Chapter X: The Ironclad (4)

[128] The sudden and extraordinary development of rifled ordnance which now took place had a revolutionary effect not only on naval architecture and gunnery but on land fortification. In ’59 Sir William Armstrong, giving evidence before a committee appointed by the War Secretary, stated that he could attain with a specially constructed gun a range of five miles. The statement made a sensation; for in the presence of such a gun most of the existing defences of our dockyards and depots were almost useless. A Commission on National Defence was formed. It reported that new fortifications were necessary for our principal arsenals, the fleet alone being insufficient for the defence of ports. “The introduction of steam,” stated the report, “may operate to our disadvantage in diminishing to some extent the value of superior seamanship; the practice of firing shells horizontally, and the enormous extent to which the power and accuracy of aim of artillery have been increased, lead to the conclusion that after an action even a victorious fleet would be more seriously crippled and therefore a longer time unfit for service.” Thus the command of the Channel might be temporarily lost. As steam facilitated invasion, the immediate fortification of vital points on the South Coast was considered necessary. In short, faith in the mobile fleet was temporarily abandoned.

The recommendations of the Commission were carried out almost in their entirety. In the case of Portsmouth, for instance, the reinforcement of the Hilsea Lines, decided on only two years previously, was suspended in favour of a defence of far greater radius--a circle of forts some of which were designed to prevent an enemy from gaining possession, from the land side, of Portsdown Hill, a ridge less than five miles from the Dockyard and therefore a position from which, with the new artillery, the Dockyard could be bombarded. A similar girdle of defences was given to Plymouth.

[129] Commander R. A. E. Scott, R.N.

[130] Lloyd and Hadcock.

[131] Woodcroft: _Steam Navigation_, 1848.

[132] de la Roncière: _La Marine Française_.

[133] Woodcroft: _Steam Navigation_.

[134] Rigaud: _Early Proposals for Steam Navigation_.

[135] Enouf: Papin; _Sa Vie et Son Œuvre_.

[136] Quoted in Fincham’s _Naval Architecture_.

[137] Mr. Taylor’s evidence to Select Committee, 1824. Quoted in Woodcroft’s _Steam Navigation_.

[138] Miller is said to have approached the Admiralty twice upon the subject, and certainly he was keenly interested in naval affairs. A generous tribute has been paid him by a friend whose name is honoured in our naval annals: “I was unwearied,” says John Clerk of Eldin in the preface of his Essay on Naval Tactics, published in 1804, “in my attention to the many valuable experiments of the ingenious and liberal-minded Mr. Patrick Miller of Dalswinton; to whom, whether in shipbuilding or in constructing artillery, both musketry and great guns, his country is more indebted than has hitherto been properly acknowledged.”

[139] Dickinson: _Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist_.

[140] Colden: _Life of Fulton_.

[141] _M. Marestier’s Report on Steam Navigation in the U.S.A._ (Morgan and Creuze, 1826).

[142] _Fraser’s Magazine_, 1848.

[143] In his book _On Naval Warfare with Steam_, published thirty years later, Sir Howard Douglas set out more clearly the case for the strenuous development of steam navigation by this country, and exposed one of the chief flaws in M. Paixhans’ argument. At that date it was still the all-but-universal opinion in foreign countries that the introduction of steam had rendered superiority in seamanship of comparatively little importance in naval warfare. Sir Howard Douglas showed that English superiority had spread to machine design, construction and manipulation, and that if this country chose to exert itself it could maintain its lead.

It is curious to note that not one of these three writers emphasises the main disability under which France has actually suffered, viz. the unsuitability of French coal as warship fuel and the distance of her iron and coal mines from her chief shipbuilding centres.

[144] Briggs: _Naval Administrations_.

[145] A steam paddle-boat, named the _Lord Melville_ in honour of the descendant of Charlotte Dundas, was then plying regularly between London Bridge and Calais.

[146] _Memoirs of Sir John Barrow, Bart._

[147] Williams: _Life of Sir Charles Napier_.

