Chapter II: Part 2

FORS, FORSE, FORCE, FOSS (Scandinavian), _a water fall_.—River FOSS, FORSS-water, FORSE, FORSIN-ard, Low-FORCE, Scale-FORCE, Billing-FORS, FOS-kilde, and FOS-land.

GAT (Scandinavian), _a sound_.—Catte-GAT, the GATT, Helle-GAT, Rams-GATE, Mar-GATE.

GAU (German), _a district watered by a river_.—Aar-GAU, Tor-GAU, Breis-GAU, Bur-GAU, Wolve-GA, and Finke-GA.—GAW, in England, as a local word, signifies _a hollow with water springing in it_, _a furrow_.—GAW-thorpe, GOY-don, &c.

GEO (Scandinavian), _a hollow_, _a chasm in the shore_, _a small inlet_.—Wolfs-GEO, GUI-odin, GUE-odin (Odin’s-inlet), Varren-GE-fiord, Varen-GE-ville, Varren-GUE-bec.

GOE (Old Norsk), _a cleft_, _a small opening in the land_, _a bay_.—Red-GOE, Raven-GOE, Tod’s-GOE, Whale-GOE.

GILL (Scandinavian), _a small gravelly stream_, _also a glen or valley_; GOOL, _a ditch_.—Row-GILL, Woo-GILL-tarn, Kesh-GILL-burn, Esh-GILL, Ive-GILL, GILS-land, &c.; GOOLE, GILLE-by, GILLE-skaal, &c.

GOUT, GOTE, _a drain or ditch_, from Geotan (Anglo-Saxon), _to pour_.—River GOYT, Win-thorpe-GOUT, Trus-thorpe-GOUT, Tyd-GOTE, GOT-ham, &c.

From the German GIESSEN, gösse, gegossen, _to pour_, _to water_, are derived—GIES-en, GIESS-bach, GOSS-au, &c.

HAF (Scandinavian), _the sea_, HAVN (Danish), _a haven_.—Stone-HAVEN, White-HAVEN.

The old HAAF, HAVRE, HAVER-ford, HAFS-lund, Frische-HAF, Aland HAF, HAFF of Stettin, HAFS-loe, Westman’s HAVN, HAVN-sur-Dive, HAVN-sur-Mederet, &c.

HAMN (Scandinavian), _a port_, _bay_, _gulf_.—HAMNA-voe, Soder-HAMN, Carls-HAMN, Torn-HAMN-sudde, Quister-HAM, Go-HAM, Cane-HAM, Estre-HAM, HAM-bye, &c.

HATCH (Provincial), _a flood-gate_, _dam_.—Mers-ham-HATCH, Kelve-don-HATCH.

HYD, HITHE, HYTHE (Anglo-Saxon), originally _a receptacle_; (2), _haven_; (3), _coast_.—HYTHE, HYDE, Seche-HYTHE, Rother-HITHE, Green-HITHE, Lamb-ETH.

HOLM (Scandinavian), _a river island_, _a green plot of ground surrounded by water_, _low land lying along the river or ocean_.—HOLM, HOLMES, HOLM-moss, HOLM-head, HOLM-forth, Kirk-yet-HOLM, Hipper-HOLME, Den-HOLM, Steep-HOLM, and Flat-HOLM, HOULMES (near Rouen), Engo-HOMME, Tur-HULM (Tor-HOLM), Stock-HOLM, Hoy-HOLM, Borg-HOLM, Born-HOLM.

HEAFOD (Anglo-Saxon), _the source of a stream_.—Wood-HEAD, Holm-HEAD, Leather-HEAD, &c.

IG (Anglo Saxon), _an island_.—It assumes the various forms of EAGE, AEGE, EIG, &c.—AIG-burth, EIGH-ton, EG-ham, IGHT-field, IGHT-ham, &c.

KELL, KELD (Scandinavian), _a spring_, “the gathering of water within a hill side, which then bursts out with a considerable gush, and forms a strong stream.”—KIL-ham, KIL-bourn, KEL-sal, KIL-hope, KEL-stedge, KEL-sale, KEL-sey, Lath-KILL, Gunner-KILD-bottom, Oer-KELL, Halli-KELD, Sal-KELD, KIELDER Moors, KELDER-vik.

LAD, LODE, LADE (Anglo-Saxon), _water running into the sea_, _a pan for water_, _a drain_, _a pool_, _a gentle lake_, _an artificial water-course_.—River LYDE or LYTHE, Even-LODE, West-LODE, Whap-LODE, Salter’s LODE-sluice, So-ham-LODE, Burwell-LODE, Reach-LODE, Swaff-ham-LODE, Lech-LADE.

LAYS (Provincial), _lakes_; LAY, _a large pond_.—LOWES-toft, the field of lakes; the provincial form is LAYS-toft; forest of LOWES, LOWES-by, &c.

LAUG (Scandinavian), _water_.—Bal-LAUGH, Lamp-LUGH, LAUGH-ton, Skir-LAUGH, Winters-LAG, &c.

LOCK, _meeting of waters_, _junction of rivers_.—Mat-LOCK, Whee-LOCK, Wen-LOCK.

LECHA, LETCH, _a small river_.—LECK-hamp-stead, LATCH-ford, LECKON-field, LETCH-worth.

LAGU, LAGE, LACHE (Anglo-Saxon), _water_, _a lake_.—River LAC, Mort-LAKE, Shock-LACH, LAKEN-heath, Ship-LAKE, Burg-has-LACH, Dur-LACH, and LACE-by.

MERE (Anglo-Saxon), _a lake_.—Comber-MERE, Winder-MERE, Col-MERE, MER-ton-Say, Hornsea-MERE, Youns-MERE, Ring-MER, Aves-MERE; Haar-lem-MERE, Alk-MAAR, MOR-ton, MAR-tin.

MIRE, the Scandinavian form, MYRI (Old Norsk), signifies _a marsh or bog_.—Gris-MIRE, Ling-MIRE, Wrag-MIRE, Sour-MIRE.

In Norway we find Rosse-MYRE, and in Iceland, Skala-MYRE.

We find the Frisian form, MAR, in MAR-strand, Hiel-MAR, MAR-stall, Wis-MAR, Wol-MAR.

MERSC, MARS, MAS (Anglo-Saxon), _a marsh or bog_.—MARS-ton-moor, MERS-ham, Raw-MARSH, Alder-MAS-ton, MERST-ham, MEAS-ham, MARSK, Os-MAS-ton, MAS-ham, Tor-MAS-ton, MARS-den, the MASH.

Perhaps the river MEASE or MEUSE is derived from the same root.

MUND (German), _the mouth of a river_; MUYDEN (Dutch); MOUTH (English).—Rore-MUND, Wel-MEND, Witt-MUND, Warne-MUNDE, MUNDEN, MUIDEN.

OE (Scandinavian), _an island_.—Angles-EY, Guerns-EY, Aldern-EY, Shepp-EY, Nordern-EY, Wolv-EY, Holm-OE, Wragg-OE, Wag-OE, Rom-OE, Hoal-OE, Far-OE, Langer-OOG, Wanger-OOG, Cantal-EU, Jur-A, Isl-A, Straths-AY.

ORD, ORT (Dutch), _a point_, _the junction of two rivers_.—Havel-ORT, Calv-ORDE, Frederiks-ORT.

ORA (Anglo-Saxon), _the shore_, _coast_, _border_, _those parts of the sea or river affording safe landing-places_.—OR-ton, HOR-ton, ORE-by, Toln-ORE, HOR-dle.

