Chapter XI: Part 11

Good M. D. my breach of promise in not hauing visited you with deserued requitall, sithence my departure, maie breede suspicion and doubt of ingratefulnesse, but I hope, and by hope presume, that of your owne good disposition towards all your acquaintance, you will yeelde vnto an approoued trial before you condemn. For my part, if I should not owe vnto you all honest minde and fidelitie, I shoulde much contrary your great curtesie, and deseruedlie incur the shame of ingratitude. You knowe that hauing swaied, as I haue done, out of the limits of a comptrolled rule, and displeased so much thereby as my case hath bewraied vnto you, those whome by nature and duty I ought to be awed vnto, it is reason that by a more district obseruance I make amendes for the residue. My father it seemeth though not yet by me, hath otherwise vnderstoode how much I stand yoked vnto you, and thinketh himselfe for all his sons vnthriftines somwhat therein to be tied vnto you. His meaning is one of these daies to intreat your paines hitherwards. But how euer deserts be noted, or care by nature doth binde, assure your selfe whilest life leadeth along this earthly coarse, I am and will bee alwaies most vnfainedlie yours. To whom, and your good bedfellowe, I most hartily and often commend me. From B. this of, &c.

_A Letter remuneratorie from a
Better to his inferiour._

T. F. I haue vnderstoode by my seruaunt P. howe much I am beholding vnto you for your paines taken in my behalfe, about such busines as I sent him, for which I not onlie thanke you for the present, but will remaine your willing friende to requite you in anie thing that I maie. It was tolde mee you had occasion to trauell this way verie shortly, I pray you if you doe, let mee see you. And looke you faile not to vse me as your good friende, if at anie time you fortune to haue neede of me. Wherein doubt you not but you shall finde my readinesse as great as your forwardnesse hath beene already in my businesse. And so doe bid you hartily farewell. From T. this of, &c.

Your louing friend, &c.

Of Epistles Iocatorie. Chap. 10:

=Thus haue wee deliuered vnto you of euerie of these sutes their seuerall examples, wherein you must note, that if you write to your better a letter |Remuneratorie|, you maie not promise vnto him your gratefulnes with the verie word of requitall, but rather by the proffer of seruice or other affectionate meaning in you, to the answering of such curtesies as haue beene receiued. And next hereunto will we passe vnto the title |Iocatorie|. The letters of this sute are such as of some pleasant conceipted vain, do procéed from one familiar friend or acquaintance to another, rather of some sporting deuise then of anie important matter. The vse is common among pleasant heades, and rather suted forth according to their present vaines, then vpon anie prescribed order. Such whereof is at the end of our Epistles |Commendatorie|, & one other vnder the title |Consolatorie| mentioned in the former of these bookes, and likewise a third vnder the title |Deprecatorie|, written in this last part of letters, & a like whereunto was once written by my selfe, and three or foure other of a merie acquaintance, to a parson beeing our familiar, and one of good nature and disposition in the country, wherein each one wrote a line of a seueral hand, and as occasion fel out, inserted his sporting deuises, with many odde quips & meriments, wherwith the good Parson thought himselfe greatlie wronged, till he knew from whence it came. But in so much as to an inuention onlie naturallie to be expected, no method can be well prescribed, I leaue the Epistles of this sort to the discretion of the writer, as his fantasie serueth to be pursued. And goe to the next, which are called |Gratulatorie|. For as the one is a pleasant, merie and sporting vaine, so is this a kind of reioicing, but in a more modest and curteous maner, ouer the good healths, fortune, or other good partes or preferments, of our friendes, kindred, or acquaintance, whose examples to their proper purposes are nowe next to be deliuered.=

_An Epistle Gratulatorie from one friend to another._

Sir, I was verie sorie to vnderstand by the common report of our neighbours of your great sicknes, as of such a one whom our countrie should misse, and I promise you as much as anie poore welwiller of yours, I grieued thereat, but being certainlie againe assured of your good recouerie, I praise God in my thought for the same, and do reioice it hath pleased his goodnes to bring you to your former strength. Whereof hauing no better nor more apparant token at this present, then my heartie well wishing, I thought it parcell of an honest purpose to signifie the same vnto you by writing, especiallie hauing therunto so good and fitte oportunitie, as this bearer, whome entirelie I knowe to loue and regard you. And euen so with my heartie commendations to your selfe, and my good Coosen your wife, I heartilie bid you farwell, From B. this of, &c.

_A Letter Gratulatorie from a wife to her husband._

Good husbande, I am glad that you haue at the last remembred your selfe by this bearer, to write vnto me, who haue thought it verie long to heare from you. I doe greatlie reioice of the good and prosperous successe of your iourney, and chieflie that you haue endured your trauel so well, being in so good plight and strength of bodie, as I vnderstand you are by your Letter. We are much beholding vnto our good friends in the Countrie, that haue giuen you so great and good entertainment. And I heartilie pray you to commend mee vnto them. Your businesse heere at London goeth well, thankes bee to God, and wee haue no want of any thing but your presence, which if you would once hasten hitherward, it were a comfort vnto vs all to see you, hauing beene as me seemeth verie long absent. But maister C. and his friendes where you are, vseth you so kindlie, that I thinke you cannot well tell howe to winde your selfe out from your good companie. Yet good husbande remember that at the last you must come home, and the sooner the better. I referre all to your good discretion, and so commend mee most heartilie vnto you. From L. this of, &c.