[148] In 1835 a new department, of Royal Naval Engineers, was formed: to consist of technically trained men to manage the machinery of steam vessels. A uniform button was designed for them, and they were given the rank of Warrant Officers. Up to this time the machinery had been in charge of men who, for the most part, were “mere labourers”; and, commanding officers being ignorant of mechanical engineering, extensive fraud and waste had been practised, especially in connection with the refitting of vessels by contractors (Otway: _Steam Navigation_).

[149] Reed: _On the Modifications to H.M. Ships in the XIXth century_.

[150] The strategic value of steam power in warfare was first demonstrated by Lord John Hay in ’30. In the operations on the North Coast of Spain “the opportune arrival of a reinforcement of fifteen hundred fresh troops from Santander, by one steamer alone, despatched the previous day from San Sebastian, a distance of a hundred miles, for that express purpose, gave a decisive and important turn to the transactions of that day” (Otway: _Steam Navigation_).

[151] Fincham.

[152] The author of this work, M. Paucton, in addition to discussing the possibility of replacing the oar by the screw, threw out the suggestion of its use for aerial flight. “Je sçais qu’on ne peut guère manquer de faire rire, en voulant donner des aîles à un homme. Je sçais que plusieurs personnes, qui out osé prendre l’effor dans les airs, n’ont pas eu un meilleur succès que l’imprudent Icare.” Nevertheless, it is incontestable that a man can lift more than his weight. And if he were to employ his full force on a machine which could act on air as does the screw, it would lift him by its aid through the air as it will propel him through the water.

M. Paucton hastened to calm the incredulous reader by assuring him with an affectation of levity that he was not really serious. “Il est permis de s’égayer quelquefois.”

[153] A full account of these is given in Bourne’s _Treatise on the Screw Propeller_.

[154] Weale: _Papers on Engineering_.

[155] The _Archimedes_, with a 3-foot stroke engine which worked at 27 strokes per minute, was run against the _Widgeon_, the fastest paddlewheel steamer on the Dover station. Two points of importance were noted by the Admiralty representatives with reference to the propelling machinery of the _Archimedes_: the objectionable noise made by the spur-wheels, and their liability to damage and derangement. As, however, Mr. Smith proposed to obviate this objection “by substituting spiral gearing in lieu of the cogs” the representatives did not lay stress on these disadvantages.

[156] A similar paradox was accidentally revealed in the case of the paddlewheel. It was at first thought that, the broader the floats the greater would be the pull. A certain steam vessel, however, being found to have too much beam to allow her to pass into a lock, was altered by having her floats and paddle-boxes made narrower. It was found that her speed had thereby been improved (Otway).

[157] Note sur l’État des Forces Navales de la France, 1844.

[158] Parliamentary Report on Screw Propulsion in H.M. Navy, 1850.

[159] Sir Howard Douglas was instrumental in bringing to the notice of the Government the aggressive aims implied by the _Enquête Parlementaire_: His notes were printed confidentially in ’53 at the press of the Foreign Office. Vide his _Defence of England_, published in 1860.

[160] _The Navies of the World._ Hans Busk, M.A., 1859.

[161] The details of these trials against iron plate will be found in Sir Howard Douglas’ _Naval Gunnery_, third and subsequent editions.

[162] The rapid construction of over two hundred gunboats and their steam machinery revealed the enormous industrial capacity of this country, and constituted a feat of which the whole nation was rightly proud. For instance of successful organization, Messrs. Penn of Greenwich contracted to build eighty sets of main engines in three months--a proposition ridiculed as impossible. By the rapid distribution of duplicate patterns throughout the country the resources of all the greatest firms were utilized, and the contract was fulfilled almost to the day!

Some seven or eight years later, when the building of ironclads was being debated in parliament, the government was able to recall this achievement as an argument for not building too many ships of a new and probably transitional type. If we liked, it was said, we could soon produce a fleet of ironclads far greater than all the other Powers of Europe besides.

[163] J. Scott Russell: _The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood?_ 1861.

[164] Reed: _Our Ironclad Ships_.

[165] Boynton: _The Navies of England, France, America, and Russia._ New York, ’65.

[166] Colomb: _Memoirs of Sir Cooper Key_.

[167] Colomb: _Memoirs of Sir Cooper Key_.

