Chapter XXVIII: Appendix: E

A NORFOLK OPEN FIELD PARISH.

The parish of Runton, adjoining Cromer, is unenclosed, and throws some light on Norfolk common field custom, and on the curious law with regard to “liberties of fold courses.” There are in the parish two villages, East and West Runton. Most of the land in the parish is either common, or open field arable land. Of the open field arable, about 600 acres are “half year land” and between four and five hundred acres “whole year land.” Both the whole year land and the half year land is intermixed, both in ownership and occupation, but the extent of intermixture has been steadily and continuously reduced. There is a tendency for adjoining strips of land to be let to one and the same farmer, and he is allowed to plough down the balks, in Runton called _lawns_ or _loons_, which separate them. There are no common rights over the whole year land. There is an area of whole year land of 200 acres or more around each village, which is where one would expect to find it; and very curiously, a detached area of about 20 acres half way between the villages. There is no well marked boundary separating whole year from half year lands.

The half year lands are commonable from Michaelmas to Lady Day old style, that is from October 11th to April 11th. There is no prescribed rule of cultivation, but the customary course is:--first year, wheat; second, turnips; third, barley sown with clover, the land under this crop being “new ley land” after the barley is reaped; and in the fourth year the land remains under clover and is called “old ley land” or “ollay land.”

The peculiar feature, characteristic of Norfolk common field agriculture, is that the owner of the Abbey Farm _in the next parish_, has the right to pasture sheep on the half year lands of Runton; in the words of the old Act, he has the “liberty of fold courses” of Runton. Further, the Runton common right owners make up a flock called “The Collet Flock,” and it is understood that wherever the Abbey flock goes, the Collet Flock can go too.

But the two flocks are kept distinct, grazing separately, each with its own shepherd.

INDEX.

Acreage of commons and common fields, 36

Acreage under wheat, 108

Acts for enclosing common fields, 7

Acts for enclosing waste, 7

Ackworth (Yorks.), 123

Adams, H. B.--“Germanic Origin of New England Towns,” 185;
“Village Communities of Cape Ann and Salem,” 184

Agriculture, Board of (existing), 16

Agriculture, Board of, (1793–1819), _passim_.

