Chapter XVII: Appendix (1)

METRIC AND IMPERIAL SYSTEMS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The initial unit of the metric system is the Metre (_m._) or unit of length, representing one-fourth-millionth part of the circumference of the earth round the poles.

The unit of mass is the Gramme (_g._), and represents the weight of one cubic centimetre of water at its maximum density (viz. 4 deg. C. and 760 mm. mercury pressure).

The unit of the measure of capacity is the Litre (_l._), and represents the volume of a kilogramme of distilled water at its maximum density.

The decimal subdivisions of each of the units are designated by the Latin prefixes _milli_ = 1/1000; _centi_ = 1/100; _deci_ = 1/10; the multiples of each unit by the Greek prefixes _deka_ = 10; _hecto_ = 100; _kilo_ = 1000; _myria_ = 10,000.

For a comparison of the values of some of the more frequently employed expressions of the Metric System and the Imperial System, the following may be found convenient for reference:

~Length:~

1 millimetre (= 1 mm.) = 1/25 of an inch.

1 centimetre (= 1 cm.) = 2/5 of an inch.

1 inch (1") = 25 millimetres or 2-1/2 centimetres.

~Mass:~

1 milligramme (= 1 mg.) = 0.01543 grain (or approximately
1/64 grain).

1 gramme (= 1 g.) = 15.4323 grains.

1 "kilo" or kilogramme (= 1 kgm.) = 2 pounds, 3-1/4 ounces
avoirdupois.

1 pound avoirdupois (= 1 lb.) = 453.592 grammes.

1 ounce avoirdupois (= 1 oz.) = 28.35 grammes.

1 grain = 0.0648 gramme or 64.8 milligrammes.

~Capacity:~

1 cubic centimetre (= 1 c.c.) = 16.9 minims imperial
measure.

1 litre (= 1 _l._) = 35.196 fluid ounces imperial measure.

1 fluid ounce imperial measure (= 1 [Symbol: ounce]) =
28.42 cubic centimetres.

1 pint imperial measure (= 1 O.) = 568.34 cubic centimetres.

1 gallon imperial measure (= 1 C.) = 4.546 litres, or 10
pounds avoirdupois, of pure water at 62 deg. F. and under an
atmospheric pressure of 30 inches of mercury.

FACTORS FOR CONVERTING FROM ONE SYSTEM TO THE OTHER.

To convert grammes into grains x 15.432.
To convert grammes into ounces avoirdupois x 0.03527.
To convert kilogrammes into pounds x 2.2046.
To convert cubic centimetres into fluid ounces imperial x 0.0352.
To convert litres into fluid ounces imperial x 35.2.
To convert metres into inches x 39.37.
To convert grains into grammes x 0.0648.
To convert avoirdupois ounces into grammes x 28.35.
To convert troy ounces into grammes x 31.104.
To convert fluid ounces into cubic centimetres x 28.42.
To convert pints into litres x 0.568.
To convert inches into metres x 0.0254.

TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF DEGREES CENTIGRADE INTO DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.

_X. deg. C. = ((9x/5) + 32) deg. F._

| Cent. | Faht. || Cent. | Faht. || Cent. | Faht. | | 0 | 32.0 || 34 | 93.2 || 68 | 154.4 | | 1 | 33.8 || 35 | 95.0 || 69 | 156.2 | | 2 | 35.6 || 36 | 96.8 || 70 | 158.0 | | 3 | 37.4 || 37 | 98.6 || 71 | 159.8 | | 4 | 39.2 || 38 | 100.4 || 72 | 161.6 | | 5 | 41.0 || 39 | 102.2 || 73 | 163.4 | | 6 | 42.8 || 40 | 104.0 || 74 | 165.2 | | 7 | 44.6 || 41 | 105.8 || 75 | 167.0 | | 8 | 46.4 || 42 | 107.6 || 76 | 168.8 | | 9 | 48.2 || 43 | 109.4 || 77 | 170.6 | | 10 | 50.0 || 44 | 111.2 || 78 | 172.4 | | 11 | 51.8 || 45 | 113.0 || 79 | 174.2 | | 12 | 53.6 || 46 | 114.8 || 80 | 176.0 | | 13 | 55.4 || 47 | 116.6 || 81 | 177.8 | | 14 | 57.2 || 48 | 118.4 || 82 | 179.6 | | 15 | 59.0 || 49 | 120.2 || 83 | 181.4 | | 16 | 60.8 || 50 | 122.0 || 84 | 183.2 | | 17 | 62.6 || 51 | 123.8 || 85 | 185.0 | | 18 | 64.4 || 52 | 125.6 || 86 | 186.8 | | 19 | 66.2 || 53 | 127.4 || 87 | 188.6 | | 20 | 68.0 || 54 | 129.2 || 88 | 190.4 | | 21 | 69.8 || 55 | 131.0 || 89 | 192.2 | | 22 | 71.6 || 56 | 132.8 || 90 | 194.0 | | 23 | 73.4 || 57 | 134.6 || 91 | 195.8 | | 24 | 75.2 || 58 | 136.4 || 92 | 197.6 | | 25 | 77.0 || 59 | 138.2 || 93 | 199.4 | | 26 | 78.8 || 60 | 140.0 || 94 | 201.2 | | 27 | 80.6 || 61 | 141.8 || 95 | 203.0 | | 28 | 82.4 || 62 | 143.6 || 96 | 204.8 | | 29 | 84.2 || 63 | 145.4 || 97 | 206.6 | | 30 | 86.0 || 64 | 147.2 || 98 | 208.4 | | 31 | 87.8 || 65 | 149.0 || 99 | 210.2 | | 32 | 89.6 || 66 | 150.8 || 100 | 212.0 | | 33 | 91.4 || 67 | 152.6 || | |

TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF DEGREES FAHRENHEIT INTO DEGREES CENTIGRADE.

_X deg. F. = (5(x - 32))/9 deg. C._

Faht.| Cent.|| Faht.| Cent.|| Faht.|Cent. || Faht.| Cent.|| Faht.| Cent.
32 | 0.|| 68 | 20.0 || 104 | 40.0 || 140 | 60.0 || 176 | 80.0
33 | 0.6 || 69 | 20.6 || 105 | 40.6 || 141 | 60.6 || 177 | 80.6
34 | 1.1 || 70 | 21.1 || 106 | 41.1 || 142 | 61.1 || 178 | 81.1
35 | 1.7 || 71 | 21.7 || 107 | 41.7 || 143 | 61.7 || 179 | 81.7
36 | 2.2 || 72 | 22.2 || 108 | 42.2 || 144 | 62.2 || 180 | 82.2
37 | 2.8 || 73 | 22.8 || 109 | 42.8 || 145 | 62.8 || 181 | 82.8
38 | 3.3 || 74 | 23.3 || 110 | 43.3 || 146 | 63.3 || 182 | 83.3
39 | 3.9 || 75 | 23.9 || 111 | 43.9 || 147 | 63.9 || 183 | 83.9
40 | 4.4 || 76 | 24.4 || 112 | 44.4 || 148 | 64.4 || 184 | 84.4
41 | 5.0 || 77 | 25.0 || 113 | 45.0 || 149 | 65.0 || 185 | 85.0
42 | 5.6 || 78 | 25.6 || 114 | 45.6 || 150 | 65.6 || 186 | 85.6
43 | 6.1 || 79 | 26.1 || 115 | 46.1 || 151 | 66.1 || 187 | 86.1
44 | 6.7 || 80 | 26.7 || 116 | 46.7 || 152 | 66.7 || 188 | 86.7
45 | 7.2 || 81 | 27.2 || 117 | 47.2 || 153 | 67.2 || 189 | 87.2
46 | 7.8 || 82 | 27.8 || 118 | 47.8 || 154 | 67.8 || 190 | 87.8
47 | 8.3 || 83 | 28.3 || 119 | 48.3 || 155 | 68.3 || 191 | 88.3
48 | 8.9 || 84 | 28.9 || 120 | 48.9 || 156 | 68.9 || 192 | 88.9
49 | 9.4 || 85 | 29.4 || 121 | 49.4 || 157 | 69.4 || 193 | 89.4
50 | 10.0 || 86 | 30.0 || 122 | 50.0 || 158 | 70.0 || 194 | 90.0
51 | 10.6 || 87 | 30.6 || 123 | 50.6 || 159 | 70.6 || 195 | 90.6
52 | 11.1 || 88 | 31.1 || 124 | 51.1 || 160 | 71.1 || 196 | 91.1
53 | 11.7 || 89 | 31.7 || 125 | 51.7 || 161 | 71.7 || 197 | 91.7
54 | 12.2 || 90 | 32.2 || 126 | 52.2 || 162 | 72.2 || 198 | 92.2
55 | 12.8 || 91 | 32.8 || 127 | 52.8 || 163 | 72.8 || 199 | 92.8
56 | 13.3 || 92 | 33.3 || 128 | 53.3 || 164 | 73.3 || 200 | 93.3
57 | 13.9 || 93 | 33.9 || 129 | 53.9 || 165 | 73.9 || 201 | 93.9
58 | 14.4 || 94 | 34.4 || 130 | 54.4 || 166 | 74.4 || 202 | 94.4
59 | 15.0 || 95 | 35.0 || 131 | 55.0 || 167 | 75.0 || 203 | 95.0
60 | 15.6 || 96 | 35.6 || 132 | 55.6 || 168 | 75.6 || 204 | 95.6
61 | 16.1 || 97 | 36.1 || 133 | 56.1 || 169 | 76.1 || 205 | 96.1
62 | 16.7 || 98 | 36.7 || 134 | 56.7 || 170 | 76.7 || 206 | 96.7
63 | 17.2 || 99 | 37.2 || 135 | 57.2 || 171 | 77.2 || 207 | 97.2
64 | 17.8 || 100 | 37.8 || 136 | 57.8 || 172 | 77.8 || 208 | 97.8
65 | 18.3 || 101 | 38.3 || 137 | 58.3 || 173 | 78.3 || 209 | 98.3
66 | 18.9 || 102 | 38.9 || 138 | 58.9 || 174 | 78.9 || 210 | 98.9
67 | 19.4 || 103 | 39.4 || 139 | 59.4 || 175 | 79.4 || 211 | 99.4
| || | || | || | || 212 |100.0

