Chapter X: Church Fabrics and Services (4)

Throughout the whole of the eighteenth century Church discipline was in some respects a much greater reality than it is in our own day. No doubt in its later years the difference lay more in possibilities than in actual fact; so that the alterations in the law of excommunication made by the Act of 1813, exceedingly important as they were to persons who had come under censure of the ecclesiastical courts, had no very visible or direct bearing upon the English Church in general. Excommunication had been for some time becoming more than ever an unfamiliar word, limited almost entirely to the use of law courts. When, therefore, various obsolete practices relating to it were swept away and its consequences rendered less formidable, it is probable that few but lawyers were cognisant of any change. But in the first half of the last century, amid a number of complaints that notorious vice so continually escaped the formal censure of the Church, it is also evident that presentments and excommunications were far from uncommon, and that even open penance was not an excessive rarity. Episcopal instructions on the subject are frequent. Thus Archbishop Sharp requests his clergy to be very careful of anything like persecution; but where they cannot reform habitual delinquents, such as drunkards, profane persons, neglecters of God's worship, &c., by softer means, to take measures that they be presented. He would then do all he could before proceeding to excommunication. When that sentence had been actually denounced he allowed the clergyman to absolve the offender in sickness, when penitent, without the formal absolution under the Court Seal. Commutation for penances he did not approve of, but would sometimes allow them on the advice of the minister of the parish; the commutation to be entirely applied to Church uses and as notoriously as the offence had been. The public good was to be the rule.[1248] Secker's instructions to the clergy of Oxford in 1753 are still more full, though he prefaces them by the acknowledgment that he is 'perfectly sensible that both immorality and religion are grown almost beyond the reach of ecclesiastical power, which, having been in former times unwarrantably extended, hath been very unjustly cramped and weakened many ways.'[1249] Five years later, in his first Canterbury Charge, Secker speaks much less confidently on this subject. Wickedness, he said, of almost every kind, had made dreadful progress, but ecclesiastical authority was 'not only too much hindered, but too much despised to do almost anything to any purpose. In the small degree that it could be exerted usefully he trusted it would be.'[1250] He expressed himself to the same effect and still more regretfully in his last written production, his 'Concio coram synodo' in 1761.'[1251]

Fleetwood reminded the clergy and churchwardens that they were to present not only for flagitious conduct, but also for non-attendance at worship, for neglecting to send children or servants to be catechized, for not paying Church rates, and for public teaching without licence.[1252]

While a system of Church discipline carried out by presentments and excommunications was still, more or less effectually, in force, commutation of penance was very properly a matter for grave and careful consideration. It was obvious that laxity on such a point might fairly lay the Church open to a reproach, which Dissenters did not fail to make, of 'indulgences for sale.'[1253] One of William III.'s injunctions of 1695 was that 'no commutation of penance be made but by the express order of the bishop, and that the commutation be applied only to pious and charitable uses.'[1254] Early in Queen Anne's reign, in consequence of abuses which existed, the subject was debated in Convocation, and some stringent resolutions passed, by which it was hoped that commutations, where allowed, might be rendered perfectly unexceptionable.[1255] Some lay chancellors, on the other hand, wished to do away with penance altogether, and to substitute a regular system of fines payable to the public purse.[1256]

The poet Wordsworth has said that one of his earliest remembrances was the going to church one week-day to see a woman doing penance in a white sheet, and the disappointment of not getting a penny, which he had been told was given to all lookers-on.[1257] This must have been a very rare event at that date--about 1777.[1258] Early in the century this sort of ecclesiastical pillory was somewhat more common. But it was evidently quite unfrequent even then. Pope's parish clerk is made to speak of it as distinctly an event. This, which was called 'solemn penance,' as contrasted with that lesser form which might consist only of confession and satisfaction, was an ordeal which sounds like a strange anachronism in times so near our own. Bishop Hildesley thus describes it in the Isle of Man, where it was enforced upon certain delinquents far more generally than elsewhere. 'The manner of doing penance is primitive and edifying. The penitent, clothed in a white sheet, &c., is brought into the church immediately before the Litany, and there continues till the sermon is ended; after which, and a proper exhortation, the congregation are desired to pray for him in a form prescribed for the purpose.' This having been done, so soon as it could be certified to the bishop that his repentance was believed to be sincere, he might be received back again, 'by a very solemn form,' into the peace of the Church.[1259] In England generally the ceremony was in all respects the same,[1260] except that no regular form existed for the readmission of penitents. Jones of Alconbury, in the 'Free and Candid Disquisitions' (1749), spoke of the need of a recognised office for this purpose. That which was commonly used had no authority, and was very imperfect. A form also for excommunication was also, he thought, a definite want of the English Church. For want of some such solemnity, excommunication was very deficient in impressiveness, not at all understood by the people in general, and less dreaded than should be, as signifying for the most part nothing more than the loss of a little money.[1261]

The strongly marked division of opinion which had prevailed during the reign of Elizabeth and Charles I. as to the mode of observing Sunday no longer existed. Formerly, Anglicans and Puritans had taken for the most part thoroughly opposite views, and the question had been controverted with much vehemence, and often with much bitterness. Happily for England, the Puritan view, in all its broader and more general features, had won peaceful possession of the ground. The harsher and more rigid observances with which many sectarians had overburdened the holy day, were kept up by some of the denominations, but could not be maintained in the National Church. In fact, their concession was the price of conquest. Anglican divines, and the great and influential body of laymen who were in accord with them, would never have acquiesced in prescriptions and prohibitions which were tenable, if tenable at all, only upon the assumption of a Sabbatarianism which they did not pretend to hold. But the Puritan Sunday, in all its principal characteristics, remained firmly established, and was as warmly supported by High Churchmen as by any who belonged to an opposite party. It has been aptly observed that several of Robert Nelson's remarks upon the proper observance of Sunday would have been derided, eighty or a hundred years previously, as Puritanical cant by men whose legitimate successors most warmly applauded what he wrote.[1262] No one whose opinion had any authority, desired, after Charles II.'s time, to revive the 'Book of Sports,' or regretted the abolition of Sunday wakes. Amid all the laxity of the Restoration period--amid the partial triumph of Laudean ideas which marked the reign of Queen Anne--amid the indifference and sluggishness in religious matters which soon afterwards set in--reverence for the sanctity of the Lord's Day, and a fixed purpose that its general character of sedate quietness should not be broken into, grew, though it was but gradually, among almost all classes, into a tradition which was respected even by those who had very little care for other ordinances of religion.

