Chapter XI (1)

AUSTRIA.--BUKHOVINIA, GALLICIA, AND LODOMIRIA.--BOHEMIA AND
MORAVIA.--AUSTRIAN
SILESIA.--DALMATIA.--CROATIA.--CARNIOLA.--CARINTHIA.--STYRIA.--SALTZBURG,
THE TYROL, THE VORARLBERG.--UPPER AND LOWER AUSTRIA.--HUNGARY.

_Bukhovinia._--BUKHOVINIA was part of the ancient Dacia, and the bulk of the population is, consequently, Rumanyo.

A smaller portion is common to Bukhovinia and Gallicia, and this is chiefly Russniak, but partly Pole.

_Gallicia and Lodomiria._--At present these are Russniak areas encroached upon by Poles and Germans: indeed, it was from Gallicia, Lodomiria, and Bukhovinia, that the Malorussians seem to have originated, and Russia to have been conquered.

Gallicia, however, at one time seems to have been occupied, more or less partially, by the most south-western members of the Lithuanic family--the Gothini of Tacitus, whose language is stated to have been _Gallic_. I have suggested, elsewhere, the likehood of this meaning _Gallician_--there being no reason to look upon that name as one of recent origin. More than this, without denying the existence of true Gauls on those several portions of the water-system of the middle Danube where they are placed by ancient writers under the name of _Galatæ_, I am inclined to believe that they were rather _Gallician_ and _Gallic_.

For Gallicia to have been Lithuanic, Volhynia must have been Lithuanic[24] also, unless we suppose the _Gothini_ to have been an isolated settlement; which, perhaps, they were.

_Bohemia._--Whatever may be the inferences from the fact of Bohemia having been politically connected with the empire of the Germanic Marcomanni, whatever may be those from the element _Boio-_, as connecting its population with the _Boii_ of Gaul and Bavaria (_Baiovarii_), the doctrine that the present Slavonic population of that kingdom--_Tshekhs_ as they call themselves--is either recent in origin or secondary to any German or Keltic aborigines, is wholly unsupported by history. In other words, at the beginning of the historical period Bohemia was as Slavonic as it is now.

From A.D. 526 to A.D. 550, Bohemia belonged to the great Thuringian empire. The notion that it was then Germanic (except in its political relations) is gratuitous. Nevertheless, Schaffarik’s account is, that the ancestors of the present Tshekhs came, _probably_, from White Croatia: which was either north of the Carpathians, or on each side of them. According to other writers, however, the parts above the river Kulpa in Croatia sent them forth. In Bohemian the verb _ceti=to begin_, from which Dobrowsky derives the name _Czekh=the beginners_, _the foremost_, _i.e._ the first Slavonians who passed westwards. The powerful Samo, the just Krok, and his daughter, the wise Libussa, the founder of Prague, begin the uncertain list of Bohemian kings, A.D. 624-700. About A.D. 722, a number of petty chiefs become united under P’remysl, the husband of Libussa. Under his son Nezamysl, occurs the first Constitutional Assembly at Wysegrad; and in A.D. 845, Christianity was introduced. But it took no sure footing till about A.D. 966. Till A.D. 1471, the names of the Bohemian kings and heroes are Tshekh--Wenceslaus, Ottokar, Ziska, Podiebrad. In A.D. 1564, the Austrian connexion and the process of Germanizing began.

Now, in considering the heroic age of Tshekh literature, Schaffarik himself, though firmly holding the doctrine of a previous Germanic population, remarks, that “there is no trace of any remnant of the German spirit having survived in Bohemia. The remains of such Germanic population as there were, must have been a weak remnant, and soon have become lost in the Slavonic nationality. Even the stronger most probably withdrew to the lonely hills.”

_Moravia._--The history and ethnology of Moravia is nearly that of Bohemia, except that the Marcomannic Germans, the Turks, Huns, Avars, and other less important populations may have effected a greater amount of intermixture. Both populations are Tshekh, speaking the Tshekh language--the language, probably, of the ancient Quadi.

_Austrian Silesia._--The basis of the population is Sorabian, _i.e._ akin to the Srbie, and Serskie of Lusatia. Like Gallicia, however, it has become Polish in language wherever it is not German.

_Dalmatia._--The bulk of the present population is Slavonic, closely allied to the Servians, Bosnians, Herzegovnians, and Montenegriners. The foreign elements, however, are considerable.

First came the Roman conquest; then the Avar; then Germanic, then Arab, and then Venetian influences. Besides this there were Mongol inroads, and an absolute conquest of the neighbouring countries of Bosnia and Herzegovna by the Turks.

In Dalmatia we have a Slavonic population addicted to maritime habits. The Liburnians of old, the Narentines, the Uskoks, the Almissans during the contests between Venice and the Turks are prominent in the history of piracy. On the other hand the history of more than one Republic--Ragusa, Poglizza--shows that the Dalmatian temper has not been dead to the spirit of political liberty.

_Croatia_ is Slavonic nearly as Servia and Bosnia are Slavonic. The Croatian dialect, without the two being mutually unintelligible, differs from the so-called Illyrian of the Vinds, Slovenians, or Slovenzi of--

_Istria_, _Carniola_, _Carinthia_, _and Styria_, all truly Slavonic districts, though, of course, partially occupied by an encroaching population of Germans on the northern, and of Italians on the southern frontier.

_Salzburg, the northern half of the Tyrol, and the Vorarlberg_ I believe to have been originally as Slavonic as Carinthia, and also that they are at the present moment Slavonic in blood, though German in language.

_Upper and Lower Austria_ I believe to have been in the same predicament.

The southern half of the Tyrol had its affinities with the south rather than the north, and was originally, in part at least, Etruscan. It must be remembered that it by no means follows that because it was Etruscan it was necessarily other than Slavonic.

_Hungary._--The complex ethnology of Hungary now remains for consideration.

_The Banat_ is a mixture of recently introduced populations in the way of colonization.

_Transylvania_ is German, Rumanyo and Sekler, a term which will be noticed hereafter.

The central parts only are Majiar--Majiar meaning the population which speaks the Majiar language, which originated in Asia, and which in the tenth century effected intrusions and conquests in Hungary, just as the Osmanlis did in Rumelia. The details of the Majiar movements from the Ural Mountains to the Danube are obscure. They are said, however, to have been driven from their own locality by the Petschenagi. They are also mentioned as having taken that part of Russia which is called Susdal, in their way.

_Seven_ was the number of the names of their patriarchs, who where Almus, the father of Arpad, Eleud of Zobolsu, Cundu of Curzan, Ound of Ete,[25] Tosu of Lelu, Huba of Zemera, Tahut of Horca; but the tribes, clans, or generations were far more numerous. In one of the traditions they amount to one hundred and eight. In the genealogies themselves we can trace more than one family to a single patriarch, since the tribes of Calan and Consoy are derived from Ete, the son of Ound. In these divisions and subdivisions we see a far greater resemblance to an Asiatic than to a European state of society; indeed, we may easily imagine that it is Turks or Mongols that we are reading of.

I cannot find that they came to Europe accompanied by their wives and daughters. Their march was rapid, since it was game and fish that they subsisted on rather than on the produce of agriculture. “Every day they hunted, so that the Hungarians are skilful above other nations in the chase. By hunting and fishing they got their daily food.”

They are described as a people of excessive rudeness and cruelty. “The nation of the Hungarians, fiercer then any brute beast, killed but few with the sword, though many thousands with their arrows. These they shot from bows of horn with such skill that their blows could not be guarded against it. This mode of fighting was dangerous in proportion as it was novel. It was like that of the Britons, except that where the one used darts the other used arrows.”