~Percentage Formula~ for addition of salts, etc., to completed media.

~Formula for preparing any desired percentage~ of a given salt, etc., in tubed media; e. g., to make 4 per cent. solution of KNO_{3} in a series of tubes of broth each containing 10 c.c. of medium, when there is already available a 25 per cent. stock aqueous solution of potassium nitrate.

(_N_ + ~X~) _Y_ _A_ (~X~)
--------------- = ----------
100 100

_N_ = number of cubic centimetres contained in each tube.

~X~ = amount of stock solution to be added to each tube.

_Y_ = percentage required in the medium.

_A_ = percentage of stock solution.

Then

(10 + ~X~) 4 25 ~X~
------------ = ------
100 100

Therefore, 40 + 4~X~ = 25~X~.

Therefore, 21~X~ = 40.

~X~ = 1.9 c.c.

This allows for solution added to the original bulk of medium.

Therefore, 10 c.c. broth + 1.9 c.c. of a 25 per cent. aqueous solution KNO_{3} makes 11.9 c.c. medium containing 4 per cent. KNO_{3}.

~TABLES FOR PREPARING DILUTIONS~

(of Serum, Disinfectants or other substances.)

In estimating the agglutinin content or _titre_ of a serum, testing disinfectants and for many other purposes, it becomes necessary to prepare a series of dilutions of the material under examination, and in order to avoid unnecessary expenditure of labour it is convenient to adhere to some definite scale of increment, such for example as the following:

From dilutions of 1:10 to 1:80 rise by increments of 5.

From dilutions of 1:80 to 1:200 rise by increments of 10.

From dilutions of 1:200 to 1:400 rise by increments of 25.

From dilutions of 1:400 to 1:500 rise by increments of 50.

From dilutions of 1:500 to 1:1000 rise by increments of 100.

From dilutions of 1: 1000 to 1:5000 rise by increments of 250.

From dilutions of 1: 5000 to 1:10,000 rise by increments of 1000.

From dilutions of 1:10,000 to 1:100,000 rise by increments of 5000.

From dilutions of 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000 rise by increments of 100,000.

When dealing with a substance of unknown powers--and this is especially true with regard to agglutinating sera--it is customary to run a preliminary test, using a few widely separated dilutions such as may be obtained in the following manner:

FIRST DILUTION--I.

1 c.c. serum + 9 c.c. normal saline solution = 10 per cent. solution or 1: 10 dilution (of which 1 c.c. contains 0.1 c.c. of the original serum).

When dealing with fluids other than serum the diluent is usually distilled water; whilst if the original substance is a solid the instructions would read:

1 gram o.s. + 10 c.c. distilled water = 10 per cent. solution, etc.

SECOND DILUTION--II.

1 c.c. first dilution + 9 c.c. normal saline solution = 1 per cent. solution or 1: 100 dilution.

THIRD DILUTION--III.

1 c.c. second dilution + 9 c.c. normal saline solution = 1 per mille solution or 1: 1000 dilution.

FOURTH DILUTION--IV.

1 c.c. second dilution + 9 c.c. normal saline solution = 0.1 per mille solution or 1: 10,000 dilution.

The following tables showing the secondary dilutions that can readily be prepared from each of these four primary dilutions for use in the subsequent determination of the exact _titre_ will probably be found of service by those who are not ready mathematicians.

TABLES FOR PREPARING DILUTIONS.

-----------------------------------+----------------------------------
|
TABLE I | TABLE II
Using 10 % stock solution | Using 1% stock solution
First } | Second }
dilution } + Diluent | dilution } + Diluent
|
-----------------------------------+----------------------------------
|
1: 10 = 1 c.c. + 0 c.c. | 1: 100 = 1 c.c. + 0 c.c.
1: 15 = 1 c.c. + 0.5 c.c. | 1: 110 = 1 c.c. + 0.1 c.c.
1: 20 = 1 c.c. + 1.0 c.c. | 1: 120 = 1 c.c. + 0.2 c.c.
1: 25 = 1 c.c. + 1.5 c.c. | [1: 125 = 1 c.c. + 0.25 c.c.]
1: 30 = 1 c.c. + 2.0 c.c. | 1: 130 = 1 c.c. + 0.3 c.c.
1: 35 = 1 c.c. + 2.5 c.c. | 1: 140 = 1 c.c. + 0.4 c.c.
1: 40 = 1 c.c. + 3.0 c.c. | 1: 150 = 1 c.c. + 0.5 c.c.
1: 45 = 1 c.c. + 3.5 c.c. | 1: 160 = 1 c.c. + 0.6 c.c.
1: 50 = 1 c.c. + 4.0 c.c. | 1: 170 = 1 c.c. + 0.7 c.c.
1: 55 = 1 c.c. + 4.5 c.c. | [1: 175 = 1 c.c. + 0.75 c.c.]
1: 60 = 1 c.c. + 5.0 c.c. | 1: 180 = 1 c.c. + 0.8 c.c.
1: 65 = 1 c.c. + 5.5 c.c. | 1: 190 = 1 c.c. + 0.9 c.c.
1: 70 = 1 c.c. + 6.0 c.c. | 1: 200 = 1 c.c. + 1.0 c.c.
1: 75 = 1 c.c. + 6.5 c.c. +---------------------------------
1: 80 = 1 c.c. + 7.0 c.c. | 1: 200 = 1 c.c. + 1.0 c.c.
------------------------------+ 1: 225 = 1 c.c. + 1.25 c.c.
1: 80 = 1 c.c. + 7.0 c.c. | 1: 250 = 1 c.c. + 1.5 c.c.
1: 90 = 1 c.c. + 8.0 c.c. | 1: 275 = 1 c.c. + 1.75 c.c.
1: 100 = 1 c.c. + 9.00 c.c. | 1: 300 = 1 c.c. + 2.0 c.c.
1: 110 = 1 c.c. + 10.0 c.c. | 1: 325 = 1 c.c. + 2.25 c.c.
1: 120 = 1 c.c. + 11.0 c.c. | 1: 350 = 1 c.c. + 2.5 c.c.
[1: 125 = 1 c.c. + 11.5 c.c.] | 1: 375 = 1 c.c. + 2.75 c.c.
1: 130 = 1 c.c. + 12.0 c.c. | 1: 400 = 1 c.c. + 3.0 c.c.
1: 140 = 1 c.c. + 13.0 c.c. +---------------------------------
1: 150 = 1 c.c. + 14.0 c.c. | 1: 400 = 1 c.c. + 3.0 c.c.
1: 160 = 1 c.c. + 15.0 c.c. | 1: 450 = 1 c.c. + 3.5 c.c.
1: 170 = 1 c.c. + 16.0 c.c. | 1: 500 = 1 c.c. + 4.0 c.c.
[1: 175 = 1 c.c. +-16.5 c.c.] +---------------------------------
1: 180 = 1 c.c. + 17.0 c.c. | 1: 500 = 1 c.c. + 4.0 c.c.
1: 190 = 1 c.c. + 18.0 c.c. | 1: 600 = 1 c.c. + 5.0 c.c.
1: 200 = 1 c.c. + 19.0 c.c. | 1: 700 = 1 c.c. + 6.0 c.c.
----------------- ------------+ [1: 750 = 1 c.c. + 6.5 c.c.]
1: 200 = 1 c.c. + 19.0 c.c. | 1: 800 = 1 c.c. + 7.0 c.c.
1: 225 = 1 c.c. + 21.5 c.c. | 1: 900 = 1 c.c. + 8.0 c.c.
1: 250 = 1 c.c. + 24.0 c.c. | 1: 1000 = 1 c.c. + 9.0 c.c.
1: 275 = 1 c.c. + 26.5 c.c. +--------------------------------
1: 300 = 1 c.c. + 29.0 c.c. | 1: 1000 = 1 c.c. + 9.0 c.c.
1: 325 = 1 c.c. +-31.5 c.c. | 1: 2000 = 1 c.c. + 19.0 c.c.
1: 350 = 1 c.c. + 34.0 c.c. | 1: 3000 = 1 c.c. + 29.0 c.c.
1: 375 = 1 c.c. + 36.5 c.c. | 1: 4000 = 1 c.c. + 39.0 c.c.
1: 400 = 1 c.c. + 39.0 c.c. | 1: 5000 = 1 c.c. + 49.0 c.c.
------------------------------+--------------------------------
1: 400 = 1 c.c. + 39.0 c.c. |
1: 450 = 1 c.c. + 44.5 c.c. |
1: 500 = 1 c.c. + 49.0 c.c. |