The Scandinavian, EYR, EYRI, AUR, OI, ORE, occurs in ERI-boll, ERI-sta, ORE-sund, Sand-AREA, Net-AREA, Rabbit-AREA.

OFER, OFRA, OVER (Anglo-Saxon), _the shore_, _bank_.—Little OVER, Mickle OVER, OVER-leigh, Wend-OVER, And-OVER; OVER-yssel, Hann-OVER, OVER, near Cologne, OFER, in the neighbourhood of the Elbe.

POT (Scandinavian), _the hole formed by a river in the rocks which compose its bed_.—Lade-POT, Bull-POT, Spear-POTS.

PIDDLE, PUDDLE (Anglo-Saxon), _a thin stream_.—PIDDLE-town, PIDDLE-trent-hide, River BIDDEL, Tol-PUDDLE, Aff-PUDDLE.

POL, POLE, PELL (Anglo-Saxon), _deep standing water_, _a detached or enclosed piece of water_, _a haven or harbour_.—POOL-croft-hea, PUL-ham, PEL-ham, Yar-POLE, PUL-borough, POOL-ey, POLES-worth, POOLE, &c.

PINE (Provincial), _a pit_.—Wash-ford-PYNE.

PYT (Anglo-Saxon), _a body of standing water_, _a puddle_, _cistern_; from PYTTAN, _to excavate_.—PUTN-ey, PUTTEN-ham, PITS-ford, PUD-sey, PITN-ey, Wool-PIT, PIT-stone, &c.

RA (Scandinavian), _a river_.—Oxe-RA, Bro-RA (bridged-river), Nordu-RA.

REA (Anglo-Saxon), RY-ton, RYE-gate.

RUN (Anglo-Saxon), _a stream_, _water-course_.—RUN-ton, RUN-ham.

RACK (Scandinavian), _a trace_, _strait_, _channel_.—Dam-RACK, Sky-RACK, &c.; the RACE, Skage-RACK.

SOLA (Old High German), _water_, _river_.—Bagos-SOLA (BUG), SALZA, SAALE.

SLOH, SLAEW (Anglo-Saxon), _a slough_.—SLOUGH, the name of several places in England.

SLAED, SLADE (Anglo-Saxon), _wet ground_, _low marshy ground_.—Lin-SLADE, SLAI-thwaite, SLED-dale, SLOTEN.

SPOUT (Scandinavian), _a waterfall_.—Cautley SPOUT, Gale-forth-SPOUT, SPYTEN-vand (in Norway), SPOUT.

STRIND, STRUND (Scandinavian), _the beach_, _sea coast_.—The STRAND, Whitby-STRAND, Flad-STRUND, Nord-STRAND, Es-STRAND, &c.

SIKE (Scandinavian), _a water course_, _drain_.—Ful-SICK, Meer-SYKE.

STANG (Scandinavian), _a pool_.—Meller-STANG, Gar-STANG, &c.

STROM (Scandinavian), _a stream_.—STROMS-a, STROMS-oe, STROM-ness, STRAUMS-ey, STROMS-holm, and Mael-STROM.

STROMMER, _a channel_ which separates the Isle of Siaeland from the Isle of Amak.

SAEF, SIV (Anglo-Saxon), _a rush_, _torrent_.—The river SHEAF, SWAVES-ey, &c.

SEA (Anglo-Saxon), SEE (German), _the sea_, _a lake_.—SEA-ham, SEA-ton, SEA-forth, Horn-SEA, Whittle-SEA, &c.; Lang-SEE, Esrum-SEE, Gruner-SEE, and Moss-SEE.

The Scandinavian SOE (_sea_), occurs in Mor-SOE, Mos-SOE, Sonder-SOE, &c.

SKELL (Scandinavian), _a well_, _spring_.—SKEL-man-thorpe, SKELL-eftea, SKELDER-vik, SKEL-ton, &c.

SUND (Scandinavian), _separated_, _a channel_, _a strait_.—SUNDER-land, the SOUND, Helle-SUND, Stral-SUND, &c.

TJORN, TERN, TARN (Scandinavian), _a small lake_.—Lough-rigg-TARN, Flat-TARN, Flou-TERN-TARN (from FLOI, Scandinavian, _a bog_, _marsh_, &c.), Angle TARN, Beacon TARN, TJORN (an island off the coast of Sweden), Holms-JON, Mars-JON, Flas-JON.

VATN, VAT, VAND (Scandinavian), _water_, _a lake_.—Apa-VATN, My-VATN, Sands-VATN, Bjork-VATN-et, Rys-VAND; Olle-VAT (a lake in the Hebrides), VATN-dale, WATEND-lath (in Cumberland), Steapa-VAT, &c.

Sometimes VAND is changed into WATER, as in Helga-WATER (a lake in Shetland), Ulls-WATER, Gates-WATER, Broad-WATER, Oude-WATER, WATER-vliet (netherlands), Vara-BOT (France).

VAAG, VOE (Scandinavian), _a bay_, _harbour_, in

VOE (Sum-brough),
Burra-VOE,
Usk-VAGH,
Flad-VAGH,
VAAG-oen,
VAAG-en,
Sol-WAY,
Groes-VAGH,
Hamna-VOE, harbour _bay_;
Selia-VOE, herring _bay_; &c.

VIG, VIK, WICK (Scandinavian), _a small bay_, _harbour_, _landing-place, town on the sea coast_, _mouth of a river_.—Bruns-WICK, Schles-WIG, Laur-VIG, Steen-VIG, Lem-VIG, Weston-VIK, Bra-VIKEN, Wool-WICH, Green-WICH, Har-WICH, Ips-WICH, Dib-IC, Cu-IC, and Green-OC.

WATH, WADE (Scandinavian), _a ford_.—WATH-upon-Dearne, Winder-WATH, WADES-mills, WADS-ley; WAYTHE, Biggles-WADE, Sands-VATH, WAITHE.

WASH (Scandinavian), _an arm of the sea_, _a river_, _ford_.—The WASH, Ship-WASH, VIS-by, WASH-field, and WAS-dale.

WELL (Anglo-Saxon), _a spring_.—Both-WELL, WYL-am, WEL-ton, WIL-land; Waedensch-WYL, Walch-WYL, WYL-au, Hof-WYL, &c.

WASSER (German), WAES (Anglo-Saxon), _water_.—WASSER-burg, WASSER-trudingen, WAES-ten, WAES-land, WATER-loo (water meadow), WEASEN-ham, WASSEN-bury, &c.

WAC (Anglo-Saxon), _soft marshy ground_; WAX (Scandinavian).—WAC-ton, WAX-holme, WAX-holm, WAX-ham, WHAX-grove, &c.

WAEL, WHEEL (Provincial), _a whirlpool_.—WHEEL-don, WEEL, WEEL-ey, WHEEL-ton, &c.

WORTH (Anglo-Saxon), _an island formed by a river_, _a canal between the two branches of a river_, _a farm_.—Teb-WORTH, Hems-WORTH, Tets-WORTH, Nails-WORTH, Rush-WORTH, Til-WORTH, Clos-WORTH, Wid-WORTHY, Tat-WORTH, Chil-WORTHY, Dodge-WAART, Bols-WAARD, Holt-WIERDE, and Schoenen-WERTH.

WYCHEN (Anglo-Saxon), _springs_; WYCH (Provincial), _a salt spring_.—WHIX-ley, WICK-en, Middle-WICH, Nant-WICH, and Ford-WICH.

(_B_) NAMES OF MOUNTAINS, HILLS, &c.

BAC, BEAC (Anglo-Saxon), _a ridge or back_; BAC (Gothic), _a woody mountain_, _an ascent or descent_.