Such, undoubtedly, was the predominant feeling of the eighteenth century; and it is difficult to overestimate its value in the support it gave to religion in times when such aid was more than ordinarily needed.

There are many aspects of Church life in relation to the social history of the period which the authors of these chapters are well aware they have either omitted entirely, or have very insufficiently touched upon. It is not that they have undervalued their interest as compared with matters which have been more fully discussed, but simply that the plan of their work almost precluded the attempt at anything like complete treatment of the whole of a subject which may be viewed from many sides.

C.J.A.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 838: Review of Milner's _Church Arch_, in _Q. Rev._ vol. vi. 63.]

[Footnote 839: Warburton and Hurd's _Correspondence_, 3.]

[Footnote 840: James Fergusson's _History of the Modern Styles of Architecture_, 246.]

[Footnote 841: Id. 246.]

[Footnote 842: Id. 255.]

[Footnote 843: M.E.C. Walcot, _Traditions, &c., of Cathedrals_, 47.]

[Footnote 844: Quoted in _Q. Rev._ vol. vi. 62.]

[Footnote 845: Id. vol. lxix. iii.]

[Footnote 846: _Parentalia_, p. 305. _Q. Rev._ vol. ii. 133.]

[Footnote 847: _Il Penseroso._]

[Footnote 848: _Persian Letters_, No. xxvi.]

[Footnote 849: Paterson's _Pietas Londinensis_, 1714, 236.]

[Footnote 850: Cawthorne's Poems.--Anderson's _English Poets_, x. 425.]

[Footnote 851: Seward's _Anecdotes_, 1798, ii. 312.]

[Footnote 852: J. Fergusson's _Mod. Archit._ 282.]

[Footnote 853: Its advocates were very desirous, about this time, of substituting the term 'English' for 'Gothic.'--Sayers, ii. 440. _Q. Rev._ ii. 133, iv. 476.]

[Footnote 854: Sayers' 'Architect. Antiquities.'--_Life and Works_, ii. 476.]

[Footnote 855: _Gentleman's Mag._ 1799, 858.]

[Footnote 856: _Gentleman's Mag._ 1799, 667-70, 733-6, 858-61.]

[Footnote 857: A.P. Stanley's _Hist. Memorials of Westminster Abbey_, 540-2.]

[Footnote 858: M.E.C. Walcot, _Traditions & Customs of Cathedrals_, 47-55.]

[Footnote 859: _Gentleman's Mag._ 1799, 669.]

[Footnote 860: Id.]

[Footnote 861: Walcot, 52.]

[Footnote 862: Id. 51.]

[Footnote 863: _London Parishes_, &c., 146.]

[Footnote 864: H. Walpole's _Letters_, i. 360.]

[Footnote 865: Defoe's _Tour through the whole Island_, i. 85.]

[Footnote 866: Many of them, however, could not yet have recovered from the treatment they had endured in the time of the Commonwealth. Though the Parliamentary committee appointed to decide the question had happily decided against the demolition of cathedrals, they were allowed to fall into a miserable state of dilapidation and decay.]

[Footnote 867: Secker's _Eight Charges_, 151-4.]

[Footnote 868: In his _Charge to the Clergy of St. Asaph_, 1710.]

[Footnote 869: Bishop Butler's _Primary Charge_, 1751.]

[Footnote 870: Horne's 'Thoughts on Various Subjects'--_Works_, i. 286.]

[Footnote 871: J. Hervey, 'Medit. among the Tombs'--_Works_, i. 1.]

[Footnote 872: W. Longman's _History of St. Paul's_, chap. 4. See especially the account quoted there from Earle's _Microcosmography_, 1628.]

[Footnote 873: Quoted in Id.]

[Footnote 874: _Hen. IV._ part ii. act i. sc. 2.]

[Footnote 875: Pilkington, quoted in Walcot's _Cathedrals_, 82.]

[Footnote 876: 'Heraclitus Ridens,' quoted in J. Malcolm's _Manners, &c. of London_, i. 233.]

[Footnote 877: Walcot, 81.]

[Footnote 878: A.P. Stanley's _Hist. Memorials of Westminster_, 535.]

[Footnote 879: Pepys' _Diary_, vol. v. 113, 114.]

[Footnote 880: Lord Braybrook's note to _Pepys_, v. 114.]

[Footnote 881: Burns' _Eccles. Law_, i. p. 328. High Churchmen, however, sometimes had their jest at the special love of the opposite party for 'their own Protestant Pews.'--T. Lewis's _Scourge_, Apr. 8, 1717, No. 10.]

[Footnote 882: Anderson's _British Poets_, ix. 82.]

[Footnote 883: Paterson's _Pietas Londinensis_, _passim_.]

[Footnote 884: Prior's _Poems_, 'Epitaph on Jack and Joan'--_British Poets_, vii. 448.]

[Footnote 885: 'Baucis and Philemon'--_B. Poets_, ix. 13.]

[Footnote 886: Fielding's _Jos. Andrews_, book iv. chap. i.]

[Footnote 887: A.J.B. Beresford Hope, _Worship in the Church of England_, 1874, 17.]

[Footnote 888: Such an instance was once mentioned to the writer by Bishop Eden, the late Primus of the Episcopal Church in Scotland.]

[Footnote 889: Walpole's _Letters_, ii. 35, quoted by Walcot, 56.]

[Footnote 890: Walcot, 53.]

[Footnote 891: _Considerations on the present State of Religion_, 1801, p. 47.--Polwhele's Introduction to _Lavington_, § ccxx. &c.]

[Footnote 892: _Considerations_, &c. 53. _Q. Rev._ vol. x. 54.]

[Footnote 893: _A.L. Barbauld's Works_, by Lucy Aikin, ii. p. 459.]

[Footnote 894: 'Hints on English Architecture'--Dr. F. Savers' _Life and Works,_ ii. 203. So also Bishop Watson, in 1800, complained that not only were there many too few churches in London, but 'the inconvenience is much augmented by the pews which have been erected therein. He would have new churches built with no appropriated seats, simply benches'--_Anecdotes of Bishop Watson's Life_, ii. 111.]

[Footnote 895: Fielding's _Joseph Andrews_, chap. 13.]

[Footnote 896: Robert Blair's _The Grace_, lines 36-7.]