The Majiars were darker-skinned than the Turks; such, at least, is the plain interpretation of the epithet _black_, which is applied to them by Nestor; who calls them the _black Ugri_ (_Ugri czerni_) in contradistinction to the _white Ugri_ (_Ugri bjeli_), by which he is supposed to mean the Khazars.

From about A.D. 889 to A.D. 955, the Majiars were the scourge of the countries along the Danube; and in Bavaria, Saxony, Thuringia, Franconia, Hesse, Alsatia, and even France, they fought battles with various success--at first as conquerors. Afterwards, however, the tide of success turned against them, and a signal victory near Merseburg, in A.D. 934, first broke their power, which was afterwards limited to their present area by a more decisive victory on the Lech in A.D. 955.

I have remarked upon the extent to which the division of the Majiars into tribes, families, clans, or generations, has a Turk or Mongol look; and I now add that it is possible that it may actually be so. There are numerous proofs of the presence of Turk tribes in Hungary--the three most, important of which are--1. The Avars; 2. The Petschenagi; and 3. The Kumanians.

This is no more than we expect: since there were not only the descendants of the Huns of Attila settled in the country, but several separate subsequent invasions from the east had occurred in the interval.

1. The Avars, for more than three centuries after the death of Attila, continued to be the chief population of Pannonia; a population engaged in perpetual wars with their neighbours in Croatia, Moravia, and Transylvania, and, frequently, extending their invasions to Bohemia, Germany, and even France. Whether they were the absolute descendants of the Huns of Attila, under a new name, or not, is unimportant; since, if they were not Huns in the strict sense of the term, they were a very closely allied population. I think they formed the bulk of the Pannonians during the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth centuries. But, as the strength of the Slavonians of Moravia, Upper Hungary, Croatia and Servia increased, the power of the Avars waned, and, weakened as they were at the time of the Majiar invasion, they lost their language and nationality and name soon after that event. Till then, however, they had a separate existence, though reduced in importance. In the time of Nestor the extinction of the Avars, whom the Russians call _Obri_, was indicated by the following bye-word,--“they are gone even as the _Obri_; neither kith nor kin remains.” Whether they were most amalgamated with the Slavonians or the Majiars is doubtful. Such Hun blood as runs in the veins of the present Hungarians is referable to the Avars; at least it is certain that unless we supposed the Huns of Attila to have remained in Hungary (Pannonia) under the name of Avar, we cannot well trace their continued existence in that country; besides which the words _Hun_ and _Avar_, are frequently used as synonymous--“_Huni_ qui et _Avares_ dicuntur.”

2. The Petschenagi, a branch of the great Turk family, were, even in Asia, the nearest neighbours of the ancestors of the Majiars; their locality being the parts between the Jaik and the Uralian Mountains. Their invasion of Russia is placed by Nestor in _A.D._ 915; their settlements being the parts between the Lower Dnieper and the mouths of the Danube. We find them in Hungary under the name of _Bisseni_.

3. The Kumanians appear in Europe rather later than the Petschenagi and Majiars, _i.e._, in the latter half of the eleventh century. Volhynia is the country where they more especially settled. Like the Petschenagi they were Turk, but not Mahometan. On the contrary, they are described as unclean Pagans, who ate all sorts of meat, and some of it raw.

4. The fourth section of the Turk stock which made settlements in Hungary were the _Khazars_. I should not, however, like to assert positively that they were not Avars under another name, or, at any rate, a closely allied population.

5. The fifth were the _Bulgarians_. Without fixing the date of their advent, we may safely assume that it was subsequent to the conversion of some portion of the nation to Mahometanism, although previous to their adoption of the Slavonic language.

But the remarkable fact is the name of one of their leaders _Heten_,[26] a name which we see in the list of the proper Majiar patriarchs. This confirms the notion that the division into tribes and sub-tribes may have been less Majiar and more Turk than it seems to be.

The _Bashkirs_ of Hungary are a difficult population. In the thirteenth century, the Arabian writer Jakut, writes that he found in the city of Aleppo some florid-faced Mahometans, who were called Bashkirs, and came from Hungary.

Now, the present Bashkirs are the occupants of those parts beyond the Uralian Mountains from which the Majiars came: their language being Turk. But, as there is satisfactory evidence that this is an adopted tongue, and that their original speech was Ugrian, they are reasonably supposed to represent in the thirteenth century, not the Majiars of Hungary, but the Majiars of the mother-country from which the invaders of Europe proceeded. If so, how came they to be Mahometans? Were they not rather the Bulgarians last mentioned? Their florid complexion is the chief fact against it. On the other hand, it must be remarked that though Jakut says that they were called _Bashkirs_ (“audiebant Baschgardi”) he does not say that they called themselves so. Again, the number of their chiefs is seven--the number of the so-called Majiar patriarchs; amongst whom it must remembered we find the _Bulgarian_ Heten.

Hence, of a Bashkir intermixture, separate from the Bulgarians on one side, and the Majiars on the other, there is no satisfactory evidence.

The analysis as far as it has proceeded has given us--

1. Ugrians Majiars.
2. Turks _a._ Huns.
“ _b._ Avars.
“ _c._ Petschenagi.
“ _d._ Kumanians.
“ _e._ Khazars.
“ _f._ Bulgarians,
“ α. Pagan,
“ β. Mahometan.

The Majiar conquest converted a Turk into a Ugrian area: its date being the tenth century.

The Hun conquest converted a semi-romanized into a Turk area; its date being the fifth century. A.D. 444 is a convenient epoch for this event. It was the year of the murder of Attila’s brother, and the sole supremacy of Attila himself.

We will first ask how Attila _left_ Hungary: next how he _found_ it.

I am not at all satisfied with the reasons generally given for believing that, as his power fell to pieces at his death, so did the Hun blood in Hungary become extinct. Still less am I satisfied with the reasons which give any particular nation the credit of having destroyed it. The recovery of the province of Pannonia never took place. I cannot find that either the Goths of the Lower, or the Germans of the Upper, Danube made any permanent conquest. That the Slavonic tribes of the surrounding frontier pressed towards the interior is certain; but it is not certain that they ever made the country their own.

That the political power of the descendants of Attila was broken is certain; and for that very reason, I believe that the ethnological influence of the Huns remained. The son of Attila was not the king of the _Huns_, because _Hun_ seems to have been a collective name, and, perhaps, was not a native one. But he was king of several of the populations in detail, of which, along with others, the Hun power was made. The tribes most ready to avail themselves of the death of Attila were the Goths of the Lower Danube--Bulgaria, and (perhaps) Servia. Now these first attacked the _Setagæ_ of Lower Pannonia; and when Dinzic, the son of Attila knew of it he opposed them with the few tribes that still acknowledged his dominion, the _Ultzinzures_, the _Angesuri_ the _Bitugures_, and the _Bardones_. All these were particular Hun populations, who, as long as the Hun power was at work on a large scale were merged in one general name, but who afterwards step forth as separate substantive members of that great confederacy, or empire.

Still there was great encroachment; the invading populations of the Avars and the Bulgarians--so far as they were not Huns--being like the Ultzinzures, &c. of Turk blood.

Before the remains of the Huns of Attila were extinguished--probably before they were notably diminished--the closely allied Avars (Huns, perhaps, under another name) conquered Pannonia, and held it from the end of the sixth to that of the eighth century.

What with the remains of Attila’s army, and what with the Avars and the Bulgarians, I think that when the Majiars entered Hungary they found it, at least, as much Turk as aught else,--as much, but not more; for the history of Hungary between the Hun and the Majiar conquests seems to have been as follows:--

_a._ There was some reaction on the part of the Romans, assisted by--

_b._ The Goths, and perhaps by--

_c._ The remains of the native population of the frontiers.