BUHEL, PUHEL, BUHL (German), _a hill_, _rising ground_.

BAICH (Old English), _a “languet of land_.”—Saddle-BACK, BAC-ton, BACON’S-field, Hog’s-BACK, Bainton-BEACON, Inkpen-BEACON, &c.

Cæsar makes mention of a Sylva BACEN-is, which separated the Cherusci from the Suevi; and Ptolemy speaks of a Meli-BOC-os, in the north of Germany. There is still a Meli-BOC-us in the south of Germany.

The German form (BUHL, PUHEL, &c.), occurs in

Eichen-BUHL, the oak _ridge_;
Dun-kels-BUHL, the _ridge_ of the mountain springs;
Ross-BUHL, the horse’s _ridge_;
Lust-BUHL, the _hill_ of pleasure.

BREG, BEORG, BEROH (Anglo-Saxon), _a mountain_, _a hill_, _a heap of stones or earth_; BERG PEREG (High German), BAIRGS (Gothic), BIERG, BJORG, BORG (Scandinavian).—Ha-BERG-ham-caves, Wa-BER-thwaite, Wi-BERG-thwaite (holy _mountain_ path), Leg-BER-thwaite (low _mountain_ path), Brown-BERG-hill, Lang-BAURGH.

BARROW and BARF occur frequently in the north of England. They are probably only slightly altered forms of BERG.—Under-BARROW-scar, High-BARROW-ridge, &c.; Clee-BARF, BARF near (Bassen-thwaite), &c.

The German BERG is found in

BERG, BERG-en, the _mountain_ region;
BERGE-dorf, the _hilly_ city;
BERG-heim, the _hilly_ home;
Adels-BERG, the noble’s _hill_;
Arns-BERG, the eagles’ _hill_;
Alten-BERG, the ancient _hill_;
As-PERG, the ash _hill_;
Heidel-BERG, the heath _hill_;
Konigs-BERG, the King’s _hill_;
Mittel-GEBIRGE, middle _range_.

The Scandinavian form BORG, appears in

BORG-loh, the _hilly_ dwelling by the water;
BORG-holm, the _hilly_ island;
BORG-holz-hausen, the _hilly_-wooded dwelling; &c.

BREAK (Scandinavian), _the slope of a mountain_, _the hollow in a hill_.—Mel-BREAK, Cal-BREAK, Lov-BREKKE, Skards-BREKKE, Sand-BREKKE, &c.

CALF (Scandinavian), _a smaller mountain near a larger one_. It is also applied to islands.—CALVA, CALF, KALVA-berg (the “CALF of Man”), CALVER-peak, &c.

CAR (Anglo-Saxon), _a rock_.—Uugin-CAR, Rugh CAR, Gol-CAR, the CARRS.

CAM (Scandinavian), _a summit_, _top_.—CAM-fell, Cachede-CAM, &c.

CLIFE, CLIF, CLIFFE, CLEE, CLOU, CLOUGH (Anglo-Saxon), _a rock_.—CLEVE, Old CLEEVE-hill, CLEVE-land, CLAVER-don, CLEVE-don, CLAVER-ley, CLIPPES-by, CLIP-stone, CLOP-hill, KLOP-stock, CLOP-ton, CLOP-ham, CLIFFE, CLIFF-ton, Top-CLIFFE, Shorne-CLIFFE, Swil-low-CLIFT, CLIFFE-end; CLEE-thorpes, CLE-hanger, CLEE-hills, CLEE-barf, CLEEVER, CLAW-ton, CLEO-bury, CLOUGH-ton, Buc-CLEUGH, CLEVES, KLOPPEN-burg.

CLUMP (Provincial), _a heap_.—Chariot-CLUMP, Heaver-CLUMP.

CLUD, CLENT (Anglo-Saxon), _a piece of rock_.—Pen-ket-CLOUD, Temple-CLOUD, CLOUD-end, CLENT-hill, CLIN-ton.

CNOL (Anglo-Saxon), _rising ground_, _a small round hill_.—Falkland KNOLL, Brent-KNOLL, Mays-KNOLL, KNOWL-bury, Windy-KNOWL.

COP (Anglo-Saxon), _a top_, _summit_.—Mold-COP, Wyle-COP, Mow-COP, War-COP, Schnee-KOPPE (snow top).

DODD (Scandinavian), _a mountain with a rounded summit_.—Harts-op-DODD, Skiddaw-DODD.

DUN, DON, DOWN (Anglo-Saxon), _a hill_, sometimes applied to _dwelling-places on hills_.—The DOWNS, DOWNE, DOWN-ton, Leigh-DOWN, Hunting-DON, Ham-DON, Snow-DON, DUN-fell, DUN-mallet, DOWN-holm, DOWN-head, DUNS-by, DUN-score, DUNS-fold, DUN-stan.

EDGE (Anglo-Saxon, ECG), _high moor-lands_, _the sharp ridge of a mountain_.—EDGE-hill, Swirrell-EDGE, Strathon-EDGE, Land-EGGE.

FELL, FJELD (Scandinavian), _a rock-hill_, _mountain chain_.—Dovre-FJELD, Hardanger-FJELD (the mountains of hunger and poverty), Rute FIELLE, FAL-aise, Oxen-FELL, Hart-FELL, Shap-FELL, Bow-FELL, Campsie-FELLS, Snae-FELL, Mickle-FELL.

GARE, GORE, GOR (Anglo-Saxon), _a triangular piece of ground_, _a narrow slip of ground_, generally dirty or marshy.—Water-GORE, the GORE, Haven-GORE-marsh.

HA (Scandinavian), _high_.—HA-wick, HA-warden, HA-worth, HEA-ley, HEA-laugh, HEA-ton, HEY-don, HEY-thorpe, HEY-shot, Pool-croft-HEA, Hirne-HA.

HAMMER (Scandinavian), _a rock_.—HAMMER-scar, HAMMER-end, HAMMER-fest, HAMMER-stein, Stor-HAMMER, Lille-HAMMER.

HART, HARD (Gothic), _high_.—HARDER-wyk, HARDEN-burg, the HARDT mountains.

HAWES, HAW (Scandinavian), _a rock_, _an oblong mountain_, _a prospect_.—Esk HAWS, Buttermere HAWS, HAWS-water.

We find AAS (pronounced AWS), the Norwegian form, in AAS-fjeld, AAS-vand, &c.

HAUGH, HOUG, HOW, HO, HOO, HOV, HOE, HOY, &c. (Scandinavian), _a hill_, _sepulchral mound_, _promontory_.—Bothwell-HAUGH, HAUGH-am, HAUGH-ton, HAUGH-ley, HAUGH-mond-hill; Alders-HAUGH, HOGH-ton, Bar-HAUGH, HOUGH-ton-le-spring, Green-OUGH, Bere-HOUGH, HEW-by, Kew (Kay-HOUGH, Kay-HOWE); the HAUGH, HAIGH-ton, Scale-HOW, Hund-HOW, Red-HOW, Grimes-HOO, the HOO, HAUX-ley, HAX-ley, HOX-ay (the isle of the _promontory_), HAUGS-eid (the isthmus of the _hillock_), HAUX-ton, &c.; Loose-HOO, Iving-HOE, Stapl-OE, HOY-land, Al-sta-HAUG, La HOGUE, Jord-HEUE, Le-HOU, Ne-HOU, Cape HOC, HEVE, HOGUES d’Isigny, HOGUES de Baucy, HOY-a, HOY-holm.

HAUS (Old Norsk), _top_, _summit_.—Herd-HOUSE, Lad-HOUSE, HUSA-fell, &c.