Ailesworth (N. Hants.), 13

Ailesworth Heath, 17

Alconbury (Hunts.), 123

Amesbury (Wilts.), 235

Arden (Warwick), 205

Area of surviving common fields, 189

Area of recently enclosed common fields, 191

Ashby Magna, 208

Averham (Notts.), 137

Avon, the Wiltshire, 112

Avon, the Warwickshire, 205

Axholme, Isle of, 52

Aylesbury, Vale of, 221

Babraham (Cambs.), 210

Baird and Foot, “Middlesex,” 218

“Balks,” 15, 63

“Bancroft Field,” 61

“Barley Field,” 14

Barnady (Suffolk), 128

Barrowden (Rutland), 64

Bartlow (Cambs.), 82

Barton (Westmoreland), 177

Barton Turf (Norfolk), 127

Battersea common fields, 77

“Bean Field,” 12

Bear, W. E., Report to the Labour Commission on Agricultural
Labour, 137

Beddington and Wallington (Surrey), 41

Bedfordshire, enclosure of, 192

Belton (Axholme), 52

Belvoir, Vale of, 97, 200

Bensington (Oxon.), 51

Bentham, J.--“Societie of the Saints,” 160;
“Christian Conflict,” 202

Berkshire, enclosure of, 238

Berwick Salome (Oxon.), 51

Bestmoor (Oxon.), 35

Bishton, J., “Shropshire,” 252

“Black Corn Field,” 71

Blyth, W., “The English Improver,” 111, 201, 203, 219, 226, 253

Boldon book, the, 34

Bosworth (Leicester), 201

Boxworth (Cambs.), 210

Boys, “Kent,” 39, 230

Braunton Great Field, 159, 250

“Brecks,” 79

“Brewers’ Ash Field,” 20

Brightwell (Berks.), 68

Brixworth (N. Hants.), 104

“Broad Mead,” 67

“Broad Oxgangs,” 31, 32

Buckinghamshire, enclosure of, 219

Burley estate small holdings, 138

Burnham (Suffolk), 180

“Buscallys,” 78

Bygrave (Herts.), 45

Cambridgeshire, enclosure of, 208

Carew, “Cornwall,” 18, 160, 247

Carlton in Lindrick, 127

Carmichael, A., on Runrig, 166

Carpenter of village community, 34

“Carrs,” 78, 79

Castle Camps (Cambs.), 75

Castor (N. Hants.), 13

Catthorpe (Leicester), 111, 208

Celery growing in Axholme, 57

“Champaine,” or “Champion,” 64, 70, 205

“Changeable Allotments,” 24

Charnwood Forest, 204

Cheshire, enclosure of, 252

Chilterns, the, 231

“Chimney Peepers,” 22

Clark, J.--“Hereford,” 125, 252;
“Radnor,” 244

“Clipsatt Field,” 61

Clothall (Herts.), 43

Cobbett, W., “Rural Rides,” 112, 113, 237

Colchester, 214

“Comachadh,” 168

Constable of manor, 22, 34

Cornwall, enclosure of, 247

“Cotes,” 21

Cotswold Hills, 241

Cottage holdings, 121, 137

“Country Farmer, A,” 98, 131

“Country Gentleman, A,” 95

Court rolls, 20

Cow dung as fuel, 201

“Cowleaze,” 30

Cowper, John, “Inclosing Commons, etc.,” 110, 154

Crutchley, “Rutlandshire,” 77

Cumberland, enclosure of, 256

Cunningham, W., “Growth of English Industry,” 91, 115

“Customary Cottages,” 29

“Dales,” 257

Dartmoor, 170, 248

Davis, R., “Oxfordshire,” 76, 222

Davis, T., “Wiltshire,” 76, 77, 113, 114, 115, 236

Deddington (Oxon.), 103

Derbyshire, enclosure of, 228

Devonshire, enclosure of, 245

“Discourse of the Commonweal,” 39, 214, 246

Disputes in open fields, 15, 16, 47

“Doles,” 21, 78, 79

“Dolemeads,” 79

Donaldson, J., “Northamptonshire,” 197

Dorset, enclosure of, 240

“Down Field,” 61

Downham (Cambs.), 210

Durham, enclosure of, 229

Eakring (Notts.), 12

Earsham (Norfolk), 128

“East Field,” 20

Eden, “Condition of the Poor,” 102, 103, 104, 256

Elmstone Hardwick (Glos.), 15, 47

Eltham (Kent), 232

Ely (Cambs.), 210

Enclosure, meaning of, 1

Enclosure, methods, 6

Enclosure, typical act of, 3

Engrossing of farms, 68

Epping Forest, 2, 17

Epworth (Axholme), 52

Erchenfeld, 253

Essex, enclosure of, 213

Evenley (N. Hants.), 127

“Everington Field,” 69

“Every Year Lands,” 80, 178

Ewelme (Oxon.), 50

“Farthingholds,” 30

“Field Jury,” 11

Fiennes, Celia, “Tour,” 201, 212, 214, 222, 224, 226, 228, 229, 231,
238, 252, 255