_A Letter Gratulatorie from one to his kinsman seruing in London._

Good Coosen, I am glad to heare of your good preferment in London, and that, as I heare by your father and mother, you are so wel placed there, and with so good a Maister. It is no little comfort vnto mee to vnderstande, that you doe so resolutelie, and with so good a minde dispose your selfe to your businesse, which I gladlie wish you would continue. You must nowe remember that your friends with great charge, care and industrie haue brought you vp, and that their intent and meaning therein was, that in expectation thereof, they should haue ioy and comfort of you in your elder yeares. For which, as you haue now bequeathed your selfe to this place of seruice, so must you for any feare of hard vsage, bitternesse of speech, or other mislike of tauntes or rebukes, make account to endure and continue. It may be, being yet vnacquainted with the customs and vsages of London, you doe now at the beginning thinke well of that, which hereafter maie turne to a discontentment: but good Coosen, so be it you haue no want of things needfull and necessarie, frame your selfe to forbeare all other crosse matters whatsoeuer, and giue you wholie on Gods name, to the benefite of your seruice. You shall want therein no helpe, furtherance, or incouragement on mine and your friends behalfe, who reioycing in that alreadie to see you so well behaued, doe daylie praie to God to prosper and blesse you. And thus with my heartie commendations I bid you fare well. B. this of, &c.

_Your Vnkle carefull of your
well doing, T. B._

_Of Epistles Obiurgatorie. Chap. 11._

=These three examples may bee sufficient to serue to anie matter of this title: seeing in eyther of them is required but an alteration of the cause whereupon wee frame our Letter to reioyce vpon: the forme of conueyance is all one. For which we will hence procéed to the next in course being |Obiurgatorie|, or a rebuking of the ill vsages, demeanors or parts of any one. It sauoreth somewhat of the |Monitorie| and |Reprehensorie| kindes before going, but in a different maner: for that the efficacy of those Epistles do beare force in matters publike or notorious, and these in vsages priuate and of lesse importance. The order whereof by the examples following maie be the better perceiued.=

_A Letter Obiurgatorie from a maister to his seruant._

Among some other causes that latelie haue beene aduertized vnto me from my good and louing friends, it is made knowne vnto me, that you in my absence, as well towards your Mistresse, whom in my place I haue appointed ouer you, as among others your fellowe seruants, doe take much vpon you. You runne and goe at your pleasure, wade into vnseemelie courses, and giue your selfe vnto some other matters, neither fitting the trust on you reposed, nor answering vnto my seruice. The newes hereof, you must thinke pleaseth me not verie well, neither can I with patience digest, that a companion of your being, to whom by my sole fauour I haue giuen place of direction in my house, should be so imperious ouer my wife and her due command in mine absence. Your wide wandring & common haunts at your liking, cannot by all coniecture be vnto mine estate profitable. Wherefore in signification that I am nothing well pleased with these so lauish demeanors, if by the next report I hear not that they are better amended, you are shortlie thereupon likelie inough to find how ill contenting they be vnto my humours: with which priuate rebuke, if priuatelie so it may bee considered, being at this present resolued to conclude, I attend the redresse of these euils: and so giue my selfe to my further trauels. From B. this of, &c.

_Your maister to requite you as you shall deserue._

_Of Epistles Mandatorie. Chap. 12._

=The force of these Epistles, mingled, as I said before, with the other Titles in the last Chapter declared, may for further matter or other occasions therin required, draw yᵉ plenty of their examples from those |reprehensorie| and |Comminatorie|, kindes alreadie specified, this, for any other like direction being thereunto for this place sufficient. And now the last of these familiar titles ensueth, which is called |Mandatorie|. These Letters haue their titles of such directions, matters in charge, or other instructions, as by writing from one person to another are deliuered, and are the most ordinarie in vsage of all other letters that are amongste vs frequented. The conueyance whereof in these following Examples shall be tendered.=

_A Letter mandatorie from a maister to his seruant or factor,
being beyond the seas._

My heartie desire of your good sucesse and wel-fare intended, which I hope God will blesse, I maruell that I haue receyued no Letters from you since the fourth of March last, I hope you doe neuerthelesse continue your good care and trust in mine affaires, whereof I nothing doubt. I wrote by maister N. in the good ship called the P. of London vnto you, which will shortly by Gods grace arriue at B. and is bound for L. vnto my coosen T. R. for all your necessities to giue you ayd as well in counsell as money: howbeit I hope you haue no great want of either, considering those trusty friends I haue remaining where you are, and your owne allowed diligence which formerlie I haue proued. I do now send you by a bill of lading in the good ship called the S. of D. those commodities you last wrote vnto mee of, viz. one packe of verie fine broad cloathes, & twentie Tuns of Lead: the broad cloathes stand me with all charges in sixteene pounde a cloath. I hope you will haue regarde to the selling of these commodities to my best aduauntage, wherein I pray you do your best endeuour as the market serueth. And for the money arising thereof, I would haue you to employ on these commodities there, which are here most vendible, wherof I principally wrote vnto you in my last letters, which I doubt not by this time you haue receiued. Otherwise I would haue you to confer with my coosen T. R. there abouts. And thus desiring Almighty God to blesse and prosper you, whom I desire you in all your actions and dealings to remember, I bid you heartily farewell. L. this last of Maie.

_Your maister willing in all things to requite
your seruices, &c._

_Another Letter mandatory from a maister
to his seruaunt._

Albeit I haue manie occasions to write vnto you by this bearer, which time will not suffer me to doe: Neuerthelesse such as are most needfull I will hereby remember you of. At my departure from N. I gaue order for certaine wares to bee sent vnto you from thence by the carier of C. and thereof did then write vnto you at large in a Letter, and sent inclosed in that letter a bill of the parcels. Now hauing sithence considered with my selfe of the matter, my desire is that you do not transporte them as I was determined, but let them rest vntill my home comming, for that there is a shippe shortly going for B. of M. Alderman H. with whome I am determined to ioine in the whole freight, and meane by Gods grace therein to passe both those and some other commodities. About thursday next, there is one T. B. appointed by my coosen L. P. to come vnto you for fiftie pound, if he do come let him haue the money, and take his note for the receipt, and this shall be your warrant. I would haue you to looke to the waters side if the wind continue Southward, for it is now serueth wel, and I doubt not but to heare from Lisbon, for gladly would I vnderstand of our shipping, and of such letters as shall be sent I wish you to take notice, and if I returne not before, vse circumspection I pray you to prouide for their returne accordingly. The haste of this bearer wil not suffer me to write more, only looke to my businesse, haue care of the trust in you reposed, and commend me to your mistrisse, tel her I will hasten homewards, as fast as I can. And so to God I commit you. R. this of, &c.