HANG (Anglo-Saxon), _a heel_.—East and West HANG, HANGLE-ton, HANKE-low.

HOOK, HAWK, HACK, and HOCH have a similar signification.—HACE-by, HACKER-sall, HACK-ford, HACK-thorne, HACK-ness, HACK-don, HOC-kliffe, &c.; HAWK-moor, HOOK, HOOKER-ton, HOOK-nor-ton, HACK-sted, HACK-low.

HOHE, HOCH (German), _height_, _high_.—HOHE-geiss, HOHEN-stein, HOHEN-linden, HOHEN-as-perg, &c.; HOCH-heim, HOCH-kirch, HOCH-wald, &c.; HOOG-veen, HOOG-meide.

HEIGH, HIGH (Anglo-Saxon), _elevated_.—HEIGH-am, HEIGH-ley, HEIGH-ton, HIGH-bray, HIGH-ley, HIGH-week, &c.

HEAFORD (Anglo-Saxon), _head-top_, _upper_.—HEAD-lam, HEAD-ley, HEAD-worth, HED-don, HED-hope, HEED-ley.

HEAN (Anglo-Saxon), _high_.—HEAN-or, HEAN-wood, HAINTON, HENT-land, HAUN-ton.

HOPE, OP, OPE (Scandinavian), _the side of a hill_, _a sheltered spot on the side of a hill_.—HOP-town, Harts-OP, Harr-OP, Wool-HOPE, Oxen-HOPE.

HOB (Scandinavian), _a rising eminence_; HEAP (English).—HOB-linch, HOB-knap; HEAP, HEAP-ey, HEAP-ham, &c.

HUL, HYL (Anglo-Saxon), _a mountain_, _elevation in general_.—Tintin-HULL, Soli-HULL, Mag-HULL, HIL-ton, HIL-bury, HIL-gay, HILL-am, HILLERS-don, HIL-per-ton, and HILL-side.

HOFVED, HOVED (Scandinavian), _a head_, _promontory_.—

Skov-HOVED, wood _head_;
Vorms-HOFVED, worm’s _head_.

HEAD, when it occurs in the names of capes, promontories, &c., in England, is of Scandinavian origin.

HORN, HURNE, HYRNE, HERNE (Anglo-Saxon), _an angle or corner-land projecting into the sea or river_, _a peak_.—HIRNE-ha, Cold-IRNE, Guy-HIRNE, HORN-castle, HORN-sea, HORN-um, Stor-HORN, Breit-HORN, Tenfels-HORN, Wild-HORN, and Rinder-HORN.

KNOT (Scandinavian), _a round heap_.—Hard-KNOT, Scald-KNOT, School-KNOT, Whim-bury-KNOTS, KNOTS-low.

KNAEP (Anglo-Saxon), _rising ground_.—Mister-ton KNAP, Hob-KNAP, &c.

KNAB, the Scandinavian form, occurs in KNAB-scar, the KNAB, &c.; KNIPE-scar, KNIPEN-berg.

LOW, LEWE, LOE, LAW (Anglo-Saxon), _a small round hill_.—Broad-LOW, Had-LOW, Tax-LOW, Mar-LOW, Wins-LOW, Hal-LOW, Doller-LAW, Bug-LAW-ton, Hag-LOE, LEV (Scandinavian), Orms-LEV, and Ors-LOV.

LOPPE, HLYPE (Anglo-Saxon), _an uneven place_, _a leap_.—Hind-LIP, LOP-ham, Lax-LEIP, Hous-LIP-burn, Deer-LEEP-hill, &c.

LYNCH, LINK (Anglo-Saxon), _ploughed ground on the side of a hill_, _high ground_.—Stock-LINCH, Moor-LYNCH, &c.

LOFT (Scandinavian), _a mound_.—Carl-LOFTS, LOF-sta, LOFTA-hammar, LOFT-house, LOFTS-ome, &c.

LAD (Scandinavian), _a pile or heap_.—Lost-LAD, LAD-cragg.

KLINT (Scandinavian), _sea rocks_.—Spoel-KLINT, Stevens-KLINTE, Steyns-KLINT.

MOR, MOOR (Anglo-Saxon), _a common_, _highlands covered with heath_; MOOR (English).—Nort-MOOR, Backe-MOOR, MOR-peth.

NAP (Anglo-Saxon), _a hill_, _peak_, _point_, _top of a hill_; NEB (Scandinavian).—NAP-ton-on-the-hill, NAP Farm, NEP-ton, NEP-cote, Whinney NEB, White NAB, Con-mer NAB, the NABS, NABS Buts.

NESS, NAZE, NOSE (Scandinavian), _damp, humid land stretching out into the sea_, _a promontory_, _a projecting portion of land_.—Lowestoft-NESS, Foul-NESS, Dunge-NESS, Sheer-NESS, Skeg-NESS, Strom-NESS, Bow-NESS, Scar-NESS, Fur-NESS, Skeg-NAS, Sand-NOES, the NAZE.

In France, NESS takes the form of NEZ.

PIKE, PEAK, PIG (Scandinavian), _a point_.—Kid-sty-PIKE, Dufton-PIKES, Mur-ton-PIKES, the PEAK, PIG-don, Knock-PIKES, PICK-mere, Jolly Waggon PIKE, PIKE-law, West-PIKE.

RIGG (Scandinavian), _a ridge_, _an oblong hill_; HRIGG (Anglo-Saxon), _a back_.

Lough-RIGG-fell;
Ask-RIGG, ash-_ridge_;
Lat-RIGG, the dwelling on the _ridge_;
Long-RIGG, long-_ridge_;
Ewan-RIGG, yew _ridge_.

The German form, RUCK, occurs in

Ziegen-RUCK, the kid’s _ridge_;
Hunds-RUCK, the hound’s _ridge_.

RISE (Anglo-Saxon), RAISE (Scandinavian), _a mound_, _hill-top_, _a high wood_, &c.—Clap-ham RISE, RISE-ley, RAISE-gill, RISE-holm, RISE-brough.

SCAR, SCARTH, SCARF, SCOR, SCREE, SKRID (Scandinavian), _a rock, sharp, steep, or precipitous_.—SCAR-borough, SCAR-overton, Black Hope-SCARS, SCARS-dale, Ul-SKER, SKERRY, Ul-SCARTH, Gate-SCARTH, Balder-SCARTH, SCARF-gap, the SCREES, SCREE-scar, SCRAX, SKAR-a, Skiel-SKIOR, SKAA-up, SKIER-um, Sten-bids-SKAAR, SCAR-stad, SCAR-ild, SKA-tunge, Einer-SKER, Svart-SKER, CHER-bourg, Evar-SKARD, Haka-SCARD, SKARVEN-Fjeld, Maastjern-SKARV, SKARD, SKRID, Ref-SKRID, SKRIDS-hol, SCARTHIN-cliffs, SCOR-burgh, SCOR-ton.

SCUG (Scandinavian), _a declivity_.—SCUGGER, SKUGG, SKEG-ness.

STY (Scandinavian), _an ascending path_.—Kid-STY-pike, STY-head, An-STY, Hubber-STY, STEE.

The Anglo-Saxon forms are STEELE, STEIGLE, STEGE.—Ham-STEEL, High-STILE, Long-STILE, STILE, STEEL Fell.

The German STEIG, _a path_.—Occurs in Alten-STEIG, STEGE, STEIGER-wald.

STEAP (Anglo-Saxon), _steep_.—STEEP-holm, STOUPE-brow, STEEP.

SHELF, SKELF (Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian), _a crag_, _rock_, _steep places_.—SHELF-anger, SHEL-don, Tib-SHELF, SELF-stones, Ra-SKELFE, &c.