The _Gepidæ_, too, were amongst the subjects of Attila. After his death they rebelled against his son. Between the Danube, the Theiss, and the Carpathian Mountains, their power grew steadily until the rise of the Avars and Lombards; the union of which two nations was too strong for them. By the beginning of the eighth century their national existence had ceased.

I cannot say to what stock the Gepidæ belonged. I _think_ they were Slavonians.

Be this, however, as it may, their power seems to have been in the inverse ratio to that of the Avars, and they must be admitted as an element in the ethnology of Hungary, without being supposed to be a very important one.

We may well, then, say that no European population is more heterogeneous than that of Hungary.

_a._ In the countries of Saala and Eisenberg we have a simple extension of the Carinthians.

_b._ In Upper Hungary the Slovaks.

_c._ On the Croatian frontier, Croatians--to say nothing about the political union of the two kingdoms.

_d._ In Slavonia, Servians and Russians--a variety of the Servian section.

_e._ The Banat has already been noticed. So has--

_f._ Transylvania. The non-Majiar populations of all these districts are separated from the Majiars by the outward and visible signs of difference of language; and their ethnology is, consequently, widely different from that of the Jaszag and Kunszag. Of these, though the former is Slavonic and the latter Turk, in blood, each is Majiar in language.

Different, however, from all are the Seklers. _Their_ peculiarity is, that they were Majiars before the great Majiar invasion of the tenth century; Ugrians, probably, in the army of Attila, as they easily might have been, and as their own belief makes them, whilst a passage in Alfred mentions the _Syssele east of the land of the Vends_. The word means _settler_ in Majiar, and it is only by supposing an early Majiar invasion that its presence in the pages of Alfred can be explained.

It is in language that the Majiar is distinct from the rest of Europe. In blood there is but little difference. That a Majiar female ever made her way from the Ural Mountains to Hungary is more than I can find; the presumptions being against it. Hence, it is just possible that a whole-blooded Majiar was never born on the banks of the Danube. Whether the other elements are most Turk or most Slavonic is more than I venture to guess.

* * * * *

Why do I give a Sarmatian origin to the ancient populations of the Lower and Middle Danube? The details are too lengthy for exhibition; a sketch only can be given. Special testimony places the Thracians, the Getæ, the Daci, and the Triballi in the same class. The reasons in favour of the _recent_ origin of the present Servians, Croatians, Carinthians, Slovaks, and Tshekhs, is inconclusive. The Jazyges of the Euxine were in the same category with the Jazyges of the Theiss, _i.e._ Slavonic. From these the intermediate populations cannot be separated.

But why carry the Slavonic area further west? In the Tyrol we have such geographical names as Scharn-_itz_, Gsh_nitz_-thal, and _Vintsh_-gau; in the Vorarlberg, Ked-_nitz_ and Windisch-_matrei_. Even where the names are less definitely Slavonic, the compound sibilant _tsh_, so predominant in Slavonic, so exceptional in German, is of frequent occurrence. This, perhaps, is little, yet is more than can be found in any country known to have been _non_-Slavonic. Besides which, there are no presumptions against the doctrine. Again--a Slavonic population in the Vorarlberg and Southern Bavaria best accounts for the name _Vind_-elicia.

* * * * *

Malta, Crete, and several of the Greek Islands, are European in respect to their politics only. Ethnologically, they are African and Asiatic. In Malta the language of the common people is Arabic, and the blood is probably Arabic also--the superadded elements being numerous.

The aboriginal population of Crete is problematical. If we admit the reasonable presumption that it was an extension of that of the Continent, Egypt and Phœnicia have each a claim; as has Greece. That _Minos_ represents a different person--historical or mythological--from _Menes_ is a current doctrine; but then the notion that any amount of similarity of name may occur within improbably narrow limits both of space and time is current also.

Hence, Egyptian, Phœnician, Anatolian, and perhaps other earlier elements are to be attributed to Crete anterior to the period of its Hellenization. Of the subsequent elements the Arabic is the most important. In each and all, too, of the other isles, the basis is _non_-Hellenic.

I have no opinion as to the original blood of Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic isles. The last are Spanish in speech, the other two Italian, Arabic elements having been superadded--those introduced by the Roman conquest, and by the Phœnician having preceded them.

* * * * *

If the ethnological analyses of the preceding pages be true, the extent to which the phenomena of what is called _race_ are liable to over-valuation is considerable; so rare and exceptional is any approach to pure blood, and so little do pedigree and nationality coincide. The most powerful nations are the most heterogeneous. Yet the inference that mixture favours social development would be as unsafe as the exaggeration of the effects of purity. The conditions which are least favourable for a prominent place in the world’s history are the best for the preservation of old characters. The purest populations of Europe are the Basques, the Lapps, the Poles, and the Frisians; yet who can predicate any important character common to them all?

To attribute national aptitudes and inaptitudes or national predilections and antipathies to the unknown influences of blood, as long as the patent facts of history and external circumstances remain unexhausted, is to cut the Gordian Knot rather than to untie it. That there is something in pedigree is probable; but, in the mind of the analytical ethnologist, this something is much nearer to nothing than to everything.

THE END.

LONDON: Printed by SAMUEL BENTLEY and Co., Bangor House, Shoe Lane.

WORKS BY DR. LATHAM.

_In four uniform volumes, each at_ 5_s._

I. THE ETHNOLOGY OF THE BRITISH ISLES.

II. THE ETHNOLOGY OF THE BRITISH COLONIES.

III. THE ETHNOLOGY OF EUROPE.

IV. MAN AND HIS MIGRATIONS.

_In 8vo. illustrated, price_ 21_s._

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE VARIETIES OF MAN.

“The truly masculine minds of England, of Continental Europe, and
of Anglo-Saxon America, will prize it as the best book of its time
on the best subject of its time.”--_Weekly News._

“The most obvious characteristic of Dr. Latham’s style is one that
fits it admirably for the popular treatment of such topics. He is
sparing of words, and goes direct to his point--expressing clearly
and shortly all he has to say, and dwelling upon each part of his
subject only so long as to show his mastery of it, and evince an
earnest desire that all he knows shall pass clearly into the minds
of his readers. Thus, in two small volumes, he has put as much
information as we ever saw brought within a like compass; and has
done it so as to leave no ground of complaint of obscurity to a
reader who gives him a fair share of attention.”--_The Globe._

JOHN VAN VOORST, 2, PATERNOSTER ROW.

WORKS BY DR. LATHAM.

PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. TAYLOR, WALTON, AND MABERLY.

A HAND-BOOK OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE; for the Use of Students of the
Universities and Higher Classes of Schools. 1 vol. large 12mo.
8_s._ 6_d._

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, &c. Third Edition. 8vo. 15_s._

AN ELEMENTARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. Fifth
Edition. 12mo. 4_s._ 6_d._ cloth.

AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, FOR THE USE OF LADIES’ SCHOOLS. Foolscap 8vo.
cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._

THE HISTORY AND ETYMOLOGY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FOR THE USE OF
CLASSICAL SCHOOLS. Foolscap 8vo. cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._

A GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FOR THE USE OF COMMERCIAL
SCHOOLS. Foolscap 8vo. cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._

FIRST OUTLINES OF LOGIC, Applied to Grammar and Etymology. 12mo.
cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._

THE GERMANIA OF TACITUS: with Ethnological Dissertations and Notes.
8vo. cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._

_Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row._

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BRITISH ISLES.