[168] In parenthesis, for she is of no special interest as a type, we may note here the _Temeraire_, built at Chatham and completed in 1877: a compromise between the central-battery and the turret ship. Generally like the _Alexandra_ in disposition of armament, she carried in addition, in order to give all-round fire, two open barbettes, one at each end of the upper deck, each containing a 25-ton gun hydraulically operated.

[169] The freedom of the _Royal Sovereign’s_ turrets from any liability to jam was demonstrated at Portsmouth by subjecting them to the impact of projectiles fired from the 12-ton guns of the _Bellerophon_.

[170] Colomb: _Memoirs of Sir Cooper Key_.

[171] Hitherto the torpedo had been used in warfare only in the form of a stationary mine, or motion had been given to it either by letting it drift on a tide or by attaching it rigidly to the bow of a vessel. After the American Civil War, in which conflict three-fourths of the ships disabled or destroyed were so disposed of by torpedoes, efforts were made to give motion to it, either by towing or by self-propulsion. In ’69 Commander Harvey, R.N., brought to the notice of the Admiralty his invention of a torpedo or sea kite which was so shaped that, when launched from the deck of a steamer and towed by a wire, it diverged from the steamer’s track and stood away at an angle of 45°. It could be exploded either electrically or by contact. The possibilities of this weapon were illustrated in a volume published in ’71, one picture of which showed luridly “an ironclad fleet surprised at sea by a squadron of torpedo craft armed with Harvey’s sea torpedoes.”

The towed torpedo was overshadowed by the fish or self-propelled torpedo. In ’70 Mr. Whitehead came to England and, prosecuting experiments under the eyes of naval officers, with a 16-inch torpedo successfully sank an old corvette anchored in the Medway at 136 yards’ range. The result was the purchase by the Admiralty of his secret and sole rights. In ’77 the first torpedo-boat was ordered.

[172] Colomb: _Attack and Defence of Fleets_.

[173] Vice-Admiral Sir G. Elliot: _On the Classification of Ships of War_.

[174] Brassey: _The British Navy_.

