Chapter LI

The first and most necessary topic in philosophy is the practical application of principles, as, _We ought not to lie_; the second is that of demonstrations as, _Why it is that we ought not to lie_; the third, that which gives strength and logical connection to the other two, as, _Why this is a demonstration_. For what is demonstration? What is a consequence? What a contradiction? What truth? What falsehood? The third point is then necessary on account of the second; and the second on account of the first. But the most necessary, and that whereon we ought to rest, is the first. But we do just the contrary. For we spend all our time on the third point and employ all our diligence about that, and entirely neglect the first. Therefore, at the same time that we lie, we are very ready to show how it is demonstrated that lying is wrong.

Upon all occasions we ought to have these maxims ready at hand:

Conduct me, Zeus, and thou, O Destiny,
Wherever your decrees have fixed my lot.
I follow cheerfully; and, did I not,
Wicked and wretched, I must follow still.[8]

Who’er yields properly to Fate is deemed
Wise among men, and knows the laws of Heaven.[9]

And this third:

“O Crito, if it thus pleases the gods, thus let it be.”[10]

“Anytus and Melitus may kill me indeed; but hurt me they cannot.”[11]

Footnotes

[1]Happiness, the effect of virtue, is the mark which God has set up for
us to aim at. Our missing it is no work of His; nor so properly
anything real, as a mere negative and failure of our own.

[2][Chapter XV of the third book of the _Discourses_, which, with the
exception of some very trifling differences, is the same as chapter
XXIX of the _Enchiridion_.—Ed.]

[3]Euphrates was a philosopher of Syria, whose character is described,
with the highest encomiums, by Pliny the Younger, _Letters_ I. 10.

[4][The two inimical sons of Oedipus, who killed each other in
battle.—Ed.]

[5][This refers to an anecdote given in full by Simplicius, in his
commentary on this passage, of a man assaulted and killed on his way
to consult the oracle, while his companion, deserting him, took refuge
in the temple till cast out by the Deity.—Tr.]

[6][Reference is to Zeno of Cyprus (335-263 B.C.), the founder of the
Stoic school.—Ed.]

[7][Chrysippus (_c._ 280-207 B.C.) was a Stoic philosopher who became
head of the Stoa after Cleanthes. His works, which are lost, were most
influential and were generally accepted as the authoritative
interpretation of orthodox Stoic philosophy.—Ed.]

[8]Cleanthes, in Diogenes Laertius, quoted also by Seneca, _Epistle_ 107.

[9]Euripides, Fragments.

[10]Plato, _Crito_, Chap. XVII.

[11]Plato, _Apology_, Chap. XVIII.