[Footnote 897: Quoted, with some humour, by Bishop Newton, in defending Sir Joshua Reynolds' proposals for paintings in St. Paul's.--_Works_, i. 142.]

[Footnote 898: Christoph. Smart's _Poems_, 'The Hop Garden,' book ii.]

[Footnote 899: Fleetwood's 'Charge of 1710'--_Works_, 479.]

[Footnote 900: Secker's 'Charge of 1758'--_Eight Charges_, 191.]

[Footnote 901: John Byrom's _Poems_--Chalmer's _B. Poets_, xv. 214.]

[Footnote 902: Beresford Hope, _Worship in the Church of E._ 19.]

[Footnote 903: _Tatler_, No. 264.]

[Footnote 904: _Parochial Antiquities_--Jeaffreson, ii. 16 (note).]

[Footnote 905: Gay's _Poems_, 'The Dirge'--Anderson's _B. Poets_, viii. 151.]

[Footnote 906: Burns' _Eccles. Law_, i. 370.]

[Footnote 907: A few still remain, as at Rycote, in Oxfordshire.]

[Footnote 908: 'Smoothing the dog's ears of the great bible ... in the black letter in which our bibles are printed.'--'Memoirs of a Parish Clerk,' Pope's _Works_, vii. 225.]

[Footnote 909: Walcot, 115.]

[Footnote 910: _Gentleman's Mag._ vol. lxix. 667.]

[Footnote 911: Beresford Hope, _Worship_, &c., 68, 129.]

[Footnote 912: Secker's _Fourth Charge_ (1750), 154, and _Fifth Charge_ (1753), 180.]

[Footnote 913: _Pietas Londinensis_, _passim_.]

[Footnote 914: W. Longman's _Hist. of St. Paul's_, p. 145.]

[Footnote 915: Ralph Thoresby's _Correspondence_, ii. 384.]

[Footnote 916: Alex. Gilchrist's _Life of Blake_, i. 41.]

[Footnote 917: Quoted, with a similar passage from _Story's Journal_, by Walcot, 104.]

[Footnote 918: Ralph Thoresby's _Diary_, i. 60.]

[Footnote 919: Report of Conference of 1641, upon 'Innovations in Discipline,' quoted in Hunt's _Religious Thought in England_, i. 196.]

[Footnote 920: Quoted in Beresford Hope, _Worship_, &c., p. 232.]

[Footnote 921: Quoted by Hunt, iii. 48, note.]

[Footnote 922: Thoresby's _Diary_, i. 60.]

[Footnote 923: E. Nelson's _Life of Bishop Bull_, 52.]

[Footnote 924: Quoted in a review of Surtees' 'Hist. Durham,' _Q. Rev._ 39, 404. The charge was so persistently repeated that Archbishop Secker thought it just to his friend's memory to publish a formal defence. He regretted, however, that the cross had been erected. It was a cross of white marble let into a black slab, and surrounded by cedar work, in the wall over the Communion Table.--T. Bartlett's _Memoirs of Bishop Butler_, 91, 155.]

[Footnote 925: _Guardian_, No. 21, April 4, 1713.]

[Footnote 926: There were, however, some who put up pictures about the altar, and defended their use as 'the books of the vulgar.'--_Life of Bishop Kennet_, in an. 1716, 125.]

[Footnote 927: Lathbury's _History of the Nonjurors_, 256.]

[Footnote 928: _Diary of Mary Countess Cowper_ (1714-20), pub. 1864, 92; and _Life of Bishop White Kennet_, 1730, 141-2.]

[Footnote 929: A very different anecdote may be told of an altar-piece in St. John's College, Cambridge. 'At Chapel,' wrote Henry Martyn, in 1800, 'my soul ascended to God: and the sight of the picture at the altar, of St. John preaching in the wilderness, animated me exceedingly to devotedness to the life of a missionary.'--_Journal_, &c., ed. by S. Wilberforce, quoted in Bartlett's _Memoirs of Bishop Butler_, 92.]

[Footnote 930: Longman's _Hist. of St. Paul's_, 141.]

[Footnote 931: 'Essay upon Painting.'--Anderson's _B. Poets_, ix. 824.]

[Footnote 932: _Memoirs of Sir J. Reynolds_, by H.W. Beechy, 224.]

[Footnote 933: Bishop Newton's _Life and Works_, 1787, i. 142-4.]

[Footnote 934: _Memoir_, &c., i. 225.]

[Footnote 935: Alex. Gilchrist's _Life of W. Blake_, i. 96.]

[Footnote 936: Milman's _Annals of St. Paul_, quoted by Longman, _Hist. of St. P._ 153.]

[Footnote 937: Jas. Dallaway on _Architecture_, &c., 443-5.]

[Footnote 938: Beresford Hope, _Worship_, &c. 19.]

[Footnote 939: 'When they startle at a dumb picture in a window.'--T. Lewis, in _The Scourge_, Apr. 9, 1717, No. 9.]

[Footnote 940: Various illustrations of this may be found in Paterson's _Pietas Londinensis_.]

[Footnote 941: A new one was substituted for it in 1864.]

[Footnote 942: C. Winslow, _Hints on Glass Colouring_, i. 206.]

[Footnote 943: Id. 207.]

[Footnote 944: J. Dallaway, _Architecture_, &c., 446.]

[Footnote 945: Winslow, _Hints_, &c., 207.]

[Footnote 946: Dallaway, 446.]

[Footnote 947: C. Winslow, _Memoirs Illustrative of the Art of Glass Painting_, 153.]

[Footnote 948: C. Winslow, _Hints_, i. 216.]

[Footnote 949: C. Winslow, _Memoirs_, &c., 153.]

[Footnote 950:

'Shapes that with one broad glare the gazer strike,
Kings, bishops, nuns, apostles, all alike.'--_T. Warton_.]

[Footnote 951: Beechy's _Memoirs of Sir Josh. Reynolds_, 239.]

[Footnote 952: C. Winslow, _Hints_, &c., i. 211.]

[Footnote 953: Hartley Coleridge, _Marginalia_, 253.]

[Footnote 954: C. Winslow, _Memoirs_, &c., 176.]

[Footnote 955: Dallaway's _Architecture_, &c., 454.]

[Footnote 956: _Q. Rev._ vol. xcv. 317, 'Review of Gatty and Ellacombe on Bells.' The two next sentences are based on the same authority.]