STACK, STAKE, STICKLE (Scandinavian), _a rock_, _peak_.—STAWKERS, STACK, Hay-STACKS, the STAKE, Harrison STICKLE, Pike o’STICKLE, STICKLE-stad, &c.

STERT (Anglo-Saxon), _a tail_.—START-point, STERT-island, &c.

STONES (Provincial), _hills_, _heights_.—Blake-low-STONES, Ox-STONES, Dane Head STONES, &c.

TOP (Anglo-Saxon), _head_, _summit_.—TOP-cliffe, TOPS-ham, Lewis-TOP, Pon-TOP Pike, TIP-ton, TOP-croft, &c.

TUNGA (Scandinavian), _a promontory_, _headland_, applied to _rocks and mountains_.—TONGE-with-Haulgh, Middle TONGUE, TONG-fell, TUNGE-fiord, Ska-TUNGE, TANG-fjeld, TUNGN-fell.

WEALD, WALD, WOLD, WEALT, WOULD, WILD, WELT (Anglo-Saxon), _a forest_, _a high woodland district_.—The WEALDS of Kent, the WOLDS of Yorkshire, Moncton-WEALD, Glen-WHELT, WALT-ham, Cots-WOLD, WOLD-brow, WALD-au, WALD-bach, WALD-burg, WALD-eck, WAIT-by, WALD-heim, WALD-kirch, WALD-see, Ost-WOLDE, WOLD, and WOUDE.

WINCH, WINK (Scandinavian), _a corner_.—WINCH-combe, WINK-field, WINK-leigh, WINCHEL-sea, FINKLE-bridge, WINKEL-seth, Rose-WINKEL, Ruh-WINKEL, &c.

WARN, WHARN (Anglo-Saxon), _steep_.—WHARN-side, WHARN-cliffe, WHARN-ham.

YOKE (Scandinavian), _a hill_, _chain_.—YOKE-thwaite, YOKE-cliffe.

(_C_) NAMES OF VALLEYS, PLAINS, WOODS, &c.

ACRE, AKER (Anglo-Saxon), _a field_.—West-ACRE, Kint-AKER.

BEARW, BEARO, BERN (Anglo-Saxon), _a fruitful productive wood_, from BERAN, _to yield_; BAR, BUR, _a bower_, _knoll_; BYRAS, _woods_, _plots of woody ground_.—Brown-BER-hill, Bram-BER, Tod-BERE, Green-BER-field, BUR-ton, and BAR-ton, Sheb-BEARE (sheep-_wood_), Kentis-BEARE, BEER (near Seaton), BIER-low, Baum-BER (tree-_wood_), BEAR-stead, BEARS-ton, BEAR-ley, BER-don, BUR-combe, BUR-land, BURS-lem, BUR-stall, BUR-marsh, BUR-wash, BAR-ham, BAR-ford, and BAR-well.

BEARNE (Provincial), _a wood_.—BARN-by, BARN-ey, BARN-well, BARN-ham, BARN-brough, &c.

BIT (Anglo-Saxon), _a pasture_.—Cow-BIT, Nes-BIT, &c.

BUS, BUSH (Anglo-Saxon), _a small wood_.—BUSCH (German), BOSC (Scandinavian).—BUSH-ey, BOS-ham, BUS-by, BUS-cot, BUSH-bury, BUSS of Newham, BUSS of Werdie; Col-BOSC, Mille-BOSC, Rom-BOSC, BOSCHEN-ried, and Dicke-BUSCH.

BENT (Provincial), _a plain_, _field_, _a common_.—BENT-ham, BENT-ley, Hayton’s BENT, BENT-hall, BENT-worth, Chow-BENT, &c.

BOTM (Anglo-Saxon), BOTTOM (English), _a dale_.—Gunner-kild-BOTTOM, Houn-dene-BOTTOM, Shuffle-BOTTOM (Shaw-field-BOTTOM), Owler-BOTTOM, and Brook-BOTTOM.

CAR (Anglo-Saxon), _a plain_.—CAR-ham, CAR-stairs.

CHIN, CHINE (Anglo-Saxon), _a cleft_, _hollow_.—CHIN-ley-churn, Crow-CHINE, &c.

CUP (Anglo-Saxon), _a hollow_.—Bu-CUP, CUB-ley, &c.

CROFT (Scandinavian), _a small field_.—CRAW-ton, Wey-CROFT, CROFT Farm, Sander-CROFT, Haver-CROFT, CROF-ton, Cox-CROFT, and Wivels-CROFT. In France the same root is found under the form CROTTES.

COMB (Anglo-Saxon), _a valley or low piece of ground_, _a space between two hills_.—COMBE, Brans-COMBE, Bor-COMBE, Clo-COMBE, Gat-COMBE, Sted-COMBE, COMP-ton.

DAL (Scandinavian), _a valley_ (from DALA, _to depress_); THAL (German).—Scar-DALE, Ken-DAL, Arun-DELL, DAL-wood, Dingley-DELL, Co-DALE, Gris-DALE, Ul-DALE, DUL-wich, DUL-ver-ton, Schön-THAL, Rein-THAL, Dussel-THAL, DAL-hem, DALS-land, DAL-bye, DAL-heim, DAL-river, &c.; Dane-TAL, Darne-TAL, DELLE du Bog, DELLE du Fosse.

DEONU, DIONU, DENU, DEN, DEAN (Anglo-Saxon), _a wood_, _pasture_, _valley_, _hollow_, _ravine_, &c.—Taunton DEAN, Forest of DEAN, Deb-DEN, Cob-DEN, Hammer-DEN, Bals-DEAN, O-DEAN, Dib-DEN, DEN-by, DEN-bigh, &c.

FIELD, FELD (Anglo-Saxon), _detached localities partly open_, _an open height_, _a plain_.—Heath-FIELD, Spring-FIELD, Neither-FIELD, Lang-FIELD, &c.

The German form, FELD, occurs in FELD-berg, FELD-kirch, Lingen-FELD, Hume-FELD, Alten-FELD, Lichter-VELDE, Basse-VELDE, &c.

FOLD, FOL, FALD (Scandinavian), _land district_, _enclosure for sheep_, &c.—Nettle-FORD, Ox-FOLD, Had-FOLD, Ex-FOLD, Ash-FOLD, Frith-FOLD, Duns-FOLD, &c.

GAP (Scandinavian), _an opening between hills_.—Raise GAP, Whin-latter-GAP, YAP-ton.

GRAFE (Anglo-Saxon), _a small wood_, _a grove_.—No-bottle-GROVE, Bo-GROVE, By-GRAVE, GRAF-ton, Cot-GRAVE, Red-GRAVE, and Chal-GROVE.

HAG, HAY, HEDGE, EDGE (Anglo-Saxon), _a limit boundary_, _fence_, _any enclosure_, _a single field_, _a plot of ground fenced in and surrounded by an hedge_; HAGA (Scandinavian), HAG (Gothic), _enclosed pasturage_, _a cultivated copse or woodland_.—HAG-borne, HAG-ley, HAG-loe, HEDGER-ley, HAY-don, HAY-dock, HAY, West-HAY, Cut-HAYES, Wil-HAY, Child-HAYES, HAY-ton, HAYES, Comb-HAY, HAG-a, HAGEN, the HAGUE, HAGEN-au, Dorls-HAGEN, Falken-HAGEN.

HANGER, HANGRA, ANGER (Anglo-Saxon), _a meadow near a wood, surrounded by a furrow_.—Fisher-ton-ANGER, Clay-HANGER, ANGER-ton, Cle-HANGER, Oke-HANGER-mere.

