Chapter XIV: Civilisation and Industrial Development (2)

Confining our view for the moment to that branch of production which is engaged in providing food, to which the Law of Diminishing Returns is held to apply with special rigour, we can see without difficulty how, by a progressive differentiation of consumption, we can mitigate or even utterly defeat the operation of this law. If the inhabitants of a country persist in maintaining a single narrow standard of diet, and use the whole of their land for growing wheat and raising sheep, not merely do they waste all other fine productive qualities belonging to certain portions of the cultivated or uncultivated soil, but every increase in their narrow consumption drives them to worse soil, obliges them to put more labour into a quarter of wheat or a sheep, and increases the proportion of their aggregate product which goes as rent.[292] If, on the other hand, a community cultivates a varied consumption and seeks to utilise each portion of its soil for whatever form of food it can grow best, instead of grading its land exclusively according to its wheat or sheep-raising capacity, it is able to defeat the "niggardliness of nature" which asserts itself when the community insists upon a continual extension of the same demands. For land which may be very bad for wheat-growing or grazing, which may even be "below the margin of cultivation" for these purposes, may be well adapted for producing other commodities. A large variety of alternative uses will enable us to get the largest net amount of utilities out of Nature, and a community which, in lieu of an extension of demand for the same commodities, asserts its civilisation in the education of new demands and a greater complexity in the standard of its comfort, may draw from the land an indefinite increase of wealth without putting forth more labour or paying higher rent. It is simply one more example of the economy attainable by division of labour and specialisation of function.

Sec. 14. What applies to food will equally apply to the use of the earth for providing the raw material of all other forms of material wealth. A people with growing variety of consumption is ever finding new and more profitable uses for slighted or neglected capacities of nature. The social progress of nations must be chiefly determined by the amount of their intelligent flexibility of consumption. Mere variety of consumption in itself is not sufficient to secure progress. There must be a progressive recognition of the true relations, between the products which can be most economically raised upon each portion of the soil, and the wholesome needs of mankind seeking the full harmonious development of their faculties in their given physical environment. A progressive cultivation of taste for a variety of strong drinks, though it might provide an increased number of alternative uses for the soil, and might enhance the aggregate market-values of the wealth produced, would not, it is generally held, make for social progress. That nation which, in its intelligent attainment of a higher standard of life, is able to thoroughly assimilate and harmonise the largest variety of those products for which their soil and climate are best adapted, will be foremost in industrial progress and in the other arts of civilisation which spring out of it.

The case is a simple one. A mere increase in the variety of our material consumption relieves the strain imposed upon man by the limits of the material universe, for such variety enables him to utilise a larger proportion of the aggregate of matter. But in proportion as we add to mere variety a higher appreciation of those adaptations of matter which are due to human skill, and which we call Art, we pass outside the limits of matter and are no longer the slaves of roods and acres and a law of diminishing returns. So long as we continue to raise more men who demand more food and clothes and fuel, we are subject to the limitations of the material universe, and what we get ever costs us more and benefits us less. But when we cease to demand more, and begin to demand better, commodities, more delicate, highly finished and harmonious, we can increase the enjoyment without adding to the cost or exhausting the store. What artist would not laugh at the suggestion that the materials of his art, his colours, clay, marble, or what else he wrought in, might fail and his art come to an end? When we are dealing with qualitative, _i.e._ artistic, goods, we see at once how an infinite expenditure of labour may be given, an infinite satisfaction taken, from the meagrest quantity of matter and space. In proportion as a community comes to substitute a qualitative for a quantitative standard of living, it escapes the limitations imposed by matter upon man. Art knows no restrictions of space or size, and in proportion as we attain the art of living we shall be likewise free.

Sec. 15. So far the consideration of reformed qualitative consumption has been confined to material goods. But a people moving along the line of progress, seeking ever a more highly qualitative life, will demand that a larger proportion of their energy shall be given to the production and consumption of intellectual goods.

This world likewise is at present largely under the dominion of Machinery and a Law of Diminishing Returns. By making of our intellectual life a mere accumulation of knowledge, piling fact upon fact, reading book upon book, adding science to science, striving to cover as much intellectual ground as possible, we become mere worshippers of quantity. It is not unnatural that our commercial life should breed such an intellectual consumption, and that the English and American nations in particular, who have beyond others developed machine-production and the quantitative genius for commerce, should exhibit the same taste in their pursuit after knowledge. Pace, size, number, cost, are ever on their lips. To visit every European capital in a fortnight, see acres of pictures, cathedrals, ruined castles, collect out of books or travel the largest mass of unassorted and undigested information, is the object of such portion of the commercial life as can be spared from the more serious occupations of life, piling up bale after bale of cotton goods and eating dinner after dinner of the same inharmoniously ordered victuals.

Our schools and colleges are engaged in turning out year by year immense quantities of common intellectual goods. Our magazines, books, and lectures are chiefly machine-products adjusted to the average reader or hearer, and are reckoned successful if they can drive a large number of individuals to profess the same feelings and opinions and adopt the same party or creed, with the view of enabling them to consume a large number of copies of the same intellectual commodities which can be turned out by intellectual machinery, instead of undergoing the effort of thinking and feeling for themselves. This danger, connected with the rapid spread of printed matter, is a grave one. Happily there are visible here also counteracting influences, forces that tend to individualise intellectual consumption and thus to stimulate the higher arts of intellectual production. In a progressive community it will be more fully recognised that it is not sufficient to induce people to give more time and attention to intellectual consumption; they must demand intellectual goods vitally adjusted to their individual needs.

Sec. 16. To the increased regard for quality of life we must likewise look to escape the moral maladies which arise from competition. For what is the cause of anti-social competition? It is the limitation of quantity. Two dogs are after one bone. Two persons wish to consume one commodity at the same time. Now, even in material goods, the more qualitative consumption becomes, and the more insistent each individual is upon the satisfaction of his peculiar tastes, the smaller will be the probability that two persons will collide in their desires, and struggle for the possession of the self-same commodity. Even in art-objects which are still bounded by matter, among genuine lovers of art the individuality of each stands out in mitigation of the antagonism of competition, for no two will have precisely the same tastes or estimates, or will seek with equal avidity the same embodiments of art. As we rise to purely intellectual or moral enjoyments, competition gives way to generous rivalry in co-operation. In the pursuit of knowledge or goodness the rivalry is no longer antagonism--what one gains another does not lose. One man's success is not another's failure. On the contrary, the enrichment of one is the enrichment of all. Both in the production and the consumption of the highest goods of Science, Art, and Virtue, social, not anti-social, motives are the chief stimulus. In the highest forms of consumption, the practice of the noblest arts of life, the enjoyment of the finest intellectual and spiritual goods, there is no purely selfish consumption. For though the highest individuality is then attained, the enjoyment of one individual requires the enjoyment of others. The attainment of the highest reaches of knowledge is impossible for the individual without the constant and increasing aid of other minds and the inspiring "spirit of the age"; the enjoyment of such knowledge is in an even wider communication. The practice and enjoyment of the arts of goodness are necessarily social, because the good life can only be lived in a good society. Spinoza has summed up the truth in saying--"The highest good is common to all, and all may equally enjoy it." So it appears that the highest goods are essentially at once individual and social, pointing once more the attainment of the higher synthesis in which the antagonism of the "one" and the "all," which shows itself in the lower planes of competing effort and enjoyment, disappears.