_This Series of Works is Illustrated by many Hundred Engravings;
every Species has been Drawn and Engraved under the immediate
inspection of the Authors; the best Artists have been employed, and
no care or expense has been spared._

_A few copies have been printed on larger paper, royal 8vo._

THE QUADRUPEDS, by PROFESSOR BELL. A new edition preparing.

THE BIRDS, by MR. YARRELL. Second Edition, 3 vols. 4_l._ 14_s._
6_d._

COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE EGGS OF BIRDS, By MR. HEWITSON. 2
vols. 4_l._ 10_s._

THE REPTILES, by PROFESSOR BELL. Second Edition, 12_s._

THE FISHES, by MR. YARRELL. Second Edition, 2 vols. 3_l._[27]

THE CRUSTACEA, by PROFESSOR BELL. Now in Course of Publication, in
Parts at 2_s._ 6_d._

THE STAR-FISHES, by PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES. 15_s._

THE ZOOPHYTES, by DR. JOHNSTON. Second Ed., 2 vols. 2_l._ 2_s._

THE MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS AND THEIR SHELLS, by PROFESSOR ED. FORBES
and MR. HANLEY. Now in Course of Publication, in Parts at 2_s._
6_d._; or Large Paper, with the Plates Coloured, 5_s._

THE FOREST TREES, by MR. SELBY. 28_s._

THE FERNS, by MR. NEWMAN. Third Edition. Now in the Press.

THE FOSSIL MAMMALS AND BIRDS, by PROFESSOR OWEN, 1_l._ 11_s._ 6_d._

* * * * *

A GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM, by PROFESSOR T. RYMER
JONES. 8vo. A new edition preparing.

PUBLISHED BY MR. VAN VOORST, DURING 1851.

A GEOLOGICAL INQUIRY RESPECTING THE WATER-BEARING STRATA OF THE
COUNTRY AROUND LONDON, with Reference especially to the Water
Supply of the Metropolis; and including some Remarks on Springs. By
JOSEPH PRESTWICH, Jun., F.G.S., &c. 8vo., with a Map and Woodcuts,
8_s._ 6_d._

MANUAL OF BRITISH BOTANY: containing the Flowering Plants and
Ferns, arranged according to the Natural Orders. By C. C.
BABINGTON, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. Third Edition, 12mo., price
10_s._ 6_d._

THE ETHNOLOGY OF THE BRITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. By R. G.
LATHAM, M.D., F.R.S. Corresponding Member of the Ethnological
Society, New York, &c., &c. Fcap. 8vo., 5_s._

MAN AND HIS MIGRATIONS. By DR. LATHAM, uniform in size with the
last-named volume, price 5_s._

FLY-FISHING IN SALT AND FRESH WATER. With Six Coloured Plates,
representing Artificial Flies, &c. 8vo., price 7_s._ 6_d._

THE POWERS OF THE CREATOR DISPLAYED IN THE CREATION; or,
Observations on Life amidst the various forms of the Humbler Tribes
of Animated Nature: with Practical Comments and Illustrations. By
SIR JOHN GRAHAM DALYELL, Knt. and Bart. In 2 volumes, containing
numerous Plates of living subjects, finely coloured. Vol. 1,
comprehending Seventy Plates, 4to., price 4_l._ 4_s._

ENGLAND BEFORE THE NORMAN CONQUEST. 16mo. cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._

INSTRUMENTA ECCLESIASTICA. Edited by the Ecclesiological, late
Cambridge Camden Society. Second Series. Parts 4 and 5, each 2_s._
6_d._

TRANSACTIONS OF THE MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Royal 8vo.,
Vol. III. Part 2, 10_s._

INSECTA SAUNDERSIANA: or, Characters of Undescribed Insects in the
Collection of Wm. Wilson Saunders. Diptera, Part 2. By FRANCIS
WALKER, F.L.S. 8vo., 3_s._

THE PHYTOLOGIST. Nos. 116 to 127. 1_s._ each.

THE ZOOLOGIST. Nos. 97 to 108. 1_s._ each.

A HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA. By THOMAS BELL, Sec.R.S., F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., &c., Professor of Zoology in King’s College, London. Part
7, price 2_s._ 6_d._, or royal 8vo., 5_s._

A HISTORY OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA AND THEIR SHELLS. By Professor EDWARD
FORBES, F.R.S., and SYLVANUS HANLEY, B.A., F.L.S. Parts 35 to 42.
8vo., 2_s._ 6_d._ plain, or royal 8vo. coloured, 5_s._ each.

The two last enumerated Works are in continuation of the series of “British Histories,” of which the Quadrupeds and Reptiles, by Professor Bell; the Birds and Fishes, by Mr. Yarrell; the Birds’ Eggs, by Mr. Hewitson; the Starfishes, by Professor Forbes; the Zoophytes, by Dr. Johnston; the Trees, by Mr. Selby; and the Fossil Mammals and Birds, by Professor Owen, are already published. Each Work is sold separately, and is perfectly distinct and complete in itself.

A FAMILIAR INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF POLARIZED LIGHT; with a
Description of, and Instructions for Using, the Table and
Hydro-Oxygen Polariscope and Microscope. By CHARLES WOODWARD,
F.R.S. Illustrated by numerous Wood Engravings. Second Edition,
8vo., 3_s._

HINTS ON THE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HONEY BEE. By EDWARD
BEVAN, M.D. 12mo. sewed, 6_d._

A DESCRIPTION OF THE BAR AND FRAME-HIVE, invented by W. AUGUSTUS
MUNN, Esq., with an Abstract of Wildman’s Complete Guide for the
Management of Bees throughout the Year. 8vo. sewed, 2_s._ 6_d._

A SUPPLEMENTARY CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH TINEIDÆ AND PTEROPHORIDÆ.
By H. T. STAINTON. 8vo. sewed, 2_s._

PUBLISHED PREVIOUSLY TO 1851.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF ARTS AND MANUFACTURES. By ARTHUR AIKIN, F.L.S.,
F.G.S., &c. In foolscap 8vo., Illustrated, 8_s._ cloth.

AN ELEMENTARY COURSE OF GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, AND PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY. By DAVID T. ANSTED, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Geology,
King’s College, London, &c. Post 8vo. illustrated, price 12_s._
Also by Professor ANSTED,

THE ANCIENT WORLD; or, Picturesque Sketches of Creation. With 149
Illustrations. A New Edition, post 8vo., 10_s._ 6_d._

THE GEOLOGIST’S TEXT BOOK. Foolscap 8vo., 3_s._ 6_d._

THE GOLD SEEKER’S MANUAL. Foolscap 8vo., 3_s._ 6_d._

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SPERM WHALE, and a South Sea Whaling
Voyage. By THOMAS BEALE. Post 8vo., 12_s._

A HISTORY OF BRITISH REPTILES. By PROFESSOR BELL, Sec. R.S.,
F.L.S., F.G.S. Second Edition, with 50 Wood Engravings. 8vo.,
12_s._ Also by Professor BELL,

A HISTORY OF BRITISH QUADRUPEDS, including the Cetacea. Nearly 200
Illustrations, 8vo., 28_s._

THE HONEY BEE; its Natural History, Physiology, and Management. By
EDWARD BEVAN, M.D. A New Edition, 12mo., with many Illustrations,
10_s._ 6_d._

A TREATISE ON THE MANAGEMENT OF FRESH-WATER FISH, with a view to
making them a Source of Profit to Landed Proprietors. By GOTTLIEB
BOCCIUS. 8vo. 5_s._ And by the same Author,

A TREATISE ON THE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FISH IN FRESH
WATERS, by Artificial Spawning, Breeding, and Rearing: showing also
the Cause of the Depletion of all Rivers and Streams. 8vo. 5_s._

A GEOGRAPHICAL AND COMPARATIVE LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EUROPE AND
NORTH AMERICA. By CHARLES LUCIEN BONAPARTE, Prince of Canino. 8vo.
5_s._

ILLUSTRATIONS OF INSTINCT, deduced from the Habits of British
Animals. By JONATHAN COUCH, F.L.S., Member of the Royal Geological
Society and of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, &c. Post 8vo.,
8_s._ 6_d._

JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. VAN VOORST.