INDEX

_Active_, the, 298

_Agamemnon_, the, 288

_Ajax_, the, 288

_Alarm_, the, 44

_Alecto_, the, 239

_Alexandra_, the, 274

Anderson, Robert, 167

Anson, Lord, 43, 121, 151

Archimedes, 95, 115, 234

_Archimedes_, the, 238

_Argyle_, the, 225

Armada, the Spanish, 9, 77, 79

Armstrong, Lord, 200

Armstrong gun, the, 201, 255, 268

Atwood, 40

_Audacious_, the, 274

Bacon, Lord, 34, 93, 96

Bacon, Roger, 62

Baker, Ezekiel, 119, 189

Baker, James, 15

Baker, Matthew, 15

Balchen, Admiral, 147

Barnaby, Sir N., 50, 283, 289

Barrow, Sir J., 98, 229

Battery, central, ships, 270

Bawd, Peter, 72

Beaufoy, Colonel, 40

Beaufoy, Corporal, 190

Belleisle, siege of, 83

_Bellerophon_, the, 272

Bentham, Sir S., 55, 136, 162

Berghen-op-Zoom, siege of, 120

Bernouilli, Daniel, 37, 216

Bernouilli, John, 37, 115

Berthold the Friar, 62

_Birkenhead_, the, 257

Blake, 42

Blomefield, General, 85

Board of Ordnance, 145

Bold, Charles the, 87

Bonaparte, 165

Borda, the Chevalier, 37

Bossut, Abbé, 38

Bouguer, 37, 216

Boulton, 108, 222

Bourne, Robert, 143, 212

Boyle, 96

Boynton, 267

Brackenbury, General, 62

Bramah, 222, 234

Bridgewater, the Duke of, 218

Briggs, Sir J., 228

Broke, Sir P., 154

Brown Bess, rifle, 192

Brown, Commander, 235

Brunel, 228, 238, 277

Brunswick, rifle, 190

Buckhurst, Lord, 79

Burrell, Andrew, 23

Bushnell, 213

Busk, Hans, 184, 244

Byng, Admiral, 42

Cabots, the, 5

_Caiman_, the, 293

_Caledonia_, the, 49, 226

_Captain_, the, 280

Caus, Solomon, 95-98

Cawley, 103

_Cerberus_, the, 282

Chads, Captain, 249

Chapman, 39, 149

Charles I, King, 23

Charles II, King, 29, 96

Charles V, Emperor, 88

_Charlotte Dundas_, the, 219

Charterhouse, garden, 119

Chatfield, 59

_Chesapeake_, the, 156

Chinese gunboats, 291

Clerk of Eldin, 219

_Clermont_, the, 223

Cloyne, Bishop of, 116

Cockle, Maurice, 65

_Collingwood_, the, 292

Colomb, Admiral, 264, 287

_Colossus_, the, 288

Columbus, 5

_Comet_, the, 225, 229

_Commerce de Marseille_, the, 46

Compass, discovery of, 3

Condorcet, 38

_Congo_, the, 238

_Congress_, the, 263

Congreve, General, 85

Congreve, Sir W., 85, 91, 147, 158

_Conqueror_, the, 288

Consort, Prince, 277

Constantinople, siege of, 66

Corbett, Sir Julian, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9

_Couronne_, the, 254

Cowper Coles, Captain, 276

Creuze, Augustin, 59, 256

Cruiser, type, 298

Cumberland, Earl of, 20

_Curaçoa_, the, 230

Dahlgren, 139, 234, 261

_Dandolo_, the, 285

_Dauntless_, the, 242

Deane, Sir A., 28

Delvigne, 187, 194

_Demologos_, the, 225

Denny, Messrs., 226

Derrick, 28, 31

Desaguliers, Dr., 101

Desblancs, 217

_Devastation_, the, 281

Dirck, 98

_Doncaster_, the, 229

Douglas, Sir C., 151

Douglas, Sir H., 86, 173, 228, 257, 261

_Dreadnought_, the, 283

Duckworth, Sir J., 67

_Duilio_, the, 285

_Duke_, the, 130, 152

Dundas, Lord, 218

Dunkirk privateers, 23

Dupuy de Lôme, 253

Dutch ships, characteristics of, 27

_Dwarf_, the, 243

Elliot, Admiral, 246

Enfield rifle, 197

_Enterprise_, the, 273

Ericsson, 236

_Essex_, the, 137

Euler, 37, 216

_Excellent_, the, 158

_Ferdinand Max_, the, 263

Fincham, 1, 48, 53, 233

Finsbury Field, 82

Fitch, 220

Forbin, Count, 40

_Formidable_, the, 134, 153

Fortifications, land, 204

Fournier, Abbé, 144

Frederick the Great, 90

Fremantle, Hon. T. F., 184

Frigate, origin of, 23

Froissart, 64

Froude, 286

Fuller, 27, 171

Fulton, 221

Furring of ships, 17

_Galatea_, the, 229

Galileo, 95, 116