Sec. 17. One necessary condition of this progressive life cannot be ignored. Human life itself must become more qualitative, not only in its functional activities, but in its physical basis. The greatness and worth of a community must be seen more clearly to consist not in the numbers, but in the character of its members. If the number of individuals in a society continually increases, no reform in methods of consumption can prevent the constant increase in the proportion of human energy which must be put into the production of the prime material necessaries of physical life which are, and in spite of all improved methods of treating nature will remain, ultimately subject to a law of diminishing returns: so, less and less energy can be spared for the life of varied and delicate consumption, high individuality and intellectual and moral growth. Professor Geddes has well expressed the importance of this truth: "The remedy lies in higher and higher individuation--_i.e._, if we would repress excessive multiplication, we must develop the average individual standard throughout society. Population not merely tends to out-run the means of subsistence, but to degenerate below the level of subsistence, so that without steadily directing more and more of our industry from the production of those forms of wealth which merely support life to those which evoke it, from the increase of the fundamental necessities of animal life to that of the highest appliances of human culture, degeneration must go on."[293]

Sec. 18. One final consideration remains. Modern large-scale industry has enlarged and made more distinct an unnatural and injurious separation of the arts of production and the arts of consumption. Work has become more and more differentiated from enjoyment, and in a twofold way. Modern machine-industry has in the first place sharpened the distinction between the "working classes," whose name indicates that their primary function is to labour and not to live, and the comfortable classes, whose primary function is to live and not to labour, which private enterprise in machine-industry has greatly enlarged. The extremes of these large classes present the divorcement of labour and life in startling prominence. But since work and enjoyment are both human functions, they must be organically related in the life of every individual in a healthy community. It must be recognised to be as essential to the consumer to produce as for the producer to consume. The attempt on the part of an individual or a class to escape the physical and moral law which requires the output of personal exertion as the condition of wholesome consumption can never be successful. On the plane of physical health, Dr. Arlidge, in his book upon _The Diseases of Occupations_, points the inevitable lesson in the high rate of disease and mortality of the "unoccupied class" in that period of their life when they have slaked their zest for volunteer exertion and assume the idle life which their economic power renders possible. The man of "independent means" cannot on the average keep his life in his body nearly so long as the half-starved, ill-housed agricultural labourer, from whose labour he draws the rents which keep him in idleness. The same law applies in the intellectual world. The dilettante person who tries to extract unceasing increments of intellectual or aesthetic enjoyment from books or pictures or travel, without the contribution of steady, painful intellectual effort, fails to win an intellectual life, for the mere automatic process of collecting the knowledge of others for personal consumption without striving to enlarge the general stock, congests and debilitates the mind and prevents the wholesome digestion and assimilation.

The same necessary evil arises from the sharp separation of the processes of production and consumption in the individual life of the worker. Industry which is purely monotonous, burdensome, uninteresting, uneducative, which contains within itself no elements of enjoyment, cannot be fully compensated by alternate periods of consumption or relaxation. The painful effort involved in all labour or exertion should have linked with it certain sustaining elements of related interest and pleasure. It is the absence of this which condemns machine-tending from the human standpoint, it is the presence of this which distinguishes every art. Hence in a progressive society we must look to see not the abolition of machinery, but the diminution of machine-tending which attends the growing perfection of machinery, in order that the arts may be able to absorb a larger share of human exertion.

The arts of production and consumption will, in the evolution of a wholesome industrial society, be found inseparable: not merely will they be seen to be organically related, but rather will appear as two aspects of the same fact, the concave and the convex of life. For the justly ordered life brings the identification of life, a continuous orderly intake and output of wholesome energy. This judgment, not of "sentimentalism" but of science, finds powerful but literally accurate expression in the saying of a great living thinker, "Life without work is guilt, work without art is brutality." Just in proportion as the truth of the latter phrase finds recognition the conditions which make "life without work" possible will disappear. Everything in human progress will be found to depend upon a progressive realisation of the nature of good "consumption." Just in proportion as our tastes become so qualitative that we require to put our own spontaneity, our sense of beauty and fitness, our vital force, into whatever work we do, and likewise require the same elements of spontaneity and individuality in all we enjoy, the economic conditions of a perfect society will be attained.

Sec. 19. This forecast of the social and industrial goal seems justified by a thoughtful interpretation of the tendencies visible in the development of modern industry. How fast may be the progress towards such an ideal, or how far such progress may be frustrated or impaired by the appearance of new or the strengthening of old antagonistic forces, lies beyond the powers of legitimate speculation. The endeavour to test industrial evolution by reference to the wider movements of human life brings into prominence two great tendencies whose operations, attested not dimly by modern history, are in close accord with the general trend of the development of social and individual life and the relations subsisting between the two.

As modern industrial societies develop they disclose certain material wants which are common to all or most members, and are less subject to fluctuations in quantity or quality of demand than others. These routine wants, representing that part of consumption which is common, can be supplied most economically by highly organised machinery and highly concentrated methods of production. But so long as the machinery for the satisfaction of the common wants remains outside the common control, and is worked for the benefit of sections of the community whose interests conflict, both with one another and with the general interest, an immense amount of waste and danger arises from the working of the machinery, and grave social maladies are engendered. These maladies evoke in the best ordered and most intelligent communities an increasing pressure of public control. This public control is strengthened and extended in proportion as the highly evolved structure of the industry enables its administrators to exercise powers of monopoly either in relation to the treatment of its employees, or in relation to the price or quality of the commodities it supplies to the public. Such industries as develop these economic powers of monopoly in the highest degree, and in relation to the supply of prime necessaries or comforts of common life, pass gradually into the condition of public industries organised for the public good. It seems likely that all the important machine industries engaged in satisfying common routine wants will gradually develop the monopolic characteristics which accrue to large production, and will pass by degrees through the different phases of public control until they become merged in public industry.

