Chapter XXXIV: Sir Rutherford Alcock's Later Years (1)

Retirement--Literary work--Social and charitable
occupations--Geographical Society--Borneo--Failing health--Active
to the end.

After twenty-seven years' service in the Far East Sir Rutherford Alcock spent the remaining twenty-seven years of his life in his own country, not in the placid enjoyment of a well-earned leisure or in mere literary recreation, but in labours incessant for the good of his countrymen. Though the scene had changed, the methodical habits of his business life remained unaltered, and were directed in their full activity to the duties that presented themselves in England.

During his whole active life Sir Rutherford had cherished the hope of occupying his years of leisure with work for the sick and needy. His visit to England, 1856-58, perhaps gave the definite direction to this aspiration, and led him to see that hospitals, schools, prisons, and similar institutions would afford the best available medium through which he could reach the object of his desires. No sooner, therefore, was he released from official service than the ex-army surgeon returned to his first love. The associations of his youth were bound up with the two hospitals in Westminster where he had studied. There, accordingly, after the lapse of forty years, his active connection with the medical schools was resumed. Residing in the immediate vicinity, Sir Rutherford was able to devote a large share of his time to the affairs of Westminster Hospital, giving back with interest what he had received from his nursing mother. He was a regular visitor there: before long he joined the Board, and became a prominent figure at its meetings. Being appointed one of the vice-presidents, an office he held till his death, he was, through his constant attendance, the working chairman of the board. There was much good work waiting to be done in the control and direction of the routine service of the establishment, and still more in the way of improvements required to adapt the machine to the needs of the time. Hospitals in general were by no means in a satisfactory condition thirty years ago, and the Westminster was certainly no better than its neighbours. The sanitary state of the establishment was antiquated and unfavourable to the patients. But the structural changes necessary to improve this and to extend the accommodation, and the heavy expenditure involved, demanded first-rate financial and organising capacity, as well as unremitting labour,--desiderata which Sir Rutherford was eminently qualified to supply. The nursing was at such a low level as amounted almost to a scandal. Drastic remedies, in short, and in many directions, were called for. But reform from within is proverbially an unpromising undertaking, the _personnel_ being identified with conservative traditions. That kind of parsimony which is in effect the worst extravagance, inasmuch as it yields no adequate return, was a serious obstacle to improvement. It was not their fault, but that of the system of which they were but creatures, that nurses and other attendants were so perfunctory and so inefficient. It was the system, therefore, that had to be reformed, and into that work Sir Rutherford Alcock threw himself _con amore_. In his labours for the improvement of the hospital he was supported throughout by the cordial co-operation of the late Lady Augusta Stanley. We are indebted to his colleague, Mr George Cowell, F.R.C.S., for a short reference to the work initiated and carried through by Sir Rutherford Alcock, and for a warm tribute to the zeal and ability which he brought into the service:--

Most of the many valuable reports on such subjects as the nursing,
admission of out-patients, structural alterations, and improved
sanitation were written by him, and endorsed by the committees
over which he so ably presided. The writer of this notice
remembers the early controversies with reference to the nursing,
and the growing complaints which failed to receive attention until
Sir Rutherford came on the scene. Hospital committees in those
days were not so liberal as they are now, and all increase in
the wages of the nurses was absolutely refused for many years.
The result of this parsimony was that as the general rate of
wages increased, the best nurses were enticed away by better pay
elsewhere, and Westminster had gradually come to be nursed by a
lower and lower class, and indeed thirty years ago it was not an
unheard-of thing to convict a nurse for consuming brandy ordered
for the patient. The medical staff were obliged to make a stand
against this crying evil, and at last, with the assistance of Sir
Rutherford, and in spite of the determined opposition of the then
senior physician, a change was made, and the cost of the nursing
was doubled at a bound.

Sir Rutherford was chairman of the Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital for sixteen years, and of the Hospital for Women in Soho Square, to both of which institutions he rendered great services. He was member of the Council of the House of Charity for assisting those who have seen better days, and chairman of the Nursing Home founded by Lady Augusta Stanley, in which he took a keen interest. He was also a Poor Law Guardian and a leader in sundry charitable and other parochial work, his experiences of which he likened to the steps of a dancing-master--"two forward and one backward, with no very sensible advance in any one direction." One important step forward he did, however, succeed in making, and that was in obtaining trained nurses for sick inmates of workhouses. His efforts, while connected with St George's Union, were specially devoted to the treatment of the sick: he also took a great interest in the emigration of pauper children to Canada.

As a member of the committee of the Charity Organisation Society he laboured for many years in a variety of ways to bring about unity of action between that body and the Board of Guardians. In connection with the Westminster District Board of Works, Board of Parochial Trustees, Western Dispensary, and Westminster Nursing Committee, he rendered innumerable services to the populous districts controlled by these organisations. Having been elected to the Board of Works in 1875, Sir Rutherford was at once placed upon the Sanitary Committee, to which the Board delegated the administration of the Public Health Acts then in force. The vestry clerk of St Margaret's and St John's records that the Sanitary Committee of the District Board of Works was Sir Rutherford's favourite field of work--an impression which was no doubt also formed by the executive officers of the other spheres of his multifarious activity. The members of the Board were at that time greatly occupied in combating the evils resulting from the overcrowded and insanitary condition of their district, and Sir Rutherford was largely instrumental in urging upon the Home Office the necessity of legislation to compel medical practitioners and heads of families to give notice of cases of infectious diseases--efforts which eventually resulted in the Act of Parliament of 1889.

In 1881 he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission to investigate the London smallpox and fever hospitals, to the formation of which he had contributed powerfully by his reports and articles and labours in the Medical Conference. In 1882 he presided over the Health Department of the Social Science Congress.

In all the social and philanthropic objects to which he devoted himself he was an original worker, never a follower of routine or one to say ditto to another man's opinions. Whatever he undertook he did thoroughly, and with a single eye to the main purpose. His various activities brought him into contact with all sorts and conditions of men, but chiefly with those on the pathetic side of social life--the unfortunate, the debilitated, the improvident, the suffering. He shirked none of his obligations to the meanest of these, and would suffer the greatest personal inconvenience rather than fail in fulfilment of the smallest promise, or in gratifying the slightest request. This punctilious observance of the minor duties was remarked as a prominent feature in his character. An intimate friend writes, "How I wish I could convey even a faint idea of his kindly and sympathetic friendship, which left the feeling that he was on a plane above one in his lofty sense of love and duty." Pure philanthropy, genuine economy, and sound finance being his guiding principles in all social undertakings, and whatever he undertook being pushed through to a successful issue, he by degrees acquired a reputation for efficiency and tenacity. It was not surprising that his energetic character should have gained him the credit of aggressiveness, or, as Mr Co well puts it, "bellicose individuality," which, however, served him in good stead in every post he occupied. We have already seen throughout his official career how he was stimulated by controversy: he was at his best as a fighting man.