Your louing maister, &c.

_A Letter mandatory from a man to his wife._

Good wife, considering my hasty departure from you and my children, my hope is that you wil haue that louing and respectiue care towards them and your familie, that appertaineth. I haue left many things raw by reason of the suddennes of my iourney, which standeth vpon your good regard to be ordered, as namely the charge of my seruantes, and disposition of some other affaires and businesse. You shall nowe shewe your selfe a carefull and discreete wife, if in mine absence, you will a little take vpon you to be in my place. Regard and consider with your selfe, that seruants are negligent and carelesse, and if the maister forget his owne profit, they are as readie as others to share with his gaines. Your painfull attendance to ouerlooke them, shal straine their labours to my vsing, your desire to see into them, shall worke their vsage to my well seruing. You must now a little while forget neighbourhood, and walking for company, considering the old prouerbe: That when the Cat is away the mouse wil go play: If master and dame haue both continued absence, seruants fall a wasting, and do what they list. You know good wife, I haue now taken a great charge of late vpon me, which with some carefull looking to, may turne to good, let it not be grieuous vnto you, nor thinke it hard, that I thus make you partaker of my charge, as I do of my profit. For we are yoke fellowes you know, and the charge is equall betwixt vs to be borne and supported. If as louing mates and companions wee drawe forth togethers, we doubtlesse shall by Gods blessed goodnes see the fruits of our labours. Our children shall participate with vs of our trauels, and God shal prosper our endeuours. And howbeit good wife, I haue alwaies found you such, as of whose care to my well doing I neede haue no doubt, yet if by the importance of my charge I bee driuen thus much to write vnto you, thinke that in great trust of your modesty, respect of your loue, & zeale to both our goods I haue done the same. And though no mistrust remaine of any one about me: yet doe I put you in minde what youth by too much sufferance and neglegct of libertie may be inclined to. This is al I would, and so much I hope as you gladly will yeelde vnto. Commend mee manie times to your selfe and likewise to all our friendes. From R. this third of Maie, &c.

Your assured louing husband, &c.

_A Letter Mandatory from one friend
to another._

My harty commendations remembred vnto you, good maister R. These are to certifie you that I haue presumed so much on your friendship, as to put ouer certaine causes of mine in your name, for so much as for many respects I find my selfe too far insufficient to deale with the parties, I must therefore desire you to receiue some instructions which I haue herwith sent you by this bearer, and therein to vse such needfull furtherance as in like cases of friendship you may commaund at my handes. I pray you also that you will take so much more further paines for me, as at conuenient leisure to walke towards S. and there to confer with my brother P. and vpon sight and hearing of such matter as by him shall bee shewed and set forth vnto you, to deale accordingly. Thus with my earnest desire to see you here at L. where you shall most hartily finde your selfe welcome, I take leaue this of, &c.

Your very louing friend, &c.

=Thus haue I led along, as you sée, this promised Methode by varietie of directions and examples, fitting to euery purpose I hope to the pleasing and content of all the indifferent readers: and here as a limit sufficient to that determined labour, doe I laie downe my rest. If anie faultes happen, as no doubt there will (for what from fault maie bee frée) let the learned I beseech them winke at it, the curteous ouerpasse it, and the considerate and well practised in such like trauels fauour me in it, seeing my endeuour therein was done for the best. And so doe I conclude my Methode.=

FINIS.

A
DECLARATION
of al such Tropes, Figures or Schemes,
_as for excellencie and ornament in wri-_
ting, are speciallie vsed in this
Methode.

Collected and explaned togithers,
according to their applications,
vsages, and properties.

_By Angell Day:_

Imprinted at London by P. S. for
Cuthbert Burbie. 1599.

_To the courteous Reader._

As in the two bookes before going (gentle Reader) my mind and purpose was to set foorth vnto the learner, how much the phrase of our daylie speech by well ordering and deliuerie is graced with Figures and other ornaments of Art, and to such end and purpose, haue I in the margent of euerie Epistle, directlie against the places where they are vsed, quoted them to be seen. I haue now for better supplement of the learners knowledge, determined in this place to make a collection of them all, remembring with my selfe, that vnto such as are vnexperienced in their particular applications, they shall be but of verie slender moment in their quotations, without also they may be instructed by example, how, where, and in what tearmes, wordes or cariage, they are vsed, and wherein, and by what conueyance their efficacies are explaned. For which cause, these briefe instructions following, conteining, as in the title before going, a demonstration of their true & seueral qualities, properties and natures, are to such ende deliuered: wherein my purpose is to omit nothing, which in my poore opinion may seeme vnto this deuised Methode anie wayes furthering. And howbeit my selfe in the writing of these collections, doe well consider the want I haue of other perfections, whereby to ornifie the matter hereof, with examples correspondent, yet shall it by such meanes appeare vnto all fauourers of science, what will and desire I haue to deserue with the best, confessing (as by due proofe I haue found) no speech to be accounted valuable or of weight, that is not graced with these parts. Thus hauing at large expostulated my true meaning herein, I commit the rest to your curteous censures, and my selfe to your good opinions.

_Yours, A. D._

OF FIGVRES, TROPES, and Schemes.