This so-called socialistic movement in industry represents the growing cohesiveness of modern societies. At all times there is a strong natural tendency to supply common wants by common efforts. So long as the common wants in their wider significance only extend to protection of the person and of certain forms of personal property, state-work is confined within these protective limits, and the work of producing common wealth, so far as it exists, is left to village communities or other small units of social organisation. As the elements of steady common consumption grow in number, the common organisation of activity to supply them will grow, and where the supply has at first been left to private enterprise, the abuse of power and growing inconvenience of competition will drive them into public industry. But since the very _raison d'etre_ of this increased social cohesiveness is to economise and enrich the individual life, and to enable the play of individual energy to assume higher forms out of which more individual satisfaction may accrue more and more human effort will take shape in industries which will be left to individual initiative and control, the arts in which the freedom of personal spontaneity will find scope in the expression of physical or moral beauty and fitness and the attainment of intellectual truth. The infinite variety which these forms of artistic expression may assume, fraught with the individuality of the artist, will prevent them from ever passing into "routine" or "common" industries, though even in the fine arts there will be certain elements which, as they become part of the common possession, will become relatively void of individual interest, and will thus pass into a condition of routine activity. The idea of continuity in human progress demands this admission. But since each encroachment of routine into the "finer arts" is motived by a prior shifting of the interest of the consumer into forms of higher refinement, there will be a net gain and not a loss in the capacity of individual exercise in artistic work. In every form of human activity the progress of routine industry will be the necessary condition of the expansion of individual freedom of expression. But while the choice and control of each higher form of "industry" will remain individualistic, in proportion as the moral bonds of society obtain fuller conscious recognition, the work of the "artist" likewise will be dedicated more and more to the service of his fellow-men. Thus will the balance of the social and individual work in the satisfaction of human wants be preserved, while the number of those wants increase and assume different values with the progress of the social and individual life.

FOOTNOTES:

[289] _Wealth of Nations_, p. 110.

[290] Spencer, _Contemporary Review_, March 1884.

[291] Professor Jevons' work upon this branch of Economics was marred by an attempt to treat it purely mathematically, that is to reduce qualitative to quantitative differences--an impossibility. Among recent writers, Professor Patten, of Pennsylvania University, has made by far the most important contributions towards a systematic treatment of the economics of consumption.

[292] Patten's _Premises of Political Economy_, chap. iv.

[293] Professor Patrick Geddes, _Claims of Labour_. Cf. _The Evolution of Sex_, chap, xx. (Contemporary Science Series: Walter Scott).

INDEX.

Abraham, _Report on Employment of Women_, 315

Adjustment in progressive industry, 351

Agriculture, 32, 41, 102;
agricultural labour, 333

Andrew, S., _Fifty Years' Cotton Trade_, 297

Apprentices, statute of, 26

Arkwright, 50, 56

Arlidge, Dr., 252, 255, 320, 336, 337, 379

Art in industry, 371-378

Ashley, Professor, _Economic History_, 38

Babbage, _Economy of Manufactures_, 50-51, 236, 249

Baines, _History of Cotton Manufacture_, 23, 37

Baker, _Monopolies and the People_, 128, 134, 139, 147

_Board of Trade Journal_, 241

Balance of trade, 15

Banking, 42

Bertillon, 303

Birtwistle, T., 248

Boehm-Bawerk, _Positive Theory of Capital_, 101, 196.

Booth, Charles, _Labour and Life of the People_, 41;
_Occupations of the People_, 226, 228, 290

Bowley, A.L., _England's Foreign Trade_, 174

Brassey, _Foreign Work and English Wages_, 265-266

Brentano, _Uber die Ursachen der heutigen Not_, 58;
_Hours and Wages in Relation to Production_, 78, 91, 270

Burnley, _Wool and Wool-Combing_, 33, 51, 94

Business, evolution of the, 10, 35, 40, 88, 92

Cairnes, J.E., _Logical Method of Political Economy_, 8;
_Some Leading Principles of Political Economy_, 211

Canada, town population, 331

Canals, 25

Cannan, E., _Production and Consumption_, 214;
_Decline of Urban Immigration_, 327 (note)

Capital, meaning of, 5;
fixed, 40;
growing size of, 92-93;
excessive forms of, 170, etc.;
definitions of, 209-215;
concentration of, 117-122

Capitalism, 4, 40;
factors in growth of, 73-81, 101

Carding, 57

Cartwright, 58, 75

Census, occupations of the people, 71, 228;
town population, 328;
mortality in towns, 334

Chalmers, _Estimate_, 23

Chartered companies, 18

Child-workers, in domestic industry, 32;
in factory, 297, 307, 319;
legal protection of, 322-323;
child mortality, 337

Climate, 73, 109

Clothier, 39, 40, etc.

Collet, 305, 307, 311, 312

Competition, 104, 108, 118, 120, etc.;
"unfair," 146

Consumption, insufficient quantity, 180, etc;
progressive, 284; quality of, 368

Concentration of industry, 38, 101

Cooke-Taylor, _The Modern Factory System_, 36, 37, 50, 66, 251-252, 255

Corner, 127, 129

Cotton, 24, 37, 55, 63, 105;
consumption of, 80;
machinery, 90, 247;
statistics, 228;
spinning labour, 246;
factory legislation, 322

Cournot, _Recherches sur les Principes Mathematiques de la Theorie
des Richesses_, 97

Crime in towns, 340

Crompton, 56

Cunningham, _History of English Industry_, 14, 19, 42, 55;
_Uses and Abuses of Money_, 236, 251

Custom, in women's industries, 311

Decentralisation, 345

Defoe, _Tour_, 25, 28, 32, 33, 38, 40

Depression of trade, 171, 206, etc.