The high qualities which Sir Rutherford devoted to his labours of love received flattering recognition from the Queen, who applied to him to draw up the regulations and rules of the institution by which deserving nurses were to be benefited in commemoration of her Majesty's Jubilee. This honour he accepted from her Majesty on the condition that he should have for colleagues in the work Sir James Paget and the Duke of Westminster, a request which was graciously granted. The balance of the Women's Jubilee offering of 1887 was £70,000, of which fund the three were appointed trustees. They decided that it should be applied to the foundation of an institution to promote the education and maintenance of nurses for the sick poor in their own homes. When the scheme had been matured a royal charter of incorporation was granted, wherein the governing body was styled "The Queen Victoria Jubilee Institute for Nurses," the three trustees being appointed to act permanently in that capacity, and also as members of the Council of the Institute. "Sir Rutherford," says the Rev. Arthur Peile, Master of St Katharine's, "continued to the last to take an unfailing interest in the work, and in many valuable ways aided the committee and council by his advice. From his wide grasp of the subject in its various bearings he was able to make important suggestions." The Diamond Jubilee and the incidents connected with the celebration interested Sir Rutherford greatly during the last year of his life, and the medal he received on the occasion was valued by him more highly than any other distinction, because he knew that the bestowal of it was the spontaneous act of the Queen herself, for whom he had a deep personal affection.

To the larger public Sir Rutherford Alcock was perhaps best known by his work in connection with the Royal Geographical Society, on the committee of which he served for twenty years. Elected President in 1876, it fell to him to receive Sir George Nares on his return from his Arctic expedition in that year, and Mr H. M. Stanley on his return from the Congo in 1877. His various presidential addresses to the Society itself, and to the geographical section of the British Association, are replete with well-digested summaries of the progress of geographical exploration throughout the world. His comprehensive treatment of the subject assisted very much, if not to make geography a science, at least to lift it out of the region of mere technical knowledge, and to assign to the study of it the social and political significance now universally attached to the description of the earth's surface. Personally he did much to stimulate enterprise of that kind in various regions. As Chairman of the African Exploration Fund, he took an active share in the labours which resulted in the despatch of Mr Keith Johnston and Mr Joseph Thomson to East Africa, and, by bringing the country into notice, had such important results in the direction of the opening up of that part of the continent. Speaking of him a few days after his death, the President, Sir Clements Markham, said: "Judicious, patient, and courteous, he was esteemed by us all, and his able advice helped us out of many a difficulty. The period of his presidency will always be remembered for the energy with which he advocated African exploration, the result of his efforts being represented by the memorable expeditions of Joseph Thomson."

We have already had occasion to remark on the personal interest which Sir Rutherford had taken during the earlier years of his service in China and Japan in the London Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862.[40] Indeed the Japanese "show" in the latter was virtually organised by him. His well-known sympathy with, and interest in, all industrial and artistic collections led to his being chosen as British Commissioner to the Paris Exhibition of 1878.

About the same time a question of imperial concern claimed Sir Rutherford's active intervention: that was colonisation in the Eastern Archipelago. Borneo, the largest island in the world after Australia, has from time to time excited considerable interest in Great Britain. The romantic career of the Rajah of Sarawak, Sir James Brooke, on the west coast, had much to do with bringing that part of the world into public notice. Adopting as his country the domain made over to him by the native chiefs, Rajah Brooke laboured among his people like a missionary of civilisation, trampled out the savage customs of the natives, and after many trials gained the confidence of the people by his justice and firmness, and eventually brought the country into a state of prosperity and good order. In this he was loyally seconded by Captain Keppel, now Admiral of the Fleet, whose 'Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido' is a graphic story of their joint adventures among pirates and head-hunters. Coal having been found in Labuan, adjoining the Rajah's territory, that island was acquired by Great Britain in 1847, under treaty from the Sultan of Brunei, who engaged not to make any cession of his territory without her Majesty's consent, and established as a Crown colony.

The Netherlands and Spain claimed between them, upon a vague tenure, enormous tracts of the coast of Borneo and the adjoining archipelago, effectually blocking all progress in these regions. There still remained, however, an important section of the northern part of that immense island unappropriated by the white man. Portions of this tract had been leased to an American citizen, who transferred it to an American company; but being unable to furnish the capital either to pay the stipulated rent or to develop so enormous a property, in 1877 the holders were glad to part with all their rights to an English association consisting of Baron von Overbeck and Mr (now Sir) Alfred Dent, who undertook to pay the agreed tribute to the Sultans of Borneo and Sooloo. Possessing this immense estate, with the sovereign rights inherent in the proprietor, the English association made arrangements to develop the property. Agents were sent out to occupy certain points on the coast, and a provisional government, suited to the requirements of the place, was set up. But the administration putting too heavy a strain upon a private individual, Mr Dent set to work to find assistance in his undertaking.

At this juncture, 1879, Sir Rutherford Alcock, impressed by the important strategical position of the island of Borneo, lying close to the track of vessels traversing the China Sea, its possession of several good harbours, and prospective coal supply, joined Mr Dent in his efforts to place the British occupation of the Bornean harbours on a secure basis. As a first step it was necessary to organise a company with sufficient capital to take over the government and utilise the resources of the territory. This may well have seemed at the time not only an arduous but an impossible undertaking; for nothing short of a royal charter could supply the necessary guarantee to attract capitalists, and to assure them that their property investment would eventually be productive. The era had long gone past when royal charters were granted to merchant adventurers. Such an institution, therefore, seemed an anachronism, opposed to the spirit of the age. Nor was the political colour of the British Government at the time encouraging to imperial schemes of any description. In spite of these difficulties the knowledge of affairs and insistency of Sir Rutherford Alcock and the other promoters enabled them eventually to succeed in pushing their enterprise with the Government to the point of obtaining a charter of incorporation in November 1881. On the faith of this charter a company was formed, of which the capital now stands at £2,000,000, under the title of the "British North Borneo Company." Sir Rutherford Alcock became the chairman, which post he continued to fill during the ten years which may be considered the probationary stage of the company. To him it owed much of its success in overcoming the numerous difficulties incidental to starting so novel a venture; and among his other labours in its behalf he drew up a full and elaborate handbook of North Borneo. It was not a trading, but a governing and a land-owning company, its revenues consisting of royalties paid by private adventurers for the privileges of mining, agriculture, and so forth, licences and the necessary taxes on commerce. But the interests of a dividend-earning and a governing company were so nearly incompatible that no little ingenuity as well as patient effort were required to bring about reconciliation between the two elements.

The affairs of the company have been conducted with great perseverance, the exploitation of the territory by means of planting, mining, and industries of various kinds having been handed over to subsidiary companies created for the purpose, while the parent body maintains its position as overlord, administering the whole territory.