Galleasse, 4, 211

Galleon, 4, 7

Galley, 2, 71, 210

Gama, Vasco di, 5

Garoy, Blasco de, 212

Gautier, 216

Genoese, the, 4

Gibbon, 66, 69

Gibraltar, siege of, 250

Girdling of ships, 29

_Glatton_, the, 135, 282

_Gloire_, the, 205, 253

Gordon, Thomas, 48

_Grace à Dieu_, the, 76

_Great Britain_, the, 238

_Great Eastern_, the, 258

Greek fire, 61

Greener, 193

Gribeauval, 90

Gunpowder, 3, 70, 76, 99

Gustavus Adolphus, 90

Haddock, Sir R., 29

Halley, 117

Hampton Roads, battle of, 262

Hannay, 57

Hardy, Sir T. M., 159, 230

Harvey torpedo, 291

_Harwich_, the, 31

Hastings, Captain, 174

Hastings, Sir T., 248

Hautefeuille, J. de, 99

Hawke, Admiral, 43, 122, 151

Hawkins, Sir J., 8

Hawkins, Sir R., 9, 80

Hay, Lord John, 232

_Hébé_, the, 134

Henri II, King, 75, 89

Henry VIII, King, 6, 72

Henry, Prince, 19

_Hercules_, the, 273

Hero of Alexandria, 94

_Hibernia_, the, 48

Hime, Colonel, 61, 77

Hogue, battle of La, 32

Honourable Artillery Co., 82

Horse artillery, 91

Hoste, 37

_Hotspur_, the, 282, 287

Howard, Lord, 9, 77

Hugo, Victor, 147

Hulls, Jonathan, 215

Hutton, 122, 129, 132

Huyghens, 37, 96, 99

_Impérieuse_, the, 295

_Inconstant_, the, 298

India, East, Company, 45, 135

_Inflexible_, the, 285

Inman, Dr., 57

_Invincible_, the, 44

_Iron Duke_, the, 274

_Italia_, the, 289

Jacob, General, 196

Jal, 5

James I, King, 15

James II, King, 33

James, the historian, 49, 132

Joinville, Prince de, 240

Jouffroi, 217

Juan, Don G., 37

Kaltoff, Caspar, 97

Kempenfelt, Captain, 123

Keppel, Lord, 48

Key, Admiral Cooper, 268

Keyham, 254

Kinburn, 251

Knowles, Sir C., 45, 46

Krupp, 208

Kuper, Admiral, 206

_Lady Nancy_, the, 276

Laird, Messrs., 252, 280

Laputa, 34

Laughton, Sir J. K., 1, 9, 77, 153

Lepanto, battle of, 72, 78

_Lepanto_, the, 289

Lefroy, General, 67

Leibnitz, 214

Leipsic lexicon, 244

Lissa, battle of, 263

Livingstone, 222

Louis XI, King, 87

_Magenta_, the, 272

Malthus, 82

Manby, Aaron, 255

Manwayring, Sir H., 13, 143

Marestier, 224

_Mars_, the, 121

Marshall gun carriage, 158

Marsilly gun carriage, 158

_Mary Rose_, the, 74

Massé, Colonel, 86

Maudsley, Messrs., 285

_Maure_, the, 41

McLaurin, Colin, 39

_Medea_, the, 230

Melville, General, 127

Melville, Lord, 228

Mercier, Captain, 163

_Merrimac_, the, 262

Metacentre, discovery of, 37

Middleton, Sir C., 46, 123

Miller, Patrick, 127, 217

Minié, rifle, 195

_Minotaur_, the, 265

_Monarch_, the, 279

_Monitor_, the, 262

_Monkey_, the, 229

Monro, Colonel, 173

Mons Meg, 65

Moore, Sir Jonas, 98, 143

Moorfields, 82

Moorsom, Captain, 261, 266

Morland, Sir S., 29, 99

Muller, 84, 88

Murray, Mungo, 39

_Nancy Dawson_, the, 58

Napier, Sir C., 230, 233, 241, 255, 266

Napoleon III, 75, 87, 199, 250

Navarino, battle of, 156

Nelson, 45, 154, 269

_Nemesis_, the, 255

Newcomen, 102-106

Newton, 35, 96, 117, 214

Nicolas, Sir H., 3, 63

Noble, Captain, 207

Noel, Commander, 264, 289

Normans as shipbuilders, 5

Norton, Captain, 193, 199

Norton, Robert, 76, 78, 142

Nye, Nathaniel, 98

Oak, English, 27

_Odin_, the, 233

Oppenheim, 1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 73, 75, 77, 81

_Orient_, the, 164

Otway, Commander, 110, 231

_Pacificateur_, the, 172, 248

Paixhans, 166, 227

Pakington, Sir J., 258

_Pallas_, the, 279

Palliser, Major, 205

Papin, 102, 213

Pardies, 36

Pascal, 95

Peake, Sir H., 56

Pechell, Captain, 157

Peel, 257

_Pembroke_, the, 41

_Penelope_, the, 233

Penn, Messrs., 253

Pennington, Sir J., 23