Dilke, Lady, 301 (note)

Differentiation, 106

Diminishing returns, law of, 374

Dodd, C.S.T., _Ten Years of the Standard Oil Trust_, 130, 144

Domestic industry, 35, 69, 78

Dress trades, 293, 294

"Driving," 248, 249

Economy of competitive power, 118;
of high wages, 261-286

Ellison, T., _History of the Cotton Trade_, 76, 228

Europe, growth of towns, 329

Factor, 41

Factory, 37, 39, 57;
system, 50, 319, 320;
legislation, 321-323

Fairs, 30, 105

Foreign trade, in England, 13, 73;
Europe, 20, 106

Foxwell, H.S., _The Claims of Labour_, 341

Foundational industries, 102

France, English trade with, 16;
machine-development, 74;
employments, 233;
town population, 328, 335;
treaty, 63

Free trade, 63, 79, 352-354

Gas-tar, 53

Geddes, Professor Patrick, _The Evolution of Sex_, 379;
_The Claims of Labour_, 379

Germany, 79;
cotton trade in, 77-78, 81;
town population, 329

Giffen, R., _Essays in Finance_, 175

Gould, 272, 284

Gunton, G., _The Economic and Social Aspect of Trusts_, 138, 149, 153;
_Wealth and Progress_, 271, 309

Guyot, Yves, _Principles of Social Economy_, 219

Hargreaves, 56

Halifax, 31, 33, 41, 301 (note)

Hearn, _Plutology_, 211

Hodge, evidence before House of Lords, 57

Holland, trade of, 16, 17, 26;
towns in, 327

Immigration, 19, 326-331

India, 108, 270, 280

Industrial organism, 11, 20, 105

International trade, 14, 75

Invention, "heroic" view of, 57;
by small increments, 58-59

Iron trade, 23, 28, 72, 84;
growth of, 64-66

James, _History of Worsted Manufacture_, 36

Jenks, J.W., 137, 150

Jevons, W.S., _Theory of Political Economy_, 185, 209, 373

Joint-stock company, 42, 121, 353

Kay, fly-shuttle, 56

Keynes, _Scope and Method of Political Economy_, 212

King, Gregory, 22, 72

Labour organisations, 152, 317, 357

Lancashire, 29, 55, 81, 111, 183, 184, 270, 297, 314

Leeds, 31, 41

Levasseur, M.S., _La Population Francaise_, 233, 335

Levi, Leone, _Work and Pay_, 222

Linen manufacture, 24, 63

Lloyd, H.D., 153

Localisation of industry, 109, 111-115

Lombe, 55, 61, 68

Longstaff, _Rural Depopulation_, 329;
_Studies in Statistics_, 331

Machinery, place of, in modern industry, 6;
definition of, 45, etc.;
evolution of, 60;
machine-making, 66, 67;
laws of application, 68-70;
relation to trade depression, chap. vii.;
productivity of, 173;
effects on demand for labour, chap. viii.;
effects on character of labour, chap. ix.;
education of, 257;
gain to workers from, 281;
machine-goods, 287;
social control over, 355;
economic limits of, 369;
intellectual, 376

Macpherson, _Annals of Commerce_, 12, 13, 20, 23, 32

Mackenzie, _Introduction to Social Philosophy_, 349

Malthus, _Principles of Political Economy_, 210

Market, 10, 96, 99; towns, 30

Marsden, _Cotton Spinning_, 297

Marshall, _Principles of Economics_, 5 (note), 29, 96, 97, 211,
221 (note), 236, 245, 251, 254, 259, 337

Marx, _Capital_, 45, 46, 66, 244

Middleman, 41

Mill, J.S., _Principles of Political Economy_, 185, 189-191, 197,
210, 289

Mill, James, _Elements of Political Economy_, 210

Money, 7, 97, 98

Monopolies, 89, 124, 356;
economic powers of, chap. vi.;
monopoly-prices, 156, etc.;
monopoly wages, 299

Morrison, _The Study of Crime_, 340

Motor, 45, 66, 67

Mulhall, _Dictionary of Statistics_, 251

Navigation, risks of, 14;
acts, 17

Newsholm, _Vital Statistics_, 334

Nicholson, J.S., _Effects of Machinery on Wages_, 235, 238, 239, 249

Over-consumption, 215-219

Over-production, 169, 171;
economic diagnosis of, 176-190

Over-crowding, 344

Owen, Robert, 263

Parasitic industries, 113

Patten, S.N., _Theory of Dynamic Economics_, 104, 251, 373;
_Premises of Political Economy_, 374

Physiocrats, 261

Playfair, Sir L., 53, 170, 173

Population, English, 22, 77;
statistics of, 326-332;
population question, 378

Porter, _Progress of the Nation_, 62, 63, 77, 105, 129, 226, 250

Portugal, English trade with, 16

Potter, _The Co-operative Movement_, 129

Power, 38

Price, Bonamy, _Practical Political Economy_, 211, 215

Prices, fall of, 285;
fluctuations of, 176

Protection, 18, 77, 79

Publicity in business, 353

Railways, comparative statistics, 82, 139, 140, 112, 174, 231, 232, 347

Ravenstein, _Statistical Journal_, 327

Retail trade, 114, 115, 229;
multiplication of retailers, 288

Ricardo, D., 210

Ring-spinning, 127

Robertson, J.M., _Fallacy of Saving_, 187

Rogers, Thorold, _Political Economy_, 211, 236

Ruskin, J., _Unto this Last_, 199

Russia, 73, 79, 270

Saving, analysis of, 185-190, 198-201

Schoenhof, _Economy of High Wages_, 81, 275

Schulze-Gaevernitz, _Der Grossbetrieb_, 24, 29, 54, 55, 70, 76,
78, 81, 108, 111, 247, 250, 267-270, 276;
_Zum Socialen Frieden_, 91

Scrivener, _History of Iron Trade_, 28, 52, 64, 74

Secondary industries, 103

Shaftoe, 224

Sheffield, 29

Sherman, R., _The Standard Oil Trust_, 130, 132

Shipping, 83, 173, 233

Sidgwick, _Principles of Political Economy_, 185, 211

Silk trade, 23, 55, 61-63, 238, 240

Smart, Dr., _Women's Wages_, 309, 315

Smith, Adam, _Wealth of Nations_, 11, 18, 26, 30, 32, 43, 63,
185, 209, 255, 262, 359, 363

Smith, _Memoirs of Wool_, 12, 24, 35, 41, 262

Socialism, 356-361;
in relation to competition, 364, 365;
in relation to individualism, 370, etc.

Specialisation, local, 28, etc., 33, 93

Spencer, H., _Principles of Sociology_, 106, 362

Spinning, 56, 57;
statistics of, 79, 268, 269;
ring-spinning, 296, 297

Spinoza, 378

Staffordshire, 29

Standard Oil Trust, 131-137, 144

_Statistical Abstract_, 90

Steam power, 85, 86

Supply and demand, 68, 162-166;
applied to invention, 59

Sweating 286, 307, 310, 318, 360, 361

Sympathy in trades, 104

Syndicates, 89, 126, 128

Textiles, protected, 17;
domestic industry, 32, 54, 68, 112;
statistics, 228, 296;
wages, 242, 316;
men and women in, 292, 303

Towns, as machine-products, 324, etc.;
growth of town populations, 326-332;
mortality in, 334;
physique in, 336;
intelligence in, 338;
morals in, 339, 340

Toynbee, _The Industrial Revolution_, 24, 42, 79

Trade unions, 357;
among women, 313, 317

Transport, machinery of, 173, 325;
monopolies in, 139, 140;
cheapening of, 347

Truck, 152, 346

Trust, 126, 141;
definition of, 130, 131;
Standard Oil, 131-137;
conditions of, 139 etc.;
economic power of, chap. vi.