=A |Figure| is a certaine meane whereby from a simple and ordinarie kinde of speaking, we growe into a more cunning and excellent deliuerie.=

A Figure is diuided into _Trope_ and _Scheme_.

=A |trope| is as much to say, as a variation of a worde or sentence from the proper & apt signification, vnto another neere vnto the same, sometimes for pleasure, and otherwhile for ornament sake, and there are |tropes| of words, and |tropes| of sentences.=

=A |Scheme| is a certaine new kinde of forme of writing & speaking, and for the excellencie thereof is called the ornament, light and colours of Rhetoricall spéech.=

=Betweene a |Trope| and a |Scheme| the difference is, that the |Trope| changeth the signification, as in these wordes |Generation| of |Vipers|, meaning thereby |homicides| of their owne issue or antecessors, as the |Viper| deuoureth her owne broode. The |Scheme| hath no change of signification, but retaineth the expresse meaning, as, |Can so great anger be in heauenlie mindes?| written of _Iuno_ in the |Aeneidos| of _Virgill_, whereas anger is indéede onelie a humaine passion, yet without alteration is there allotted vnto the heauenlie Gods. And of some there is helde in them small difference, in so much as often times they runne into one anothers meaning.=

The _Tropes_ of wordes, are

=_Metaphora_, which is, when a worde from the proper or right signification is tanasferred to another neere vnto the meaning, as to saie: |We see well|, when wee meane |wee vnderstande well|, or to call them |eaters or deuourers of men and houses|, who vndo the poore, or extort from them their goods or liuings: or to saie, a homelie or rude speaker doth |braie|, which to do belongeth to an Asse, or to attribute vnto thinges the properties they haue not, as if we should say, the ground wanting wet, |doth thirst for raine|, or |fruits| in their growth do |labour|, or |corne| by the statelie length and weightie eare it carrieth, to bee |proude|, or by |Emphasis|, that |by desire, men are enflamed, by anger kindled, fallen by errour:| And lastlie, in prayse of mans ofspring, as to saie, |the beautie of his stocke|, or to call the place of renowne, |the well or seate of glorie|, also to say, |the showers of speech, flouds of eloquence|, onelie for ornament in writing, without anie other proper affinitie, attribution or likelihoode.=

=_Synecdoche_, when by one particular we vnderstand a number, as to saie, the |braue English was conquerour|, as much to saie, |Englishmen were victours|, or when by a part wee vnderstande the whole, as to say, a |blade| for a |sworde|, a |Hall| for a |house|, or when by one thing we vnderstand another, as to say, |the highest fall| for |the deepest fall|, the |toppe| for |the bottome, Neptunes reigne| for the |Sea|: or when we put the matter whereof a thing is made, for the thing it selfe: as to saie, |the loftie Pine did scowre the Seas|, for the ship made of the Pine trée, or thus: |With slashing Iron furious on his foes, hee rusht amaine, &c.| for |with slashing sworde:| Likewise hee put |spurres to his horse|, for |hee ranne his horse|. |They haue liued|, that is, |they are dead, they flourish|, for they are rich, braue or happie.=

=_Metonymia_, or _transnominatio_, the putting of one name for an other, as the |inuenter|, for the thing inuented, so do we call corne by the name of |Ceres|, we put |Bacchus| for wine, |Venus| for lust, |Vulcane| for fire, |Neptune| for the sea, |Mars| for warre: likewise the continent for that which is contained, as if we should say, |acceptable to the heauens|, meaning to him that dwelleth in the heauens, a |happie soyle|, meaning happie people in the soile, |hee drunke vp the whole cup before him|, for the wine in the cup before him. In like maner when the cause efficient is vnderstood by the effect, as when we say, |Pale death, sorrowfull dread, headlong rage, carelesse wine, vnshamefast night|: wherein is shewed, that dread causeth sorowe, |death| palenes, |wine| carelesnes, and so of the rest. Further, when by her that holdes the |Scepter|, wee signifie the |Queenes Maiestie|, and likewise by mentioning the |Sword|, |Magistracy|.=

=_Antonomasia_, where to the person of anie one, wee giue an other name, then his owne proper, as in stead of |Christ|, to saie the |Holie one of God|, or |The worlds Sauiour|. Or of the Queenes Maiestie, to saie |The Virgin Queene, The Royall Maide|, with other like appropriations fitting so great an excellencie.=

=_Onomatopœia_, where to a thing not hauing a proper terme, wee faine or deuise a name, as to saie, |the murmure of the waters, the roring of the cannon, clashing of armour|, & such like: where neither |murmur|, |roring| nor |clashing| is by nature to these belonging.=

=_Catachresis_, where wee accommodate a name to a thing that is not proper, as to saie, |lend me your hand, or your aid|, which tearme of lending is more proper to money, or things that are borrowed, and to say, |mens powers are short|, or |their counsels long|, when in neither of both there is anie such measure.=

=_Metalepsis_, or |Transumptio|, when by a certaine number of degrees we go beyond that wee intend in troth, and haue meaning to speake of, as to saie: |Accursed soile that bred my cause of woe|, when we might as well crie out on the parties selfe that hath don the wo, & not to go so far off as to the soile that bred him, or as |Penelope| bewaling her husbandes ouerlong absence from her, exclaimed in her Epistle to |Vlysses|, on |Paris| that had raped |Helena|, wishing that he and all his fleet had perished, ere the rape had bin committed, intending that by that rape, the |Grecians| were drawn to the warres, and so the siege for tenne yeares space continued, and ten yeeres after that, her husband forced by many landes and seas to haue wandered. Of the originall cause whereof her iust complaint was deriued.=