But amidst his numerous preoccupations in England Sir Rutherford never loosened his grasp on the events which were transpiring in the distant field to which his official life had been devoted. As the only competent and persistent critic of these events, he did as much as one man could to turn the eyes of his countrymen towards their most important interests in Further Asia. Nearly every passing event was noticed briefly by him in the columns of the daily press, while the permanent features of the Far Eastern problem, which are only now beginning to dawn upon the consciousness of the nation, were copiously dealt with in the monthly magazines and in the more stately pages of the 'Edinburgh Review.' Sir Rutherford's contributions to periodical literature, forming a tolerably complete repertory of the questions arising out of the intercourse of Europe with Eastern Asia, would fill many volumes. As late as 1896 the subject was still uppermost in his mind. "In China," he then wrote, "there is a far larger Eastern question than what is occupying us at Constantinople. An open port for Russia, a railroad across Russia, with the French scheming for our commerce in the Indo-Chinese peninsula,--the whole situation is full of danger to all our interests in China." And during the last year of his life the thought of all that had been lost to the country through sheer neglect seemed to weigh heavily on his mind. That his constant premonitions of coming changes passed practically unheeded by the public to whom they were addressed is unfortunately true; and it is trite to say that it would have been well for this country if the warnings of such serious writers as this had been taken to heart before instead of after the deluge. But that would have been a historical anomaly, for mankind has learned little since the days of Noah.

Under the valid plea of advancing age and failing health Sir Rutherford during his last years relinquished one after another the offices which he had filled with so much earnestness and good faith. Deafness alone obliged him to retire from the active chairmanship of the Westminster Hospital, though his attendances at the weekly meetings of the Board were unremitting to the very end. As late as July 1897 he took a leading part in measures he deemed urgent for the wellbeing of the institution. During the Jubilee celebrations he was able to receive a formal visit from a party of twelve Dyak police from British North Borneo, under the command of Mr Wardrop. The Committee of the Jubilee Nurses continued to meet at his house, and he did work for the institution during the summer. While at Wimbledon with his family in August, he was seized by an illness from which he rallied sufficiently to be brought home to his house at Westminster, where he came under the medical care of his old friend and physician, Dr Lionel Beale. Among the few friends who were admitted to see him during the last month of his life were the Dean of Westminster, Lord Lister, Mr Edmund Bagshawe of Bath, and one or two others. His strength was then gradually failing, though he retained his intellect unimpaired till within a few days of the end, on November 2, 1897. He was buried in Merstham churchyard. His widow, nearly his own age, survived him sixteen months, dying in March 1899. How much the maintenance of the husband's long life of active usefulness owed to the support and encouragement of a judicious and devoted wife must remain behind the veil. She had her reward.

It may be interesting in conclusion to add a few words of Sir Rutherford Alcock's estimate of himself, which occur in a letter to the friend who had pressed him on the subject of biography, written within a year of his death. "In worldly things," he said, "I have been exceptionally favoured by opportunities, many of them unanticipated, and rather fortuitous than by any efforts or merits. My early life was marked by a great rashness, and a readiness to accept responsibilities which savoured much of presumption and confidence from conceit in my powers to deal with whatever fell in my way--very different from my retrospect in old age and the sobered estimate my judgment is now disposed to form of all I undertook and accomplished, and the risks I accepted, through my fifty years of active life."

If, however, age be the season appropriate for judgment, youth is the time for laying up the materials for it; and he who takes no risks achieves nothing worthy of being judged. We estimate the man by his record rather than by his own review of it, falling back on the criterion, valid in all circumstances, "By their fruits ye shall know them."

FOOTNOTE:

[40] In 1863 the University of Oxford conferred upon him the degree
of D.C.L.

INDEX.

Adkins, Mr, reports foreign atrocities, i. 302, 303;
in charge of Peking legations, i. 355;
intimate with Hangki, ii. 140;
on mixed commission regarding redress of commercial grievances,
ii. 212;
interview with Li, ii. 244, 245.

Alabaster, Sir Challoner, ii. 206, 359.

Alcock, John Rutherford--
_Chronological sequence of career_--
Birth and early years, i. 1, 2;
medical education, i. 2-4; visit to Paris, i. 2;
medical work, i.8; campaign in Portugal, i. 14-20;
campaign in Spain, i. 21, 22;
publications on surgery, i. 23, 24;
appointed Inspector of Anatomy, i. 25;
marriage, i. 26;
paralysis of hands, i. 27;
appointed consul at Foochow, i. 29, 116;
residence at Amoy, i. 116, 117;
at Foochow, i. 117-122;
Consular Reports (1845-46), i. 123;
appointed to Shanghai, i. 126;
Tsingpu affair, i. 129-133;
Taiping occupation of Shanghai, i. 138, 141;
custom-house plans, i. 148, 151-154;
promoted to Canton consulate, i. 156;
death of his wife, i. 158;
literary work, i. 159;
first furlough, i. 159;
Memorandum requested by Foreign Office, i. 332;
appointed Consul-General in Japan and granted title of
Plenipotentiary, ii. 14;
arrival in Yedo, ii. 15-17;
journey up the Inland Sea, ii. 36, 42;
expedition to Fujiyama, ii. 41, 42;
leaves Yedo on furlough (1862), ii. 50;
made K.C.B., ii. 70;
completes 'The Capital of the Tycoon,' ii. 70;
made D.C.L. of Oxford University (1863), ii. 484 _note_;
returns to Yedo, ii. 70;
second marriage, ii. 73;
recalled by Earl Russell, ii. 87, 88;
leaves Japan, ii. 91;
publishes 'Art and Art Industries of Japan,' ii. 102;
publishes Japanese Grammar, ii. 103;
appointed minister to China, ii. 130;
efforts against coolie trade, ii. 168, 171, 172;
favours Burlingame mission, ii. 194, 195;
departure for Europe, ii. 218;
criticisms of Far Eastern events, ii. 476, 477;
work for Westminster Hospital, ii. 478-480;
various public and charitable works, ii. 480, 481, 483;
receives Jubilee medal from the Queen, ii. 483;
work regarding colonisation in Borneo, ii. 485-488;
illness and death, ii. 488, 489.
_Personal characteristics_--
Aggressiveness, ii. 482.
Alertness, ii. 16, 100.
Appearance, i. 117.
Appreciative faculty, ii. 139.
Art, love of, i. 2, 4, ii. 101.
Common-sense, i. 27.
Courage and nerve, i. 15-17, 27, ii. 100, 126.
Courtesy, ii. 484.
Duty, devotion to, i. 15, 18, 157, ii. 16, 101, 138, 482.
Energy, i. 26, 116, ii. 16, 482, 484.
Enthusiasm, i. 27.
Formality, ii. 139.
Geniality to intimates, ii. 139.
Grasp of fundamentals and breadth of view, i. 116, 122, 143, 162,
166, 204.
Hospitality, ii. 139.
Industry, ii. 139.
Judgment and farsightedness, i. 18, 163, ii. 484.
Kindness and sympathy, ii. 482.
Loyalty, ii. 138.
Lucidity of style, i. 26, 166.
Practical philosophy, i. 161.
Reserve, i. 158, ii. 121.
Resolution, ii. 101.
Responsibility, fearlessness of, i. 20, 166, 437, ii. 16, 489.
Thoroughness and earnestness of purpose, i. 18, 27, ii. 16, 181,
361, 481.

Alcock, Lady, marriage of, ii. 73;
death of, ii. 489.

Alcock, Mrs (_née_ Bacon), marriage of, i. 26;
arrival in Foochow, i. 120;
death of, i. 158.