Under-consumption, 182, etc.

Unemployment, 241

United States of America, 75, 76, 81, 91, 93, 130, 140, 141, 172, 231,
269, 274, 275, 296;
colonial policy, 67;
women's wages in, 306 (note), 308, 309;
growth of town life, 330

Ure, _History of the Cotton Manufacture_, 36, 37, 55, 63, 64, 77, 79;
_Philosophy of Manufactures_, 258, 262, 263, 274

Wade, _Fibre and Fabric_, 296

Wages, "natural," 261;
economy of low, 264, 298;
economy of high, 266-275;
women's, 299, etc.

Walker, F., _Political Economy_, 211

Waste, utilisation of, 52

Watch-making, 94, 96, 301 (note)

Watt, 65, 75

Weaving, 32, 56;
power-loom, 63;
survival of hand weaving, 70, 236;
comparative statistics of, 81, 268, 269;
labour in weaving, 248, 276;
women and children in, 297, 300

Webb, S., _Economic Journal_, 298, 300

Wells, D.A., _Contemporary Review_, 91, 171, 173, 254, 296

Women, employment of, 259, 290-321

Woollen trade, 23, 26, 34, 54-57, 61, 73;
report of committee on manufacture 39;
statistics for Great Britain, 90

Working classes, condition of, 289, 379;
legal protection of, 322, 323

Wright, Carroll D., _Report on Industrial Depressions_, 171, 224

Yeats, _The Growth and Vicissitudes of Commerce_, 72, 74;
_The Golden Gates of Trade_, 106, 109

Young, Arthur, Tours, 22, 25, 39, 262, 326

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those who know nothing about her will find all that is best
worth learning in Mr. Birrell's pleasant book."--_St. James's
Gazette._

=Life of Browning. By William Sharp.=

"This little volume is a model of excellent English, and in
every respect it seems to us what a biography should
be."--_Public Opinion._

=Life of Bunyan. By Canon Venables.=

"A most intelligent, appreciative, and valuable
memoir."--_Scotsman._

=Life of Burns. By Professor Blackie.=

"The editor certainly made a hit when he persuaded Blackie to
write about Burns."--_Pall Mall Gazette._

=Life of Byron. By Hon. Roden Noel.=

"He [Mr. Noel] has at any rate given to the world the most
credible and comprehensible portrait of the poet ever drawn
with pen and ink."--_Manchester Examiner._

=Life of Thomas Carlyle. By R. Garnett, LL.D.=

"This is an admirable book. Nothing could be more felicitous
and fairer than the way in which he takes us through Carlyle's
life and works."--_Pall Mall Gazette._

=Life of Cervantes. By H.E. Watts.=

"Let us rather say that no volume of this series, nor, so far
as we can recollect, of any of the other numerous similar
series, presents the facts of the subject in a more
workmanlike style, or with more exhaustive
knowledge."--_Manchester Guardian._

=Life of Coleridge. By Hall Caine.=

"Brief and vigorous, written throughout with spirit and great
literary skill."--_Scotsman._

=Life of Congreve. By Edmund Gosse.=

"Mr. Gosse has written an admirable and most interesting
biography of a man of letters who is of particular interest to
other men of letters."--_The Academy._

=Life of Crabbe. By T.E. Kebbel.=

"No English poet since Shakespeare has observed certain
aspects of nature and of human life more closely; and in the
qualities of manliness and of sincerity he is surpassed by
none.... Mr. Kebbel's monograph is worthy of the
subject."--_Athenaeum._

=Life of Darwin. By G.T. Bettany.=

"Mr. G.T. Bettany's _Life of Darwin_ is a sound and
conscientious work."--_Saturday Review._

=Life of Dickens. By Frank T. Marzials.=

"Notwithstanding the mass of matter that has been printed
relating to Dickens and his works, ... we should, until we
came across this volume, have been at a loss to recommend any
popular life of England's most popular novelist as being
really satisfactory. The difficulty is removed by Mr.
Marzials' little book."--_Athenaeum._

=Life of George Eliot. By Oscar Browning.=

"We are thankful for this interesting addition to our
knowledge of the great novelist."--_Literary World._

=Life of Emerson. By Richard Garnett, LL.D.=

"As to the larger section of the public, to whom the series of
Great Writers is addressed, no record of Emerson's life and
work could be more desirable, both in breadth of treatment and
lucidity of style, than Dr. Garnett's."--_Saturday Review._

=Life of Goethe. By James Sime.=

"Mr. James Sime's competence as a biographer of Goethe, both
in respect of knowledge of his special subject, and of German
literature generally, is beyond question."--_Manchester
Guardian._

=Life of Goldsmith. By Austin Dobson.=

"The story of his literary and social life in London, with all
its humorous and pathetic vicissitudes, is here retold as none
could tell it better."--_Daily News._

=Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. By Moncure Conway.=

"Easy and conversational as the tone is throughout, no
important fact is omitted, no useless fact is
recalled."--_Speaker._

=Life of Heine. By William Sharp.=

"This is an admirable monograph, ... more fully written up to
the level of recent knowledge and criticism of its theme than
any other English work."--_Scotsman._

=Life of Victor Hugo. By Frank T. Marzials.=

"Mr. Marzials' volume presents to us, in a more handy form
than any English, or even French, handbook gives, the summary
of what, up to the moment in which we write, is known or
conjectured about the life of the great poet."--_Saturday
Review._

=Life of Hunt. By Cosmo Monkhouse.=

"Mr. Monkhouse has brought together and skilfully set in order
much widely scattered material."--_Athenaeum._

=Life of Samuel Johnson. By Colonel F. Grant.=

"Colonel Grant has performed his task with diligence, sound
judgment, good taste, and accuracy."--_Illustrated London
News._

=Life of Keats. By W.M. Rossetti.=

"Valuable for the ample information which it
contains."--_Cambridge Independent._

=Life of Lessing. By T.W. Rolleston.=

"A picture of Lessing which is vivid and truthful, and has
enough of detail for all ordinary purposes."--_Nation_ (New
York).