HAT, HAD, HEATH (Anglo-Saxon), _field_; HEIDE, (German).—HAT-field, HAT-cliffe, HATHER-leigh, HATH-ern, HATHER-op, HAT-ton, HEDEN-ham, HAD-ley, HETHER-set, HETHERS-gill, HET-ton, HIDE, HADDEN-ham, HAD-don, HAD-leigh, HAD-low, HAD-nall-ease, HAD-stock, Pook-HYDE, HOATH-ley, HEIDEL-berg, HEIDEN-heim, HEIDE.

HAYNE, _a cleared spot fenced in_, is perhaps connected with the German HAIN, _small grove_, _wood_, though it is generally considered another form of HAG, HAY, &c.—Wil-HAYNE, Hoober-HAYNE, Cown-HAYNE, Down-HAYNE, Blanken-HAYN, Balken-HAYN, Burg-HAUN, and HAIN-ault.

HESE, HYSE (Anglo-Saxon), _a grove_, _wilderness_.—HES-wall, HES-ton, HES-ley-Hurst, HESS-ay, HIS-ton, HIS-ket, HAS-combe, HAS-field, HASE-ley, HAS-guard, HAS-land, and HAYE.

HOLT, HOT, HOD (Anglo-Saxon), _a wood_, _copse_; HOLZ (German).—The HOLTS, Spars-HOLT, HODDES-don, HOTS-pur, Boc-HOLT, Borck-HOLT, HOLZ-minden, HOLT-land, HOLT-rup, Ter-HOULDE.

HUNT (Anglo-Saxon), _a chase_.—Fox-HUNT, Ches-HUNT.

HURST, HERST, HEST, EST (Anglo-Saxon), HORST (German), HRIOSTR (Old Norsk), _woods which produce fodder for cattle_, _thicket_, _a clump of forest trees which have not attained their full growth_, or _masses of standing corn_.—Ew-HURST, Pens-HURST, As-HURST, Wad-HURST, Sell-HURST, Ex-HURST, HURST-ley, WORST-ley, Fing-EST, Made-HURST, HURST, HORS-mar, Baren-HORST.

ING (Anglo-Saxon), _a meadow_.—ING-birch-worth, INGER-thorpe, INGLE-by, ING-ham, ING-oe, Read-ING. Bark-ING, Martins-ING, Earl’s-ING-Lee.

LEAGH, LAH, LEH, LAY, LEA, LEY, LEIGH (Anglo-Saxon), _a meadow_, _field_, _thicket_, _a woodland district_, _enclosure_, _place favourable to growth of grass_; LOH (German); LO, LOO (Dutch),—Had-LEIGH, Hor-LEIGH, Hoo-LEIGH, Pash-LEIGH, Mor-LEIGH, Bing-LEY, LEIGH-ton, Wark-LEIGH, LAY-sters, LEIGH-down; Ven-LO, Water-LOO, Kafer-LOH, and Sapel-LOH.

LEASE, LAES (Anglo-Saxon), _pasture land_.—LEWES, LEWES-ham, Oxen-LEASE, Cow-LEAZE.

LEBEN (German), _ground cleared of wood_.—Als-LEBEN, Aschers-LEBEN, Eis-LEBEN.

LING (Anglo-Saxon), _heath_.—Ash-LING, Bir-LING.

LUM (Provincial), _a wooded valley_.—LUM-ley, Burs-LEM.

LUND (Scandinavian), _a wood_, _forest_.—LUND, LAUND-booth, LUND-ditch, LAUN-ton, Hoff-LUND, Hanging-LUND.

MAED, MEAD (Anglo-Saxon), _a meadow_.—Hot-MEAD, MAD-ley, MADE-ley, METH-wold, Bass-MEAD.

MAESTENE (Anglo-Saxon), _a forest_, _grove of oak_.—Sel-MESTON, West-MESTON, MIS-ter-ton.

MEARC (Anglo-Saxon), _a woodland district_, _meadowland_; MORK (Scandinavian), _a wood_.—MERCIA, MARK (Lincoln and Somerset), MARK-ham, MARK-by, MARKS-hall.

PEECE, PACCE (Anglo-Saxon), _dirty, watery land_.—PASH-ley, PATCH-am, PATCH-way, PAX-ton, PAS-ton, PAX-ford.

PLAS, in PLAS-ket, PLASS-ey, PLAX-tol, has a similar signification.

PLUMBE (Anglo-Saxon), _a woody place_.—PLUM-ley, PLUMP-ton, PLUM-stead.

PAETH (Anglo-Saxon), _a way, path, entrance, road_.—Mor-PETH (moor-_path_), PAD-field, PAD-worth, PAD-bury, PATE-ly.

RAKE (Provincial), _a mine_.—Land-RAKE.

RAYNE (Provincial), _limit_, _bound_.—RAIN-hill, RAIN-ham.

RIOTHR, RAITH (Scandinavian), _a clear place_, _an open field_; RYDE, _to clear away_.—REITH-by, RAITH-by, RATH-mill.

RODE (German), RODE, ROD, ROYD (English), _land cleared or grubbed up_.—RUTHYN, RUT-land, Martin-ROYD, Hol-ROYD, Hunt-ROYD, Orme-ROD, Ack-ROYD, Werni-GERODE, Elbin-GERODE, ROD-ach, Mount RUTI, RUTHI, Oste-RODE.

SKOGR, SCOW, SCAW, SKOV, SHAW, SHOE (Scandinavian), _a wood_.—SCAW-ton, SCOF-ton, SCOW-garth, Fla-SCOW, We-SCOW, Bri-SCO, Ever-SAW, Auden-SHAW, SKOVS-hoved.

In France we find Bois d’ESCOVES.

SHOT (Anglo-Saxon), _a wood_.—SCOT-by, SCOT-ton, SHOT-ton, Alder-SHOT (alder-_wood_), Bag-SHOT (badger’s-_wood_).

SNADAS, SNAED, SNAD (Anglo-Saxon), _a piece of land with well-defined limits without enclosures, public woods, or pasture grounds_.—SNAITH, SNED, SNETTIS-ham, Whip-SNADE, SNOD-land.

STOCK (Anglo-Saxon), _a wood_, _enclosure_.—STOCK-land, STOCK-linch, Taw-STOCK, Hal-STOCK, Chard-STOCK, STOCK-holm.

SMETH, SMID, SMITH (Anglo-Saxon), _smooth, level ground_.—SMEA-ton, SMES-towe, SMITH-field, SMEETH, SMEETH-cote.

SPRING (Anglo-Saxon), _a grove_.—SPRING-thorpe.

STOB, STUB, STOBBE (Anglo-Saxon), _a stump_.—STOBS-wood, El-STUB, STEPN-ey (Steben-_heath_), STUB-croft, STUB-land, STUBBE-rup.

TOLL (Anglo-Saxon), _a small grove of lofty trees_.—TOLL-piddle, TOL-ton, TEL-ton, TOLLER-ton, TOL-land, TOLE-thorpe.

TOFT (Scandinavian), _a field_, _the border of the house and homestead_.—Lowes-TOFT, Knocking-TOFTS, TOFT.

In France we find Hau-TOT, Crique-TOT, Ec-TOT, Sasse-TOT, Anse-TOT, Ebel-TOFT, Enges-TOFTE.

TOT (Anglo-Saxon), _a small grove_.—TOTN-ore, TOT-ham, TOTTEN-ham, TUT-bury, TOT-land Bay, TET-bury, DOD-pits, TOT-lets, TOT-ern-hoe.