America, Americans (_see also_ Powers)--
British support advantageous to, i. 437.
Burlingame mission to, ii. 192, 193, 196, 197.
Chinese trade with, i. 168, 177;
Chinese traders in, i. 270;
"dummy" Chinaman evolved by, i. 338, 339;
action against Chinese emigration, ii. 174;
Chinese youths educated in, ii. 394, 395.
Custom-house co-operation omitted in treaty of, i. 146;
customs not levied by, at Shanghai in Taiping rebellion, i. 149.
Disputes of French and British with (1849), i. 435.
Foochow developed by, i. 121, 122, 241.
Japan, naval demonstration off, ii. 2;
Mr Harris's treaty, ii. 3, 5, 39, 99;
Minister remains in Yedo during assassination period, ii. 36;
Japanese mission to, ii. 47;
artillery officers declined by Japanese, ii. 110.
Korean expedition from, ii. 178, 179.
Li's visit to, ii. 387.
Missionaries from, in Yangtze expedition, i. 370.
Non-aggressive policy of, ii. 468.
Opium included in Tientsin treaty at instance of, i. 342.
Shipping industry in, i. 224, 228-230.
Silk industry of, i. 191.
Taiping rebellion, joint action with British at Shanghai during,
i. 138.
Tientsin Conference attended by (1854), i. 311;
at Tientsin later with Lord Elgin, i. 331.
Toleration clause in treaty of, ii. 224.

Amoy--
Alcock's residence at, i. 116, 117.
Opening of, i. 115.
'Times' pronouncement against, i. 114.

Amur, the, Russian acquisitions on, ii. 252, 422.

Anatomy Act, Alcock appointed Inspector under, i. 25, 26.

Anderson, Dr John, cited, ii. 267.

Annam, French conquest of, ii. 253, 324, 325.

A'Pak, exploit of, against lorchas, i. 304, 305.

Arbuthnot, G., on Japanese currency, ii. 19, 22, 23.

Arrow, crew of, seized by Chinese, i. 309;
Lord Elgin's view of incident, i. 323, 324.

Atami, Springs of, Alcock's visit to, ii. 32, 42.

'Attaché at Peking, The,' cited, ii. 444 _note_.

Australia, attitude of, towards Chinese emigrants, ii. 174.

Austria, envoy from, received in audience at Peking, ii. 320, 321.

Baber, Colborne, ii. 150, 272, 359.

Bacon, Miss. _See_ Alcock, Mrs.

Baldwin, Major, assassination of, ii. 91.

Balfour, the Right Hon. A. J., speech of, regarding Russian ports,
ii. 425, 430, 432.

Balfour, Captain George, i. 124, 128.

Bernard, W. D., cited, i. 63.

Biegeleben, M., ii. 320, 321.

Bird, Lieutenant, assassination of, ii. 91.

Birileff, Count, at Tsushima, ii. 111-114.

Blakiston, Captain, cited, i. 370.

Bonham, Sir George, succeeds Sir J. Davis at Hongkong, i. 131;
rebuffed by Seu, i. 165;
applies to Alcock for information, i. 166;
asked to defend Nanking against Taipings, i. 312;
Alcock's despatch to (1852), i. 428-432.

Borneo, Alcock's interest in British development of, ii. 485-488.

Bowring, Sir John, demands right of entry into Canton, i. 160;
Russian despatches brought to, i. 233;
plenipotentiary at Hongkong, i. 309;
dealings with Yeh, i. 310, 313, 314;
visit to Tientsin, i. 311;
protects factories at Canton, i. 312;
influenced towards strong measures, i. 315;
policy of, i. 319, 323 _note_;
superseded, i. 319, 320.

Boxers, ii. 462, 463.

Bright, the Right Hon. John, confidence of, in Sir R. Hart,
ii. 164-166;
attitude of, towards China trade, ii. 365, 366.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin, i. 25.

Brown, J. McLeavy, ii. 194.

Brown, Major-General, i. 385, 386, 392.

Browne, Colonel Horace, ii. 266, 267.

Bruce, the Hon. Frederick--Tientsin treaty brought home by, i. 335;
repulsed at Taku forts, i. 348;
British minister at Peking, i. 355;
prohibits Englishmen from visiting Peking, i. 363;
adopts determined attitude, i. 367;
refuses to defend Ningpo, i. 377;
Gordon's interview with, i. 383;
supports Burgevine's cause, i. 384, 385;
implicated in the Lay-Osborn flotilla failure, i. 389, 390;
applauds Gordon's resentment against Li, i. 392;
policy and diplomacy, i. 401-404, 407;
correspondence with Prince Kung, i. 404-406, 409;
confuses legal authority of himself and Supreme Court, ii. 124,
125;
succeeded by Alcock, ii. 130;
anecdote of his housekeeper, ii. 152;
relations with Inspector-General of Customs in Peking, ii. 156,
159, 160.

Burgevine, General, i. 382, 384-387.

Burlingame, the Hon. Anson, mission of, as Chinese envoy, ii. 192-198;
Alcock's approval of the mission, ii. 194, 195;
Alcock's subsequent view, ii. 217;
British Government influenced by mission, ii. 208, 209;
negotiates American treaty giving full privileges to Chinese
immigrants, ii. 174;
asserts Chinese welcome to missionaries, ii. 232.

Burma--
Browne, Colonel H., expedition under, ii. 266, 267.
King of, ii. 269.

Campbell, Duncan, ii. 333.

Canton--
Alcock promoted to consulate of, i. 156.
Arrogant hostility and excesses of population, i. 72, 92, 95-99,
107, 274, 415, 419.
Arrow incident, i. 309, 323, 324.
Blockade of river (1839), i. 61, 63.
Commerce carried on during hostilities, i. 68, 69, ii. 158.
Conditions of life in, in early days, i. 33, 34, 46.
D'Aguilar's destruction of river defences, i. 102, 103.
Davies, Sir John, policy of, i. 94, 99-104, 106-108.
Entry, right of, refused, i. 98, 107, 114, 160, 165, 310, 333, 338.
Factories attacked (1846), i. 99;
burned (1856), i. 317.
Foochow sensitive to disturbances in, i. 119, 314.
French attack feared, ii. 326-328.
Merchants in, imprisoned, i. 53, 55;
views of, disparaged, i. 254;
characteristics of, i. 255;
influence of, i. 315;
friction between Sir J. Davis and, ii. 119.
"Merchants' War," i. 316 _seq._
Naval construction attempted at, ii. 396.
Occupation of, by Allied troops, i. 328, 342-345;
Kowloon concession obtained during occupation, i. 286;
evacuated by Allies, i. 396.
Portuguese relief of, in sixteenth century, i. 259;
Portuguese crews slaughtered by Cantonese, i. 304, 305.
Revolutionary conspiracies in neighbourhood of, ii. 456.
Shameen site acquired, i. 330.
Smuggling insignificant at, i. 144, 145.
Taipings at, i. 312.
War of 1839-42--blockade of river, i. 63;
destruction of Bogue forts and junks, i. 66;
forts restored, i. 67;
recaptured, i. 68;
fire-raft attempts, i. 71;
British attack stopped by Elliot, i. 71;
ransom taken for the city, i. 72, 91;
departure of British troops, i. 72;
evil effects of ransoming, i. 108.
War of 1857 ("The Merchants' War"), i. 316 _seq._
Weddell's bombardment of (1655), i. 292.