=Life of Longfellow. By Prof. Eric S. Robertson.=

"A most readable little book."--_Liverpool Mercury._

=Life of Marryat. By David Hannay.=

"What Mr. Hannay had to do--give a craftsman-like account of a
great craftsman who has been almost incomprehensibly
undervalued--could hardly have been done better than in this
little volume."--_Manchester Guardian._

=Life of Mill. By W.L. Courtney.=

"A most sympathetic and discriminating memoir."--_Glasgow
Herald._

=Life of Milton. By Richard Garnett, LL.D.=

"Within equal compass the life-story of the great poet of
Puritanism has never been more charmingly or adequately
told."--_Scottish Leader._

=Life of Renan. By Francis Espinasse.=

"Sufficiently full in details to give us a living picture of
the great scholar, ... and never tiresome or
dull."--_Westminster Review._

=Life of Dante Gabriel Rossetti. By J. Knight.=

"Mr. Knight's picture of the great poet and painter is the
fullest and best yet presented to the public."--_The Graphic._

=Life of Schiller. By Henry W. Nevinson.=

"This is a well-written little volume, which presents the
leading facts of the poet's life in a neatly rounded
picture."--_Scotsman._

"Mr. Nevinson has added much to the charm of his book by his
spirited translations, which give excellently both the ring
and sense of the original."--_Manchester Guardian._

=Life of Arthur Schopenhauer. By William Wallace.=

"The series of Great Writers has hardly had a contribution of
more marked and peculiar excellence than the book which the
Whyte Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford has written for
it on the attractive and still (in England) little-known
subject of Schopenhauer."--_Manchester Guardian._

=Life of Scott. By Professor Yonge.=

"For readers and lovers of the poems and novels of Sir Walter
Scott this is a most enjoyable book."--_Aberdeen Free Press._

=Life of Shelley. By William Sharp.=

"The criticisms ... entitle this capital monograph to be
ranked with the best biographies of Shelley."--_Westminster
Review._

=Life of Sheridan. By Lloyd Sanders.=

"To say that Mr. Lloyd Sanders, in this volume, has produced
the best existing memoir of Sheridan is really to award much
fainter praise than the book deserves."--_Manchester
Guardian._

"Rapid and workmanlike in style, the author has evidently a
good practical knowledge of the stage of Sheridan's
day."--_Saturday Review._

=Life of Adam Smith. By R.B. Haldane, M.P.=

"Written with a perspicuity seldom exemplified when dealing
with economic science."--_Scotsman._

"Mr. Haldane's handling of his subject impresses us as that of
a man who well understands his theme, and who knows how to
elucidate it."-_Scottish Leader._

"A beginner in political economy might easily do worse than
take Mr. Haldane's book as his first text-book."--_Graphic._

=Life of Smollett. By David Hannay.=

"A capital record of a writer who still remains one of the
great masters of the English novel."--_Saturday Review._

"Mr. Hannay is excellently equipped for writing the life of
Smollett. As a specialist on the history of the eighteenth
century navy, he is at a great advantage in handling works so
full of the sea and sailors as Smollett's three principal
novels. Moreover, he has a complete acquaintance with the
Spanish romancers, from whom Smollet drew so much of his
inspiration. His criticism is generally acute and
discriminating; and his narrative is well arranged, compact,
and accurate."--_St. James's Gazette._

=Life of Thackeray. By Herman Merivale and Frank T. Marzials.=

"The book, with its excellent bibliography, is one which
neither the student nor the general reader can well afford to
miss."--_Pall Mall Gazette._

"The last book published by Messrs. Merivale and Marzials is
full of very real and true things."--Mrs. ANNE THACKERAY
RITCHIE on "Thackeray and his Biographers," in _Illustrated
London News._

=Life of Thoreau. By H.S. Salt.=

"Mr. Salt's volume ought to do much towards widening the
knowledge and appreciation in England of one of the most
original men ever produced by the United
States."--_Illustrated London News._

=Life of Voltaire. By Francis Espinasse.=

"Up to date, accurate, impartial, and bright without any trace
of affectation."--_Academy._

=Life of Whittier. By W.J. Linton.=

"Mr. Linton is a sympathetic and yet judicious critic of
Whittier."--_World._

Complete Bibliography to each volume, by J.P. ANDERSON,
British Museum, London.

"_An excellent series._"--TELEGRAPH.

"_Excellently translated, beautifully bound, and elegantly
printed._"--LIVERPOOL MERCURY.

"_Notable for the high standard of taste and excellent
judgment that characterise their editing, as well as for the
brilliancy of the literature that they contain._"--BOSTON
GAZETTE, U.S.A.

Library of Humour.

_Cloth Elegant, Large 12mo, Price $1.25 per vol._

_VOLUMES ALREADY ISSUED._

=The Humour of France.= Translated, with an Introduction and Notes, by ELIZABETH LEE. With numerous Illustrations by PAUL FRENZENY.

"From Villon to Paul Verlaine, from dateless _fabliaux_ to
newspapers fresh from the kiosk, we have a tremendous range of
selections."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._

"French wit is excellently represented. We have here examples
of Villon, Rabelais, and Moliere, but we have specimens also
of La Rochefoucauld, Regnard, Voltaire, Beaumarchais,
Chamfort, Dumas, Gautier, Labiche, De Banville, Pailleron, and
many others.... The book sparkles from beginning to
end."--_Globe._

=The Humour of Germany.= Translated, with an Introduction and Notes, by HANS MUeLLER-CASENOV. With numerous Illustrations by C.E. BROCK.

"An excellently representative volume."--_Daily Telegraph._

"Whether it is Saxon kinship or the fine qualities of the
collection, we have found this volume the most entertaining of
the three. Its riotous absurdities well overbalance its
examples of the oppressively heavy.... The national impulse to
make fun of the war correspondent has a capital example in the
skit from Julius Stettenheim."--_New York Independent._

=The Humour of Italy.= Translated, with an Introduction and Notes, by A. WERNER. With 50 Illustrations and a Frontispiece by ARTURO FALDI.

"Will reveal to English readers a whole new world of
literature."--_Athenaeum._

"Apart from selections of writers of classical reputation, the
book contains some delightful modern short stories and
sketches. We may particularly mention those by Verga, Capuana,
De Amicis.... Excellent also are one or two of the jokes and
'bulls' which figure under the heading of newspaper
humour."--_Literary World._

=The Humour of America.= Selected, with a copious Biographical Index of American Humorists, by JAMES BARR.

"There is not a dull page in the volume; it fairly sparkles
and ripples with good things."--_Manchester Examiner._

=The Humour of Holland.= Translated, with an Introduction and Notes, by A. WERNER. With numerous Illustrations by DUDLEY HARDY.