Flax growing in Axholme, 54

“Fold Courses,” 83

Fordington (Dorset), 30

Fordington Field, 19, 30

“Foreman of the Fields,” 11, 14

Forrest, W., “Princelye Poesie,” 10

Foston (Leicester), 100

“Four Field Course,” 48, 74

Fox, J., “Glamorganshire,” 244

Frilsham Common, 69

Frome R., 20

Furze common (Ewelme), 51

Gateshead (Durham), 177

“Gathering and Splitting,” 15

Gavelkind, 245

General Enclosure Acts, 17

General report on enclosures, 95, 108, 123, 124, 129, 161

Gloucestershire, enclosure of, 241

Granger, J., “Durham,” 154, 229

“Great Horse Shoe,” 27

Great Sheepey (Leicester), 127

Grimspound (Dartmoor), 170

Grimston (Leicester), 138

Grimstone (Dorset), 19

Grimstone common rights, 31

Gunnerton (Northumberland), 179

Hadley Wood, 2

Hagbourne, West (Berks.), 68

Hale, J., defence of, 150

“Half-Livings,” 22

“Half-Plow,” 172

“Half-Year Lands,” 78, 80

Ham Field (Surrey), 65

Hambleton cow pasture, 138

Hampshire, enclosure of, 240

Hampstead Heath, 2, 17

Hasbach, W., “Die E. Landarbeiter,” 61

Hassell, C.--“Carmarthen,” 244;
“Pembroke,” 244

“Hatching Ground,” 23

Haxey (Axholme), 52

“Haywards,” 22, 34

“Headlands,” 15

Hendred, East and West (Berks.), 68

Henlow (Beds.), 3

Herefordshire, enclosure of, 252

Herringswell (Suffolk), 127, 188

Hertfordshire, enclosure of, 218

High Prices, Select Committee on, 108

Hildersham (Cambs.), 82

“Hitchland,” 20, 76

“Hole Rush,” 25

Holt, J., “Lancashire,” 255

“Hookland,” 20, 76

“Hook Mead,” 67

“Horse’s Foot of Land,” 173

“Horse-gang,” 172

Houghton, J., “Collection,” 155, 157

Howlett, J., 91, 100

“Hundred Acres,” 24, 28

Hunmanby (Yorks.), 88

Huntingdon, enclosure of, 212

Icklingham (Suffolk), 180

Iken (Suffolk), 214

Ilsley, East and West, 68

“Infields,” 80, 81, 187

“Ings,” 78, 79

Insurrections and enclosure, 112, 150

Intermixed lands, 243

Isleham (Cambs.), 74

Ivel, R., 4

James and Malcolm--“Buckinghamshire,” 75, 219;
“Surrey,” 77, 233

Kay, G.--“Flint,” 244;
“Carnarvon,” 244

Kent, enclosure of, 230

Kent, “Norfolk,” 85, 216, 217

Kets’ Rebellion, 150

Kibworth Beauchamp (Leicester), 103

Lambarde, W., “Perambulation of Kent,” 231

“Lacy’s Bridge Man,” 22

Lancashire, enclosure of, 255

“Lands,” 9

“Land spoilers,” 67

“Langford Field,” 20

“Launchers,” 250

Laurence, J., “New System of Agriculture,” 153

“Lawnds,” or “Lawns,” 20

Lawrence, E., “Duty of Steward,” 152, 155, 201, 207

Laxton (Notts.), 8

Laxton Heath, 9

Leadam, W. S., “Domesday of Inclosures,” 212, 225

Leatham, I., “East Riding,” 77, 89

Lee, Joseph, 111, 161, 202

Leland’s Itinerary, 203, 205, 212, 219, 221, 222, 224, 228, 239, 253,
256

Letcomb (Berks.), 128

“Leyland,” 77

“Liberty of Fold Courses,” 83

Lincolnshire, enclosure of, 222

Little Brandon (Norfolk), 127

“Little Horse Shoe,” 28

Littleport (Cambs.), 210

“Livings,” 21

Llanerlyl, 42

Lloyd, T., “Cardiganshire,” 244

Lolworth (Cambs.), 210

“Longlands,” 26

Long Sutton (Lincoln), 263

“Loons,” or “Lownts,” 20

“Lot Meadows,” 35

Lowe, R., “Nottinghamshire,” 92, 227

Luffenhall (Herts.), 45

Luffenham, North and South (Rutland), 64

Lynches, 70

“Maam” soil, 233

Macdonald, J., “Hebrides,” 173

“Machair,” 166

Madingley (Cambs.), 210

Maids Morton (Bucks.), 102

Maitland, F. W., “Select Pleas,” 156

Manor bull, 23

Marshall, W., “Central Highlands,” 172, 180;
“Rural economy of: Gloucestershire,” 108, 153, 241;
“Norfolk,” 79;
“Yorkshire,” 156;
“Midlands,” 206;
“Southern District,” 232, 235;
“West of England,” 248