'Capital of the Tycoon, The,' passages quoted from, ii. 10, 15,
31, 32, 71-73;
independent judiciary advocated in, ii. 126.

Ceylon, growth of tea trade with, i. 184, 185.

Challenger, i. 235-238.

Chamberlain, Basil Hall, quoted, ii. 96 _note_.

Chang Chih-tung, rudeness of, regarding the Czarevitch, ii. 322, 323;
characteristics and policy of, ii. 380, 381.

Chang Yi, ii. 317.

Chantrey, Sir F. L., Alcock's studies under, i. 2.

Chefoo--
Convention of. _See under_ Treaties.
Czarevitch to be received at, ii. 322.
Early exploration of, i. 221, 222.

Chêkiang, Taiping campaign in, i. 380, 394.

Chesney, Colonel, i. 99, 100.

China (_for particular persons, towns, &c., see their titles_)--
Admiralty board, ii. 317, 318, 392, 393.
Army--
Abuses in, ii. 398.
Arms, diversity of, ii. 391, 393, 399.
Discipline lax, i. 137.
Honour, military, non-existent in, i. 140.
Li's efforts for, ii. 188, 190, 391, 397.
Black Flags, ii. 325.
Boxers, ii. 462, 463.
_Chose jugée_, instance of, ii. 280.
Commerce. _See that title._
Commercial community in Britain keenly alive to affairs in, i. 87.
Consuls. _See below under_ Foreigners.
Coolie trade, i. 295, ii. 168-174.
Corruption and laxity inherent in government of, i. 155, 192.
Court--
Audience, right of, approved by Li, ii. 186;
granted by Emperor Tungchih (1873), ii. 260, 261;
by Kwanghsu (1891), ii. 318-320.
Chinese, not Manchu, influence predominant at, i. 84.
Dynastic arrangements of the Empress-Dowager, ii. 264, 313,
455 _and note_, 456.
Flight of, i. 354, ii. 436;
proposed removal during Japanese War, ii. 474 _note_.
Custom-house. _See below under_ Taxation.
Decentralisation the principle of government, i. 388, 402, 407, 408.
Drift, policy of, ii. 324.
Emigration, ii. 168, 169, 171-174.
"Ever Victorious Army," campaign of, i. 382-387;
disbandment of, i. 393.
Exhibition of 1851, represented at, i. 200-202, ii. 101, 102.
Foreigners--
Aims of, i. 368.
Assistance from, distrusted, i. 387;
made use of, ii. 385, 386;
faithfully rendered, ii. 393, 394.
Co nciliatory and subservient attitude of British, i. 35-41, 56,
118, 253, 415;
of Portuguese, i. 287.
Confidence between native merchants and, i. 48.
Consistent attitude of, desirable, i. 340, ii. 222.
Consular Courts, drawbacks of, ii. 125, 126, 354, 356, 357.
Consular officials, peculiar responsibilities of, i. 30, 79, 85,
92 _note_, 128, 130, ii. 353, 354, 360;
numbers and qualifications of, ii. 358, 359.
Degradation and indignities imposed upon, i. 33, 35-40, 55-58,
60, 118, 163, 411, 415.
Force, policy of, the condition of security for, i. 39, 40, 61,
80, 90, 106, 119, 426, 437-439, ii. 221, 222.
Hatred and contempt for, i. 313, 419, ii. 29, 440, 441, 443-446,
461, 463, 464.
Ignorance of Chinese prevalent among, i. 338, 339, 361, 362, 398.
Immunity for wrongs against, i. 436, 440, 441.
Inland residence, Alcock's view of, ii. 450, 451.
Legation, British. _See_ Great Britain--Peking.
Legations, diplomatic difficulties of, i. 398-401;
relieved by military force, ii. 437.
Life-and-death jurisdiction over, claimed by government, i. 57.
Negotiation with, Chinese view of, ii. 274 _note_, 437.
Pioneers, general character of, i. 31-33.
Policy adopted towards--"rule by misrule," i. 35, 403;
perfidy and denial of human rights, i. 36, 78-80, 84, 85, 90, 342;
resistance and ejection, 38, 111, 311, 331, 366, 367, ii. 437;
degradation in the eyes of the people, i. 163, 411;
"refractory subjects" treatment, i. 313.
Proclamations and placards against, i. 56, 58, 65, 70, 96, 314,
317, 342, 360, 435, ii. 236, 242.
Supreme Court for China and Japan, ii. 355-358.
Fortifications, ii. 397.
Futai, position of, i. 381.
Helplessness and paradoxical position of, ii. 418, 421, 422, 433,
452.
Hong merchants, i. 40 _note_.
Hoppo, position of, i. 44, 45.
Illegality of administration in, i. 43.
International ethics of, i. 86.
Japanese War (1894), Li's responsibilities regarding, ii. 386, 387;
no reasonable cause for, ii. 410;
deprecated by Russia, ii. 411;
sinking of the Kowshing, ii. 410, 411;
bombardment of Têngchow, i. 220;
China's defeat, ii. 411-413;
universal applause, ii. 413, 414;
indemnity exacted, ii. 415;
indemnity supplied by Russian loan, ii. 421;
results of the war, ii. 447;
proposed removal of Chinese Court during, ii. 474 _note_.
Junks--
Build and appearance of, i. 246, 247.
Chinese authorities' control of, i. 113, 275, 308.
Coasting trade conducted by, in China and Japan, i. 246.
Convoy system, i. 302-304.
Grain fleet blockaded at Shanghai (1845), i. 131-133;
blockaded by French in Tongking quarrel, ii. 332.
"Shantung junks," i. 220.
Value of trade by, at Foochow, i. 209.
Korea, relations with. _See_ Korea.
Lorchas, tonnage of, i. 247;
atrocities connected with, i. 304, 305;
colonial registers granted to, i. 305, 309.
Maritime Customs. _See below under_ Taxation--Custom-house.
Missionaries. _See that title._
Moral force the sanction of rule, ii. 370 _and note_, 385.
Navy--
Beginnings of, ii. 396.
Board of Admiralty, ii. 317, 318, 392, 393.
British instruction in, ii. 395.
Li's efforts for, ii. 391, 396.
Nepotism in, ii. 398-400.
Organisation lacking in, ii. 401, 412, 413.
Peiyang Squadron, ii. 395, 400.
Tradition, unhampered by, ii. 398.
Nepotism in, ii. 398-400.
Opium trade. _See that title._
Passports, two forms of, ii. 267.
Piracy. _See that title._
Populace, excesses of, connived at by Government, i. 95, 97, 98,
364;
coerced by Government, i. 108, 109;
feared by Government, i. 109, 424;
direct diplomatic negotiations with, i. 109-111.
"Progress," no word for, ii. 136.
Provincial officials, smuggling undertaken by, i. 44, 45;
power of, ii. 184, 372;
responsibility of, ii. 441, 442.
Punishments, difficulties of ensuring, i. 426, 427;
not inflicted for wrongs against foreigners, i. 436, 440, 441.
Real estate, importance of, i. 176, 177, 434;
missionary problem complicated by question of, ii. 234, 235.
Rhubarb exported from, i. 168.
Salt trade, i. 210, 439-442, ii. 188.
Smuggling. _See that title._
Supreme Court, award given against Alcock by, ii. 124;
independence of, ii. 354;
removal of, to Shanghai, ii. 355;
subordinated to British legation, ii. 358.
Taiping Rebellion--
Burgevine's defection to rebels, i. 386.
Canton, at, Yeh asks British aid against, i. 312.
Chêkiang campaign against, i. 380, 394.
Commerce continued during, i. 148.
Devastation caused by, i. 375, 377, 378, 350, 381, 394, ii. 449.
End of, i. 394.
Foreign desperadoes attacked by, i. 303.
Imperial measures against, i. 381;
view of, i. 395, 396.
Magnitude of, i. 135.
Maritime Customs the important outcome of, i. 142.
Nanking, capture of, i. 136.
Ningpo, capture of, i. 376, 377.
Russian attitude towards, i. 394, 395.
Shanghai captured, i. 136;
besieged by Imperial troops, i. 137;
collision between foreigners and troops, i. 137, 138;
French bombardment of city, i. 139;
rebel refugees in, i. 141, 142;
departure of rebels from, i. 156.
Yangtze, rebel strongholds and operations on the, i. 369, 371-375.
Taotai, status of, i. 129.
Taxation--
Custom-house--
Chefoo Convention provisions of, ii. 277, 278, 280, 281, 286, 287.
Hongkong, station at, desired by Chinese, i. 276;
refused, ii. 216;
established, i. 276, ii. 288.
Korea, established in, ii. 295.
Macao, established at, ii. 288.
Maritime Customs Inspector, position and work of, in Peking,
ii. 156-160, 162-167.
Revision of treaty made an affair of, ii. 213, 216, 217.
Shanghai, at, unsatisfactory conditions of, i. 145-147, 435,
436;
customs collected by consuls, i. 148;
promissory notes cancelled by British Government, i. 148, 155;
American exemption, i. 149;
re-establishment of custom-house, i. 151;
period of free trade, i. 152;
Alcock's scheme of mixed control, i. 152-154.
Inland, proposed commutation of, ii. 214-216, 218;
commutation provided by treaty (1869), ii. 219, 220;
area of, increased by Chefoo Convention, ii. 277, 278, 280, 281.
Likin taxes, German minister's view of, ii. 218;
nature of, ii. 280 _note_;
grievance of, ii. 285.
Native trade, on, i. 210.
Tributaries, position towards, ii. 258.
Tsungli-Yamên--
Audience difficulties raised by, ii. 319, 320.
Ch'ing, Prince, a member of, ii. 154, 313.
Circular addressed to Provincial Governors by, ii. 182, 183.
Creation of, i. 360.
Etiquette, codification of, suggested for, ii. 279.
Formosa riots, action regarding, ii. 205.
Function of, i. 399.
Gordon's representations to, ii. 292.
Helplessness of, ii. 419.
Ito's attempt to negotiate with, ii. 302.
Korean expedition urged by, ii. 408.
Kung, Prince, a member of, i. 360;
dismissed by Empress, ii. 312.
Margary murder, action regarding, ii. 267.
Maritime Customs Inspector, attitude towards, ii. 160.
Mixed commission regarding redress of commercial grievances,
represented on, ii. 211.
Yangchow affair, action in, ii. 202.
War with Great Britain (1839-1842). _See under_ Canton;
with Great Britain (1857), i. 316 _seq._;
with Great Britain and France (1860), i. 349-354;
with Japan (1894). _See above_ Japanese War;
Women, position of, ii. 140, 141.