---------------------------------+-------------------------------
|
TABLE III | TABLE IV
Using 0.1% stock solution | Using 0.01% stock solution
Third } | Fourth }
dilution } + Diluent | Dilution } + Diluent
|
---------------------------------+-------------------------------
|
1: 1000 = 1 c.c. + 0 c.c. | 1: 10,000 = 1 c.c. + 0 c.c.
1: 1250 = 1 c.c. + 0.25 c.c. | 1: 15,000 = 1 c.c. + 0.5 c.c.
1: 1500 = 1 c.c. + 0.5 c.c. | 1: 20,000 = 1 c.c. + 1.0 c.c.
1: 1750 = 1 c.c. + 0.75 c.c. | 1: 25,000 = 1 c.c. + 1.5 c.c.
1: 2000 = 1 c.c. + 1.0 c.c. | 1: 30,000 = 1 c.c. + 2.0 c.c.
1: 2250 = 1 c.c. + 1.25 c.c. | 1: 35,000 = 1 c.c. + 2.5 c.c.
1: 2500 = 1 c.c. + 1.5 c.c. | 1: 40,000 = 1 c.c. + 3.0 c.c.
1: 2750 = 1 c.c. + 1.75 c.c. | 1: 45,000 = 1 c.c. + 3.5 c.c.
1: 3000 = 1 c.c. + 2.0 c.c. | 1: 50,000 = 1 c.c. + 4.0 c.c.
1: 3250 = 1 c.c. + 2.25 c.c. | 1: 55,000 = 1 c.c. + 4.5 c.c.
1: 3500 = 1 c.c. + 2.5 c.c. | 1: 60,000 = 1 c.c. + 5.0 c.c.
1: 3750 = 1 c.c. + 2.75 c.c. | 1: 65,000 = 1 c.c. + 5.5 c.c.
1: 4000 = 1 c.c. + 3.0 c.c. | 1: 70,000 = 1 c.c. + 6.0 c.c.
1: 4250 = 1 c.c. + 3.25 c.c. | 1: 75,000 = 1 c.c. + 6.5 c.c.
1: 4500 = 1 c.c. + 3.5 c.c. | 1: 80,000 = 1 c.c. + 7.0 c.c.
1: 4750 = 1 c.c. + 3.75 c.c. | 1: 85,000 = 1 c.c. + 7.5 c.c.
1: 5000 = 1 c.c. + 4.0 c.c. | 1: 90,000 = 1 c.c. + 8.0 c.c.
--------------------------------+ 1: 95,000 = 1 c.c. + 8.5 c.c.
1: 5000 = 1 c.c. + 4.0 c.c. | 1: 100,000 = 1 c.c. + 9.0 c.c.
1: 6000 = 1 c.c. + 5.0 c.c. +-----------------------------------
1: 7000 = 1 c.c. + 6.0 c.c. | 1: 100,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 0.9 c.c.
[1: 7500 = 1 c.c. + 6.5 c.c.] | 1: 200,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 1.9 c.c.
1: 8000 = 1 c.c. + 7.0 c.c. | [1: 250,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 2.4 c.c.]
1: 9000 = 1 c.c. + 8.0 c.c. | 1: 300,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 2.9 c.c.
1: 10,000 = 1 c.c. + 9.0 c.c. | 1: 400,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 3.9 c.c.
------------------------------- + 1: 500,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 4.9 c.c.
1: 10,000 = 1 c.c. + 9.0 c.c. +-----------------------------------
1: 15,000 = 1 c.c. + 14.0 c.c. | 1: 500,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 4.9 c.c.
1: 20,000 = 1 c.c. + 19.0 c.c. | 1: 600,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 5.9 c.c.
1: 25,000 = 1 c.c. + 24.0 c.c. | 1: 700,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 6.9 c.c.
1: 30,000 = 1 c.c. + 29.0 c.c. | [1: 750,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 7.4 c.c.]
--------------------------------+ 1: 800,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 7.9 c.c.
| 1: 900,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 8.9 c.c.
| 1:1,000,000 = 0.1 c.c. + 9.9 c.c.
-+-------------------------------------

TEMPERATURE PRESSURE TABLE.

---------------+--------------+---------------------+-------------
Temperature | | Pounds per sq. in. |
Centigrade | Mm. of Hg. | absolute pressure | Atmospheres
| | |
---------------+--------------+---------------------+-------------
| | |
98 deg. | 707.1 | 13.7 | 0.93
99 deg. | 733.1 | 14.2 | 0.96
100 deg. | 760.0 | 14.7 | 1.00
| | |
101 deg. | 787.8 | 15.2 | 1.03
102 deg. | 816.0 | 15.8 | 1.07
103 deg. | 845.2 | 16.3 | 1.11
104 deg. | 875.4 | 16.9 | 1.15
105 deg. | 906.4 | 17.5 | 1.19
| | |
106 deg. | 938.3 | 18.1 | 1.23
107 deg. | 971.1 | 18.8 | 1.27
108 deg. | 1004.9 | 19.4 | 1.32
109 deg. | 1039.6 | 20.1 | 1.36
110 deg. | 1075.3 | 20.8 | 1.41
| | |
111 deg. | 1112.0 | 21.5 | 1.46
112 deg. | 1149.8 | 22.2 | 1.51
113 deg. | 1188.6 | 22.9 | 1.56
114 deg. | 1228.4 | 23.7 | 1.61
115 deg. | 1269.4 | 24.5 | 1.67
| | |
116 deg. | 1311.4 | 25.3 | 1.72
117 deg. | 1354.6 | 26.2 | 1.78
118 deg. | 1399.0 | 27.0 | 1.84
119 deg. | 1444.5 | 27.9 | 1.90
120 deg. | 1491.2 | 28.8 | 1.96
| | |
121 deg. | 1539.2 | 29.7 | 2.02
122 deg. | 1588.4 | 30.7 | 2.09
123 deg. | 1638.9 | 31.7 | 2.15
124 deg. | 1690.7 | 32.7 | 2.22
125 deg. | 1743.8 | 33.7 | 2.29
---------------+--------------+---------------------+-------------

TABLE FOR DESICCATION AT LOW TEMPERATURES IN VACUO.

