Chapter I: Front Matter

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transcriber’s Note:

This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_.

This is a very visual work, with numerous diagrams and meticulous discussion of them. The HTML or eBook versions would be more suitable if those aspects of the work are of interest.

There is a single footnote following the Translator’s note.

If an article spans several pages, marginal paragraph notes were repeated. These redundant notes have been removed.

Minor errors, attributable to the printer, have been corrected. Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation.

The English Works of Thomas Hobbes: Volume 1

THOMAS HOBBES.
_W Humphrys sc._
_London. Published March 1st 1839, by John Bohn. 17, Henrietta Street,
Covent Garden._
]

THE

ENGLISH WORKS

OF

THOMAS HOBBES

OF MALMESBURY;

NOW FIRST COLLECTED AND EDITED

BY

SIR WILLIAM MOLESWORTH, BART.

---

VOL. I.

---

LONDON:
JOHN BOHN,
HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

---

MDCCCXXXIX.

LONDON:
C. RICHARDS, PRINTER, ST. MARTIN'S LANE.

TO

GEORGE GROTE, ESQ.

M.P. FOR THE CITY OF LONDON.

--------------

DEAR GROTE,

I dedicate to you this edition of the Works of Hobbes; first, because I know you will be well pleased to see a complete collection of all the writings of an Author for whom you have so high an admiration. Secondly, because I am indebted to you for my first acquaintance with the speculations of one of the greatest and most original thinkers in the English language, whose works, I have often heard you regret, were so scarce, and so much less read and studied than they deserved to be. It now, therefore, gives me great satisfaction to be able to gratify a wish, you have frequently expressed, that some person, who had time and due reverence for that illustrious man, would undertake to edite his works, and bring his views again before his countrymen, who have so long and so unjustly neglected him. And likewise, I am desirous, in some way, to express the sincere regard and respect that I feel for you, and the gratitude that I owe you for the valuable instruction, that I have obtained from your society, and from the friendship with which you have honoured me, during the many years we have been companions in political life.

Yours, truly,
WILLIAM MOLESWORTH.

February 25th, 1839.
79, Eaton Square, London.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

ELEMENTS OF PHILOSOPHY.

THE FIRST SECTION,

CONCERNING BODY,

WRITTEN IN LATIN

BY

THOMAS HOBBES OF MALMESBURY

AND

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH.

THE

TRANSLATOR TO THE READER.

If, when I had finished my translation of this first section of the Elements of Philosophy, I had presently committed the same to the press, it might have come to your hands sooner than now it doth. But as I undertook it with much diffidence of my own ability to perform it well; so I thought fit, before I published it, to pray Mr. Hobbes to view, correct, and order it according to his own mind and pleasure. Wherefore, though you find some places enlarged, others altered, and two chapters, XVIII and XX, almost wholly changed, you may nevertheless remain assured, that as now I present it to you, it doth not at all vary from the author's own sense and meaning. As for the Six Lessons to the Savilian Professors at Oxford, they are not of my translation, but were written, as here you have them in English, by Mr. Hobbes himself; and are joined to this book, because they are chiefly in defence of the same.[A]

Footnote A:

They will be published in a separate volume, with other works of a
similar description. W. M.

THE AUTHOR'S EPISTLE DEDICATORY,

TO THE

RIGHT HONORABLE, MY MOST HONORED LORD,

WILLIAM, EARL OF DEVONSHIRE.