TELGR (Scandinavian), _a tract of land_.—Soder-TELGE, Soder-TELJE, Norr-TELGE.

TVED, THWAITE (Scandinavian), _a path_, _an isolated piece of ground_, _ground cleared of wood_.—Lock-THWAITE, Stanger-THWAITE, Hall-THWAITE, Line-THWAITE, TVEDE, Om-THVETT, Skis-VED.

WAN, WING, WANG (Anglo-Saxon), _a large indefinite tract of land_, _a meadow_.—WANG-ford, WING-field, WAN-stead, Tongs-WINGE, WANGER-oog, WANG, El-WANGEN.

WASTE (Provincial), _a level_.—WASTE-water, Thorn-WASTE.

WRIDE (Anglo-Saxon), _an intertwining, luxuriant thicket_.—WRAYS-bury, WRITTLE, Ease-WRITH, WRET-ham, WRET-ton, Ting-RITH (Tyn-GRAVE).

WITH (Scandinavian), _a wood_.—Ask-WITH, Bram-WITH, WITHER-by, &c.

WOOD (English), WEIDE (German), _pasture ground_.—WEID-au, WID-au, WED-more, WID-combe, WOOT-ton, WIDDE-combe, &c.

WIESE (German), _a meadow_.—WIES-baden, WIESEN-thied, &c.

(_D_) NAMES OF HABITATIONS.

BAND (Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian), _a division_, _boundary_.—How-BAND, Millstone-BAND, Taylor’s-gill-BAND, Southernly-BOUND, &c.

BY, BO (Scandinavian), _a town_, from BUA, _to dwell_; BYR, _the town of commerce_.—Kir-BY, Kirk-BY, Thores-BY, Der-BY, Den-BY, Wait-BY, Horns-BY, Ire-BY, &c.; Kirk-BOE, Frode-BOE, Qual-BOE, BY-grave, BY-field, BUER-dale, Wibel-BUHR, and Ochtel-BUHR. In France we find this root, under the form BEUF, in Lim-BEUF, Mar-BEUF, Quille-BEUF, and Marque-BEUF.

BOLD, BALT, BOOTH, BOTTLE (Anglo-Saxon), _a dwelling_.—Shil-BOTTLE, New-BOLD, New-BALD, BOLT-on, Par-BOLD, BOOTLE, Lor-BOTTLE, BOOTH-by, More-BATTLE, BOT-ley, New-BOTTLE, BOULDER-dale, BUITTLE, BOT-ham, and BOT-hall.

BORDE (Provincial), _a cottage_.—BORD-well, &c.

BUTTEL (German), _a dwelling_.—Wolfen-BUTTEL, Lust-BUTTEL, Bruns-BUTTEL, &c.

BIGGEN (Provincial), _a building_, from BIG, _to build_.—New-BIGGEN, Sun-BIGGEN (south-building), &c.

BOW, BOL (Scandinavian), _a dwelling_, _house of a proprietor_.—BOWS, BOW-ness, BOW-scale Tarn (Bowness was anciently called BOL-ness, or BUL-ness), BOLY, BOL-bec, Mum-BLE, Strum-BLE, Alden-BULL, Tetten-BULL, BOL-stadoren.

BURG, BURY, BOROUGH (Anglo-Saxon), _a city_, _place of retreat or defence_.—BURY, Nether-BURY, Hem-BURY, Stan-BURY, Sid-BURY, Salis-BURY (Scaro-BYRIG, _the dry-city_), Shaftes-BURY (_town of shafts_), BURG-walter (BRIDGE-water), BOROUGH-bridge, Sea-BOROUGH, Sad-BOROUGH, Water-PERRY, Wood-PERRY.

BURRA-voe, BROUGH, and BROUGH-under-Stanmore are examples of the Scandinavian form, BROUGH.

BUSTA, BUSTER, BUST (Scandinavian), _a dwelling-place_, a contraction of BOL-STATHR, _dwelling seat_. (See BOL).—Hob-BISTER, Swan-BISTER, Flad-BISTER, Swara-BISTER, Swara-STER, Mura-STER, Kirka-BISTER, and BUSTA-voe.

CHIP, CHEAP (Anglo-Saxon), _a market_.—

CHIPPING Norton,
COPEN-hagen,
COPPEN-brugge,
KIOB-stae,
Norr-KOPING, north-_market_;
Ny-KOPING, new-_market_;
CHEP-stow, _market_ place;
CHEAP-side, _market_-seat;
COUP-man Beck (COUP-land Beck), _merchant’s district brook_;
Soder-KOPING, south-_market_.

COT, COAT, COTE, KET (Anglo-Saxon), _a hut_, _salt-pit_, _cottage_, _the dwelling of the poorer classes_.—

Swins-COE, swine’s _cottage_;
Hes-KET, horse-_cottage_;
Plas-KET, marshy-_cottage_;
COTS-wold, the _cottages_ of the wolds;
COT-leigh, the _cottage_ by the pasture;
COTTES-more the _cottage_ by the moor; &c.

DERNE (Anglo-Saxon), _a solitary place_.—DEARNE, DARN-all, Wath-upon-DEARNE, Bode-DERN, DERN-yett, &c.

DACRE, DAKER (Scandinavian), _log-house_.—DACRE, DAKER-stead, &c.

ERN, ERNE (Anglo-Saxon), _a dwelling_, _hermitage_.—Crewk-ERNE, Ask-ERN, Kill-EARN, Cow-ARNE, &c.

GATA (Scandinavian), _a street_, _road_, _path_, _thoroughfare_.—Fresh-water-GATE, Fisher-GATE, Clappers-GATE, Hollow-GATE, Darn-YETT. Some of the leading thoroughfares in London end in GATE—_e.g._, Bishops-GATE-street, Moor-GATE-street, Kings-GATE-street.

The form GADE, found in Denmark and Norway, has the same signification.—GADE-busch, &c.

GALE, GEIL (Scandinavian), _a dwelling in a hollow_.—GALE-garth, GALE-hows, Grettis-GEIL, &c.

HUT, HUTTE (Anglo-Saxon), _a shelter_, _house_, _dwelling_, &c.—HUT-ton, HUT-toft, &c.

HAM (Anglo-Saxon), HEIM (German), UM (Frisian), HOME (English), _farm_, _enclosed land_, _a village or town_; the same root occurs in HAM-let.—High-HAM, Low-HAM, East-HAM, HAM-don, HAMP-ton, HAM-burgh, Dront-HEIM, Blen-HEIM, Hus-UM, Hol-UM, Fisk-UM, Skiv-UM, Ann-HAM, and Zel-HAM.

GARTH, GUARDS (Scandinavian), _an enclosed place_; YARD (Anglo-Saxon).—Mel-GUARDS, Stain-GARTH, Sky-GARTH, Gas-GARTH, Cal-GARTH, Bro-GAR, Land-GUARDS, Lan-GAR, Humble-YARD, and YARD-ley.

HALL, EALH (Anglo-Saxon), _a castle_, _mansion_, _house of a king_, _a temple_; ALHS (Gothic).—HAL-twistle, HAL-stock, Lilles-HALL, Coppen-HALL, Darn-ALL, ALA-darp, ALS-hein, and ALS-feld.

HOLD, HALD (Anglo-Saxon), _tenement_, _fortress_.—HOLD-shott, HOLD-fast, HOLD-gate, HOLDEN-by, HALDER-ness, and Neu-HALDENS-leben.

HELM (Provincial), _hovel_, _cottage_.—HELM-don, HELM-ley, &c.

HEM (Anglo Saxon), _limit_, _border_.—HEM-don, HEM-bury, HEM-ley, &c.