Tropes of sentences, _are_

=_Allegoria_, a kinde of inuerting or change of sence, as when we shew one thing in wordes & signifie another in meaning, a |Trope| most vsuall amongst vs euen in our common speaking, as when we saie, |Bow the With while it is greene|, meaning to correct children whilest they bee yong: or, |There is no fire without smoake:| meaning that there is no ill conceipt without occasion: or, |I smell a Rat|, that is, I know your meaning, for other applications you haue the same diuerslie quoted in our Epistles to bee seene in their margents.=

=_Ænigma_, a darke sentence, or as we ordinarilie say, a riddle, rather vsed in high and déepe mysteries, otherwise conueied sometime in pleasant fancies, then accustomed in other writings.=

=_Parœmia_, called amongst vs an _Adage_ or common saying, as thus: |Who so toucheth pitch shall bee defiled therewith: It earlie pricketh that wil be a thorn: many hands make light worke, &c.|

=_Ironia_, a scoffe or flout, as when wee saie, |Alas good man|, or to one that hath set debate or contention, |you haue spun a faire thred|: or to him that hath made a long speach to no purpose, |you haue brought forth a mighty mole-hil|, or to a lewd person, |you are an honest man|.

=_Sarcasmus_, a bitter bob as wee saie, or enuious derision, as of one arraigned for fellonie, to twit him, |that hee had like to haue knockt his head against the gallowes|, or of one suffering for treason to saie, |that it made him hop headlesse.

=_Asteismus_, a smooth, as we call it, as when one tels a thing repugnant to the present matter or companie, to saie, |I had as lieue he told me it snew|, when neither the time of the yeare, or present weather admitteth it snowe. Or when one misseth of a number, to bid him |take a sticke and tell it|, or telling a lie, to bid him |take the haire from his lips|.

=_Antiphrasis_, when a word scornefullie deliuered, is vnderstoode by his contrarie, as of a dwarfe, to saie in iest, |what a gyant haue we here|, or of him that telleth a matter ordinarie for strange, to saie, |what a wonder telleth he|, or to say, |the man hath a sharpe wit|, when we intend he hath a verie blunt capacitie, or of a blacke Moore woman, to saie, |Will ye see a faire pigion.|=

=_Charientismus_, as when we scoffe a man in his threatning mood to say, |O good words, I pray you|, or |kill vs not at the first dash|, or, |Bite not my nose off I pray you|, and such like.=

=_Hyperbole_, when for the manifestation of a thing vehement or exceeding, the wordes of our speach doe goe beyonde credite, as to saie, |It woulde haue made a stonie hearte to weepe: hee wearied the heauens with his clamour: Shee was fairer then beautie herselfe, more cruell then Nero or Phaleris: Worse then the Deuill: Whiter then snowe: sighing without ceasing|, and infinite such like.=

Of Schemes there are two sorts,
_that is,_
Grammaticall, and Rhetoricall.
Grammaticall are also deuided into two parts.
_that is,_
Orthographicall, pertaining chieflie to Poesie:
_and_
Syntaxicall, which are to be applied to our vses.

Schemes Syntaxicall, _are_,

=_Eclipsis_, that is a defect of sence in a word or necessarie reason, aunswerable to the due construction, as when hauing spoken sufficientlie of a matter, we close vp the sentence with these wordes, |But this for that let be, and now to the rest|, where after |let be|, this worde (|sufficient|) seemeth to be wanting. Likewise, |what might be more in the matter?| for |what might be more don or spoken in the matter|. Also to saie, |you are not to aunswere or compare with him|, for |you are not meete, sufficient, or able to answere or compare with him|. Or otherwise to say, |A man of so rare vertue, so deeplie to be ouerseene|, for, |is it true that a man of so rare vertue shoulde so deeply be ouerseene.|=

=_Aposiopesis_, when by passing to another matter, we stop our spéech on a sudden, as it were in an interrupted or discontented mood, as to say, |Are these the practises you take in hand? be these your deuises? hath your worthy courage endeuored so mighty effectes? But I will first tame your courses, and for the residue, I wil hold you in so bridled a meane, that my selfe will warrant you henceforth from any such like further proceedings|. Or thus, |Vngratefull creature, hast thou dealt wel with me in thus conspiring my ill that haue euer sought thy good? Wel, I wil saie no more, but for thee & thy complices I wil take order well inough to stay you|. Or otherwise by way of a fearful rehearsall thus: |What euill was there whereunto we were not subiect? But whie dwell I in circumstances? wee were the men allotted to that purpose.|=

=_Zeugma_, when one or more clauses are concluded vnder one verbe, as to saie, |His loosenesse ouercame all shame: his boldnesse, feare: his madnesse, reason:| where all these clauses are concluded vnder this one verbe, |Ouercame|. Or thus: |What auaileth it to shrine so much this vaine beauty, which either by long sicknesse, extremity of old age, infinite sorrowes and cares, or a thousand mishaps besides, is euery day in daunger or subiect to bee vtterlie crased:| In which all the clauses before going are concluded in this one verbe |is in danger, &c.|=

=_Syllepsis_, when one verbe supplieth two clauses, one person two roomes, or one word serueth to manie sences, as thus: |He runs for pleasure, I for feare|: where this verbe |run|, serueth to both purposes: also thus: |But scorning so to be reproued, and with a manly resolution by one stroke giuen, he acquited his shame, his credit, and his person|, where this one worde |acquite| serueth to all clauses aforegoing and following.=

=_Prolepsis_, where some thing generallie first spoken, is afterwards drawne into partes, as thus: |Let vs take vpon vs one selfe charge, I to direct abroad, you to order at home|. Or otherwise: |Men diuerslie do erre, some by an ignoraunt simplicitie, others by a most peruerse follie.|=