[Footnote 957: Hearne's _Reliquiæ_, May 22, 1733, Jan. 2, 1731, May 2, 1734, &c.]

[Footnote 958: _Q. Rev._ vol. xxxix. 308.]

[Footnote 959: _Q. Rev._ vol. xcv. 328.]

[Footnote 960: Oliver Goldsmith's 'Life of K. Nash, _Works_, iii. 374.]

[Footnote 961: Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, ii. 221.]

[Footnote 962: T. Pennant's _Holywell_, &c., 99.]

[Footnote 963: T. Webb's _Collect. of Epitaphs_, 1775, i. pref.]

[Footnote 964: Secker's _Eight Charges_ 182. Charge of 1753.]

[Footnote 965:

'Lest her new grave the parson's cattle raze.
For both his cow and horse the churchyard graze.'

Gay's _Shepherd's Week_.]

[Footnote 966: _Q. Rev._ vol. xc. 294.]

[Footnote 967: T. Webb's _Collection of Epitaphs_, 1775, ii. 28.]

[Footnote 968: Elegy written in a churchyard in S. Wales, 1787, W. Mason's _Works_, 1811, i. 113.]

[Footnote 969: Quoted in Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, ii. 299.]

[Footnote 970: _Spectator_, No. 388, May 20, 1712.]

[Footnote 971: 'Project, &c.' 1709--Swift's _Works_, viii. 105, with Sir W. Scott's note.]

[Footnote 972: Calamy's _Own Life_, ii. 289.]

[Footnote 973: _Annals of England_, iii. 202.]

[Footnote 974: Secker's _Fifth Charge_, 1753. Butler's _Durham Charge_, 1751.]

[Footnote 975: _Considerations on the Present State of Religion_, 1801, chap. v.]

[Footnote 976: _Q. Rev._ vol. x. 57.]

[Footnote 977: K. Polwhele's Introduction to _Harrington_, cclxxxi.]

[Footnote 978: Beveridge's _Necessity and Advantages of Public Prayer_, 34.]

[Footnote 979: Lathbury's _Hist. of the Nonjurors_, 77.]

[Footnote 980: Baxter's _English Nonconformity_, chap. 41. Quoted in Bingham's 'Origines Ecclesiasticæ:'--_Works_ ix. 128.]

[Footnote 981: Paterson's _Pietas Londinensis_, 305.]

[Footnote 982: _Guardian_, No. 65, May 26, 1713.]

[Footnote 983: R. Nelson, _Practice of True Devotion_, chap. i. § 3.]

[Footnote 984: Brokesby's _Life of Dodwell_, 1715, 542.]

[Footnote 985: Nelson's _Life of Bishop Bull_, 375-6.]

[Footnote 986: _Archbishop Sharp's Life_, by his Son, i. 201.]

[Footnote 987: Whiston's _Memoirs_, 1749, 124.]

[Footnote 988: Thoresby's _Diary_, Aug. 8, 1702, i. 375.]

[Footnote 989: Goldsmith's 'Life of Nash'--_Works_, iii. 277-8. De Foe's _Tour through Great Britain_, 1738, i. 193, ii. 242.]

[Footnote 990: Lloyd's _Poems_, 'A Tale,' c. 1757, Cowper's _Poems_, 'Truth.']

[Footnote 991: B. Hope, _Worship, &c., in the Ch. of E._, 20.]

[Footnote 992: _Pietas Londinensis_, _passim_.]

[Footnote 993: Secker's _Eight Charges_, 77.]

[Footnote 994: Whiston mentions this with approval in his _Memoirs_, 1769, x. 138. It is mentioned of Archbishop Sharp that he always kept Wednesday and Friday as days of humiliation, and Friday as a fast.--_Life_, ii. 81. Hearne and Grabe were very much scandalised at Dr. Hough making Friday his day for entertaining strangers.--Hearne's _Reliquiæ_, ii. 30. The boys at Appleby School, about 1730, always, as is incidentally mentioned, went to morning prayers in the Church on Wednesdays and Fridays ('Memoir of R. Yates,' appended to G.W. Meadley's _Memoirs of Paley_, 123).]

[Footnote 995: R.A. Willmott, _Lives of Sacred Poets_, 1838, ii. x. 173.]

[Footnote 996: Gilbert Wakefield's _Memoirs_, 1792, x. 137.]

[Footnote 997: James Hervey's _Works_, 1805. _Letter_ cxiv. Oct. 28, 1753--_Works_, vol. vi.]

[Footnote 998: _London Parishes_, &c.]

[Footnote 999: A. Andrews' _The Eighteenth Century_, 63.]

[Footnote 1000: Paterson's _Pietas Londinensis_.]

[Footnote 1001: Johnson's _Clergyman's Vade-Mecum_, 1709, i. 179.]

[Footnote 1002: _Life of Kettlewell_, 1719, 24.]

[Footnote 1003: Burnet's _Four Discourses to the Clergy of Sarum_, 1694, 338.]

[Footnote 1004: Paterson's _Pietas Londinensis_, Introd.]

[Footnote 1005: Fleetwood's _Works_, 716.]

[Footnote 1006: Johnson's _Vade-Mecum_, i. 189]

[Footnote 1007: E.g. Malcolm's _London_, &c., i. 18.]

[Footnote 1008: Walcot's _Cathedrals_, &c. (of Rochester), 102.]

[Footnote 1009: Doran's Note to _Horace Walpole's Journal_, i. 89.]

[Footnote 1010: Bramston, quoted in id.]

[Footnote 1011: C. Cruttwell's _Life of Bishop Wilson_, 370.]

[Footnote 1012: _Life of Kettlewell_, 24. Paterson's _Pietas Londinensis_, Introduction. H.B. Wilson's _Hist. of Merchant Taylors_, 1075. Chr. Wordsworth's _Memoirs of W. Wordsworth_, 8.]

[Footnote 1013: _The Church of England Vindicated_, &c., 1801, 15.]

[Footnote 1014: Secker's _Eight Charges_, 49.]

[Footnote 1015: Boswell's _Life of Johnson_, ii. 191.]

[Footnote 1016: Beresford Hope, _Worship_, &c., 22.]

[Footnote 1017: J.B. Pearson, in _Oxford Essays_, 1858, 165.]

[Footnote 1018: Horsley's _Charges_, 114.]

[Footnote 1019: Brand's _Popular Antiq._ 1777, i. 491.]

[Footnote 1020: _Spectator_, No. 282.]