Massachusetts, decrees for common fields, 185

Massie, J., 91

Matton (Lincoln), 177

Maxwell, G., “Huntingdonshire,” 74, 212

Mercian type of village community, 8

Mere (Wilts.), 236

“Meres,” 63

Merrow (Surrey), 66

Merton, statute of, 6

“Mesne inclosures,” 225

“Middle Field,” 20

Middlesex, enclosure of, 218

“Mill Bars Patch,” 26

“Mill Field,” 8, 16

“Mingle Mangle,” 18

Misterton (Leicester), 208

Monk, R., “Leicestershire,” 198

Monmouthshire, enclosure of, 252

Moore, John, 111, 201, 208

More, Sir T., “Utopia,” 116

Moreton, North (Berks.), 70

Morgan, G. B., “Cornwall,” 249

“Narrow Oxgangs,” 31

Nen, R., 17

“Nether Field,” 16

“New Closes,” 21

Newborough (N. Hants.), 197

Newtontony (Wilts.), 200

“No Ditch Field,” 61

Norden, J., “Book of Surveying,” 155, 214, 238

Norfolk, enclosure of, 217

Norham, 179

“Normangate Field,” 16

Northamptonshire, enclosure of, 197

Northbourne (Kent), 42

“North Field,” 61

Northumberland, enclosure of, 259

Northwold (Norfolk), 128

Nottinghamshire, enclosure of, 227

One field system, 179

Orford (Suffolk), 214

Ossington (Notts.), 137

Outer Hebrides, 166

“Out Field,” 77, 179

Over (Cambs.), 210

Owston (Axholme), 52

Oxfordshire, enclosure of, 222

“Oxgangs,” 31

Palling (Norfolk), 127

Palmer, A. N.--“Ancient Tenures,” 174, 245;
“Wrexham,” 20

Pang, R., 69

Parish Meeting, powers of, 50

Passenham (N. Hants.), 123

Pearce, W., “Berkshire,” 76

Pickering moor, 128

Pickering, vale of, 157

“Pindar,” 56

Pitt, W.--“Arable and Grassland,” 95;
“Leicestershire,” 97, 200;
“Staffordshire,” 252

