric, the reign of, 119
--his supremacy, 123
--his death, 123.

Theodosius, the emperor, 101.

Tiberius, the reign of, 18
--his character, 19.

Tilly, the sack of Magdeburg by, 466.

Timbuctoo, expedition by Englishmen to, 452.

Tinchebray, the battle of, 286.

Titus, the reign of, 28
--the siege and capture of Jerusalem, 30 _et seq._

Torstenson, the victories of, 468.

Totila, King of the Goths, 125, 127.

Toulouse, the Marquises of, 205
--power of the Dukes of, 232
--the Albigenses in, 299.

Tours, the battle of, 179 _et seq._

Towns, effect of the Crusades on the, 273, 277
--increasing power of the, in the fourteenth century, 334.

Trajan, the accession and reign of, 42, 44 _et seq._

Transubstantiation, doctrine of, 247.

Trebonian, the Justinian code drawn up by, 136.

Tripoli, conquered by the Saracens, 167.

Troubadours, attacks on the clergy by the, 300.

Truce of God, the, 238.

Tunis, crusade of Louis IX. against, 318.

Turenne, the victories of, 478, 481.

Union Act, passing of the, 502.

United States, the revolt of the, 518 _et seq._

Universal church, belief in a, before the Reformation, 419.

Urban II. and the first Crusaders, 262.

Utrecht, thy peace of, 502.

Valens, the emperor, 97
--his defeat and death, 100.

Valentinian, the emperor, 97.

Valerian, the emperor, 72.

Vandals, conquest of Africa by the, 108
--sack of Rome by the, 111
--overthrow of the, by Belisarius, 124.

Vasco da Gama, the discovery of the route to India by, 401.

Venaissin, acquisition of, by the Pope, 306.

Venice, rise of, 277
--power, &c. of, 407
--attacked by Julius II., 408
--league of Cambrai, 409
--decay of the power of, 412.

Verona destroyed by Attila, 110.

Versailles, Louis XIV. at, 481
--its cost, 483
--the peace of, 520.

Vespasian, accession of, 24.

Vicenza, taken by Attila, 110.

Vidius Pollio, anecdote of, 36.

Vikinger, the, 208.

Virginia, settlement of, by the English, 454.

Visigoths, settlements of the, in Spain, &c., 128.

Vitellius, the emperor, 24.

Wales, early state of, 171, 172.

Wallace, the victories, &c. of, 320.

Walpole, Sir R., the ministry of, 505.

Wartburg, seclusion of Luther at, 428.

Wealth, influence of the Crusades on, 272.

Wellington, the victories of, in India, 525.

Wenilon, Bishop of Sens, 206.

Wentworth, execution of, 468.

Western Church, severance of the Eastern from, 133.

Wickliff, his translation of the Bible, 342.

Wickliffites, persecution of the, 365.

William of Normandy, churches, &c. erected by, 244
--the conquest of England by, 253
--character of, 288.

William Rufus, character of, 288.

William III., accession of, in England, 485
--his reign, 486
--the death of, 499.

Winchester, the Bishop of, 384.

Winifried, the monk, 175.

Witig, King of the Ostrogoths, 124
--his overthrow, 125.

Wittenagemot, the, 151.

Wolfe, the conquest of Canada by, 517.

Woman, increased respect paid to, 283.

Worms, the Diet of, Luther before, 427.

Yeomanry, rise of, in England, 431.

Yezdegird, King of Persia, 162, 165.

Zorndorf, the battle of, 513.

THE END.

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Dr. Geikie's Life and Words of Christ.

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Transcriber's Note

Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Inconsistent
spelling and hyphenation in the original document have been
preserved. Sidenotes have been enclosed in brackets and moved
to the beginning of the respective sentence.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Eighteen Christian Centuries, by James White