THE ISLE OF MAN; its History, Physical, Ecclesiastical, Civil, and
Legendary. By the Rev. J. G. CUMMING, M.A., F.G.S., Vice-Principal
of King William’s College, Castletown. Post 8vo., Illustrated with
Views and Sections, 12_s._ 6_d._

RARE AND REMARKABLE ANIMALS OF SCOTLAND, Represented from Living
Subjects: with Practical Observations on their Nature. By Sir JOHN
GRAHAM DALYELL, Bart. 2 vols. 4to., containing 109 Coloured Plates,
6_l._ 6_s._

FIRST STEPS TO ANATOMY. By JAMES L. DRUMMOND, M.D., Professor of
Anatomy and Physiology in the Belfast Royal Institution. With 12
Illustrative Plates. 12mo. 5_s._

A HISTORY OF BRITISH STARFISHES, and other Animals of the Class
Echinodermata. By Professor ED. FORBES, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.
8vo., with more than 120 Illustrations, 15_s._, or Royal 8vo.,
30_s._

TRAVELS IN LYCIA, MILYAS, AND THE CIBYRATIS, in Company with the
late Rev. E.T. DANIELL. By Professor FORBES and Capt. T. A. B.
SPRATT, R.N. 2 vols. 8vo. Illustrated. 36_s._

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE, comprising its Geology,
Zoology, Botany, and Meteorology; also its Antiquities, Topography,
Manufactures, &c. By ROBERT GARNER, F.L.S. Illustrated, 8vo. 1_l._
1_s._

AN ARCTIC VOYAGE TO BAFFIN’S BAY AND LANCASTER SOUND, in search of
Friends with Sir John Franklin. By ROBERT A. GOODSIR, late
President of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. Post 8vo.,
with a Frontispiece and Map, price 5_s._ 6_d._

THE BIRDS OF JAMAICA. By P. H. GOSSE. Post 8vo., price 10_s._ Also
by Mr. GOSSE,

THE CANADIAN NATURALIST. With 44 Illustrations of the most
remarkable Animal and Vegetable productions. Post 8vo. 12_s._

UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY; or, A New and Practical System of Short-hand
Writing, on the basis of Taylor. By WILLIAM HARDING. 12mo. 3_s._
sewed. 3_s._ 6_d._ bound.

THE SEA-SIDE BOOK: being an Introduction to the Natural History of
the British Coasts. By Professor HARVEY, M.D., M.R.I.A. Second
Edition. Fcap. 8vo., with 69 Illustrations, 5_s._ Also by Professor
HARVEY,

A MANUAL OF THE BRITISH MARINE ALGÆ: containing Generic and
Specific Descriptions of all the known British Species of
Sea-Weeds, with Plates to illustrate all the Genera. 8vo. 21_s._
coloured copies, 31_s._ 6_d._

PERRAN-ZABULOE; with an Account of the Past and Present State of
the Oratory of St. Piran-in-the-Sands, and Remarks on its
Antiquity. By the Rev. WM. HASLAM, B.A., Resident Curate. Foolscap
8vo., with several Illustrations, 4_s._ 6_d._

THE RUDIMENTS OF BOTANY. A familiar Introduction to the Study of
Plants. By ARTHUR HENFREY, F.L.S., Lecturer on Botany at St.
George’s Hospital. 16mo., with illustrative Woodcuts, 3_s._ 6_d._

ANATOMICAL MANIPULATION; or, Methods of pursuing Practical
Investigations in Comparative Anatomy and Physiology: also an
Introduction to the Use of the Microscope, &c., and an Appendix. By
Mr. HENFREY and ALFRED TULK, M.R.C.S., M.E.S. Foolscap 8vo., with
Diagrams, 9_s._

JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

OUTLINES OF STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. By ARTHUR HENFREY,
F.L.S., Lecturer on Botany at St. George’s Hospital. With 18
Plates, Foolscap 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._

GROTIUS’ INTRODUCTION TO DUTCH JURISPRUDENCE. Now first rendered
into English, by CHARLES HERBERT, of the Middle Temple,
Barrister-at-Law. Royal 8vo. 1_l._ 11_s._ 6_d._

COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE EGGS OF BRITISH BIRDS: accompanied
with Descriptions of the Eggs, Nests, &c. By WILLIAM C. HEWITSON,
F.L.S. Two vols. 8vo., 4_l._ 10_s._ The arrangement adopted in this
work is that employed by Mr. Yarrell in his “History of British
Birds.”

OBSERVATIONS IN NATURAL HISTORY; with a Calendar of Periodic
Phenomena. By the Rev. LEONARD JENYNS, M.A., F.L.S. Post 8vo.,
10_s._ 6_d._

AN ANGLER’S RAMBLES. Contents: Thames Fishing, Trolling in
Staffordshire, Perch Fishing-club, Two Days’ Fly-fishing on the
Test, Luckford Fishing-club, Grayling Fishing, a visit to Oxford,
the Country Clergyman. By EDWARD JESSE, F.L.S., Author of
“Gleanings in Natural History.” Post 8vo., 10_s._ 6_d._

AN INTRODUCTION TO CONCHOLOGY; or, Elements of the Natural History
of Molluscous Animals. By _George Johnston_, M.D., LL.D., Fellow of
the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh; Author of “A History of
the British Zoophytes.” 8vo., 102 Illustrations, 21_s._ Also by DR.
JOHNSTON,

A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH ZOOPHYTES. Second Edition in 2 vols. 8vo.,
with an Illustration of every Species. 2_l._ 2_s._; or on large
paper (royal 8vo.) 4_l._ 4_s._

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ANIMALS. By Professor T. RYMER JONES,
F.R.S., F.Z.S. Vol. I., with 105 Illustrations, post 8vo. 12_s._
Also by Professor T. RYMER JONES,

A GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM AND MANUAL OF COMPARATIVE
ANATOMY. In one thick vol. 8vo., containing nearly 350
Illustrations, 38_s._ Or Royal 8vo., 3_l._ 16_s._ Imperial 8vo.,
5_l._ 14_s._

FLORA CALPENSIS: Contributions to the Botany and Topography of
Gibraltar and its neighbourhood, with Plan and Views of the Rock.
To which is added a Translation of ED. BOISSIER’s Account of the
Vegetation of Gibraltar, with Description of New Species. By E. F.
KELAART, M.D., F.L.S., Army Medical Staff. 8vo. cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._

ORNITHOLOGICAL RAMBLES IN SUSSEX; with a Systematic Catalogue of
the Birds of that County, and Remarks on their Local Distribution.
By A. E. KNOX, M.A., F.L.S. Post 8vo., with 4 Lithographic Views,
7_s._ 6_d._ Second Edition. Also by Mr. KNOX,

GAME BIRDS AND WILD FOWL: their Friends and their Foes. With
Illustrations by WOLF. Post 8vo., price 9_s._

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE VARIETIES OF MAN. By ROBERT GORDON
LATHAM, M.D., F.R.S., Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge;
Vice-President of the Ethnological Society of London; Corresponding
Member of the Ethnological Society of New York. 8vo., illustrated,
21_s._

JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

HERALDRY OF FISH. By THOMAS MOULE. The Engravings, 205 in number,
are from Stained Glass, Tombs, Sculpture and Carving, Medals and
Coins, Rolls of Arms, and Pedigrees. 8vo., 21_s._ A few on large
paper (royal 8vo.) for colouring, price 2_l._ 2_s._

A FAMILIAR INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF INSECTS. With numerous
Illustrations. By EDWARD NEWMAN, F.L.S. One vol. 8vo., 12_s._

A HISTORY OF BRITISH FOSSIL MAMMALS AND BIRDS. By Professor OWEN,
F.R.S., &c. In 8vo., with 237 Illustrations, price 1_l._ 11_s._
6_d._; on large paper (royal 8vo.), 3_l._ 3_s._

ON PARTHENOGENESIS; or, The Successive Production of Procreating
Individuals from a single Ovum. By Professor OWEN, F.R.S. 8vo.
5_s._

A MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. A Practical Treatise on their
Formation, Gradual Development, Combinations, and Varieties; with
full Directions for copying them, and for determining their Dates.
By F. A. PALEY, M.A. Second Edition, Illustrated by nearly 600
Examples. 8vo., 7_s._ 6_d._

A HISTORY OF BRITISH FOREST-TREES, Indigenous and Introduced. By
PRIDEAUX JOHN SELBY, F.L.S., M.W.S., &c. Nearly 200 Engravings.
8vo. 28_s._, royal 8vo., 2_l._ 16_s._

A HISTORY OF BRITISH BIRDS. By WILLIAM YARRELL, F.L.S., V.P.Z.S.,
&c. This work contains a history and a portrait of each species of
the Birds found in Britain. The three volumes contain 535
Illustrations. Second Edition. 3 vols. demy 8vo., 4_l._ 14_s._
6_d._; royal 8vo., 9_l._; or imperial 8vo., 13_l._ 10_s._ A
Supplement to the first edition, demy 8vo., 2_s._ 6_d._; royal
8vo., 5_s._; imperial 8vo., 7_s._ 6_d._ Also by Mr. YARRELL,

A HISTORY OF BRITISH FISHES. Second Edition, in two vols. demy 8vo.
Illustrated by nearly 500 Engravings, 3_l._ A Supplement to the
First Edition, demy 8vo., 7_s._ 6_d._; royal 8vo., 15_s._; imperial
8vo., 1_l._ 2_s._ 6_d._

BAPTISMAL FONTS. A Series of 125 Engravings, Examples of the
different Periods, accompanied with Descriptions; and with an
Introductory Essay by Mr. PALEY. 8vo., 1_l._ 1_s._

DOMESTIC SCENES IN GREENLAND AND ICELAND. 16mo., Illustrated, 2_s._
6_d._ Second Edition.

ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE; Explaining, in Question and
Answer, and in familiar language, what most things daily used,
seen, or talked of, are; what they are made of, where found, and to
what uses applied. Second Edition, 16mo., with Illustrations, 3_s._

THE POOR ARTIST; or, Seven Eye-Sights and One Object. Fcap. 8vo.
5_s._

GOLDSMITH’S VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. With 32 Illustrations, by WILLIAM
MULREADY, R.A.; engraved by JOHN THOMPSON. Square 8vo., 1_l._
1_s._, or 36_s._ in morocco.

WATTS’S DIVINE AND MORAL SONGS. With 30 Illustrations, by C. W.
COPE, R.A.; engraved by JOHN THOMPSON. Square 8vo., 7_s._ 6_d._, or
21_s._ in morocco.

LONDON, DECEMBER 1860.

Catalogue of Books

PUBLISHED BY MR. VAN VOORST.

INDEX.

Accentuated List, _p._ 7

Adams & Baikie’s Manual Nat. Hist., 12

Adams’s Genera of Mollusca, 5

Aikin’s Arts and Manufactures, 14

Anatomical Manipulation, 12

Ansted’s Ancient World, 9

---- Elementary Course of Geology, 9

---- Geologist’s Text-Book, 9

---- Gold-Seeker’s Manual, 9

---- Scenery, Science, and Art, 14

Babington’s Flora of Cambridgeshire, 7

---- Manual of British Botany, 7

Baptismal Fonts, 15

Bate and Westwood’s British Crustacea, 5

Beale on Sperm Whale, 3

Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 3

---- British Reptiles, 4

---- British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, 5

Bennett’s Naturalist in Australasia, 11

Bloomfield’s Farmer’s Boy, 16

Boccius on Production of Fish, 4

Bonaparte’s List of Birds, 3

Brightwell’s Life of Linnæus, 14

Burton’s Falconry on the Indus, 3

Church and Northcote’s Chem. Analysis, 9

Clark’s Testaceous Mollusca, 5

Cocks’s Sea-Weed Collector’s Guide, 8

Couch’s Illustrations of Instinct, 11

Cumming’s Isle of Man, 13

Currency, 16

Dallas’s Elements of Entomology, 5

Dalyell’s Powers of the Creator, 12

---- Rare Animals of Scotland, 12

Dawson’s Geodephaga Britannica, 7

Domestic Scenes in Greenland & Iceland, 14

Douglas’s World of Insects, 6

Dowden’s Walks after Wild Flowers, 8

Drew’s Practical Meteorology, 11

Drummond’s First Steps to Anatomy, 11

Economy of Human Life, 16

Elements of Practical Knowledge, 14

England before the Norman Conquest, 14

Entomologist’s Annual, 5

---- Companion, 6

Evening Thoughts, 14

Fly Fishing in Salt and Fresh Water, 4

Forbes’s British Star-fishes, 5

---- Malacologia Monensis, 5

---- and Hanley’s British Mollusca, 5

---- and Spratt’s Travels in Lycia, 13

Garner’s Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire, 13

---- Figures of Invertebrate Animals, 14

Gosse’s Aquarium, 13

---- Birds of Jamaica, 3

Gosse’s British Sea-Anemones, &c., 13

---- Canadian Naturalist, 13

---- Handbook to Marine Aquarium, 13

---- Manual of Marine Zoology, 13

---- Naturalist’s Rambles on Dev. Coast, 13

---- Omphalos, 10

---- Tenby, 13

Gray’s Bard and Elegy, 15

Greg and Lettsom’s British Mineralogy, 10

Griffith & Henfrey’s Micrographic Dict., 11

Harvey’s British Marine Algæ, 8

---- Thesaurus Capensis, 8

---- Flora Capensis, 8

---- Index Generum Algarum , 8

---- Nereis Boreali-Americana, 8

---- Sea-side Book, 13

Henfrey’s Botanical Diagrams, 7

---- Elementary Course of Botany, 7

---- Rudiments of Botany, 7

---- Translation of Mohl, 7

---- Vegetation of Europe, 7

---- & Griffith’s Micrographic Dict., 11

---- & Tulk’s Anatomical Manipulation, 12

Hewitson’s Birds’ Eggs, 3

---- Exotic Butterflies, 6

Instrumenta Ecclesiastica, 15

Jenyns’s Observations in Meteorology, 11

---- Observations in Natural History, 11

---- White’s Selborne, 13

Jesse’s Angler’s Rambles, 4

Johnston’s British Zoophytes, 6

---- Introduction to Conchology, 5

---- Terra Lindisfarnensis, 9

Jones’s Aquarian Naturalist, 11

---- Animal Kingdom, 11

---- Natural History of Animals, 11

Knox’s (A. E.) Rambles in Sussex, 3

Knox (Dr.), Great Artists & Great Anat., 11

Latham’s Descriptive Ethnology, 12

---- Ethnology of British Colonies, 12

---- Ethnology of British Islands, 12

---- Ethnology of Europe, 12

---- Man and his Migrations, 12

---- Varieties of Man, 12

Leach’s Synopsis of British Mollusca, 5

Letters of Rusticus, 12

Lettsom and Greg’s British Mineralogy, 10

Lowe’s Faunæ et Floræ Maderæ, 8

---- Manual Flora of Madeira, 8

Malan’s Catalogue of Eggs, 3

Martin’s Cat. of Privately Printed Books, 16

Melville and Strickland on the Dodo, 4

Micrographic Dictionary, 11

Mohl on the Vegetable Cell, 7

JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW.