+--------------------------+ | Temperature | | | Centigrade | Mm. of Hg. | +-------------+------------+ | 21 deg. | 18.4 | | 22 deg. | 19.6 | | 23 deg. | 20.8 | | 24 deg. | 22.1 | | 25 deg. | 23.5 | | | | | 26 deg. | 24.9 | | 27 deg. | 26.4 | | 28 deg. | 28.0 | | 29 deg. | 29.7 | | 30 deg. | 31.5 | | | | | 31 deg. | 33.3 | | 32 deg. | 35.3 | | 33 deg. | 37.3 | | 34 deg. | 39.5 | | 35 deg. | 41.7 | | | | | 36 deg. | 44.1 | | 37 deg. | 46.6 | | 38 deg. | 49.2 | | 39 deg. | 51.9 | | 40 deg. | 54.8 | | | | | 41 deg. | 57.8 | | 42 deg. | 61.0 | | 43 deg. | 64.3 | | 44 deg. | 67.7 | | 45 deg. | 71.3 | | | | | 46 deg. | 75.1 | | 47 deg. | 79.0 | | 48 deg. | 83.1 | | 49 deg. | 87.4 | | 50 deg. | 91.9 | +-------------+------------+

ANTIFORMIN METHOD

For the detection of B. Tuberculosis.

_Antiformin_ was introduced into bacteriological technique by Uhlenhuth in 1908 for the purpose of demonstrating tubercle bacilli when present in small numbers, in sputum or other material. It is a powerful oxidising agent and rapidly destroys most bacteria, but tubercle and other acid-fast organisms resist its lethal action for considerable periods, and upon this fact the method is based.

_To prepare Antiformin_ measure out and mix:--

Eau de Javelle (Liquor sodae chlorinatae--B.P.) 50 c.c. Sodic hydrate 15 per cent. aqueous solution 50 c.c.

METHOD.

1. Introduce the sputum or other material (e. g. milk deposit and cream; pus; minced gland or other organ; caseous material; broken down foci, etc.) into a sterile tube and then add an equal volume of antiformin.

2. Close the tube with a rubber cork and shake vigorously (a sample of antiformin that does not "foam" at this stage is of little use). Disintegration of the material at once starts, associated bacteria are destroyed and the mixture rapidly becomes a homogenous but turbid fluid--a process which may be hastened by:--

3. Placing the tube in the incubator at 37 deg. C. for 30 minutes--shaking from time to time.

4. Centrifugalise the fluid thoroughly, at high speed.

5. Pipette off the supernatant fluid, fill up with sterile distilled water, cork the tube and shake to distribute the deposit throughout the water. Again centrifugalise.

6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 twice more.

7. Employ one portion of the final deposit to inoculate guinea pigs.

8. Plant the remainder of the deposit freely on Dorset's Egg medium; cap and incubate at 37 deg. C.

NOTE.--If only microscopical films are needed, fill up the
centrifuge tube with Ligroin (a petroleum ether) in place of
sterile distilled water in step 5 and prepare the films from
the _surface_ of the fluid, to stain by the Ziehl-Neelsen
process.

INDEX

Abbe's condenser, 7

Abbott's stain for spores, 107

Aberration, chromatic, 56
spherical, 55

Absolute alcohol as a fixative, 82
as an antiseptic, 27

Absorbent paper for drying cover-slips, 69

A. C. E. mixture, 345

Acetic acid for clearing films, 82

Achromatic condenser, 54

Acid haematin, 96
production, analysis table, 283
by bacteria, 145
investigation of, 280
qualitative examination, 283, 284
quantitative examination, 280

Acid-fast bacilli in tissues, to stain, 124

Action of various gases on bacteria, 295

Active immunisation, illustrative example, 322

Adjustable water bath, 299

Aerobic cultures, 221

Aerogenic bacteria, 131

Aesculin agar, 204

Agar gelatine (guarniari), 194
methods of preparation, 167
surface plates, 232

Agar-agar, preparation of, 167

Agglutination reaction, macroscopical, 386
microscopical, 385

Agglutinin, 381

Air, analysis of, 468
filter, 40
pump, Geryk, 43

Albumin solution, Mayer's, 120

Alcohol production, test for, 285

Alkaline pyro, 239

Alum carmine, 96

Ammonia production test for, 285

Amphitrichous bacteria, 136

Anaerobic cultures, 236
Botkin's method, 243
Buchner's method, 238
Bulloch's method, 245
Hesse's method, 237
McLeod's method, 240
media, 180
Novy's method, 244

Anaerobic cultures, Roux's biological method, 237
physical method, 237
vacuum method, 238
Wright's method, 239

Anaesthetics, 345

Analysis of air, apparatus for, 469
method of, 468
qualitative bacteriological, 470
quantitative bacteriological, 468
of butter, qualitative bacteriological, 458
quantitative bacteriological, 457
of cream, qualitative bacteriological, 458
quantitative bacteriological, 457
of fish, 460
of ice cream, qualitative bacteriological, 457
of meat, apparatus for, 460
method of, 460
qualitative bacteriological, 462
of milk, apparatus for, 444
collection of samples, 441
method of, 441
qualitative bacteriological, 446.
quantitative bacteriological, 444
of oysters, 463
of sewage, qualitative bacteriological, 467
quantitative bacteriological, 466
of shellfish, 463
of soil, apparatus for, 473
collection of samples, 471
method of, 470
qualitative bacteriological, 476
quantitative bacteriological, 473
of water, apparatus for, 420, 427
collection of samples, 416
method of, 416
qualitative bacteriological, 426

Analysis of water, quantitative bacteriological, 420

Aniline dyes, 83
Gentian violet, 95
water, to prepare, 108

Animal tissue media (Frugoni), 210

Animals, natural infections of, 337

Antiformin method for B. tuberculosis, 502

Antigen, definition of, 324

Antiseptics, 27
action of, 310

Apparent filth in milk, 450

Arnold's steam steriliser, 34

Arthrogenous spores, 138

Ascitic bouillon, 210
fluid agar (Wassermann), 213

Ascomycetae, 128

Ascopores, 129

Asparagin Media (Frankel and Voges), 183
(Uschinsky), 183

Aspergillus, 127

Atmospheric conditions, 295

Attenuating the virulence of organisms, 321

Autoclave, 37
to use, 37

Automatic pipettes, 13

Autopsies, 396

Autopsy, card index for, 402

Bacilli, morphology of, 132

Bacillus anthracis in soil, 477
in water, 440
coli in water, detection of, 429
diphtheriae in milk, 452
enteritidis in water, 437
sporogenes in milk, 452
in water, 438
oedematis maligni in soil, 477
tetani in soil, 477
in water, 441
tuberculosis in milk, 453
antiformin method, 502
typhosus in water, 441

Bacteria, anatomy of, 134
classification of, 131
grouping of, for study, 410
in tissues, demonstration of, 114
influence of environment on, 142
metabolic products of, 143
methods of identification, 259
microscopical examination of, stained, 81
unstained, 74
physiology of, 136

Bacteria, simple stains for, 90

Bacterial emulsion, preparation of, 389
enzymes, 144, 277
ferments, 144
food stuffs, 142
toxins, 144

Bacteriological analyses, general considerations, 415
examination of blood, 377

Base of microscope, 50

Basidium, 128

Beer wort, preparation of, 175

Beetroot media, 200

Beggiotoa, morphology of, 133

Benzole bath, 256

Berkefeld filter, 42

Beyrinck's solution I, 197
II, 198

Bile salt agar (MacConkey), 205
broth, double strength, 199
(MacConkey), 180

Biochemical examination of cultures, 276

Biochemistry of bacteria, 276

Biological differentiation of bacteria, 249

Bipolar germination, 140

Bismarck brown, 94

Blastomycetes, morphology of, 129

Blood agar, 171, 214
plates, animal, 251
human, 250
(Washbourn), 214
bacteriological examination of, 377
cells, washing of, 388
collection of, for serological examination, 379
films, preparations of, 376
staining of, 97
histological examination of, 373
pipettes, 11
serological examination of, 378
stains, 97

Blood-serum (Councilman and Mallory), 208
inspissated, 168
(Loeffler), 208
(Lorrain Smith), 208