-------

This first section of the Elements of Philosophy, the monument of my service and your Lordship's bounty, though, after the Third Section published, long deferred, yet at last finished, I now present, my most excellent Lord, and dedicate to your Lordship. A little book, but full; and great enough, if men count well for great; and to an attentive reader versed in the demonstrations of mathematicians, that is, to your Lordship, clear and easy to understand, and almost new throughout, without any offensive novelty. I know that that part of philosophy, wherein are considered lines and figures, has been delivered to us notably improved by the ancients; and withal a most perfect pattern of the logic by which they were enabled to find out and demonstrate such excellent theorems as they have done. I know also that the hypothesis of the earth's diurnal motion was the invention of the ancients; but that both it, and astronomy, that is, celestial physics, springing up together with it, were by succeeding philosophers strangled with the snares of words. And therefore the beginning of astronomy, except observations, I think is not to be derived from farther time than from Nicolaus Copernicus; who in the age next preceding the present revived the opinion of Pythagoras, Aristarchus, and Philolaus. After him, the doctrine of the motion of the earth being now received, and a difficult question thereupon arising concerning the descent of heavy bodies, Galileus in our time, striving with that difficulty, was the first that opened to us the gate of natural philosophy universal, which is the knowledge of the nature of _motion_. So that neither can the age of natural philosophy be reckoned higher than to him. Lastly, the science of _man's body_, the most profitable part of natural science, was first discovered with admirable sagacity by our countryman Doctor Harvey, principal Physician to King James and King Charles, in his books of the _Motion of the Blood_, and of the _Generation of Living Creatures_; who is the only man I know, that conquering envy, hath established a new doctrine in his life-time. Before these, there was nothing certain in natural philosophy but every man's experiments to himself, and the natural histories, if they may be called certain, that are no certainer than civil histories. But since these, astronomy and natural philosophy in general have, for so little time, been extraordinarily advanced by Joannes Keplerus, Petrus Gassendus, and Marinus Mersennus; and the science of human bodies in special by the wit and industry of physicians, the only true natural philosophers, especially of our most learned men of the College of Physicians in London. Natural Philosophy is therefore but young; but Civil Philosophy yet much younger, as being no older (I say it provoked, and that my detractors may know how little they have wrought upon me) than my own book _De Cive_. But what? were there no philosophers natural nor civil among the ancient Greeks? There were men so called; witness Lucian, by whom they are derided; witness divers cities, from which they have been often by public edicts banished. But it follows not that there was _philosophy_. There walked in old Greece a certain phantasm, for superficial gravity, though full within of fraud and filth, a little like philosophy; which unwary men, thinking to be it, adhered to the professors of it, some to one, some to another, though they disagreed among themselves, and with great salary put their children to them to be taught, instead of wisdom, nothing but to dispute, and, neglecting the laws, to determine every question according to their own fancies. The first doctors of the Church, next the Apostles, born in those times, whilst they endeavoured to defend the Christian faith against the Gentiles by natural reason, began also to make use of philosophy, and with the decrees of Holy Scripture to mingle the sentences of heathen philosophers; and first some harmless ones of Plato, but afterwards also many foolish and false ones out of the physics and metaphysics of Aristotle; and bringing in the enemies, betrayed unto them the citadel of Christianity. From that time, instead of the worship of God, there entered a thing called _school divinity_, walking on one foot firmly, which is the Holy Scripture, but halted on the other rotten foot, which the Apostle Paul called _vain_, and might have called _pernicious philosophy_; for it hath raised an infinite number of controversies in the Christian world concerning religion, and from those controversies, wars. It is like that _Empusa_ in the Athenian comic poet, which was taken in Athens for a ghost that changed shapes, having one brazen leg, but the other was the leg of an ass, and was sent, as was believed, by Hecate, as a sign of some approaching evil fortune. Against this _Empusa_ I think there cannot be invented a better exorcism, than to distinguish between the rules of religion, that is, the rules of honouring God, which we have from the laws, and the rules of philosophy, that is, the opinions of private men; and to yield what is due to religion to the Holy Scripture, and what is due to philosophy to natural reason. And this I shall do, if I but handle the Elements of Philosophy truly and clearly, as I endeavour to do. Therefore having in the Third Section, which I have published and dedicated to your Lordship, long since reduced all power ecclesiastical and civil by strong arguments of reason, without repugnance to God's word, to one and the same sovereign authority; I intend now, by putting into a clear method the true foundations of natural philosophy, to fright and drive away this metaphysical _Empusa_; not by skirmish, but by letting in the light upon her. For I am confident, if any confidence of a writing can proceed from the writer's fear, circumspection, and diffidence, that in the three former parts of this book all that I have said is sufficiently demonstrated from definitions; and all in the fourth part from suppositions not absurd. But if there appear to your Lordship anything less fully demonstrated than to satisfy every reader, the cause was this, that I professed to write not all to all, but some things to geometricians only. But that your Lordship will be satisfied, I cannot doubt.

There remains the second section, which is concerning _Man_. That part thereof, where I handle the _Optics_, containing six chapters, together with the tables of the figures belonging to them, I have already written and engraven lying by me above these six years. The rest shall, as soon as I can, be added to it; though by the contumelies and petty injuries of some unskilful men, I know already, by experience, how much greater thanks will be due than paid me, for telling men the truth of what men are. But the burthen I have taken on me I mean to carry through; not striving to appease, but rather to revenge myself of envy, by encreasing it. For it contents me that I have your Lordship's favour, which, being all you require, I acknowledge; and for which, with my prayers to Almighty God for your Lordship's safety, I shall, to my power, be always thankful.

Your Lordship's most humble servant,

THOMAS HOBBES.

London,
April 23, 1655.