The Library of Liberal Arts

Aeschylus: _Prometheus Bound_. Tr. E. B. Browning. (LLA 24) .40
*Alembert, d’: _Introduction to the Encyclopédie of 1751_. Tr. T.
D. Lockwood. (LLA 88) .80
*Aristotle: _Nicomachean Ethics_. Tr. M. Ostwald. (LLA 75) .80
——: _On the Art of Poetry_. Tr. S. H. Butcher. (LLA 6) .50
*——: _On Poetry and Style_. Tr. G. M. A. Grube. (LLA 68) .75
Augustine: _On Christian Doctrine_. Tr. D. W. Robertson, Jr. (LLA
80) .95
*Bacon: _The New Organon_. (LLA 97) 1.00
*Beccaria: _Of Crimes and Punishments_. Tr. H. Paolucci & V.
Caporale. (LLA 107) .60
Bergson: _An Introduction to Metaphysics_. Tr. T. E. Hulme. (LLA
10) .40
*Berkeley: _An Essay Toward a New Theory of Vision & The Theory
of Vision Vindicated_. (LLA 83) .80
——: _A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge_.
(LLA 53) .75
——: _Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous_. (LLA 39) .75
_Boccaccio on Poetry._ Tr. C. G. Osgood. (LLA 82) _cl. $3.50_ 1.25
*Boethius: _The Consolation of Philosophy_. Tr. R. H. Green. (LLA
86) .95
Bonaventura: _The Mind’s Road to God_. Tr. G. Boas. (LLA 32) .50
Bowman: _The Absurdity of Christianity and Other Essays_. (LLA
56) .75
Bradley: _Ethical Studies (Selected Essays)_. (LLA 28) _cl. $2.00_ .85
*Burke: _On the Sublime and Beautiful_. (LLA 99) .90
——: _Reflections on the Revolution in France_. (LLA 46)
_cl. $3.50_ 1.25
Butler: _Five Sermons_. (LLA 21) .60
Calvin: _On the Christian Faith_. (LLA 93) .95
——: _On God and Political Duty_. (LLA 23) .60
*_The Cid._ Tr. J. G. Markley. (LLA 77) .75
Cornford: _Plato and Parmenides_. (LLA 102) 1.60
——: _Plato’s Cosmology_. (LLA 101) 1.75
——: _Plato’s Theory of Knowledge_. (LLA 100) 1.75
*Dante: _De vulgari eloquentia_. Tr. W. T. H. Jackson. (LLA 85) .60
——: _On World-Government (De Monarchia)_. Tr. H. W. Schneider.
(LLA 15) .60
Descartes: _Discourse on Method_. Tr. L. J. Lafleur. (LLA 19) .50
*——: _Discourse on Method and Meditations_. Tr. L. J. Lafleur.
(LLA 89) .90
——: _Meditations_. Tr. L. J. Lafleur. (LLA 29) .60
Dostoevski: _The Grand Inquisitor on the Nature of Man_. Tr. C.
Garnett. (LLA 63) .40
*Dryden: _An Essay of Dramatic Poesy_. (LLA 104) .60
Emerson: _Nature_. (LLA 2) .40
Epictetus: _The Enchiridion_. Tr. T. W. Higginson. (LLA 8) .40
Erasmus: _Ten Colloquies of Erasmus_. Tr. C. R. Thompson. (LLA
48) _cl. $3.00_ .90
Euripides: _Electra_. Tr. M. Hadas. (LLA 26) .40
Fichte: _The Vocation of Man_. Tr. W. Smith. (LLA 50) .75
Goethe: _Faust I._ Tr. B. Q. Morgan. (LLA 33) _cl. $2.50_ .75
Grotius: _Prolegomena to the Law of War and Peace_. Tr. F. W.
Kelsey. (LLA 65) .50
Hanslick: _The Beautiful in Music_. (LLA 45) _cl. $2.50_ .80
Harrington: _The Political Writings of James Harrington_. (LLA
38) _cl. $3.00_ .90
Hegel: _Reason in History_. Tr. R. S. Hartman. (LLA 35)
_cl. $2.75_ .75
Hesiod: _Theogony_. Tr. N. O. Brown. (LLA 36) .50
Hobbes: _Leviathan I-II_. (LLA 69) 1.00
*Hume.: _David Hume’s Literary Essays_. (LLA 84) .90
——: _David Hume’s Political Essays_. (LLA 34) _cl. $3.00_ .90
——: _An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding_. (LLA 49) .80
——: _An Inquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals_. (LLA 62) .75
*Kant: _Critique of the Aesthetic Judgment_. Tr. W. Cerf. (LLA
73) 1.25
——: _Critique of Practical Reason_. Tr. L. W. Beck. (LLA 52) .90
——: _Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals_. Tr. T.