Blowpipe table, 9

Body tube of microscope, 50

Bohemian flask, 4

Boiling water, 33

Bone marrow, films, preparation of, 400

Bordet-Gengou reaction, 393

Boric acid in milk, test for, 442

Botkin's anaerobic method, 243

Bouillon, preparation of, 163

Brain extract, 149

Bread paste, 193

Brilliant green agar (Conradi), 206
bile salt agar (Fawcus), 206

Brownian movement, 79

Buchner's anaerobic method, 238

Bulloch's anaerobic method, 245
tubes for permanent preparations, 407

Bunge's mordant, 104

Burri's Chinese ink stain, 77

Butter, analysis of, 457
qualitative analysis of, 458
quantitative analysis of, 457

Cadaver, preparation of, for autopsy, 397

Cages for guinea-pigs, 343
for laboratory animals, 341
for mice, 342
for rabbits, 343
for rats, 342

Calculated figure for weight of
medium mass, 166, 167

Cambier's candle method of isolating
coli-typhoid groups, 438

Camera lucida, 62

Capaldi-Proskauer medium, No I, 186
No II, 187

Capillary pipettes, 10
graduated, 13

Capitate bacilli, 139

Capsule formation, 134
of bacteria, 134
thermo-regulator, 218

Capsules, collodion, inoculation of, 357
preparation of, 357
glass, 6
to clean infected, 20
new, 18
to stain, 99
to sterilise, 31

Carbohydrate media, preparation of, 177

Carbolic acid as a germicide, 27, 481
method of isolating coli-typhoid group, 437

Carbolised agar, 202
bouillon, 202
gelatine, 202

Carbon dioxide in cultures, test for, 289

Card index, 336, 402

Carrot media, 200

Cedarwood oil for immersion lens, 88

Cell wall of bacteria, 134

Celloidin sacs, manufacture of, 358

Cellular incubator, 216

Centrifugal machine for blood and serum work, 327
for milk work, 447

Centrifugalised milk, 449

Centrigade degrees, conversion of, 494

Chemical products of bacteria, 145

China green agar (Werbitski), 207

Chloroform as an antiseptic, 27

Chromatic aberration, 56

Chromogenic bacteria, 131

Chromoparous bacteria, 144

Chromophorous bacteria, 144

Citrated blood agar, 191

Cladothrix, morphology, 193

Classification of bacteria, 131
of fungi, 126

Clavate bacilli, 139

Clearing films with acetic acid, 82

Clostridium, 139

Coarse adjustment, 51

Cobweb micrometer, 66

Cocaine, 345

Cocci, morphology of, 131

Coccidium infection, 339

Coefficient, inferior lethal, 312
of inhibition, 311
phenol, 489
superior lethal, 313

Cohn's solution, 191

Cold incubator, 217

Coli-typhoid group, differential table, 433
in milk, 451
in soil, 477
isolation of, 432
members of, 430

Collection of blood for bacteriological examination, 378
for media making, 168
of milk samples, 443
of pathological material during life, 373
of pus, 373
of soil sample, 471
of water samples, 416

Collodion capsules, 357
sacs, manufacture of, 357

Colonies of bacteria, edges, 267

Coloured light, action of, 309

Columella, 127

Comparative haemocytology, 374

Complement, definition of, 325
fixation test, 393

Concentration method in water, analysis, 434

Condenser achromatic, 54
dark ground, 60
paraboloid, 60
substage, 54

Condidium, 128

Continuous sterilisation, 36

Contrast stains, 93

Corrosive sublimate (Lang), 82

Cotton-wool filter, 40

Counterstaining films, 84

Counting plate colonies, 423

Cover-slip films, 81
to clean new, 22
used, 24

Crates for test-tubes, 31

Cream, analysis of, 457
qualitative analysis of, 458
quantitative analysis of, 457

Crenothrix morphology, 133

Criteria of infection, 370

Criterion of immunity, 324

Cultural characters, macroscopical examination, 261

Culture flask, Guy's, 5
Kolle, 4
Roux, 5

Cuneate bacilli, 139

Cutaneous inoculation, 352

Dark ground condenser, 60
illumination, 87

Daughter cells, 129

Daylight, diffuse, action of, 308

Decimal scales, 340

Decolourising agents, 84

Definition of objective, 56

Depilatory powder, 346

Description of plate culture, 261

Descriptive terms, 261

Desiccation, effects of, 306
table, 501

Desiccator, Mueller's, 307

Dextrose solution, preparation of, 178

Diaphragm, iris, 53

Diastatic enzymes, tests for, 278

Differential atmosphere cultivation, 257
incubation, 255
media, 255
staining, 108
sterilisation, 256

Diluting chamber, 248

Dilution by teat pipette, 383
of serum, 382
tables, 498

Dilutions, preparations of, 496

Diphtheria, bacillus of, in milk, 452

Diplobacilli, morphology of, 133

Diplococci, morphology of, 133

Diplococcus pneumoniae, immunisation against, 322

Discontinuous sterilisation, 36

Discs of plaster-of-Paris, 192

Disinfectants, action of, 310
chemical, 27
testing of, 480

Dissociating fluid, Price Jones; 400

Dosage of inoculum, 316

Double nosepiece, 58
stains for spores, 106
sugar agar (Russell), 207

Drop-bottle, 73

Dry heat, 28

Dunham's solution, 177

Dyes, aniline, 83

Earthenware box for dirty slides, 70

Earthy salts agar (Lipman and Brown), 197

Edge of individual colonies, characters of, 267

Egg albumin agar, 213
broth, (Lipschuetz), 213
media (Dorset), preparation of, 174
inspissated, 212
(Lubenau), 209
(Tarchanoff and Kolesnikoff), 212
to clear nutrient media with, 166

Ehrlich's eyepiece, 55

Eikonometer, 65

Eisenberg's milk-rice medium, 189

Electric dental engine, 360
signal clock, 38
warm stage, 59

Elevation of colonies, 263

Eisner's gelatine, 204
method of isolating coli: typhoid group, 438

Endogenous spores, 138
varieties of, 139

Endo-germination, 139

English proof agar, Blaxall, 193

Enumerating colonies on plates, 423
discs, Jeffer's, 424
Pakes', 424

Enrichment method in water analysis, 427

Enumeration of micro-organisms, 423

Environmental conditions, 142

Enzyme production, investigation of, 277

Eosin, 93

Equatorial germination, 140

Erlenmeyer flask, 4

Ernstschen Koerner, 136

Esmarch's roll culture, 226
water collecting bottle, 417

Estimation of reaction of media, 280

Ether flame, 28
soluble acids, 284

Eucaine, 345

Exalting virulence of organisms, 320

Examination of milk, 441

Experimental infections, study of, during life, 370
inoculation of animals, 332

Extracellular toxins, 144

Eyepiece, Ehrlich, 55
_micrometer_, 63

Eyepieces, 55

Eye-shade, 57

Fahrenheit degrees, conversion of, 495

Feeding experiments, 369

Fermentation reactions, 279
tubes, 17

Field of objective, 56

Filar micrometer, 66

Filling tubes, etc., with medium, 160

Film preparations, 81
fixing, 81
making, 81
mounting, 85
staining, 83

Filter candle, closed, 47
open, 43
testing efficiency of, 478
to disinfect, 28
to sterilise, 29
flask, 6
papers, to fold, 156

Filters, cotton-wool, 40
porcelain, 42
testing of, 478

Filtration, 40
by aspiration, 42
of media, 156
under pressure, 45

Fine adjustment, 51
spindle head, 52

Fish, analysis of, 460
bouillon, 190

Fish gelatine, 190
gelatine-agar, 190

Fishing colonies, 253

Fission, reproduction by, 136

Fixation, 81
by heat, 81
of tissues, 114

Fixing fluids, for films, 82

Flagella, classification of bacilli by, 136
to stain, 101

Flask Bohemian, 4
Erlenmeyer, 4
filter, 6
Kitasato'a serum, 6
Kolle's culture, 4

Flasks and test tubes, to plug, 24
to clean dirty, 20
new, 18
to sterilise, 31

Fleischwasser, 148

Fluid cultures, description of, 271
media, 146

Foot of microscope, 50

Formaldehyde in milk, Hehner's test for, 442

Formalin method of preserving cultures, 407
tissues, 404

Fractional sterilisation, 33

Fraenkel and Voge's solution, 183

Fraenkel's earth borer, 472

Freezing method for sections, 115

French Mannite Agar (Sabouraud), 193
proof agar (Sabouraud), 193

Fresh preparations of bacteria, 74

Friedlaender's capsule stain for sections, 123

Frost's mounting fluid, 406

Frozen sections, rapid method, 116

Fuchsin, 92
agar (Braun), 205
sulphite agar (Endo), 206

Gas analysis, qualitative, 290
quantitative, 290
collecting apparatus, 291
generators, 242
production by bacteria, 289
tubes for media, 161