=_Pleonasmus_, where with words seeming superfluous, we do increase our reasons, as thus: |With these eares I heard him speake it: Or with mine eies I behelde him sorrowing|, where we well knowe that without eares or eies, we cannot wel heare or see, yet carieth this kind of spéech, |a vehemency in enforcing| the matter so plainelie, or throughlie to be hard or séene.=

=_Macrologia_, where a clause is finallie added to the matter going before, in seeming more then néeded, as, |Men of so high and excelling vertue, let them euer liue, and neuer die|, here |neuer die|, seemeth superfluous, and yet notable wel adorneth the sentence.=

=_Anastrophe_, a preposterous inuersion of wordes, besides their common course, as when we say: for |faults, no man liueth without|, when order requireth we should saie: |No man liueth without faults: Long when he had confusedly thus liued|, for when he had long time thus confusedlie liued.=

=_Hysteron proteron_, where that which ought to be in the first place, is put in the second, as thus: |After hee had giuen saile to the winde, and taken the Seas|, for after he had taken the seas, and giuen saile to the wind. Also, |That which of all others is most sacred and permanent, honoured, and euer shining vertue, chuse vnto your selues:| for chuse vnto your selues honored and euer shining vertue, which of all others is most sacred and permanent: or, as commonly we say in our English spéech, |Pull off my bootes and spurs.|=

=_Tmesis_ of _Diacope_, a diuision of a word compound into two parts, as, |What might be soeuer vnto a man pleasing, that had he|, for whatsoeuer might be, &c. |Hither should he haue come to, when he finished his argument|: for hitherto should he haue come, &c.=

=_Parenthesis_, an intercluding of a sentence in any reason commonlie set betweene two halfe circles, as thus: |I am content (not in respect you deserue so much at my hands) onelie for pitie sake to hearken ynto you|, the knowledge hereof is ordinarie, and therefore I néede speake the lesse of it.=

=_Hypallage_, when by change of propertie in application a thing is deliuered, as to saie, |Darkesome wandring by the solitary night|, for wandring solitarilie by the darkesome night, or the |wicked wound thus giuen|, for hauing thus wickedlie wounded him. The vse hereof in |Poesie| is most rife.=

=_Hendiadis_, when one thing of it selfe intire, is diuersly layde open, as to saie, |On iron and bit he champt|, for on the iron bitte hee champt: And |part and pray we got|, for part of the pray: Also by |surge and sea we past|, for by surging sea we past. This also is rather Poeticall then other wise in vse.=

=_Asyndeton_, when two or thrée clauses or more disioyned do follow one another, as to saie |his house, his land, his purse, himselfe, his life, were all at his commaund|. Or thus, |he scapte, he ran, he rusht, and fled away|. Or otherwise, |thy fame, thy wealth, thy friends, thy kin, and all hast thou lost togithers.|=

=_Polysyndeton_, when in like sort by many coniunctions sundrie words one following the other are vnited together, as thus, |Both sworde and fire and dearth, three dreadfull scourges of the war were alwayes attendant vpon him.| Or thus, |with faith and troth and plighted heart, and loue he made him hers, &c.|=

=_Hirmos_, where a continuance of speech is vsed, vntill the ende of the clause, as |God in the beginning made heauen, earth, sea, firmament, sunne, moone, starres, and all things in them contained|: where you see all these words, |heauen, earth, &c|. haue all one continuance vntill the last end of the sentence.=

=_Epitheton_, when for ornament sake we adde vnto a worde, or for mislike do attribute somewhat vnto the same, as when for ornament we say, |Sweet beautie, precious loue, friendlie fortune:| Or contrariwise in mislike, |vnbrideled lust, filthie gaine, wicked guile, deceitfull fauour, fond fancie, &c.|=

=_Periphrasis_, when by circumlocution anie thing is expressed, as when we say, |The Prince of Peripateticks|, for |Aristotle|, the |subuerter of Carthage and Numantia|, for |Scipio. A man studious of wisedome|, for a Philosopher: |A man diuerslie enriched|, for one that is wealthie, &c.=

=_Liptote_, when by the lesse that is spoken, the more maie bee vnderstood, as thus: What auaileth it that thou dost not despise me, which is by the contrarie, |that thou louest mee|, the deliuerie thereof is singular by the negatiue, for that giueth grace to the |Figure|, as |it discontenteth me not to heare of you, but it griueth me to heare ill of you. We are not so ignorant of things, but we can perceiue somewhat|. That is in the one, |it pleaseth mee well to heare of you|, and in the other, |we haue skill to discerne of things, and thereby can perceiue somewhat|.=

=_Paradiastole_, when with a milde interpretation or spéech we colour others or our owne faults, as when we call a subtill person, |wise|: a bold fellow, |couragious|: a prodigall man |liberall|: a man furious or rash, |valiant|: a parasite, |a companion|: him that is proud, |magnanimous|, and such like.=

=_Meosis_, a maner of disabling, as when we saie, |Alas sir, it is not in my power to doe it|: or otherwise, |little God wot could man doe in such a case|.=

Schemes Rhetoricall, are

=_Anaphora_, or |Repetitio|, where by rehearsall of one worde wee make sundrie beginnings, as to saie, |Learning bringeth to knowledge, learning maketh wise, learning enableth to vertue, learning is the ornament of the minde, finallie, learning is the onelie substantiall proppe and guide of mans life, without which nothing in a manner can bee pleasant, nothing sauourie, nothing of value, &c.| Or thus, |hauing committed so great euils, couldest thou yet dare to come in open shewe of the worlde, couldest thou dare to shewe thy selfe in the face of men, couldest thou dare to bee seene of anie one, that hast thus generallie deserued to bee hated of all:| Or otherwise thus, |When death commeth to chalenge his due, what then shall auaile beautie, what youth, what riches, what strength? where then shall become thy landes, where thy reuenue, where thy possessions? who shall argue thy cause, who stande for thee, who plead for thee?|=