HERNE (Anglo-Saxon), _a dwelling_, _retired place_.—Lan-HERNE, Mat-HERNE, HERNE-Bay, HERNE-hill, &c. (See ERN).

HOUSE (English); HUS, HUUS (Scandinavian); HAUS, HAUSEN, HUSEN, SEN (German), _a residence_.—HUS-thwaite, Wood-HOUSE, Bo-HUS-land, Ar-OS, Aa-HUUS, HAUS-ruck, Schaff-HAUSEN, Borg-holz-HAUSEN, Ink-HUIZEN, Al-SEN, and As-SENS.

HOF, HOVEN (German), _a court_, _temple_; HOF (Scandinavian).—There is near Appleby a village called HOFF; HOFF-row, HOFF-common, and HOFF-lund are places containing the same root.

IN, INNE (Anglo-Saxon), _an enclosure, occupied by the proprietor_.—IN-gars-by, IN-gate-stone, IN-skip-with, IN-golds-by, EN-field, IN-ward-leigh.

KIRKE, KIRK (Scandinavian), _a church_.—KIR-by, KIRK-by, Aa-KIRKE, Dun-KIRK, &c.

LATH, LAITH (Scandinavian), _a barn_.—LATH-kill, LAITH-kirk, LATH-bury, &c.

LAND (Scandinavian), _a district_.—Nat-LAND, Mor-LAND, Ly-LAND, Rus-LAND, Gar-LAND, &c.

MEL (Gothic), _a boundary_.—MEL-guards, MEL-beck, Cart-MELL-fel, MEAL-rigg, MEL-ay.

PIGHTLE, PIGLE, PINGLE (Anglo-Saxon), _a small parcel of land enclosed with hedges_, _a field adjoining the farm-house_.—PIGHTELS-thorne, PIGLES-thorne, and PIT-stone.

RAY, REAY (Scandinavian), _a corner_.—REAY, Dock-RAY, Elle-RAY, &c.

RICK (Provincial), _a district_.—Rast-RICK, Land-RICK, Lind-RICK, Mar-RICK; REICH, RICH (German), REICHEN-hall, REICHEN-au, Au-RICH, and Ell-RICH.

ROW, ROWE (Anglo-Saxon), _a street_.—ROW-botham, Hoff-ROW, Hard-ROW, ROW-land, &c.

SAD (Anglo-Saxon), _a camp_.—SAD-borough, SED-bergh.

SCALE, SHIEL, SHIELD (Scandinavian) _a log-house_, _fisherman’s hut_.—SCALE-force, Thorny-SCALE, Bon-SCALE, Hud-SCALES, SCALE-hill, North SHIELDS, South SHIELDS, Lin-SHEELS, SHILL-hill.

SEL, SELE, SALE (Anglo-Saxon), _a hall_, _mansion_, _seat_.—Bo-SELL, Kel-SALE, SEL-side, SALE-fell, SEL-by, Buer-SILL, Bruch-SAL and Up-SALA (high _halls_.)

SET, SETA (Anglo-Saxon), SEAT, SIDE (Scandinavian), _a seat or dwelling_, _pasture upon a mountain side_.—Lang-SETT, Somer-SET, Dor-SET, SETTLE, SHOTTLE, As-kel-SIDE, Orm-SIDE, Raven-SIDE, SEAT-allan, SEAT-Robert, SEAT-oller, Out-SEATS, Thor-SET, and Ulv-SET.

SHIR, SHIRE (Anglo-Saxon), _a division_.—SHARES-hill, SHER-wood, SHARN-brook, Half-SHIRE, &c.

SHED, SHAD (Anglo-Saxon) _a division_.—SHAD-well, SHAD-forth, SHAD-ox-hurst, &c.

SKANS (Scandinavian), _a fort_.—SCAN-dale.

SKEW (Scandinavian), _a place in a corner_.—Scale-SCEUGH, Barn-SKEW, A-SKEW, North-SCEUGH.

SOK (Anglo-Saxon), _a ward_.—SOCK-burn, SOCK-hyre, &c.

STALL, STELL (Anglo-Saxon) _a residence_.—Bor-STALL, Hep-ton-STALL, Tun-STALL, Bo-STELL, HEIKEN, Borg-STELL (a _residence_ on the side of a hill).

STAPLE, STAPOL, STABLE (Anglo-Saxon), _a market place_, _an establishment_.—STAPLE, Barn-STAPLE, STAPLE-ton, STAPL-oe, STAPLE-ford.

STEAD (Anglo-Saxon), STADR, STER (Scandinavian), _the site of a building_, _a mansion_.—Kirk-STEADS, Hamp-STEAD, Ash-STEAD, STEAD-combe, the STAITHE, STAITHES, Brab-STER, Wolf-STER, Honi-STER, Ul-STER, Lein-STER, Mun-STER, Y-STAD, Neu-STADT, Strom-STRATT, and STADEN.

STITCHES (Anglo-Saxon), _deep narrow furrows for draining land_.—STITCH-bury, STITCHEL, STETCH-worth.

STOKE (Anglo-Saxon), _a place by the water_.—STOKE, STOKE-Pogis, &c.

STOW (Anglo Saxon) _a place_, _village_; STOE, STA (Scandinavian).—STOWE, Chep-STOW, Sme-STOW, Bri-STOL, STOW-market, STOW-on-the-Wold, Dock-STA (marshy-_place_), Bro-STA (bridge-_village_), Fog-STOEN, Haver-STOE (oat-_village_), and Mogle-STUE.

THING (Scandinavian), _a council_.—THING-oe, DING-wall.

THORPE, TORP, DRUP, RUP, UP (Scandinavian), _a village_; TORF, DORF (German).—Col-THORPE, Adles-TROP, Soul-DROP, Cracken-THORPE (crow-_village_), Hack-THORPE, Ebers-DORF, Al-TORF, Hump-DRUP, Brade-RUP.

TON, TUN (Anglo-Saxon), _an enclosure_, _town_.—Ac-TON, Wes-TON, New-TON, Clay-TON, TUN-bridge, TUN-stall, Eas-TYN, As-TEN.

TWISTLE, TWIZLE (Anglo-Saxon), _a border_, _boundary_.—Ex-TWISTLE, Hal-TWISTLE, Hau-TWYSEL, Tin-TWISEL, TWIZELL, TWISEL.

TYE (Anglo-Saxon), _a district_.—TEE-ton, the TYES, TEW, TEIGH, TEY.

WAR, WARK (Scandinavian), _a fortification_.—Ne-WARK, Grims-ARGH, South-WARK, WAR-cop, WARK-leigh, Lessoe-VARKS, WARK-um.

WARD (Anglo-Saxon), _a watch_, _guard_, &c.—WARD-le, WARD-en, WART-hill.

WALL, VOLD (Scandinavian), _a rampart_, _mound_, _fortification_.—Ting-WALL, Kirk-WALL, WALL-op, Ude-VALLA, Eids-VOLD.

WEILER (German), _a dwelling station_.—Esch-WEILER, Buchs-WEILER.

WON, WIN (Anglo-Saxon), _a dwelling_, _possession_.—WON-ersh, WON-ton, WON-ford.

LONDON: JUDD & GLASS, NEW BRIDGE STREET, BLACKFRIARS, E. C.

Transcriber’s Note

Typesetting errors (misplaced, wrong or missing punctuation; use of _italics_ and UPPER CASE LETTERS) have been corrected. For the most part, place names have not been checked for accuracy: the large number of them made this impractical. A few spelling mistakes that were apparent have, though, been corrected.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Etymology of Local Names, by R. Morris