Gasperini's solution, 193

Gelatin agar, 193
preparation of, 164
surface plates, 231

General anaesthetics, 345

Gentian violet, 91

German lined paper, 69

Germicides, 27
testing power of, 480

Germination, 140

Geryk air-pump, 43

Glass apparatus in common use, 3
to clean, 18

Glass-cutting knife, 8

Glucose formate agar (Kitasato), 180
bouillon (Kitasato), 180
gelatine (Kitasato), 180

Glycerinated potato, 209

Glycerine agar, 209
blood-serum, 208
bouillon, 209
potato bouillon, 203
broth, 203

Goadby's gelatine, 214

Gonidium, 128

Goniodophore, 128

Graduated capillary pipettes, 13
pipettes, 6

Gram-Claudius' differential stain, 109

Gram's differential stain, 108

Gram-Weigert for sections, 121, 122

Gram-Weigert's differential stain, 109
modified, 110

Grease pencils, 72

Grouping of bacteria for study, 410

Guarded trepine, 360

Guarniari's agar gelatine, 194

Guinea-pig cages, 343
holder, 350

Gulland's solution, 82

Gum solution, preparation of, 116

Guy's culture bottle, 5

Gypsum blocks (Engel and Hansen), 192

Haematin, 95

Haematocytometer, 248

Haematoxilin, 95

Haemolysin, definition of, 326
preparation of, 327
storage of, 331

Haemolytic serum, titration of, 328

Hanging-block culture (Hill), 235

Hanging-drop cultures, 233
examination of, 86, 79
preparation of, 78
permanent staining of, 80
slides, 70

Hardening tissues, 114

Haricot agar, 200
bouillon, 200

Hay infusion, 200

Hearson's water bath, 299

Heat effect of, 299

Hehner's test, 442

Heiman's serum agar, 210

Hesse's anaerobic culture method, 237

Histological examination of blood, 373

Holder for guinea-pigs, 350

Hot air, 29
steriliser, 30
to use, 31
incubator, 217

Hot-water funnel, 158

Human blood agar plates, 250

Huyghenian eyepiece, 55

Hydrogen, generating apparatus, 242
in culture, test for, 289
peroxide in milk, test for, 442

Hyphomycetes, morphology of, 126
reproduction of, 126

Ice-box, for water samples, 419

Ice cream, analysis of, 457

Illuminant for microscope, 67

Immune body, 393

Immunisation, methods of, 321

Imperial system, 492
factors for converting, 493

Impression films, 85

Incubators, 216

Index cards, 336, 403

Indol, test for, 286

Infection, definition of, 370
general observations during life, 371
results of, 404

Influence of environment on bacterial growth, 142

Inhalation, fluid inoculum, 365
powdered inoculum, 366

Inhibition coefficient, 310, 311

Inoculation card index, 336
cutaneous, 352
intracranial, 360
intramuscular, 355
intraocular, 362
intraperitoneal, 355
intrapulmonary, 363
intravenous, 363
of collodion capsules, 357
subcutaneous, 353
syringe, 344

Inoculum, character of, 346
preparation of, 346

Inosite-free media--bouillon (Durham), 183

Inseparate toxins, 144

Intermittent sterilisation, 36

Intracellular toxins, 144

Intracerebral inoculation, 362

Intracranial inoculation, 360

Intragastric inoculation, large animals, 367
Marks method, 367

Intramuscular inoculation, 355

Intraocular inoculation, 362

Intraperitoneal inoculation, 355

Intrapulmonary inoculation, 363

Intravenous inoculation, 363

In vacuo anaerobia cultures, 289

Invertin enzymes, tests for, 279

Involution forms, 137

Iodine solution, 108

Iron bouillon, 185
peptone solution (Pakes), 185

Isolation by animal experiments, 258
by differential atmosphere, 257
incubation, 255
media, 255
sterilisation, 256
by dilution, 248
by plate cultures, 250
subcultures, preparation of, 254

Jeffer's counting disc, 424

Jenner's stain, 97

Jores' mounting fluid, 405

Kaiserling fixing solution, 405

Kanthack's serum agar, 211

Killed cultivations, 318

Kipp's hydrogen apparatus, 242

Kitasato's serum flask, 6

Klebs-Loeffler bacillus in milk, 452

Koch's steam steriliser, 34

Kohle's culture flask, 4

Lab enzymes, test for, 279

Laboratory animals, 335
comparative haematocytology of, 374
normal temperature, 372
regulations, 1

Lactose litmus agar (Wurtz), 203
bouillon, 203
gelatine (Wurtz), 203

Lakmus Molke, 203

Lang's solution, 82

Lead bouillon, 185
peptone solution, 186

Leishman's stain, 98
for sections, 125

Lemco broth, 163

Leptothrix, morphology, 133

Lethal dose, minimal, 316

Leviditi's staining method, 124

Light, action of, 308

Liquefiable media, 147

Liquid soap, 346

Lithium carmine, 96

Litmus bouillon, 186
gelatine, 202
milk cultures, description of, 272
preparation of, 172
nutrose agar (Drigalski-Conradi), 205
whey, 195
agar, 196
gelatine, 196
(Petruschky), 195

Local anaesthetics, 345
reaction to infection, 372

Locomotive movement, 80

Loeffler's capsule stain, 103
serum, 208

Lophotrichous bacilli, 136

Lorrain Smith electric warm stage, 59
serum, 208

Lugol's solution, to prepare, 108

Lysol, 27

MacConkey's capsule stain, 99
media, 180, 199, 205

MacCrorrie's capsule stain, 103

Macroscopical examination of cultures, 261

Malachite green agar (Loeffler), 207

Malt extract solution (Herschell), 196

Margin of individual colonies, 267

Martin's filtering apparatus, 320

Material for inoculation, 346

Mayer's albumin, 120

Mean phenol coefficient, 490

Measuring bacteria, 61

Meat, bacteriological analysis of, 460
extract preparation of, 148
reaction of, 149

Mechanical separation of bacteria, 249
stage, 52

Media, filtration of, 156
preparation of, 163
aerobic culture, 222
aesculin agar, 204
agar-agar, 167
agar gelatine (Guarniari), 194

Media, preparation of anaerobic culture, 180
animal tissue (Frugoni), 210
ascitic bouillon, 210
fluid agar (Wassermann), 213
asparagin (Fraenkel and Voge's), 183
(Uschinsky), 183
beer wort, 175
beetroot, 200
Beyrinck's solution I, 197
II, 198
bile salt agar (MacConkey), 205
broth (MacConkey), 180
double strength, 199
blood agar (Washbourn), 214
blood-serum, 168
(Councilman and Mallory), 208
(Loeffler), 208
(Lorrain Smith), 208
bouillon, 163
bread paste, 193
brilliant green agar (Conradi), 206
bile salt agar (Fawcus), 206
Capaldi-Proskauer, No. I, 186
No. II, 187
carbohydrate, 177
carbolised agar, 202
bouillon, 202
gelatine, 202
carrot, 200
China green agar (Werbitski), 207
citrated blood agar, 171
Cohn's solution, 191
dextrose solution, 178
double sugar agar (Russell), 207
earthy salt agar (Lipman and Brown), 197
egg Dorset, 174
Lubenau, 209
egg-albumen, inspissated, 212
(Tarchanoff and Kolesnikoff), 212
egg-albumin agar, 213
broth (Lipschuetz), 213
English proof agar (Blaxall), 193
fish bouillon, 190
gelatine, 190
agar, 190
fluid, 146
French mannite agar (Sabouraud), 193