Moule’s Heraldry of Fish _p._ 4

Newman’s British Ferns 9

---- History of Insects 6

---- Letters of Rusticus 12

Northcote & Church’s Chem. Analysis 9

Owen’s British Fossil Mammals 10

---- on Skeleton of Extinct Sloth 10

Paley’s Gothic Moldings 16

---- Manual of Gothic Architecture 16

Poor Artist 14

Prescott on Tobacco 14

Prestwich’s Geological Inquiry 10

---- Ground beneath us 10

Samuelson’s Honey-Bee 10

---- Earthworm and Housefly 10

Sclater’s Tanagers 3

Seemann’s British Ferns at One View 7

Selby’s British Forest Trees 8

Shakspeare’s Seven Ages of Man 15

Sharpe’s Decorated Windows 15

Shield’s Hints on Moths and Butterflies 6

Siebold on True Parthenogenesis 6

Smith’s British Diatomaceæ 9

Spratt and Forbes’s Travels in Lycia 13

Stainton’s Butterflies and Moths 6

---- History of the Tineina 6

Strickland’s Ornithological Synonyms 4

---- Memoirs 10

---- and Melville on the Dodo 4

Sunday-Book for the Young 14

Tugwell’s Sea-Anemones 6

Tulk and Henfrey’s Anat. Manipulation 12

Vicar of Wakefield, Illustr. by Mulready 15

Watts’s Songs, Illustrated by Cope 16

Ward (Dr.) on Healthy Respiration 14

Ward (N. B.) on the Growth of Plants 8

Westwood and Bate’s British Crustacea 5

White’s Selborne 13

Wilkinson’s Weeds and Wild Flowers 7

Williams’s Chemical Manipulation 9

Wollaston’s Insecta Maderensia 7

---- on Variation of Species 12

Yarrell’s British Birds 3

---- British Fishes 4

---- on the Salmon 4

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BRITISH ISLES.

_This Series of Works is Illustrated by many Hundred Engravings;
every Species has been Drawn and Engraved under the immediate
inspection of the Authors; the best Artists have been employed, and
no care or expense has been spared._

_A few Copies have been printed on Larger Paper._

SESSILE-EYED CRUSTACEA, by Mr. SPENCE BATE and Mr. WESTWOOD. Part
1, price 2_s._ 6_d._, on January 1st, 1861.

QUADRUPEDS, by Professor BELL. A New Edition preparing.

BIRDS, by Mr. YARRELL. Third Edition, 3 vols. £4 14_s._ 6_d._

COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE EGGS OF BIRDS, by Mr. HEWITSON. Third
Edition, 2 vols., £4 14_s._ 6_d._

REPTILES, by Professor BELL. Second Edition, 12_s._

FISHES, by Mr. YARRELL. Third Edition, edited by Sir JOHN
RICHARDSON, 2 vols., £3 3_s._

STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA, by Prof. BELL. 8vo, £1 5_s._

STAR-FISHES, by Professor EDWARD FORBES. 15_s._

ZOOPHYTES, by Dr. JOHNSTON. Second Edition, 2 vols., £2 2_s._

MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS AND THEIR SHELLS, by Professor EDWARD FORBES and
Mr. HANLEY. 4 vols. 8vo, £6 10_s._ Royal 8vo, Coloured, £13.

FOREST TREES, by Mr. SELBY. £1 8_s._

FERNS, by Mr. NEWMAN. Third Edition, 18_s._

FOSSIL MAMMALS AND BIRDS, by Prof. OWEN. £1 11_s._ 6_d._

JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW.

ZOOLOGY.

MAMMALIA.

=History of British Quadrupeds, including the Cetacea.= By THOMAS
BELL, F.R.S., P.L.S., Professor of Zoology in King’s College,
London. Illustrated by nearly 200 Engravings, comprising portraits
of the animals, and vignette tail-pieces. 8vo. New Edition in
preparation.

=Natural History of the Sperm Whale=, and a Sketch of a South Sea
Whaling Voyage. By THOMAS BEALE. Post 8vo, 12_s._ cloth.

BIRDS.

=History of British Birds.= By WILLIAM YARRELL, V.P.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.
This work contains a history and a picture portrait, engraved
expressly for the work, of each species of the Birds found in
Britain. Three volumes, containing 550 Illustrations. Third
Edition, demy 8vo, £4 14_s._ 6_d._

=Coloured Illustrations of the Eggs of British Birds=, with
Descriptions of their Nests and Nidification. By WILLIAM C.
HEWITSON. Third Edition, 2 vols. 8vo, £4 14_s._ 6_d._ The figures
and descriptions of the Eggs in this edition are from different
specimens to those figured in the previous editions.

=Systematic Catalogue of the Eggs of British Birds=, arranged with a
View to supersede the use of Labels for Eggs. By the Rev. S. C.
MALAN, M.A., M.A.S. On writing-paper. 8vo, 8_s._ 6_d._

=Ornithological Rambles in Sussex.= By A. E. KNOX, M.A., F.L.S. Third
Edition. Post 8vo, with Four Illustrations by Wolf, 7_s._ 6_d._

=Falconry in the Valley of the Indus.= By R. F. BURTON, Author of
‘Goa and the Blue Mountains,’ &c. Post 8vo, with Four
Illustrations, 6_s._

=Monograph of the Birds forming the Tanagrine Genus= CALLISTE;
illustrated by Coloured Plates of all the known species. By P. L.
SCLATER, M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, F.Z.S.,
&c. 8vo, £2 2_s._

=Birds of Jamaica.= By P. H. GOSSE, F.R.S., Author of the ‘Canadian
Naturalist,’ &c. Post 8vo, 10_s._

=Geographical and Comparative List of the Birds of= Europe and North
America. By CHARLES LUCIEN BONAPARTE, Prince of Musignano. 8vo,
5_s._

=The Dodo and its Kindred=; or, The History, Affinities and Osteology
of the Dodo, Solitaire, and other Extinct Birds of the Islands
Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon. By H. E. STRICKLAND, M.A.,
F.G.S., F.R.G.S., and R. G. MELVILLE, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S. Royal
4to, with 18 Plates and other Illustrations, £1 1_s._

=Ornithological Synonyms.= By the late HUGH EDWIN STRICKLAND, M.A.,
F.R.S., &c. Edited by Mrs. HUGH EDWIN STRICKLAND and SIR WILLIAM
JARDINE, Bart., F.R.S.E., &c. 8vo, Vol. I. containing the Order
Accipitres, 12_s._ 6_d._ Vol. II. in the press.

REPTILES.

=History of British Reptiles.= By THOMAS BELL, F.R.S., President of
the Linnean Society, V.P.Z.S., &c., Professor of Zoology in King’s
College, London. Second Edition, with 50 Illustrations, 12_s._

FISHES.