"Apart from the quality of humour, one is much struck by the
evidence that in Holland during the present day there is a
genial literature, of which we have known nothing at all. The
pictures, just on the verge of caricature mostly, are very
well drawn."--_The Bookman._

=The Humour of Ireland.= Selected by D.J. O'DONOGHUE. With numerous Illustrations by OLIVER PAQUE.

"A most conscientiously, exhaustively, excellently compiled
book; the editor could not have done his work better."--_The
Speaker._

"Does all that such a volume possibly could do for the
magnificent genius with which it grapples."--_Chronicle._

=The Humour of Spain.= Translated, with an Introduction and Notes, by SUSETTE M. TAYLOR. With numerous Illustrations by H.R. MILLAR.

"Mirth and entertainment are in the book entitled the Humour
of Spain, as well as many quaint and unexpected side-lights on
the social characteristics of an impressionable race. Miss
Taylor displays a wide acquaintance with Spanish literature
and contemporary life, and as her judgment as well as her
knowledge is considerable, the result is a charming
book."--_The Speaker._

"The impression of the whole book is a good one, and it is
admirably got up, and illustrated with great spirit. It should
be very largely read."--_Daily Chronicle._

=The Humour of Russia.= Translated, with Notes, by E.L. BOOLE, and an Introduction by STEPNIAK. With 50 Illustrations by PAUL FRENZENY.

"This is one of the most entertaining of the 'International
Humour' Series, since it comprises some really exquisite
examples of humour, such as Gogol's diverting little comedy,
'Marriage,' and Ostrovsky's delightful sketch,
'Incompatibility of Temper.'"--_Saturday Review._

The Makers of British Art.

A Series of Illustrated Monographs

Edited by

James A. Manson.

Illustrated with Photogravure Portraits; Half-tone and Line Reproductions of the Best Pictures.

_Square Crown 8vo, Cloth, $1.25 net._

Nothing in the social history of the later Victorian era was more remarkable than the growth of popular interest in Art. Doubtless this was largely due to the spread of education, which has not only disseminated knowledge, but also improved public taste. Nevertheless much of the credit must be ascribed to the influence exerted by the many Exhibitions, local as well as international, which have been held since the inaugural Show in London in 1851.

Extraordinary as was the development referred to, the most hopeful sign is that it has proved to be no mere passing symptom but has become a permanent feature of civic life. This new-birth has been fostered by municipal and private munificence alike. The leading corporations, such as those of the City of London, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Newcastle, Bristol, Leeds, Sheffield, and Nottingham in England; of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Dundee in Scotland; of Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide in the Australian Commonwealth; of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago in the United States, vie with each other in honourable rivalry for the acquisition of the greatest examples of old and modern masters.

In these circumstances it would be surprising if an irresistible popular demand had not grown up for information, of both a biographical and critical character, respecting the famous painters whose work has been so generally admired and whose names have become household words. In the case of the Old Masters this want has already been met, but no really satisfying series exists dealing _avowedly_ with the most typical painters of the British School.

The Walter Scott Publishing Company, Limited, have accordingly made arrangements for the publication of a series of volumes bearing the title--

=Makers of British Art.=

Each book will be produced in the highest style of typographical excellence, and be illustrated with several of the choicest and most characteristic specimens of the artist's skill. The aim of the writers will be to narrate the life-history of the various painters in graphic and popular language, keeping the human interest of the subject well to the front, as well as to appreciate the men and their works. Whilst the appeal must be made to the great body of the art-loving public, the volumes will be commended to the student by Appendices giving in chronological order a list of the chief examples of each painter, together with such other relevant matter as will tend to make the series of lasting value both for the library and as works of reference.

_VOLUMES READY._

=LANDSEER=, SIR EDWIN. By the EDITOR.

=REYNOLDS=, SIR JOSHUA. By ELSA D'ESTERRE-KEELING.

=TURNER=, J.M.W. By ROBERT CHIGNELL, Author of "The Life and Paintings of Vicat Cole, R.A."

=ROMNEY=, GEORGE. By Sir HERBERT MAXWELL, BART., F.R.S., M.P.

_IN PREPARATION._

=CONSTABLE=, JOHN. By the RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD WINDSOR.

=MILLAIS=, SIR JOHN EVERETT. By J. EADIE REID, Author of "The Schools and Methods of Christian Art."

=WILKIE=, SIR DAVID. By PROFESSOR BAYNE.

_Red Cloth, Pocket Size, Price 50 Cents._

NEW IDEAS ON BRIDGE.

BY ARCHIBALD DUNN, JUN.

The universal reception given to _Bridge, and How to Play it_, is a sufficient proof of Mr. Archibald Dunn's fitness to give us further views on this increasingly popular and exciting game. In this volume the author deals with the many points of contention at present agitating the minds of Bridge players. In particular, he advances a novel theory as to "Declarations" and "Doubling," which is not unlikely to revolutionise existing methods, and to result in placing these two difficulties of the game on a thoroughly sound and solid basis.

CONTENTS:--Common-sense in Bridge Declarations--Science of Bridge Declarations--Doubling and Re-doubling--Some Points of the Game--Bridge _v_. Whist--Chaos of Bridge--Great Imperfection of Bridge.

The Contemporary Science Series.

Edited by Havelock Ellis.

_12mo. Cloth. Price $1.50 per Volume._

I. THE EVOLUTION OF SEX. By Prof. PATRICK GEDDES and J.A. THOMSON. With 90 Illustrations. Second Edition.

"The authors have brought to the task--as indeed their names
guarantee--a wealth of knowledge, a lucid and attractive
method of treatment, and a rich vein of picturesque
language."--_Nature._

II. ELECTRICITY IN MODERN LIFE. By G.W. DE TUNZELMANN. With 88 Illustrations.

"A clearly written and connected sketch of what is known about
electricity and magnetism, the more prominent modern
applications, and the principles on which they are
based."--_Saturday Review._

III. THE ORIGIN OF THE ARYANS. By Dr. ISAAC TAYLOR. Illustrated. Second Edition.

"Canon Taylor is probably the most encyclopaedic all-round
scholar now living. His new volume on the _Origin of the
Aryans_ is a first-rate example of the excellent account to
which he can turn his exceptionally wide and varied
information.... Masterly and exhaustive."--_Pall Mall
Gazette._

IV. PHYSIOGNOMY AND EXPRESSION. By P. MANTEGAZZA. Illustrated.

"Brings this highly interesting subject even with the latest
researches.... Professor Mantegazza is a writer full of life
and spirit, and the natural attractiveness of his subject is
not destroyed by his scientific handling of it."--_Literary
World_ (Boston).