Media, preparation of French proof agar (Sabouraud), 193
Fuchsin agar (Braun), 205
sulphite agar (Endo), 206
gelatine, 193
agar, 193
glucose formate agar (Kitasato), 180
bouillon (Kitasato), 180
gelatine (Kitasato), 180
glycerinated broth, 209
potato, 209
glycerine agar, 209
blood-serum, 208, 209
bouillon, 209
potato bouillon, 203
gypsum blocks (Engel and Hansen), 192
haricot agar, 200
bouillon, 200
hay infusion, 200
inosite free-bouillon (Durham), 183
iron bouillon, 185
peptone solution (Pakes), 185
lactose litmus agar (Wurtz), 203
bouillon, 203
gelatine (Wurtz), 203
lakmus molke, 203
lead bouillon, 185
peptone solution, 186
lemco broth, 163
liquefiable, 147
litmus bouillon, 186
gelatine, 202
milk, 172
nutrose agar (Drigalski-Conradi), 205
whey, 195
agar, 196
gelatine, 196
(Petruschky), 195
malachite green agar (Loeffler), 207
malt extract solution (Herschell), 196
milk, 172
rice (Eisenberg), 189
(Soyka), 189
Naegeli's solution, 191
Naehrstoff agar (Hesse and Niedner), 199
neutral litmus solution, 179
nitrate bouillon, 185
peptone solution (Pakes), 186
nutrient, 146
agar-agar, 167

Media, preparation of nutrient bouillon, 163
gelatine, 164
nutrose agar (Eyre), 172
oleic acid agar (Fleming), 201
Omeliansky's nutrient fluid, 189
Parietti's bouillon, 202
parsnip, 200
Pasteur's solution, 191
peptone rosolic acid water, 186
water (Dunham), 177
plaster-of-Paris discs, 192
potato, 174
gelatine (Elsner), 204
(Goadby), 214
proteid free broth (Uschinsky), 183
rosolic acid peptone solutions, 186
serum, bouillon, 210
dextrose water, (Hiss), 188
sugar, (Hiss), 188
water, 170
serum-agar (Heiman), 210
(Kanthack and Stevens), 211
(Libman), 212
(Wertheimer), 211
silicate jelly (Winogradsky), 198
solid, 147
special, 182
stock nutrient, 163
sugar, 177
agar, 185
(dextrose) bouillon, 184
gelatine, 184
sulphindigotate agar, 181
bouillon (Weyl), 181
gelatine (Weyl), 181
tissue (Noguchi), 214
turnip, 200
urine agar, 188
bouillon, 187
gelatine, 187
(Heller), 188
wheat bouillon (Gasperini), 193
whey agar, 195
gelatine, 195
wine must, 192
Winogradsky's solution (for nitric organisms), 198
(for nitrous organisms), 198
wood ash agar, 201
wort agar, 176
gelatine, 176

Media, preparation of yeast water (Pasteur), 191
standardisation of, 154
storage of, in bulk, 159
storing tubes of, 161
sore boxes, 162
titration of, 150
tubing of nutrient, 160

Merismopedia, morphology of, 132

Mesophilic bacteria, 143
pathogenic effects, 315

Metabolic end-products, 145

Metachromatic granules, 136

Metal instruments, to sterilise, 28

Metatrophic bacteria, 131

Methods of cultivation, 221
of identification of bacteria, 259
of inoculation, 352
of isolation, 248
of sterilisation, 26

Methylene-blue, 90

Metric system, 492
factors for converting, 493

Meyer's carmine, 96

Microbes of indication, 426

Micrococci, morphology, 132

Micrococcus, melitensis in milk, 456

Micrometer, filar, 66
net, 63
ocular, 63
stage, 62

Micrometry, methods of, 61

Micron, 61

Microscope, 49

Microscopical examination of bacteria, 86
stained, 88
unstained, 86
observations of cultures, 272

Milk, analysis of, qualitative, 446
quantitative, 444
condensed, analysis of, 444
media, 193
preparation of, 172
rice (Eisenberg), 193
(Soyka), 189
samples, collection of, 443
sedimenting tubes, 449

Minimal lethal dose, 316

Mirror for microscope, 55

Moeller's stain for spores, 107

Moist heat, 32

Molecular movement, 79

Monotrichous bacilli, 136

Motility, examination for, 79
true, 80

Moulds, examination of, 126
for paraffin imbedding, 117, 119

Mounting film preparations, 85
paraffin sections, 119

Mouse cages, 342
holder, 351
scales, 341

Mucor mucedo, 126

Mucorinae, 126

Mueller's desiccator, 307

Muffle furnace, 28

Muirs's capsule stain, 100
flagella stain, 101

Museum preparations of bacteria, 407
of tissues, 404
sealing of, 406

Mycelium, 126

Mycoprotein, 135

Naegeli's solution, 191

Naehrstoff agar (Hesse and Niedner), 199

Naked flame, 28

Neisser's stain modified, 111

Net micrometer, 63

Neutral litmus solution, preparation of, 179
red, 94

Nitrate bouillon, 185
peptone solution (Pakes), 186

Nitric organisms in soil, 478

Nitrosoindol reaction, 287

Nitrous organisms in soil, 477

Normal averages (_t.p.r._), 372
serum, 375

Nosepiece, 57
double, 58
triple, 58

Navy's anaerobic method, 244
jars, 245

Nuclei, to stain, 105

Nucleus of bacteria, 135

Numerical aperture, 56

Nutrient media, 146

Nutrose agar (Eyre), preparation of, 172

Object marker, 61

Objectives, 55

Oblique tube cultures, 223

Ocular micrometer, 63

Oculars, 55

Oese, platinum, 71

Oidium, 128

Oil of garlic, 27
of mustard, 27

Oleic acid agar (Fleming), 201

Omeliansky's nutrient fluid, 189

Operation tables (Eyre's), 352
(Tatin's), 351

Opsonic index, 393

Opsonic index, determination of, 390

Opsonin, 387

Optical characters of colonies, 267

Optimum reaction of medium, determination of, 305
temperature, determination of, 298

Organisms of suppuration, 409

Orsat-Lunge gas apparatus, 292

Orth's carmine, 96

Oxford stain for Actinomyces, 112

Oysters, analysis of, 463

Pakes' counting disc, 424
filter reservoir, 45

Papier chardin, 158

Pappenheim's stain, 111

Paraboloid condenser, 60

Parachromophorous bacteria, 144

Paraffin method for sections, 117
sections, mounting of, 119
to stain, 121

Paratrophic bacteria, 131

Parietti's bouillon, 202
method of isolating coli-typhoid group, 437

Parsnip medium, 200

Passages of virus, 320

Pasteur-Chamberland filter, 42

Pasteur's pipettes, 10
solution, 191

Pathogenesis, investigation of, 315

Pathogenic bacteria, 131
study of, 408

Pediococci, morphology of, 132

Penicillium, 128

Peptone rosolic acid water, 186
water (Dunham), preparation of, 177

Percentage formula, 496

Perchloride of mercury, 27

Perisporaceae, 127

Peritrichous bacilli, 136

Permanent preparations of bacteria, 407
of tissues, 404

Petri's dishes, 6

Phagocytic index, 392

Phenol coefficient, 489
production, test for, 287

Photogenic bacteria, 131, 144

Physiological filter, 156

Picric acid solution, 121
(Spengler's), 112

Picrocarmine, 97

Pigment production, observations on, 288

Pipettes, automatic, 13
blood, 11
capillary, 10
cases for, 7
graduated, 6
capillary, 13
Pasteur's, 10
sedimentation, 16
standard graduated, 7
teat, 10
throttle, 13
to clean infected, 20
new, 18
to sterilise, 31

Piridin method of staining spirochaetes, 124

Pitfield's flagella stain, 103

Plasmolysis, 135

Plaster-of-Paris discs, 192

Plate box, 7
cultures, description of, 261
preparation of, 226
levelling stand, 228

Plates, Petri's, 6
to clean infected, 20
new, 18
to sterilise, 31

Platinum needles, 71
method of mounting, 71

Pleomorphism, 133

Polar germination, 140
granules, 136

Polkoerner, 136

Polychrome blood stains, 97

Pooled serum, 379

Porcelain filter, 42
Berkefeld, 42
Chamberland, 42
Doulton, 42

Post-mortem examination of experimental animals, 396

Potato gelatine (Eisner), 204
(Goadby), 214
medium, preparation of, 174

Potted meat, analysis of, 460

Pouring plates, 227

Preparation of experimental animals, 335

Preservatives in milk, 442

Pressure temperature table, 500

Primary colours, action of, 309

Proteid free broth (Uschinsky), 183

Proteolytic enzymes, tests for, 277

Prototrophic bacteria, 131

Psychrophilic bacteria, 143
pathogenic effects, 315

Pus, collection of, 373

Pyrogallic acid solution, 293

Qualitative analysis of air, 470
of milk, 446
of sewage, 467
of soil, 476
of unsound meat, 462
of water, 426