“Places” (= Livings), 28

“Plowgait,” 172

Poor rates and enclosure, 102

Poppleton, 132

Potato growing in Axholme, 57

Potterne (Wilts.), 126

Poultney (Leicester), 208

Produce of common fields, 79, 111

Produce of enclosed land, 100, 111

Profit of enclosure, 98, 263

Quilleted fields, 42, 253

Quillets, 83, 266

“Ranes,” 257

Rathbone, G., “Eltham Charities,” 232

Recreation grounds, 18, 65, 71, 118

“Reeve,” 34, 89

Re-lifing copyholds, 19

Re-lifing leaseholds, 48

Renhold (Beds.), 44

Rents before and after enclosure, 100, 103, 111

Richmond Hill, view from, 66

“Rick Field,” 20

Rider Haggard, “Rural England,” 57, 138

“Ridge and Furrow,” 94

Riots and enclosure, 112

Robertson, J., “Perthshire,” 165, 173

“Robin Hood and Little John,” 17

Rockingham forest, 197, 204

“Rotation Meadows,” 35

“Rounds,” 88

Royal burghs of Scotland, 164

“Rundale,” 6

“Runrig,” 6, 166, 244

Rutland, enclosure of, 203

Sandwich Town Neck, 183

Salem north and south fields, 185

Salisbury, environs of, 235

Seebohm, F., “English Village Community,” 179

“Selions,” 56

“Shackage,” 45, 78, 79

“Shack Lands,” 78

“Shealing Feast,” 170

Sheepflock of village community, 22

Sheepwalk, right of, 45

Shilton (Berks.), 35

Shropshire, enclosure of, 252

“Sicks,” 11

Sinclair, Sir J., “Northern Counties of Scotland,” 165, 172

Six year course, 76

Skene, “Celtic Scotland,” 166, 173

Small holdings, 58, 61, 119

Small holdings, profit of, 121, 136, 139

Smith, Adam, “Wealth of Nations,” 94

Soham (Cambs.), 61, 210

Somerset, enclosure of, 242

“Souming,” 168

“Square Patch,” 27

Staffordshire, enclosure of, 252

“Stake Weir,” 27

Stamford (Lincoln), 177

Steeple Claydon, 75

Steventon (Berks.), 68, 71

“Stint Book,” 14

Stone, T.--“Bedfordshire,” 74;
“Lincolnshire,” 77, 223

Stratton (Dorset), 19

Stratton common rights, 31

Stratton meadow, 24, 25

Studham, 44

Suffolk, enclosure of, 214

Surrey, enclosure of, 233

Sussex, enclosure of, 232

Sutton (N. Hants.), 46

Sutton Coldfield (Warwick), 254

“Tenantry,” 113

Tithe commutation and enclosure, 40, 188

Tithe maps, 188

“Thorn Field,” 16

Three field course, 8, 14, 74

“Three Patches,” 26

Todenham (Gloucester), 123

“Tofts,” 10

Totternhoe (Beds.), 63

Tudor licences for enclosure, 6

Tulvey (Beds.), 123

Turnip culture, 81

Tusser, “Champion and Several,” 82

Tythingman, 22

Two field course, 71, 76

Upton St. Leonards (Gloucester), 18, 63

Value of land in Axholme, 60

Vancouver--“Cambridgeshire,” 75, 209;
“Essex,” 213

Venteland (Gwent), 253

“Viewers of the Fields,” 22

Village community, types of, 6

“Virgates,” 30

Wales, enclosure of, 243

Wales, W., 91

Walker, D., “Hertfordshire,” 75, 125

Wallingford (Berks.), 68

Wallington (Herts.), 45

“Walls,” 21

Water meadows, 116

Weald, enclosure of the, 232

Wedge--“Warwickshire,” 204,
“Cheshire,” 101, 252

Wessex, type of village community, 19

Westmoreland, enclosure of, 256

Weston field, 62

Weston Zoyland (Somerset), 61

“Wheatfield,” 14

“Whitecorn field,” 71

White Horse, vale of, 238

“Whole Livings,” 21

“Whole Year Lands,” 80, 81

Wilbraham (Cambs.), 128

Wimeswould (Leicester), 127

Winslow (Bucks), 102

Wistow (Leicester), 100, 101

“Wood Field,” 16

Worcestershire, enclosure of, 242

Wordsworth, H. W., “Lake District,” 257

Wytham-on-the-Hill (Lincoln), 179

“Yardlands,” 30, 113

Yattenden (Berks.), 68, 69

Yelden (Beds.), 44

Yelling (Hunts.), 180

Yorkshire, enclosure of, 224

Yorkshire wolds, 77

Young, A.--“Lincolnshire,” 53, 177, 263;
“Eastern Tour,” 94, 107, 201, 217, 221;
“Northern Tour,” 94, 107, 195, 224, 226, 230;
“Political Arithmetic,” 105;
“Wastes,” 126, 128

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=8. ELEMENTS OF STATISTICS.= By ARTHUR L. BOWLEY, M.A., F.S.S., Cobden and Adam Smith Prizeman, Cambridge; Guy Silver Medallist of the Royal Statistical Society; Newmarch Lecturer, 1897–98. 500 _pp._, _Demy 8vo_, Cloth. 40 Diagrams. 1901. Second Edition, 1902. viii. and 336 _pp._ 10_s._ 6_d._ _net_.

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=9. THE PLACE OF COMPENSATION IN TEMPERANCE REFORM.= By C. P. SANGER, M.A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; Barrister-at-Law. 1901. viii. and 136 _pp._, _Crown 8vo_, Cloth. 2_s._ 6_d._ _net_.