K. Abbott. (LLA 16) .60
——: _Perpetual Peace_. Tr. M. C. Smith. (LLA 3) .45
——: _Perpetual Peace_. Tr. L. W. Beck. (LLA 54) .50
*——: _Perpetual Peace and the Idea of a Universal Commonwealth_.
Tr. L. W. Beck. (LLA 96) .75
*——: _Philosophy of Right_. Tr. J. Ladd. (LLA 72) 1.25
——: _Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics_. Tr. Mahaffy-Carus;
rev. L. W. Beck. (LLA 27) _cl. $2.00_ .85
*——: _Religion within the Limits of Reason_. Tr. T. M. Green.
(LLA 108) _cl. $3.50_ 1.00
Kleist: _The Prince of Homburg_. Tr. C. E. Passage. (LLA 60) .75
*Le Bon: _Mass Psychology (The Crowd)_. (LLA 90) .80
*Leibniz: _Monadology and Other Philosophical Essays_. Tr. P. &
A. Schrecker. (LLA 94) .90
*Lessing: _Laocoön_. Tr. E. A. McCormick. (LLA 78) .95
_The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes._ Tr. J. G. Markley. (LLA 37) .50
Locke: _A Letter Concerning Toleration_. (LLA 22) .40
——: _The Second Treatise of Government_. (LLA 31) _cl. $2.50_ .80
Longinus: _On Great Writing (On the Sublime)_. Tr. G. M. A.
Grube. (LLA 79) .60
Machiavelli: _Mandragola_. Tr. A. & H. Paolucci. (LLA 58) .60
Mill, J.: _An Essay on Government_. (LLA 47) .50
Mill, J. S.: _Autobiography_. (LLA 91) .90
*——: _Nature and Utility of Religion; Two Essays_. (LLA 81) .60
——: _On Liberty_. (LLA 61) .65
——: _Considerations on Representative Government_. (LLA 71) .90
Mill, J. S. (cont’d): _Theism_. (LLA 64) .75
——: _Utilitarianism_. (LLA 1) .50
*Moliere: _Tartuffe_. Tr. R. W. Hartle. (LLA 87) .50
Nietzsche: _The Use and Abuse of History_. (LLA 11) .50
Paine: _The Age of Reason_. (LLA 5) .50
Plato: _Euthyphro, Apology, Crito_. Tr. F. J. Church. (LLA 4) .50
——: _Gorgias_. Tr. W. C. Helmbold. (LLA 20) .75
——: _Meno_. Tr. B. Jowett. (LLA 12) .40
——: _Phaedo_. Tr. F. J. Church. (LLA 30) .50
——: _Phaedrus_. Tr. W. C. Helmbold & W. G. Rabinowitz. (LLA 40) .60
*——: _Philebus_. Tr. K. Herbert. (LLA 41) .75
——: _Protagoras_. Tr. B. Jowett. (LLA 59) .75
——: _Statesman_. Tr. J. B. Skemp. (LLA 57) .75
——: _Symposium_. Tr. B. Jowett. (LLA 7) .40
*——: _Theaetetus_. Tr. F. M. Cornford. (LLA 105) .80
——: _Timaeus_. Tr. F. M. Cornford. (LLA 106) .80
Plautus: _The Haunted House (Mostellaria)_. Tr. F. O. Copley.
(LLA 42) .45
——: _The Menaechmi_. Tr. F. O. Copley. (LLA 17) .45
——: _The Rope (Rudens)_. Tr. F. O. Copley. (LLA 43) .45
*Pope: _Essay on Man_. (LLA 103) .50
Post: _Significant Cases in British Constitutional Law_. (LLA 66)
_cl. $3.50_ 1.25
*Rousseau: _Two Discourses_. Tr. V. Gourevitch. (LLA 109) .80
*Russell: _Selected Essays_. (LLA 74) .90
Schneider: _Sources of Contemporary Philosophical Realism in
America_. (LLA 92) .60
*Schopenhauer: _Essay on the Freedom of the Will_. Tr. K.
Kolenda. (LLA 70) .80
Seneca: _Medea_. Tr. M. Hadas. (LLA 55) .45
——: _Oedipus_. Tr. M. Hadas. (LLA 44) .45
——: _Thyestes_. Tr. M. Hadas. (LLA 76) .45
*Shelley: _Defence of Poetry_. (LLA 98) .50
Sophocles: _Electra_. Tr. R. C. Jebb. (LLA 25) .40
Spinoza: _On the Improvement of the Understanding_. Tr. J. Katz.
(LLA 67) .50
Terence: _Phormio_. Tr. F. O. Copley. (LLA 95) .45
——: _The Woman of Andros_. Tr. F. O. Copley. (LLA 18) .45
*Tolstoy: _What Is Art?_ Tr. A. Maude. (LLA 51) .90
Whitman: _Democratic Vistas_. (LLA 9) .50

(_Complete catalogue sent upon request_)

* _In preparation._

THE LIBERAL ARTS PRESS, INC.
153 W. 72nd Street, New York 23, N. Y.