=_Epanalepsis_, when with one selfe word, we doe both begin and finish a sentence, the vse hereof is méerelie appropriate to |Poesie, Much asked he of Priams state, of Hector verie much|.=

=_Epizeuxis_, or a redoubling of a word, by vehemencie to expresse a thing, as thus: |Thou thou art he on whom I liue to be reuenged. He, he it was that wrought all my care. Thus, thus behooueth men of vertue and courage to doe.|=

=_Anadiplosis_, when the last word of a comma or member of a sentence, is the beginner of another that followeth, as |heauens witnes my fall, my fall more grieuous then may be well supported by common sorrow:| or thus, |Fie, too much vngratefull, vngratefull to mee of all others, that so much at thy hands haue deserued.|=

=_Antistrophe_, where manie members are drawne to ende with one and the same worde, as, |we haue our felicitie of vertue, our renowne of vertue, our hope and expectation of vertue|. Or thus: |men from their errours are reclaimed by loue, reclaimed by hope, reclaimed by feare|.=

=_Symploche_, where sundrie members haue one selfe beginning and ending, as thus, |If we shall debate of the times present, what is I pray you the cause of all these euils? money: what hath beene the decay of our estimate? money: what the ruine of our soules? money: what the torment of our conscience? money: what the meane of all ambitious aspirings, treacheries, and villanies? money: In fine, this cursed and wretched title of gaine is it that bewitcheth all ages and seasons, and that onelie by a seruile regarde and account giuen vnto money:| Or otherwise thus in contempt. |What sillie soule wast thou when I beganne first to like thee? nothing. What when I tooke thee? nothing. What before I cherished and regarded thee? nothing. And now that by me thou hast beene made somthing, thou esteemest me as nothing.|=

=_Ploche_, when by an Emphasin, a worde is either in praise or disgrace, reiterated or repeated, as thus: |Though Scipio were neuer so much terrified with the Carthaginians in Spaine, with the Numidians in Affricke, with aduersaries abroade, and with priuie enemies at home, yet ceased he not to be Scipio still|, that is, _sui similis_, like vnto himselfe still.|=

=_Polyptoton_ or |Traductio|, when one worde is often repeated by varietie of cases, as thus: |Who hath in his life nothing so much pleasing as the verie life it selfe which he enioyth, it is impossible that his life with vertue should anie wayes be adorned:| or by translating of one worde into diuers formes, as thus: |What manhoode call you this, so vnmanlie to deale in those actions, that speciallie appertaineth to a man?| Here is this word |manhood| translated into |vnmanlie| and to |man|.=

=_Membrum_, or |Parison|, when one or moe members doe followe in equall sentences, as thus: |See now by one fault how manie mischiefs thou hast heaped to thy selfe, thou hast consumed thy patrimonie, grieued thy parents, estranged thy friends, defamed thy stocke, vndone thy kindred, and heaped mischiefe a thousand folde to thy selfe more then can be auoided:| or thus with copulation: |neither hast thou herein dealt discreetlie for thy selfe, nor respected thy frends, nor regarded thy being, nor studied of the euill, nor cared for the good that might happen, but leauing al at randon, thou hast done what in thee lieth to worke all our vndoing.|=

=_Omoioteliton_, or _similiter cadens_, when words and sentences in one sort do finish togithers, as thus: |Weeping, wailing, and her handes, wringing, she moued all men to pitie her|. Or thus: |Thou liuest maliciouslie, speakest hatefully, and vsest thy selfe cruelly.| Or thus: |Wee find it much better of wise men to be rebuked, then by filthie flatterie to be fondly deceyued.|=

=_Prosonomasia_, a pleasant kind of collusion in words, in significations diuers, only by changing, detracting, or adding a letter or sillable in a word, as to say, |No doubt he is a foole wise man|, for a full wise man, |for a Doctor|, a Doter, or otherwise, |thou art no bewraier, but a betraier of mens counsels. Of one religious thou art become prodigious.|=

=_Antanaclasis_, when we produce a word in a contrary signification to that it commonlie portendeth: as to saie, |For my kindnesse you haue vsed me kindly, meaning indeede you haue vsed mee verie badly. And I can bee contented to pray with you though you pray not vppon me|. Where this worde |kindly| is applied to the worser part, which of it selfe carieth as wee see a far other meaning: and likewise |pray| in one sence being to entreate, is in another sense intended here to spoile. And as another said to a rude fellow, |you are too course to keepe course in our companie|, here is |course| for rudenes, and |course| in another sense for |good order|.=

=_Erotema_ or _Interrogatio_, when by interrogation we sift out anie thing somtimes by demand, as to saie, |But you sir, now frō whence I pray you, deriue you your fancie?| by asseueration, as to saie: |Haue you not in this action behaued your selfe excellent well?| By commiseration, as to saie: |Alas what grounde may holde mee, what lande or shore may possesse mee, circumuented as I am with so many euils?| By vrging, as thus, |What hadst thou to intermeddle in so bad a company? How long shall wee bee thus abused with so fained treachery? Art thou not ashamed seeing thy purposes thus reuealed? Perceiuest thou not thy driftes to bee all discouered?| By indignation, as to saie, |Shall I yet couer thy villanies being at thy handes thus hatefully misused?| or thus, |Wicked and peruerse kinde of people, howe long will you thus hatefully deale with your fauorers?| By admiration, as to saie, |Good Lord, who woulde haue thought so much loosenesse in so chaste a countenance! But what is it that this blind and sottish loue draweth not a man headlong into?| And lastly, by doubting, as thus: |What shall I say, or what further speeches may I vse to withdraw you from these euils?| Or otherwise: |Whither shall I turne me to speake vnto you, or what wordes may I vse whereby to withdraw you from these vanities?|=