Chinese--
Appearances valued by, i. 192.
Commercial aptitude and honesty of, i. 33, 34, 263-270, ii. 28.
Industry of, i. 284.
Japanese contrasted with, ii. 8, 27-29, 130, 131, 259.
Kindliness of, i. 289, ii. 155.
Manchus contrasted with, i. 80, 81, 83, 84.
Toleration of, ii. 228, 233.
War customs of, i. 352.

Ch'ing, Prince, anecdote of, ii. 153, 154;
efficiency of, as president of Tsungli-Yamên, ii. 313.

Chinnery, George, i. 298.

Choshiu. _See_ Nagato, Prince of.

Christianity (_see also_ Missionaries), toleration clause for,
in Tientsin treaty, i. 332;
Chinese view of, ii. 349.

Ch'un, Prince, son of, adopted as Emperor by Empress-mother, ii. 262;
made Empress's coadjutor, ii. 264, 313;
voyage of, ii. 316, 317;
illness and death of, ii. 318;
memorial regarding Vatican mission submitted to, ii. 344.

Chunghou, Tientsin massacre foreseen by, ii. 239;
mission to France, ii. 241;
to Russia, ii. 291;
establishes arsenal at Tientsin, ii. 392.

Chungking, residence in, opposed, ii. 278;
persecutions of Christians in, ii. 351.

Chusan, capture and occupation of, i. 64;
reoccupied, i. 75;
retained till 1846, i. 91;
restored, i. 99;
contrasted with Hongkong, i. 273.

Clarendon, Lord, Mr Burlingame's success with, ii. 197, 198, 208, 209;
reprimands Mr Medhurst, ii. 207, 208;
trusted by Lord Palmerston, ii. 365.

Cochin China, French conquests in, ii. 253, 324.

Commerce--
China, in--
Alcock's despatch on trade between Europe, India, and China,
i. 204-206;
his investigations prior to revision of treaty, ii. 181.
Aptitude of Chinese for, i. 33, 34, 263-270, ii. 28.
Arbitrary interference of Chinese Government with, i. 35.
Balance of trade against China, i. 42, 171.
British treaty the model for others, ii. 6.
Chefoo Convention, internal taxation area increased by, ii. 277,
278, 280, 281.
Chinese language essential to commercial agents, i. 253.
Code of law, establishment of, suggested, ii. 279.
Co-hong system, i. 40 _note_, 266.
Compradoric system, i. 266, 267.
Confidence between Chinese and foreigners, i. 48.
Drawbacks to, i. 169, 170.
Imports and exports, nature of, i. 168;
present value of, i. 171 _note_;
shipments from United Kingdom in various years, i. 203.
Intercourse of British and Americans with China caused by, i. 167.
Losses in early days, i. 172-175.
Merchants in Britain, Chinese affairs closely followed by
(1839-40), i. 87-89;
merchants in China, aims and work of, i. 248-253;
complaints of, i. 253, 254, ii. 119;
influence of, i. 254, 315;
characteristics of, i. 255-263;
representations of, to Lord Elgin, i. 322.
"Merchants' War," i. 316 _seq._
Mixed Commission regarding redress of grievances, ii. 211, 212.
Native trade, i. 207-210.
Peking, in, ii. 148, 149.
Pioneer expeditions (1859), i. 220.
Ports overcrowded with goods, i. 224;
number open in 1861, i. 402.
Precarious position of, i. 35, 412, 413, 419.
Real estate a valuable asset, i. 176, 177.
Shipments from United Kingdom in various years, values of, i. 203.
Simplicity of, i. 168.
Transit of goods, ii. 214-216, 218-220.
Value of, in 1839, i. 87.
War no bar to, i. 68, 69, 148, ii. 158.
Gold discoveries a stimulus to, i. 227.
Japan, in--
Development of, ii. 116-118.
Merchants, preference of, for Yokohama to Kanagawa, ii. 17, 18, 123;
regret of, at Alcock's recall, ii. 89;
interests of, at variance with diplomatic, ii. 119-124, 126.
Methods of, ii. 27, 28.
Profits of, in early days, ii. 20 _note_, 29.
Value of, annually, ii. 117 _note_.
Opium, Silk, Tea. _See those titles._
Straits, with, suggested by Alcock, i. 208.