[Footnote 1021: Gay's _Trivia_, ii. 438.]

[Footnote 1022: Walcot's _Cathedrals_, &c., 137.]

[Footnote 1023: Gay's _Trivia_, ii. 442.]

[Footnote 1024: Stukeley's _Hist. of Carausius_, ii. 164. Quoted by Walcot, 137.]

[Footnote 1025: Paterson's _Pietas Lond._]

[Footnote 1026: As at St. Dunstan's-in-the-West, &c., id. 80.]

[Footnote 1027: See p. 68.]

[Footnote 1028: _Piet. Lond._ 272.]

[Footnote 1029: Walcot's _Cathedrals_, &c., 137.]

[Footnote 1030: Paterson's _Pietas Londinensis_, 157.]

[Footnote 1031: Id.]

[Footnote 1032: _Spectator_, No. 161, Sept. 4, 1711.]

[Footnote 1033: Nelson's _Life of Bull_, 312.]

[Footnote 1034: Macaulay's _History of Claybrook_, 1791, 93, quoted by Brand, ii. 12.]

[Footnote 1035: Wither's _Emblems_, 1635, quoted by Brand.]

[Footnote 1036: J. Walton's _Life of Hooker_.--Hooker's _Works_, 1850, i. 63.]

[Footnote 1037: Secker's _Charges_, 143.]

[Footnote 1038: Wilson's _Hist. of St. Lawrence Pountney_, 114.]

[Footnote 1039: Secker's _Charges_, 143.]

[Footnote 1040: J. Brand's _Popular Antiquities_, i. 199.]

[Footnote 1041: De Foe's _Works_, Chalmers, vol. xx. 8, note.]

[Footnote 1042: _A Collection of Parl. Protests_, 1737, 164.]

[Footnote 1043: _Life of Ken_, by a Layman, ii. 653.]

[Footnote 1044: Whiston's _Memoirs_, 1749, 132.]

[Footnote 1045: Id. and 406.]

[Footnote 1046: G. Wakefield's _Memoirs_, 1792, 182.]

[Footnote 1047: Malcolm's _Manners and Customs of London_, ii. 16-19.]

[Footnote 1048: Id. 23.]

[Footnote 1049: Brand's _Pop. Antiq._ i. 406-8.]

[Footnote 1050: Paterson's _Pietas Lond._ 23, 154, 164.]

[Footnote 1051: Burn's _Eccl. Law_, iii. 235.]

[Footnote 1052: H.J. Stephen's _Commentaries on the Laws_, 1858, iii. 54.]

[Footnote 1053: Dean Prideaux' _Life and Letters_, 1747, 95, and R. South's _Sermons_, 1823, iv. 186.]

[Footnote 1054: Prideaux, as above.]

[Footnote 1055: Burnet, quoted in J. Hunt's _Hist. of Rel. Thought in E._ iii. 223.]

[Footnote 1056: Secker's _Eight Charges_, 6.]

[Footnote 1057: B. Hope, _Worship in the Ch. of E._, 10. Secker makes the same remark, _Eight Charges_, 295.]

[Footnote 1058: Bishop Newton's _Life and Works_, i. 115.]

[Footnote 1059: J. Newton's _Memoirs_, 54.]

[Footnote 1060: _The Church of England Vindicated_, 1801, 40.]

[Footnote 1061: _Considerations on the Present State of Religion_, 1801, 21, 29.]

[Footnote 1062: H. More's _Memoirs_, i. 573.]

[Footnote 1063: H. More's _Memoirs_, i. 656.]

[Footnote 1064: Id. 458.]

[Footnote 1065: R. Thoresby's _Diary_ (of 1684), i. 178.]

[Footnote 1066: _Spectator_, No. 20.]

[Footnote 1067: _Spectator_, No. 50.]

[Footnote 1068: Id. No. 259.]

[Footnote 1069: The scandalous interruptions during service which C. Simeon met with (1792-5) were, of course, of a different nature.--_Simeon's Memoirs_, 86-92.]

[Footnote 1070: R. Polwhele's Introduction to _Lavington_, ccxliv.]

[Footnote 1071: Tindal, vol. i. and _Somers Tracts_, x. 349, quoted in W. Palin's _Hist. of the Ch. of E. from_ 1688 _to_ 1717, 218.]

[Footnote 1072: Quoted in id. 228.]

[Footnote 1073: _Gibson Papers_, v. 9. Quoted in J. Stoughton's _Church of the Revolution_, 324.]

[Footnote 1074: Hooper's MS., quoted by Palin, 220.]

[Footnote 1075: Cripps's _Laws of the Church_, 675.]

[Footnote 1076: R. Burn's _Eccles. Law_, iii. 273.]

[Footnote 1077: Johnson's _Vade Mecum_, i. 281.]

[Footnote 1078: _Worship in the Church of England_, 9.]

[Footnote 1079: J. Johnson's _Vade Mecum_, i. 21.]

[Footnote 1080: _Life of Archbishop Sharp_, by his Son, i. 355.]

[Footnote 1081: B. Hope, _Worship_, &c., 109, 1211.]

[Footnote 1082: Gibson's _Codex Jur. Eccl._ 303, 472. This opinion is referred to with approval in _An Account of London Parishes_, &c.]

[Footnote 1083: Blomefield's _Hist. of Norwich_, quoted in id. 140.]

[Footnote 1084: A.P. Stanley's _Memoirs of Westminster Abbey_, 192.]

[Footnote 1085: Defoe's _Tour_, 1727, iii. 189, also Thoresby's _Diary_, i. 60.]

[Footnote 1086: B. Hope, _Worship_, &c., 138.]

[Footnote 1087: _Gent. Mag._ for 1804, quoted in id.]

[Footnote 1088: _The Scourge_, by T. Lewis, Feb. 11, 1717.]

[Footnote 1089: Sherlock, _On Public Worship_, 114.]

[Footnote 1090: _The Scourge_, May 16, 1717.]

[Footnote 1091: Quoted in Stoughton's _Church of the Revolution_, 323.]

[Footnote 1092: E. Thoresby's _Diary_, ii. 341.]

[Footnote 1093: _Tatler_, No. 129.]

[Footnote 1094: Secker's _Eight Charges_, 182.]

[Footnote 1095: R. South's _Sermons_, iv. 191, also _Strype Corresp._ quoted by Stoughton, _Ch. of the Rev._, 323.]