=_Anthypophora_ or _Subiectio_, when to a question asked by vs, we answere of our selues in our own reasonings, the maner whereof is accomplished three kinde of waies, as first when wee obiect vnto our selues that which to others might be obiected, and answere it againe. Secondlie, when we do (as it were) vrge those we speake vnto to answere vs, and so answering, do confute their sayinges. Thirdlie, when in a deliberatiue sort we propound diuers things, and refute them all one after another. Example of the first maie bee this. |Is this a maner of discipline? Doe men in such sort deliuer their instructions? Had they for this cause the authoritie of tutors to them giuen, that in vanities and misliked pleasures, they who are committed vnto their charge, shoulde consume their youth vnder them? Beleeue me I am of a farre other opinion, neither do I thinke, that the reasonable time of young men, being now fittest of all others for anie vertuous impression, shoulde thus cautelouslie be deluded of that, whereunto both their parents and birth do commend them|. Of the second, this: |Nowe after al these proofes of the happie comming and acknowledgement of our true and onelie Messias: Let me speake vnto you againe, yee Iewes, enemies, and maligners of our sole and onelie God and Sauiour Christ Iesus, with what reasons strengthned doe you persist in your madnes? Stande ye vpon the Oracles of Prophets? Wee haue made plaine vnto you that they are wholie for vs. Looke ye after Moyses? It was only of our Christ, and none other that he that written. Waite ye on Types and Figures? They all in one do agree to bee in him fulfilled. Preferre you vnto vs miracles? Who could desire more then by him was shewed. Bring you against vs a number of consents? Alas you onely bring the smallest number, and lurking as it were in a corner, are the gainsayers of trueth itselfe, sith the whole world round about you doth witnes for vs. Doth the hope of any euent yet a little detaine you? Beholde your temple long since subuerted: your sacrifices quenched, your Citie rased, your people runnagate and dispersed, nor anie hope at all left vnto you to be relieued but by the clemencie of the Christians|. Of the thirde, this. |Tell mee I praie, what or wherein is it, that a worldlie man hath such meane to glorie in? wherein shoulde hee bee proude, or for what cause should he thus puffe vp himselfe in vanitie? Is it for his riches? they neuer make a man either happy or blessed, so farre off are they many times from anie such euent, as often wee do see that they are the verie cause of their owners destructions, they sundrie waies are meanes to inconueniences, and in our owne sight forsake their maisters in their life times, but seldome followe them for ought wee see to their graues. Is it for children? The keeping of them is then of riches far more vncertaine. Is it in respect of a wife, familie and other such like commodities? they are vexations, cares and griefes, nothing in them stable, nor such as may induce a man to any hoped tranquility, &c.| There is also of this sort another example, by an immediate answere to euerie question, as thus: |Wherfore then is the law? for transgressors, wherefore reward? for wel-doers|. Or thus: |Where is now their pride? vanished. Where are their boasts? deluded. Came they to aide vs? no, rather to suppresse vs. Came they to comfort vs? no, but to kill vs|.=

=_Antenagoge_, when hauing spoken as it were in the dispraise or mislike of a thing, we goe about to helpe the same againe with a new colour to the matter: As to saie, |It is a thing difficult to attain learning, but yet verie commodious. It is tedious to trauell for sundry knowledges, but vnto our liues it is a thing most necessary.|=

=_Ecphonesis_ or _Exclamatio_, which hath signification of griefe or indignation of a thing, as of griefe thus, |O cruell and lamentable times wherein wee liue, subiect as wee are to so manifolde miseries!| Of indignation thus. |O incredible boldnesse, or rather impudencie of a shamelesse creature: not fit to bee suffered|. Neither is this manner speaking, alwaies framed by the Interiection O, but rather otherwise, as thus: |Vnhappie man, made vnhappie by so great a misfortune, what vnkinde destiny droue him to so imminent a perill? Howe miserable and vncertaine is the state and condition of man, subiect to so many and so huge calamities?| Or otherwise, |What kind of people are you to rage in so vile a madnesse? Was euer seene a multitude so fierce, a company so carelesse, an assemblie so desperate? What inconsiderate dealing do you vse? I shame to see you, & grieue to behold you, &c.|=

=_Insultatio_, when iniuriously, or by a contumelious reproch we insult vpon a mans doings, as thus: |Trudge on with thy mischiefs, proceed in these thy insatiable cruelties, and he that hath power ouer al, wil one day I hope correct thee|. Or otherwise, |Pursue I pray you your glorious enterprise, you haue, no doubt, very waightily begun, & we cannot but expect thereof a notable issue.|=

=_Aporia_ or |Dubitatio|, when wee make staie or doubt howe to tearme a thing, or which waie to wade in a matter, as thus: |What shoulde I say, was it anger or an inueterate malice that led him to this mischiefe? Shall I cal him cunning as cautelous, that procured it, and so well could shift himselfe of it?| Or otherwise thus: |May hee bee said to be beloued, or rather fortunate or blessed, to haue escaped such daungers? is it to bee tearmed clemencie or rather piety to vse one so miserable with great curtesie|. Or thus: |I am not well perswaded what course to take in these causes, shall I begin where others haue left? or of my selfe shall I renewe againe vnto you what you haue so often heard? &c.|=

=_Paradoxon_, affined vnto that before, but with a kinde of maruelling or woondering thereunto added, as thus: |Could it possibly bee thought that learning and place of good education might euer haue produced such monstrous effectes?| Or otherwise: |I haue great maruell that men so generous, should so quickly be diuerted from their honest purposes|. Or thus. |I woulde neuer haue beleeued that such graue and considerate counsels shoulde so easily haue beene subuerted.|=