Comprador, position of, i. 266, 267.

Confucianism, i. 229.

Consular Court system, drawbacks of, ii. 125, 126, 354, 356, 357.

Cooke, Wingrove, quoted, i. 252, 253, 300, 303-305, 339;
cited, i. 317, 322, 323 _and note_, 325.

Coolie trade, i. 295, ii. 168-174.

Cooper, W. M., on coolie trade, ii. 170.

Cowell, George, appreciation of Alcock, ii. 479, 480.

Curzon, the Hon. George, speech regarding Russian pledge concerning
Korea, ii. 424, 430.

Czarevitch, visit of, to China and Japan, ii. 321-323.

Daimios. _See under_ Japan.

Davis, Sir John, Manchus and Chinese contrasted by, i. 80, 81;
policy of, in Canton, i. 94, 99-104, 106-108;
diplomatic negotiations with the populace, i. 109-111;
succeeds Sir H. Pottinger, i. 116;
policy regarding Foochow, i. 119;
Canton merchants' complaints against, ii. 119;
decision of, reversed by Supreme Court, ii. 124.

De Mas, M., anecdote of, ii. 444 _note_.

De Quincey cited, i. 133 _note_.

Delamarre, M., ii. 230 _note_.

Delaplace, Mgr., ii. 341, 342, 394.

Detring, G., accompanies Prince Ch'un on his voyage, ii. 317;
relations with Capt. Fournier, ii. 327;
summoned to Tientsin, ii. 328;
assists Li regarding Mr Dunn's mission, ii. 345.

Dunn, J. G., ii. 344-346.

Dupont, M., Alcock's studies under, i. 5.

Dutch--
Japanese instructed by, ii. 98.
Macao, commercial establishment at, i. 291.
Nagasaki, ii. 10, 11.
Portuguese commercial rivalry with, i. 291.
Promptness of, as paymasters, i. 11.

East India Company--
Commercial methods of, i. 175.
Employees pampered by, i. 211-214, 260.
Macao, commercial establishment at, i. 291.
Officials of, employed in Chinese consular posts, i. 38, 80.
Opium trade of, i. 198, 199.
Shipping of, i. 211-215.
Subservience of, towards Chinese, i. 37, 38, 88, 253.
Tea trade developed by, i. 182, 183.

Eitel, Dr, cited, i. 63, 199 _note_, 273, 301.

Elgin, Earl of, cruise in the Furious, i. 223;
contrasts Hongkong and Chusan, i. 273;
on Tientsin conference (1854), i. 311;
conduct of Hongkong affairs, i. 320-329;
aversion to his Chinese mission, i. 320, 323-327;
services in Indian Mutiny, i. 321;
concludes Tientsin treaty, i. 331, 334;
hurried departure from Tientsin, i. 333, 335, 336;
visit to Japan, i. 335, 336;
diplomatic success there, i. 347, ii. 1, 5, 6, 99;
defends his China policy in House of Lords, i. 337;
predisposed to illusions regarding Chinese, i. 339;
misgivings as to Chinese good faith, i. 340, 347;
return to Shanghai, i. 343, 347;
negotiates with Treaty Commissioners at Shanghai, i. 343, 344;
estimate of, i. 346-348;
voyage up the Yangtze (1558), i. 347, 370;
second mission to China, i. 349;
negotiations with Prince Kung, i. 329, 352, 353;
succeeded by his brother, i. 355.

Elliot, Captain Charles, subservience of, to Chinese, i. 40, 41, 54;
offers to suppress opium trade, i. 48, 49;
surrenders opium cargoes, i. 53, 54;
imprisoned in Canton, i. 53, 55;
appointed joint-plenipotentiary with Rear-Admiral Elliot, i. 64;
left in sole charge, i. 65-71;
recalled, i. 74;
confidence of, in Chinese, i. 66, 69, 70;
contradictory nature of his commission, i. 92 _note_;
strictures on opium trade, i. 199.

Elliot, Rear-Admiral the Hon. George, i. 63-65.

Empress--Dowager of China, Prince Ch'un the coadjutor of, ii. 264, 313;
_coup d'état_ executed by, ii. 264, 313, 455;
enmity with Prince Kung, ii. 264, 312;
attitude towards Li, ii. 264, 329, 387;
view of Tongking affair, ii. 329, 334;
characteristics of, ii. 373;
power of, ii. 455 _and note_;
reformers punished by, ii. 458.

Eulenberg, Count, i. 366, ii. 40.

Evans, General de Lacy, appreciation of Alcock, i. 14;
Alcock under, in Spanish Legion, i. 21.

"Ever--Victorious Army," campaign of, i. 382-387;
disbandment of, i. 393.

Exhibition of 1851, Alcock's collection of exhibits for, i. 200-202,
ii. 101, 102;
influence of, on foreign trade, i. 227.

Exhibition of 1862, Alcock's collection of samples for, ii. 102, 484.

Exhibition, Paris, Alcock British Commissioner to, ii. 485.

Favier, Bishop, ii. 144, 346, 347.

Foochow--
Alcock's appointment as consul at, i. 116;
his commercial researches at, i. 200.
American enterprise a stimulus to tea trade at, i. 121, 122, 241.
Canton disturbances reflected in, i. 119, 314.
Naval construction attempted at, ii. 396;
naval school at, ii. 400.
Opening of (1844), i. 115;
further development of, i. 240.
Situation and importance of, i. 117, 119, 120.
'Times' pronouncement against, i. 114.
Trade at, nature of, i. 118, 121, 122, 241;
sea-borne trade at, i. 209.

Formosa--
French blockade of, ii. 333.
Japanese invasion of, ii. 255.
Missionary riots in, ii. 203-205, 207.

Fortune, Robert, i. 182, 183.

Fournier, Captain, ii. 327-330.