V. EVOLUTION AND DISEASE. By J.B. SUTTON, F.R.C.S. With 135 Illustrations.

"The book is as interesting as a novel, without sacrifice of
accuracy or system, and is calculated to give an appreciation
of the fundamentals of pathology to the lay reader, while
forming a useful collection of illustrations of disease for
medical reference."--_Journal of Mental Science._

VI. THE VILLAGE COMMUNITY. By G.L. GOMME. Illustrated.

"His book will probably remain for some time the best work of
reference for facts bearing on those traces of the village
community which have not been effaced by conquest,
encroachment, and the heavy hand of Roman law."--_Scottish
Leader._

VII. THE CRIMINAL. By HAVELOCK ELLIS. Illustrated. Second Edition.

"The sociologist, the philosopher, the philanthropist, the
novelist--all, indeed, for whom the study of human nature has
any attraction--will find Mr. Ellis full of interest and
suggestiveness."--_Academy._

VIII. SANITY AND INSANITY. By Dr. CHARLES MERCIER. Illustrated.

"Taken as a whole, it is the brightest book on the physical
side of mental science published in our time."--_Pall Mall
Gazette._

IX. HYPNOTISM. By Dr. ALBERT MOLL. Fourth Edition.

"Marks a step of some importance in the study of some
difficult physiological and psychological problems which have
not yet received much attention in the scientific world of
England."--_Nature._

X. MANUAL TRAINING. By Dr. C.M. WOODWARD, Director of the Manual Training School, St. Louis. Illustrated.

"There is no greater authority on the subject than Professor
Woodward."--_Manchester Guardian._

XI. THE SCIENCE OF FAIRY TALES. By E. SIDNEY HARTLAND.

"Mr. Hartland's book will win the sympathy of all earnest
students, both by the knowledge it displays, and by a thorough
love and appreciation of his subject, which is evident
throughout."--_Spectator._

XII. PRIMITIVE FOLK. By ELIE RECLUS.

"An attractive and useful introduction to the study of some
aspects of ethnography."--_Nature._

XIII. THE EVOLUTION OF MARRIAGE. By Professor LETOURNEAU.

"Among the distinguished French students of sociology,
Professor Letourneau has long stood in the first rank. He
approaches the great study of man free from bias and shy of
generalisations. To collect, scrutinise, and appraise facts is
his chief business. In the volume before us he shows these
qualities in an admirable degree."--_Science._

XIV. BACTERIA AND THEIR PRODUCTS. By Dr. G. SIMS WOODHEAD. Illustrated. Second Edition.

"An excellent summary of the present state of knowledge of the
subject."--_Lancet._

XV. EDUCATION AND HEREDITY. By J.M. GUYAU.

"It is at once a treatise on sociology, ethics, and
pedagogics. It is doubtful whether, among all the ardent
evolutionists who have had their say on the moral and the
educational question, any one has carried forward the new
doctrine so boldly to its extreme logical
consequence."--Professor SULLY in _Mind_.

XVI. THE MAN OF GENIUS. By Prof. LOMBROSO. Illustrated.

"By far the most comprehensive and fascinating collection of
facts and generalisations concerning genius which has yet been
brought together."--_Journal of Mental Science._

XVII. THE HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN FAUNA. By R.F. SCHARFF, B.Sc, Ph.D., F.Z.S. Illustrated.

XVIII. PROPERTY: ITS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT. By CH. LETOURNEAU, General Secretary to the Anthropological Society, Paris, and Professor in the School of Anthropology, Paris.

"M. Letourneau has read a great deal, and he seems to us to
have selected and interpreted his facts with considerable
judgment and learning."--_Westminster Review._

XIX. VOLCANOES, PAST AND PRESENT. By Prof. EDWARD HULL, LL.D., F.R.S.

"A very readable account of the phenomena of volcanoes and
earthquakes."--_Nature._

XX. PUBLIC HEALTH. By Dr. J.F.J. SYKES. With numerous Illustrations.

"Not by any means a mere compilation or a dry record of
details and statistics, but it takes up essential points in
evolution, environment, prophylaxis, and sanitation bearing
upon the preservation of public health."--_Lancet._

XXI. MODERN METEOROLOGY. AN ACCOUNT OF THE GROWTH AND PRESENT CONDITION OF SOME BRANCHES OF METEOROLOGICAL SCIENCE. By FRANK WALDO, Ph.D., Member of the German and Austrian Meteorological Societies, etc.; late Junior Professor, Signal Service, U.S.A. With 112 Illustrations.

"The present volume is the best on the subject for general use
that we have seen."--_Daily Telegraph_ (London).

XXII. THE GERM-PLASM: A THEORY OF HEREDITY. By AUGUST WEISMANN, Professor in the University of Freiburg-in-Breisgau. With 24 Illustrations. $2.50.

"There has been no work published since Darwin's own books
which has so thoroughly handled the matter treated by him, or
has done so much to place in order and clearness the immense
complexity of the factors of heredity, or, lastly, has brought
to light so many new facts and considerations bearing on the
subject."--_British Medical Journal._

XXIII. INDUSTRIES OF ANIMALS. By E.F. HOUSSAY. With numerous Illustrations.

"His accuracy is undoubted, yet his facts out-marvel all
romance. These facts are here made use of as materials
wherewith to form the mighty fabric of
evolution."--_Manchester Guardian._

XXIV. MAN AND WOMAN. By HAVELOCK ELLIS. Illustrated. Second Edition.

"Mr. Havelock Ellis belongs, in some measure, to the
continental school of anthropologists; but while equally
methodical in the collection of facts, he is far more cautious
in the invention of theories, and he has the further
distinction of being not only able to think, but able to
write. His book is a sane and impartial consideration, from a
psychological and anthropological point of view, of a subject
which is certainly of primary interest."-_Athenaeum._

XXV. THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN CAPITALISM. By JOHN A. HOBSON, M.A.

"Every page affords evidence of wide and minute study, a
weighing of facts as conscientious as it is acute, a keen
sense of the importance of certain points as to which
economists of all schools have hitherto been confused and
careless, and an impartiality generally so great as to give no
indication of his [Mr. Hobson's] personal sympathies."--_Pall
Mall Gazette._

XXVI. APPARITIONS AND THOUGHT-TRANSFERENCE. By FRANK PODMORE, M.A.

"A very sober and interesting little book.... That
thought-transference is a real thing, though not perhaps a
very common thing, he certainly shows."--_Spectator._

XXVII. AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY. By Professor C. LLOYD MORGAN. With Diagrams.

"A strong and complete exposition of Psychology, as it takes
shape in a mind previously informed with biological
science.... Well written, extremely entertaining, and
intrinsically valuable."--_Saturday Review._