THE
AUTHOR'S EPISTLE TO THE READER.

Think not, Courteous Reader, that the philosophy, the elements whereof I am going to set in order, is that which makes philosophers' stones, nor that which is found in the metaphysic codes; but that it is the natural reason of man, busily flying up and down among the creatures, and bringing back a true report of their order, causes and effects. Philosophy, therefore, the child of the world and your own mind, is within yourself; perhaps not fashioned yet, but like the world its father, as it was in the beginning, a thing confused. Do, therefore, as the statuaries do, who, by hewing off that which is superfluous, do not make but find the image. Or imitate the creation: if you will be a philosopher in good earnest, let your reason move upon the deep of your own cogitations and experience; those things that lie in confusion must be set asunder, distinguished, and every one stamped with its own name set in order; that is to say, your method must resemble that of the creation. The order of the creation was, _light_, _distinction of day and night_, the _firmament_, the _luminaries_, _sensible creatures_, _man_; and, after the creation, the _commandment_. Therefore the order of contemplation will be, _reason_, _definition_, _space_, the _stars_, _sensible quality_, _man_; and after man is grown up, _subjection to command_. In the first part of this section, which is entitled Logic, I set up the light of reason. In the second, which hath for title the Grounds of Philosophy, I distinguish the most common notions by accurate definition, for the avoiding of confusion and obscurity. The third part concerns the expansion of space, that is Geometry. The fourth contains the Motion of the Stars, together with the doctrine of sensible qualities.

In the second section, if it please God, shall be handled _Man_. In the third section, the doctrine of _Subjection_ is handled already. This is the method I followed; and if it like you, you may use the same; for I do but propound, not commend to you anything of mine. But whatsoever shall be the method you will like, I would very fain commend philosophy to you, that is to say, the study of wisdom, for want of which we have all suffered much damage lately. For even they, that study wealth, do it out of love to wisdom; for their treasures serve them but for a looking-glass, wherein to behold and contemplate their own wisdom. Nor do they, that love to be employed in public business, aim at anything but place wherein to show their wisdom. Neither do voluptuous men neglect philosophy, but only because they know not how great a pleasure it is to the mind of man to be ravished in the vigorous and perpetual embraces of the most beauteous world. Lastly, though for nothing else, yet because the mind of man is no less impatient of empty time than nature is of empty place, to the end you be not forced for want of what to do, to be troublesome to men that have business, or take hurt by falling into idle company, but have somewhat of your own wherewith to fill up your time, I recommend unto you to study philosophy. Farewell.

T. H.

TITLES OF THE CHAPTERS.

PART FIRST,

OR LOGIC.

CHAP. PAGE.

1. Of Philosophy 1

2. Of Names 13

3. Of Proposition 29

4. Of Syllogism 44

5. Of Erring, Falsity, and Captions 55

6. Of Method 65

PART SECOND,

OR THE FIRST GROUNDS OF PHILOSOPHY.

7. Of Place and Time 91

8. Of Body and Accident 101

9. Of Cause and Effect 120

10. Of Power and Act 127

11. Of Identity and Difference 132

12. Of Quantity 138

13. Of Analogism, or the Same Proportion 144

14. Of Strait and Crooked, Angle and Figure 176

PART THIRD,

OF THE PROPORTIONS OF MOTIONS AND MAGNITUDES.

15. Of the Nature, Properties, and divers 203
Considerations of Motion and Endeavour

16. Of Motion Accelerated and Uniform, and of Motion 218
by Concourse

17. Of Figures Deficient 246

18. Of the Equation of Strait Lines with the Crooked 268
Lines of Parabolas, and other Figures made in
imitation of Parabolas

19. Of Angles of Incidence and Reflection, equal by 273
Supposition

20. Of the Dimension of a Circle, and the Division of 287
Angles or Arches

21. Of Circular Motion 317

22. Of other Variety of Motions 333

23. Of the Centre of Equiponderation of Bodies 350
pressing downwards in Strait Parallel Lines

24. Of Refraction and Reflection 374

PART FOURTH,

OF PHYSICS, OR THE PHENOMENA OF NATURE.

25. Of Sense and Animal Motion 387

26. Of the World and of the Stars 410

27. Of Light, Heat, and of Colours 445

28. Of Cold, Wind, Hard, Ice, Restitution of Bodies 466
bent, Diaphanous, Lightning and Thunder, and of
the Heads of Rivers

29. Of Sound, Odour, Savour, and Touch 485

30. Of Gravity 508

------------------------------------------------------------------------

COMPUTATION OR LOGIC.

-------