[Footnote 1096: Mr. Wordsworth, however, mentions a portrait of 1730, showing the interior of an English church in which the celebrant at the Eucharist is robed in a black gown.--_Univ. Soc. in the Eighteenth Cent._, 533.]

[Footnote 1097: Walcot's _Cathedrals_, &c., 121.]

[Footnote 1098: Christopher Pitt's _Art of Preaching_, c. 1740. Anderson's _Br. Poets_, viii. 821.]

[Footnote 1099: _Spectator_, No. 21.]

[Footnote 1100: Id. No. 609.]

[Footnote 1101: Id., and Oldham, in the _Tatler_, No. 255.]

[Footnote 1102: Swift's 'Project for the Adv. of Rel.'--_Works_, ix. 97. _Spectator_, No. 608.]

[Footnote 1103: Hearne's _Reliq._ Feb. 1719-20, quoted in Chr. Wordsworth, _Univ. Soc. in Eighteenth Century_, 36, 516.]

[Footnote 1104: Fielding's _Joseph Andrews_, b. i. chap. 16, b. ii. chaps. 3, 7, &c.]

[Footnote 1105: Cf. C. Churchill's _Independence_:--

'O'er a brown cassock which had once been black,
Which hung in tatters o'er his brawny back.']

[Footnote 1106: _Hardships, &c., of the Inf. Clergy_, in a letter to the Bishop of London, 1722, 20, 93, 246.]

[Footnote 1107: _Admonition to the Younger Clergy_, 1764, and _Philagoretes on the Pulpit_, &c., quoted by Chr. Wordsworth, _Universities_, &c., 526, 529.]

[Footnote 1108: J.C. Jeaffreson's _B. of the Clergy_, ii. 253.]

[Footnote 1109: _Mrs. Abigail, &c., with some Free Thoughts on the Pretended Dignity of the Clergy_, 1700.]

[Footnote 1110: Quoted in _Justice and Necessity of Restraining the Clergy_, &c., 1715, 41]

[Footnote 1111: Jeaffreson, ii. 231.]

[Footnote 1112: R. South's _Sermons_, vol. iv. 192.]

[Footnote 1113: Dean Swift's _Works_, vol. viii. 313.]

[Footnote 1114: Chap. iii. p. 26 quoted in A. Andrews' _Eighteenth Century_.]

[Footnote 1115: _Considerations Addressed to the Clergy_, 1798, 14.]

[Footnote 1116: _Spectator_, No. 455. Burnet, as a matter of opinion, thought this more consonant with primitive usage, and, except during confession, more expressive of the feelings of faith and confidence.--_Four Discourses_, &c., 1694, 323.]

[Footnote 1117: _The Scourge_, 1720, No. 3.]

[Footnote 1118: Cruttwell's _Life of Bishop Wilson_, 12; and Fleetwood's 'Letter to an Inhabitant of St. Andrew's, Holborn,' 1717--_Works_. 1737, 722-3.]

[Footnote 1119: Id.]

[Footnote 1120: Towards the end of the century, on the other hand, there were many churches where kneeling was sufficiently uncommon as almost to call special attention. Thus Admiral Austen was remarked upon as '_the_ officer who kneeled at church' (Jane Austen's _Memoirs_, 23); and C. Simeon writes in his _Diary_, '1780, March 8. Kneeled down before service; nor do I see any impropriety in it. Why should I be afraid or ashamed of all the world seeing me do my duty?' (_Memoirs_, 19).]

[Footnote 1121: _Tatler_, No. 241.]

[Footnote 1122: J. Hunt, _Relig. Thought in England_, i. 197.]

[Footnote 1123: Sherlock _On Public Worship_, 1681, ii. ch. 2.]

[Footnote 1124: Fleetwood's _Works_, 1737, 723.]

[Footnote 1125: G. Hickes, _Devotions_, &c., second ed., 1701, Pref.]

[Footnote 1126: Second Charge, 1741, Secker's _Eight Charges_, 1769.]

[Footnote 1127: T. Bisse, _The Beauty of Holiness_, eighth ed. 1721, 50, note.]

[Footnote 1128: J. Watts, 'Miscellaneous Thoughts'--_Works_, ix. 380.]

[Footnote 1129: _Tatler_, No. 211.]

[Footnote 1130: _Spectator_, No. 112.]

[Footnote 1131: Id. No. 54.]

[Footnote 1132: Bingham's _Works_, ix. 259. Cruttwell, 12. Walcott, 204. _Somers Tracts_, ix. 507. Watts's _Works_, ix. 380. Wakefield's _Memoirs_, 156. _The Scourge_, No. 3.]

[Footnote 1133: Bisse, _Beauty of Holiness_, 145.]

[Footnote 1134: South's _Works_, iv. 191.]

[Footnote 1135: Lathbury's _Hist. of the Nonjurors_, 156, 507-8. Parry's _Hist. of the Ch. of E._, iii, 165.]

[Footnote 1136: This gave occasion to a special pastoral letter of the Bishop of London, Dec. 26, 1718.]

[Footnote 1137: Whiston's _Memoirs_, at date 1720, 249.]

[Footnote 1138: Thus we find Dr. Parr speaking of 'reviving' its use in his parish. Johnstone's 'Life of Parr'--_Q. Rev._ 39, 268. Expressions of dislike to parts of it among Churchmen are very numerous throughout the century.]

[Footnote 1139: Barbauld's _Works_, by Aikin, ii. 151. Bishop Watson's _Life_, i. 395.]

[Footnote 1140: J. Johnson, _Clergyman's Vade Mecum_, i. 12, and Heylin (_Hist._ pl. ii. cap. 4) quoted by him.]

[Footnote 1141: N. Bisse, _Beauty of Holiness_, 123. C. Crutwell's _Life of Bishop Wilson_, 265 (in the Isle of Man, First and Second Services are the regular terms used in official ecclesiastical notices). _London Parishes_, 8.]

[Footnote 1142: Sherlock _On Public Worship_, 1681, 205, 219.]

[Footnote 1143: Beveridge _On Frequent Communion_, 155, 173.]

[Footnote 1144: Fleetwood for example, 'Charge to the Ely Clergy,' 1716--_Works_, 1737, 699.]

[Footnote 1145: Secker's _Eight Charges_, 63.]

[Footnote 1146: E.C.M. Walcott's _Customs of Cathedrals_, 101.]

[Footnote 1147: Quoted in _The Church of England Vindicated_, &c., 1801, 5.]