Quantitative analysis of air, 468
of milk, 444
of sewage, 466
of soil, 473
of unsound meat, 460

Rabbit cages, 343
scabies, treatment of, 338
scales, 340

Raising virulence of organisms, 320

Ramsden's micrometer, 66

Range of medium reaction, measurement of, 305
of temperature, measurement of, 298

Rat cages, 342

Raw milk, Saul's test for, 442

Reaction of medium, 305
optimum, 305
range of, 305
scale, 153

Reduced pressure and temperature table, 501

Reducing agents, production, 389
tests for, 289

Reduction of nitrates, 389

Reichert's thermo-regulator, 218

Relation of bacteria to environment, 142

Removal of material from culture tubes, 74

Rennin enzymes, tests for, 279

Reproduction of bacteria, 136

Resistance glass, 6
to lethal agents, 306

Resting stage of bacteria, 137

Restrictions upon experimental inoculations, 334

Ribbert's capsule stain, 101

Roll cultures, 226

Rosolic acid peptone solution, 186

Rosindol reaction, 286

Roux's anaerobic culture method, 237
culture bottle, 5

Sabouraud's medium, 193

Saccharomyces, morphology of, 129

Safranine, 94

Salicylic acid in milk, test for, 443

Saprogenic bacteria, 131

Sarcinae, morphology of, 132

Saul's test, 442

Scales, decimal, 340
trip, 164

Scalpels, to sterilise, 32, 33

Schallibaum's solution, 121

Scheme for study of bacteria, 259

Schizomycetes, classification of, 131
morphology of, 131

Scissors, to sterilise, 32

Sealing museum jars, 406

Searing iron, 397

Sections, special staining methods for, 121

Sedimentation pipettes, 16
tubes, 9

Selecting objectives, 57

Sensitising red blood cells, 395

Serial cultivations, 251

Serological examination of blood, 378

Serum agar (Heiman), 210
(Kanthack and Stevens), 211
(Libman), 212
plates, 250
(Wertheimer), 211
bouillon, 210
collection of, 379
dextrose water (Hiss), 188
inspissator, 169
sugar media (Hiss), 188
water, preparation of, 170

Sewage, analysis of, qualitative, 467
quantitative, 466

Shake cultivations, 225
description of, 271

Shape of colonies, 262

Shaving experimental animals, 349

Shellfish, analysis of, 463

Silicate jelly (Winogradsky), 198

Single stain for spores, 106

Size of colonies, 262

Slanted tube cultures, 223

Slides, to clean new, 22
used, 23

Smear culture, 224
description of, 268

Soap liquid, 346

Soda solution, storage of stock, 154

Sodium bicarbonate in milk, test for, 443

Soil, analysis of, qualitative, 476
quantitative, 473
collection of samples, 471

Solid media, 147

Soluble toxins, 144

Soyka's milk rice, 189

Spear-headed spatula, 402

Special media, 182

Specific serum, 379
dilution of, 382

Spherical aberration, 55

Spirillum, morphology of, 133

Spirochaeta, morphology of, 133

Spirochaetes in tissues, to stain, 124

Spleen extract, 149

Sporangium, 127

Spore formation, arthrogenous, 138
endogenous, 138
method of, 138, 273
germination, method of, 140, 274
observation of, 140, 273

Spores, characters of, 139
classification of, 139
double stain for, 106
to stain, 106

Stab culture, 224
description of, 265

Stage micrometer, 62
of microscope, 52

Staining methods, 90
paraffin sections, 121
reactions of bacteria, 274

Stains intra-vitam, 77
negative (Burri), 77
rack for, 72

Standard graduated pipettes, 7
soda solution, 154

Standardisation of media, 154

Standardising bouillon, 155

Staphylococci, morphology, 132

Staphylococcus in milk, 456

Steam steriliser, Arnold, 35
Koch, 35
to use, 35
streaming, 35

Sterigma, 127

Sterilisation by chemicals, 27
by dry heat, 28
by filters, 40
by moist heat, 32
by streaming steam, 35
by superheated steam, 36
of albuminous liquids, 32
of gases, 40

Sterilising agents, 26

Stichcultur, 224

Stock dilutions, 497
nutrient media, 163
plate for isolation work, 253

Storage of media in bulk, 159
of tubed media, 161

Store boxes for media, 161

Streak culture, 224
description of, 268

Streaming movement, 80
steam, 35

Streptobacilli, morphology, 133

Streptococci in soil, 477
in water, detection of, 432
morphology of, 132

Streptococcus pyogenes longus in milk, 455

Streptothrix, morphology of, 133

Strichcultur, 223

Structure, internal, of colonies, 265

Study of pathogenic bacteria, 408

Subcutaneous inoculation, 353

Subdural inoculation, 361

Substage condenser, 54

Sugar agar, 185
dextrose bouillon, 184
gelatine, 184
media, preparation of, 177

Sulphindigotate agar, 181
bouillon (Weyl), 181
gelatine (Weyl), 181

Sulphuretted hydrogen in cultures, test for, 290

Sunlight, action of, 309

Superheated steam, 36

Superior lethal coefficient, 310, 313

Suppuration, organisms of, 409

Surface characters of colonies, 264
plates, 230

Surgical motor, electric, 360

Swarm spores, 127

Syringe for subcutaneous inoculation of solid material, 354
hypodermic, 344

Tatin's operating table, 351

Taxonomy, 262

Teat-pipettes, 10

Temperature, action of, 299
optimum, 298
pressure table, 500
range, 298
taking, 340

Test objects for objectives, 57

Testing filters, 478

Test-tubes, 3
to clean infected, 19
new, 18
to plug, 24
to sterilise, 31

Tetracocci, morphology of, 132

Thermal death-point, 143
determination of, 298
of spores, 301, 304
of vegetative forms, 298, 303

Thermophilic bacteria, 143

Thermo-regulators, Hearson's capsule, 218
Reichert's, 218

Thionine blue, 92

Thiothrix, morphology of, 133

Thresh's water collecting bottle, 418

Throttle pipettes, 13

Tinned meat, analysis of, 460

Tissue medium (Noguchi), 214
stains, 95

Tissues for sectioning, fixing, 114
freezing, 116
hardening, 114
imbedding, 118
preparation of, 114
washing, 115

Titration of media, 150

Torulae, differentiation from saccharomyces, 130

Total acidity, 280

Toxins, testing of, 318

Trephines, 360

Triple nosepiece, 58

True motility, 80

Tube cultures, preparation of, 222
length, 50

Tubercle bacillus in milk, 453
to stain, 110, 124

Tuberculous guinea-pig, cadaver of, 454

Tubing nutrient media, 160

Turnip media, 200

Unna-Pappenheim's stain for sections, 123

Unsound meat, analysis of, 460

Urine agar, 188
gelatine, 187
(Heller), 188
media bouillon, 187

Uschinsky's solution, 183

Valency of specific sera, 386

Van Ermengem's flagella stain, 104

Vegetative stage of bacteria, 136

Vesuvin, 94

Vibrio cholerae in milk, 452
in water, 439
morphology of, 133

Virulence, attenuating, 321
of organisms, 320
raising, 320

Vivisection license, 334

Voges holder, 350

Volatile oils as disinfectants, 27

Warm stage, 58

Washing red blood cells, 388
tissues, 115

Water, analysis of, qualitative, 426
quantitative, 416
steriliser, 33

Weighing animals, 340

Welch's capsule stain, 101

Wertheimer's serum agar, 211

Wheat bouillon (Gasperini), 193

Whey agar, 195
gelatine, 195

Wine must, 192

Winogradsky's solution I, 198
II, 198

Wire crates for test-tubes, 31

Wood ash agar, 201

Working up plates, 252

Wort agar, 176
gelatine, 176

Wright's anaerobic method, 239

Yeast water (Pasteur), 191

Ziehl-Neelsen's stain, 110

Zoogloea, 134

Zymogenic bacteria, 131

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