=Production and Management of Fish in Fresh Waters=, by Artificial
Spawning, Breeding, and Rearing. By GOTTLIEB BOCCIUS. 8vo, 5_s._

=History of British Fishes.= By WILLIAM YARRELL, V.P.L.S., F.Z.S.,
&c. Third Edition. Edited by SIR JOHN RICHARDSON, M.D. Two vols.
demy 8vo, illustrated by more than 500 Engravings, £3 3_s._

=Yarrell.--Growth of the Salmon in Fresh Water.= With Six Coloured
Illustrations of the Fish of the natural size, exhibiting its
structure and exact appearance at various stages during the first
two years. 12_s._ sewed.

=Heraldry of Fish.= By THOMAS MOULE. Nearly six hundred families are
noticed in this work, and besides the several descriptions of fish,
fishing-nets, and boats, are included also mermaids, tritons, and
shell-fish. Nearly seventy ancient seals are described, and upwards
of twenty subjects in stained glass. The engravings, two hundred
and five in number, are from stained glass, tombs, sculpture and
carving, medals and coins, rolls of arms, and pedigrees. 8vo,
21_s._; a few on large paper (royal 8vo) for colouring, £2 2_s._

=Fly-Fishing in Salt and Fresh Water.= With Six Coloured Plates,
representing Artificial Flies, &c. 8vo, 7_s._ 6_d._

=An Angler’s Rambles.= By EDWARD JESSE, F.L.S., Author of ‘Gleanings
in Natural History.’ Contents:--Thames Fishing--Trolling in
Staffordshire--Perch Fishing Club--Two Days’ Fly-fishing on the
Test--Luckford Fishing Club--Grayling Fishing--A Visit to
Oxford--The Country Clergyman. Post 8vo, 10_s._ 6_d._

INVERTEBRATA.

=History of British Sessile-eyed Crustacea= (Sand-hoppers, &c.). By
C. SPENCE BATE, F.L.S., and J. O. WESTWOOD, F.L.S., &c. With
figures of all the species, and tail-pieces. Uniform with the
Stalk-eyed Crustacea by Professor Bell. Part I on January 1st.

=History of British Stalk-eyed Crustacea= (Lobsters, Crabs, Prawns,
Shrimps, &c.). By THOMAS BELL, President of the Linnean Society,
F.G.S., F.Z.S., Professor of Zoology in King’s College, London. The
volume is illustrated by 174 Engravings of Species and tail-pieces.
8vo, £1 5_s._; royal 8vo, £2 10_s._

=Introduction to Conchology=; or, Elements of the Natural History of
Molluscous Animals. By GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D., LL.D., Fellow of the
Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, author of ‘A History of the
British Zoophytes.’ 8vo, 102 Illustrations, 21_s._

=History of British Mollusca and their Shells.= By Professor ED.
FORBES, F.R.S., &c. and SYLVANUS HANLEY, B.A., F.L.S. Illustrated
by a figure of each known Animal and of all the Shells, engraved on
203 copper-plates. 4 vols. 8vo, £6 10_s._; royal 8vo, with the
plates coloured, £13.

=Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain.= Arranged according to
their Natural Affinities and Anatomical Structure. By W. A. LEACH,
M.D., F.R.S., &c. &c. Post 8vo, with 13 Plates, 14_s._

=History of the British Marine Testaceous Mollusca.= By WILLIAM
CLARK. 8vo, 15_s._

=Genera of Recent Mollusca=; arranged according to their
Organization. By HENRY AND ARTHUR ADAMS. This work contains a
description and a figure engraved on steel of each genus, and an
enumeration of the species. 3 vols. 8vo, £4 10_s._; or royal 8vo,
with the plates coloured, £9.

=Malacologia Monensis.= A Catalogue of the Mollusca inhabiting the
Isle of Man and the neighbouring Sea. By EDWARD FORBES. Post 8vo,
3_s._, Edinburgh, 1838.

=History of British Star-fishes, and other Animals of the= Class
Echinodermata. By EDWARD FORBES, M.W.S., Professor of Botany in
King’s College, London. 8vo, with more than 120 Illustrations,
15_s._, or royal 8vo, 30_s._

=Elements of Entomology=: an Outline of the Natural History and
Classification of British Insects. By WILLIAM S. DALLAS, F.L.S.
Post 8vo, 8_s._ 6_d._

=The Entomologist’s Annual for 1855 to 1860.= 12mo, 2_s._ 6_d._
each.

=History of the British Zoophytes.= By GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D., LL.D.
Second Edition, in 2 vols. 8vo, with an illustration of every
species. £2 2_s._; or on large paper, royal 8vo, £4 4_s._

=Manual of the Sea-Anemones commonly found on the= English Coast. By
the Rev. GEORGE TUGWELL, Oriel College, Oxford. Post 8vo, with
Coloured Illustrations, 7_s._ 6_d._

=Natural History of Animals.= By Professor T. RYMER JONES. Vol. II.
Insects, &c., with 104 Illustrations, post 8vo, 12_s._

=Familiar Introduction to the History of Insects=; being a Second and
greatly Improved Edition of the Grammar of Entomology. By EDWARD
NEWMAN, F.L.S., Z.S., &c. With nearly 100 Illustrations, 8vo,
12_s._

=The World of Insects=: a Guide to its Wonders. By J. W. DOUGLAS,
Secretary to the Entomological Society of London. This work
contains rambling observations on the more interesting members of
the Insect World to be found in the House, the Garden, the Orchard,
the Fields, the Hedges, on the Fences, the Heaths and Commons, the
Downs, in the Woods, the Waters, or on the Sea Shore, or on
Mountains. 12mo, stiff-paper wrapper, 3_s._ 6_d._

=Siebold on True Parthenogenesis in the Honey-Bee and= Silk-Worm
Moth. Translated from the German by W. S. DALLAS, F.L.S. 8vo, 5_s._

=Practical Hints respecting Moths and Butterflies=, with Notices of
their Localities; forming a Calendar of Entomological Operations
throughout the Year, in pursuit of Lepidoptera. By RICHARD SHIELD.
12mo, stiff-paper wrapper, 3_s._

=Hewitson’s Exotic Butterflies.= Vol. I., containing 398 Coloured
Figures of new or rare species, Five Guineas.

“In this work there is a truthfulness of outline, an exquisite
delicacy of pencilling, a brilliancy and transparency of colouring,
that has rarely been equalled, and probably never surpassed.”--_The
President in his Address to the Entomological Society_, 1856.

Of Vol. II., Sixteen Parts (21 to 36 of the entire work) are at this time published, 5_s._ each.

=Manual of British Butterflies and Moths.= By H.T. STAINTON. 2 vols. 12mo, 10_s._

=Natural History of the Tineina.= By H. T. STAINTON, Coloured Plates. Vol. I. to V. 8vo, cloth, each 12_s._ 6_d._

=Entomologist’s Companion= (to the Tineina). By H. T. STAINTON. Second Edition, 12mo, 3_s._

=Geodephaga Britannica=: a Monograph of the Carnivorous Ground-Beetles Indigenous to the British Isles. By J. F. DAWSON, LL.B. 8vo, without the Plates, 10_s._

=Insecta Maderensia=; being an Account of the Insects of the Islands of the Madeiran Group. By T. VERNON WOLLASTON, M.A., F.L.S. 4to, with Thirteen Coloured Plates of Beetles, £2 2_s._

=An Accentuated List of the British Lepidoptera=, with Hints on the Derivation of the Names. Published by the Entomological Societies of Oxford and Cambridge. 8vo, 5_s._

BOTANY.

=The British Ferns at one View.= By BERTHOLD SEEMANN, Ph.D., F.L.S.
An eight-page out-folding sheet, with descriptions of the Orders,
Tribes, and Genera, and a Coloured figure of a portion of each
species, 8vo, cloth, 6_s._