[Footnote 1148: _Two Letters Concerning the Methodists_, by the Rev. Moore Booker, 1751, Pref. iv.]

[Footnote 1149: Burnet's Funeral Sermon on Tillotson, quoted in Lathbury's _Nonjurors_, 156.]

[Footnote 1150: Du Moulin's _Sober and Dispassionate Reply_, &c., 1680, 32.]

[Footnote 1151: _The Church of England's Complaint against the Irregularities of some of the Clergy_, 1709, 15.]

[Footnote 1152: J. Johnstone's _Life of Dr. Parr_, qu. in _Q. Rev._ 39, 268.]

[Footnote 1153: R. Nelson's _Life of Bull_, 52.]

[Footnote 1154: Charge of 1741--Secker's _Eight Charges_, 63.]

[Footnote 1155: C. Leslie's 'Letter about the New Separation'--_Works_, i. 510. He adds that some clergymen of the Ch. of E. always used unleavened bread at the Sacrament.]

[Footnote 1156: L. Tyerman's _Oxford Methodists_, Pref. vi. Other allusions to an occasional preference for this usage occur in Bishop Horne's _Works_, App. 203, and _Gent. Mag._ 1750, xx. 75. In some editions of Bishop Wilson's _Sacra Privata_, there is a prayer for a blessing on the bread and wine-and-water.]

[Footnote 1157: Herbert's _Country Parson_ quoted in Brand's _Pop. Antiquities_, i. 521.]

[Footnote 1158: Walcott's _Customs of Cathedrals_, 137.]

[Footnote 1159: _London Parishes_, &c., 20.]

[Footnote 1160: Paterson's _Pietas Londinensis_, 52.]

[Footnote 1161: Id. 104.]

[Footnote 1162: _Spectator_, No. 372.]

[Footnote 1163: H.W. Cripps's _Law of the Ch._, &c., 218.]

[Footnote 1164: Hartley Coleridge, _Essays and Marginalia_, ii. 338.]

[Footnote 1165: Pope's _Works_, vii. 222-35. Naturally, Jacobite parsons were robed by Jacobite clerks. 'Who hath not observed several parish clerks that have ransacked Hopkins and Sternhold for staves in favour of the race of Jacob.'--Addison, in _The Freeholder_, No. 53.]

[Footnote 1166: John Wesley (_Works_, x. 445), records an amusing reminiscence of his boyhood: 'One Sunday, immediately after sermon, my father's clerk said with an audible voice: "Let us sing to the praise, &c., an hymn of my own composing:

King William is come home, come home!
King William home is come!
Therefore let us together sing
The hymn that's called Te D'um."']

[Footnote 1167: Singing the first line, in order to put the congregation in tune.--_Spectator_, No. 284. 'The clerk ordered to sing a Psalm, and so keep the congregation together, while Mr. Claxton was away.'--Thoresby's _Diary_, April 4, 1713.]

[Footnote 1168: Bishop Gibson specially directed the clergy to instruct their clerks to do this. Charge of 1721, Gibson's _Charges_, 1744, 18.]

[Footnote 1169: Secker's _Charges_, 65. At St. Lawrence Pountney, the candidates for the office had to 'take the desk' on trial on successive Sundays.--H.B. Wilson, _Hist. of St. Lawr. P._, 160.]

[Footnote 1170: _Somers Tracts_, xii. 161. _The Scourge_, p. 123.]

[Footnote 1171: Paterson's _Pietas Lond._, _passim_.]

[Footnote 1172: Brokesby's _Life of Dodwell_, 359, 369.]

[Footnote 1173: _A Discourse concerning the Rise, &c., of Cathedral Worship_, 1699.]

[Footnote 1174: V.R. Charlesworth's _Life of Rowland Hill_, 156.]

[Footnote 1175: Bishop Kennet's _Life_, 1730, 126.]

[Footnote 1176: J. Watts's 'Essay on Psalmody'--_Works_, ix. 8.]

[Footnote 1177: Teale's _Lives of Eminent E. Laymen_, 260.]

[Footnote 1178: R. Thoresby's _Diary_, March 16, 1697.]

[Footnote 1179: _Tatler_, No. 198.]

[Footnote 1180: J.P. Malcolm, _Manners, &c., of London_, i. 230.]

[Footnote 1181: Caldwell Papers, quoted in _Q. Rev._ 97, 404.]

[Footnote 1182: Laud's _Hist. of his Troubles_, 201, quoted in Southey's _Book of the Church_, 472.]

[Footnote 1183: Walcott's _Cathedrals_, 101.]

[Footnote 1184: Dr. Swift, _To Himself on St. Cecilia's Day_. Anderson's _B. Poets_, ix. 107.]

[Footnote 1185: Malcolm's _London_, i. 267.]

[Footnote 1186: J. Newton's _Sermons on the Messiah_, 1784-5.]

[Footnote 1187: Burnet's _Hist. of Ref._, quoted in S. Hilliard's _Obligation of the Clergy to keep strictly to the Bidding form_, 1715, 8.]

[Footnote 1188: Wheatley's _B. of Common Prayer_, 1860, 171.]

[Footnote 1189: Canon 55.]

[Footnote 1190: Bisse's _Beauty of Holiness_, 1721, 154.]

[Footnote 1191: Hilliard's _Obligations, &c._, 19.]

[Footnote 1192: Sherlock _On Public Worship_, 1681, 188.]

[Footnote 1193: South's _Works_, iv. 180. He elsewhere calls it 'a long, crude, impertinent, upstart harangue.' So also _Complaint of the Ch. of E._, 1709, 19, and Thoresby's _Diary_, June 14, 1714. _The Royal Guard_, &c., 1684, 49.]

[Footnote 1194: J. Bingham's _French Church's Apology for the Ch. of E._--_Works_, ix. 106.]

[Footnote 1195: Stoughton's _Church of the Revolution_, 205.]

[Footnote 1196: Fleetwood's _Defence of Praying before Sermon_, 1720--_Works_, 738.]

[Footnote 1197: G.G. Perry's _Hist. of the Ch._, 3, 228.]

[Footnote 1198: _The Justice and Necessity of restraining the Clergy_, &c., 1715, 64.]

[Footnote 1199: _The Justice and Necessity of Restraining the Clergy_, &c., 1715, 64.]

[Footnote 1200: _Direction to our Archbishops_, &c., Dec. 11, 1714, § vi.]