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=10. A HISTORY OF FACTORY LEGISLATION, 1802–1901.= By B. L. HUTCHINS and A. HARRISON, B.A., D.Sc. London. With a Preface by SIDNEY WEBB, LL.B. 1903, xviii. and 372 _pp._, _Demy 8vo_, Cloth. 10_s._ 6_d._ _net_. Cheap Edition, 3_s._ 6_d._

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=11. THE “PIPE ROLL” OF THE “EXCHEQUER” OF THE SEE OF WINCHESTER FOR THE FOURTH YEAR OF THE EPISCOPATE OF PETER DES ROCHES (1207).= Transcribed and edited from the original Roll in the possession of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners by the Class in Palæography and Diplomatic, under the supervision of the Lecturer, HUBERT HALL, F.S.A., of H.M. Public Record Office. With a Frontispiece giving a Facsimile of the Roll. 1903. xlviii. and 100 _pp._, _Folio_, 13½ _in._ by 8½ _in._, Green Cloth. 15_s._ _net_.

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=12. SELF-GOVERNMENT IN CANADA AND HOW IT WAS ACHIEVED: The Story of Lord Durham’s Report.= By F. BRADSHAW, B.A., Senior Hulme Exhibitioner, Brasenose College, Oxford. 1903. 414 _pp._, _Demy 8vo_, Cloth. 10_s._ 6_d._ _net_. Cheap Edition, 3_s._ 6_d._

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=13. HISTORY OF THE COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND IRELAND FROM THE PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION.= By ALICE EFFIE MURRAY, D.Sc., former Student at Girton College, Cambridge; Research Student of the London School of Economics and Political Science. 1903. 486 _pp._ _Demy 8vo_, Cloth. 10_s._ 6_d._ _net_. Cheap Edition, 3_s._ 6_d._

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=14. THE ENGLISH PEASANTRY AND THE ENCLOSURE OF COMMON FIELDS.= By GILBERT SLATER, M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge, D.Sc. (London). 1906. 337 _pp._, _Demy 8vo_, Cloth. 10_s._ 6_d._ _net_.

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* * * * * *

Transcriber’s Note

Footnotes have been renumbered and moved to the end of the paragraph (or, where relevant, quotation) to which they refer. A few missing footnote anchors have been added.

Maps were originally included as plates, they have been moved to be near the text they illustrate.

Some formatting and punctuation of abbreviations have been standardized, and formatting and punctuation in lists has been made consistent.

Appendix B, Private acts enclosing common fields, was printed in two columns with, within counties, a “Carried forward” total at the end of each column, and a corresponding “Brought forward” total at the start of the next. These totals are shown here in parenthesis, e.g. {8,309}, to the right at their original position.

Variant spelling, inconsistent hyphenation, and inconsistent spelling of place names are retained, however a few palpable printing errors have been corrected.

Other changes that have been made are:

Page 14, footnote 2 “43 Geo. III. c. 81” has been changed to
“13 Geo. III. c. 81”.

Page 44, the reference to “the enclosure of Totternhoe” has been
changed from page 65 to page 63.

The first anchor for footnote 46, on page 98, originally pointed to a
footnote which said “See note ¹ on next page.”

Page 108, “10,625” has been changed to “10,265” for the net gain of
acres under wheat after enclosure.

Page 296, “Balckbourton” has been changed to “Blackbourton”.

Page 313, the pre 1845 total for Yorkshire, North Riding has been
changed from 3,171 to 31,171.

Page 310, in the totals for Yorkshire West Riding “Before 1842” has
been changed to “Before 1802”.

Page 329, “13 GEORGE IV. (1773), c. 81” has been changed to
“13 GEORGE III. (1773), c. 81”.

The following have been kept as printed:

Page 201, Footnote 94 Some words have been omitted from this rendition
of the quotation. Arthur Young wrote: “They daub it in lumps on all
the walls of their houses, barns, stables, etc. to dry”.

Page 274, Derbyshire, the acreage in the entry “1773 Church
Broughton” of “160 A. F., 100 A. P.” does not add up to the 360 total
given. However the 360 total has been used in the Carried forward
sub-total.

Page 274, Derbyshire, the out of sequence date 1786 following 1787
has been left as printed.

Page 281, in the last entry for Hertfordshire, “Layston and Widdial”,
“Date of Act” and “Date of Award” have been left blank, as printed.