France, French (_see also_ Powers)--
Aggressive policy of, ii. 465, 466.
British cordially supported by, in China, i. 377, 379;
in Japan, ii. 45, 81, 105;
regarding Chinese emigration, ii. 172.
Cochin China, conquest of, ii. 253, 324.
Concession of land obtained by (1849), i. 138, 139, 435;
extorted by (1895), ii. 419.
Coolie trade, efforts against, ii. 172.
Customs Inspector proposed by Alcock from consular service of, i. 153.
Elgin followed to Tientsin by, i. 331.
Loan to China, ii. 421.
Missionary enterprise of, ii. 175-177, 224, 225, 229-232, 234, 237,
238, 253;
protectorate of Christians the aim of, ii. 336-342, 346-352.
Peking campaign (1860), i. 349-354.
Russia supported by, after Japanese War, ii. 415;
their approval of French acquisitions, ii. 419.
Shanghai settlement and "concession" of, i. 138, 139, 435.
Silk industry of, i. 191.
Taipings' support by British resented by, i. 141.
Tientsin Conference attended by (1854), i. 311.
Tongking quarrel, ii. 325-334.
Yangtze expedition of MM. Simon and Dupuis, i. 371.

Freeman-Mitford, Mr, anecdote cited from, ii. 444 _note_.

Fujiyama, Alcock's expedition to, ii. 41, 42.

Futai, position of, i. 381.

Germany, Germans (_see also_ Powers)--
Aggressive policy of, ii. 465, 466.
Alcock, appreciation of, by Peking resident, ii. 138.
Anglo-German agreement, ii. 467, 468, 473.
Armenian massacres, attitude towards, ii. 449 _note_.
Chinese attitude towards, i. 366.
Influence of, increasing, ii. 253, 254.
Japanese attitude towards, ii. 40.
Kiaochow. _See that title._
Korean expedition of, ii. 179.
Military instruction of Chinese undertaken by, ii. 395.
Missionaries kept to their nationality, ii. 338.
Peking, legation established in, ii. 254.
Propagandism unmasked by, ii. 454.
Russia supported by, after Japanese War, ii. 415.
Shantung sphere of, disturbances in, ii. 462.
Silk industry of, i. 191.
Toleration clause in treaty of, ii. 225 _note_.
Transit duty extension, Count Bernstorff on, ii. 218.

Gibson, Mr, ii. 204-206, 208.

Giquel, Prosper, i. 394.

Gordon, Captain C. G., commands the "Ever-Victorious Army," i. 383-387;
quarrels with Li, i. 392, 393;
honoured by Chinese Government, i. 395;
attempts at intercourse with Chinese, i. 399;
appreciated by Li, ii. 189;
summoned by Chinese Government, ii. 291, 292.

Gorogiu, function of the, ii. 108.

Grant, Sir Hope, i. 348, 349, 352.

Granville, Lord, negotiates ratification of Chefoo Convention,
ii. 284-287.

Great Britain (_see also_ Powers)--
Anglo-German agreement, ii. 467, 468, 473.
Borneo, colonisation in, ii. 485-487.
Good faith of, recognised by Chinese, i. 83, ii. 190.
Inconsistent policy of, in China, i. 432, 433.
Japanese War, attitude towards, ii. 413-416, 433.
Loan offered to China, ii. 420;
forced on her, ii. 434.
Narrowness of view among politicians in, i. 319.
Naval instruction of Chinese undertaken by, ii. 395.
Non-aggressive policy of, ii. 468.
Peking, Legation in--
Chinese Secretaryship, ii. 132, 362, 363, 367.
Deterioration in personnel of, ii. 360-362, 364, 366, 367.
Establishment of, i. 355.
Intelligence department defective, ii. 415, 423.
Subordination of, to Inspector-General of Customs, ii. 165, 166.
Supreme Court for a time subordinate to, ii. 358.
Russian acquisitions, attitude towards, ii. 423-433.
Weihai-wei seized by, ii. 434.
Yedo, Legation in, assaulted, ii. 36-38;
indemnity demanded, ii. 65, 66;
burnt, ii. 62 and _note_.

Greenwell, Dora, appreciation of 'Life's Problems' expressed by, i. 159.

Gros, Baron, i. 321, 349, ii. 230.

Gurdon, Lieutenant, ii. 205.

Guthrie, G. J., Alcock's medical studies under, i. 2;
recommends Alcock to Mr O'Meara, i. 9.

Hakodate, opening of, for ships' supplies, ii. 4;
neglected by merchants, ii. 12;
Russian representative at, ii. 104.

Hankow--
Abandonment of, by inhabitants in Taiping scare, i. 374.
Consular officer established at, i. 373.
Development of, i. 224, 225.
Elgin's voyage to (1858), i. 347.
Hope's visit to (1861), i. 223.

Harris, Townsend, ii. 3, 5, 39, 99.

Hart, Sir Robert, temporarily Inspector-General of Chinese Maritime
Customs, i. 387;
implicated in the Lay-Osborn flotilla failure, i. 388-390;
an authority on Gordon's reconciliation with Li, i. 193;
position and work of, as Inspector-General of Customs in Peking,
ii. 157, 160, 162-167;
appointed British Minister in China, but resigns post, ii. 166;
on Mixed Commission regarding redress of commercial grievances,
ii. 211-215;
action in the Margary murder case, ii. 274;
influence on the Chefoo Convention, ii. 276;
invites Gordon to help Chinese, ii. 292;
obtains recall of Tibetan mission, ii. 310;
obtains peace with France, ii. 333;
'Fortnightly Review' paper cited, ii. 461.

Hodges, Colonel, takes Alcock on to his staff, i. 9, 10;
appreciation of Alcock, i. 14.

Holt, Mr, ii. 203, 204, 208.

Hong merchants, i. 40 _note_.

Hongkong--
Administration of, i. 277, 278.
Advantages of site, i. 273, 274, 277, 284.
Alcock's visit to (1869), ii. 219.
Bank of, i. 284, 285.
British contempt for, i. 115;
Government's attitude towards, i. 276.
Buildings in, i. 282, 283.
Cession of, and occupation by British, i. 67.
Chinese traders and mechanics in, i. 73;
shipowners in, i. 247, 308;
escaped criminals numerous, i. 275;
improvement of general character, i. 277-282, 284.
Chusan contrasted with, i. 273.
Coolie trade, efforts against, ii. 168, 169.
Cost of voyage to, in early days, i. 258.
Customs station at, desired by Chinese, i. 276;
refused, ii. 216;
established, i. 276, ii. 288.
Development of, i. 73, 274-286.
Dislike of, by diplomatic and consular officials, i. 273, 276,
320, ii. 355;
by Chinese Government, i. 275, ii. 216.
Early record of (1816), i. 272.
Elgin's aversion to, i. 273, 320.
Emigration from, ii. 173.
Industries of, i. 283, 284.
International character of, i. 285.
Junk trade under Chinese control, i. 113, 275, 308.
Kiying House, i. 316.
Macao contrasted with, i. 287, 294.
Piracy headquarters at, i. 302, 305.
Pottinger, Sir H., first governor of, i. 112.
Reformers safe in, ii. 459.
Schools in, i. 281, 282.
Supreme Court in, ii. 354, 355.
Tonnage entered and cleared at, in 1898, i. 277 _note_.
Yokohama guard despatched from, ii. 77.

Hong-tjyong-on, ii. 299-302.