[Footnote 1201: _Spectator_, No. 312.]

[Footnote 1202: Jablouski's Correspondence, in _Archbishop Sharp's Life_, by his Son, ii. 157, App. 2, 3.]

[Footnote 1203: Sherlock, _On Rel. Worship_, 66.]

[Footnote 1204: Nelson's _Life of Bull_, 420.]

[Footnote 1205: Warburton and Hurd's _Correspondence_, 31.]

[Footnote 1206: Horsley's _Charges_, 6; _Reflection on the Clergy_, &c., 1798, 42.]

[Footnote 1207: Pref. to W.B. Kirwan's _Sermons_, quoted in _Q. Rev._, xi. 133.]

[Footnote 1208: A.P. Stanley's _Hist. Mem. of Westminster Abbey_, 535.]

[Footnote 1209: _Officium Cleri_, 1691, 31.]

[Footnote 1210: Birch's _Life of Tillotson_, cclv.]

[Footnote 1211: Paterson's _Pietas Londinensis_.]

[Footnote 1212: _The Church of England's Complaint_, &c., 1709, 21-2. _The Scourge_, No. 10, 1717. Polwhele's Preface to Lavington, 220.]

[Footnote 1213: Bishop Newton's _Life and Works_, i. 85.]

[Footnote 1214: J. Nichols' _Literary Anecd. of Eighteenth Cent._ iv. 152.]

[Footnote 1215: _Archbishop Sharp's Life_, by his Son, i. 31.]

[Footnote 1216: _Hardships of the Inferior Clergy in and about London_, &c., 1722, 85.]

[Footnote 1217: _London Parishes_, &c.]

[Footnote 1218: Paterson's _Piet. Lond._ 49, 50.]

[Footnote 1219: Teale's _Lives_, 253. So also _Complaint of the Ch. of E._ 1709, 23.]

[Footnote 1220: Sherlock _On Public Worship_, pt. ii. ch. 4.]

[Footnote 1221: Id.]

[Footnote 1222: Nelson's _Life of Bull_, 39, 366.]

[Footnote 1223: F. Williams' _Memoirs of Atterbury_, i. 266.]

[Footnote 1224: Nichols' _Lit. An._ iv. 169.]

[Footnote 1225: J. Wilson's _Hist. of Merch. Taylors_, 1075.]

[Footnote 1226: Secker's _Eight Charges_, 254.]

[Footnote 1227: Gilbert Wakefield's _Memoirs_, 282; _Miseries of the Inferior Clergy_, &c., 1722, 18.]

[Footnote 1228: Dean Tucker's _Works_, 1772; _Letter to Dr. Kippis_, 23; _Works_, vol. i.]

[Footnote 1229: Secretan's _Life of Nelson_.]

[Footnote 1230: Wesley's _Works_, x. 507-9.]

[Footnote 1231: J. Nichols' _Lit. Anecd._ i. 475; Tillotson's _Works_, iii. 514-16.]

[Footnote 1232: Lathbury's _Hist. of the Nonjurors_, 203.]

[Footnote 1233: Nelson's _Life of Bull_, 359; Fleetwood's _Works_, 472.]

[Footnote 1234: Sherlock _On Public Worship_, 204; _Life of Kettlewell_, 91; Secker's _Charges_, 53.]

[Footnote 1235: Baxter's _English Nonconformity_, chap. 19, quoted in J. Bingham's _Works_, 'Objection of Dissenters Considered,' b. iii. ch. 21.]

[Footnote 1236: Whiston's _Memoirs_, 469.]

[Footnote 1237: _The Church of England Vindicated_, &c., 1801, 15.]

[Footnote 1238: Secker's Charge of 1741.]

[Footnote 1239: Lord Mahon's _History_, chap. 31; C. Knight's _Old England_; A. Andrews' _Eighteenth Century_, chaps. 3 and 4; Malcolm's _Manners and Customs of London_, ii. 272.]

[Footnote 1240: Fielding's _Thomas Andrews_, b. ii. ch. 13.]

[Footnote 1241: H. Walpole's _Memoirs of George II._ 342.]

[Footnote 1242: Fleetwood's _Works_, 469; _Archbishop Sharp's Life_, i. 353.]

[Footnote 1243: _Church of England's Complaint_, 1709, Preface.]

[Footnote 1244: Beresford Hope, _Worship in the Ch. of E._ 26.]

[Footnote 1245: J.C. Jeaffreson's _Book about Clergy_, ii. 92.]

[Footnote 1246: A. Andrews' _Eighteenth Century_, chap. v.]

[Footnote 1247: S. Pepys' _Diary_, v. App. 452.]

[Footnote 1248: _Life of Archbishop Sharp_, i. 209-13.]

[Footnote 1249: Secker's _Eight Charges_, 166-72.]

[Footnote 1250: Secker's _Eight Charges_, 239.]

[Footnote 1251: Id. 370.]

[Footnote 1252: Fleetwood's _Works_, 472, 474, 479.]

[Footnote 1253: T. Lewis, _Danger of the Church Estab._ &c. 1720.]

[Footnote 1254: G.G. Perry's _Hist. of the Ch. of E._ iii. 100.]

[Footnote 1255: Gibson's _Codex_, 1046, quoted in Burns' _Eccl. Law_, Art. 'Penance.']

[Footnote 1256: J. Johnson, _Vade Mecum_, ii. cvii.]

[Footnote 1257: _Memoirs of W. Wordsworth_, by Christoph. Wordsworth, 1851, 8.]

[Footnote 1258: So also in the South of England, between 1799 and 1803. 'The two women she took most notice of in the parish were the last persons who ever did penance at Hurstmonceaux, having both to stand in a white sheet in the Churchyard; so that people said, "There are Mrs. Hare Naylor's friends doing penance."'--A.J.C. Hare's _Memorials of a Quiet Life_, i. 143. In 1805, one Sarah Chamberlain did penance in like manner at Littleham Church, near Exmouth.]

[Footnote 1259: Hildesley's _History of the Isle of Man_, in Cruttwell's _Life of Wilson_, 371.]

[Footnote 1260: Burns' _Eccles. Law_, Art. 'Penance'; Andrews' _Eighteenth Century_, 303.]

[Footnote 1261: _Free and Candid Disquis._ 1749, § xviii.]

[Footnote 1262: J.C. Jeaffreson's _B. of the Clergy_, ii. 140.]