Pepys, 27, 33, 81, 96, 130

Perrin, 15

Pett, Peter, 23

Pett, Phineas, 15, 18

Petty, Sir W., 35

_Phœbe_, the, 138

_Phœnix_, the, 26, 175

Pickard, 108, 217

Pitt, 49

Plat, Sir H., 186

Point-blank defined, 114

Porta, della, 95

Potter, Humphrey, 105

Prevesa, battle of, 72

_Prince Albert_, the, 278

_Prince Royal_, the, 19

_Princessa_, the, 43

Proof of guns, 81

Punchinello, 130

_Rainbow_, the, 134

Raleigh, Sir W., 16, 24, 79

_Raleigh_, the, 298

Ram tactics, 263, 290

Ramelli, 212

_Rattler_, the, 239

_Ré d’Italia_, the, 263

Reed, Sir E., 59, 274, 279

Richelieu, 24, 212

Riders in ships, 11

_Rob Roy_, the, 226

Robins, Benjamin, 112-124, 129, 187

Robison, 106

Rodney, 134, 153

_Rolf Krake_, the, 277

Romme, 38

Roncière, de la, 212

Ross, Sir J., 227

_Royal George_, the, 43, 83

_Royal Katherine_, the, 35

Royal Society, foundation of, 96

_Royal Sovereign_, the, 278

_Royal William_, the, 28

_Ruby_, the, 249

Rumsey, 220

_Rupert_, the, 288

Rupert, Prince, 214

Russell, Scott, 252, 257, 264

Samuda, Messrs., 278

Sartorius, Admiral, 261

_Savannah_, the, 226

Savery, 100, 215

Schalk, 83

Scharnhorst, 88

Schmidt, 184

Scloppetaria, 184

Scott, Commander, 200

_Scourge of Malice_, the, 20

Seppings, Sir R., 46, 51

Sewell, 39

_Shah_, the, 298

_Shannon_, the, 154, 299

Sheathing, introduction of, 18

Sheerness, 254

Shish, 29, 35

Shovell, Admiral, 81

Shrapnel, Lieutenant, 91, 163

_Sidon_, the, 233

Simmons, Captain, 164, 176

_Simoon_, the, 249

Sinope, battle of, 162, 249

Slingsby, Sir R., 145

Smith, Pettit, 236

Snodgrass, 47

_Solferino_, the, 272

_Sovereign of the Seas_, the, 24

Spitalfields, 81, 130

_Sprightly_, the, 229

Stanhope, Lord, 221, 228

Stevinus, 95

Stockton, Captain, 237

_Stromboli_, the, 276

_Sultan_, the, 273

Surveyors, abilities of, 55

Sussex, iron mines, 69, 78

Sutherland, T., 35

Sveaborg, bombardment of, 252

Symington, 218

Symonds, Admiral, 57

Tactics, 2, 8, 30, 33, 77, 131, 153, 210, 263

Tartaglia, 89, 116

Taylor, 218

Tegetthof, Admiral, 263

_Temeraire_, the, 275

Tennant, Sir E., 200

_Terrible_, the, 233

_Thames_, the, 225

“Thieves, Forty,” the, 56

Thouvenin, Colonel, 195

_Thunderer_, the, 283

Torelli, 212

Torpedo, evolution of, 291

Torricelli, 95

Touchard, Admiral, 264

_Trades Increase_, the, 21

Trafalgar, battle of, 45, 49, 53, 269

Treuille de Beaulieu, 199

Trim, definition of, 13

Trinity House, 24

Trollope, Captain, 135

Tromp, 31

Trunnions, evolution of, 86

Truss frames, 52

Tunnage, 5, 49, 56

Turgot, 38

Turret, the evolution of, 271, 275

Types, differentiation of, 296

Upnor Castle, 81

_Vanguard_, the, 274

Vauban, Marshal, 160

Ventilation, study of, 44

_Victory_, the, 45, 53, 147

Villani, 64

Vincennes, 194, 250

_Volage_, the, 298

Walker, Captain, 193

Wallis, 35, 96

Walter, 120

Waltham Abbey, 85

_Warrior_, the, 205, 260

_Warspite_, the, 295

Watt, 93, 105-110, 217

Waymouth, Captain, 17

Wellington, 240

_Whelps_, the, 23

Whitehead, 292

Whitworth, Sir J., 197

Willett, 43, 48

Woodcraft, 212

Woolwich, 82

Worcester, Marquis of, 93, 97, 213

Wynter, Sir R., 145

Zöllner, 184

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed. Archaic spellings have not been changed; the spelling of non-English words has not been changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained; occurrences of inconsistent hyphenation have not been changed.

Pages with Plate-illustrations included printer’s information regarding the pages the plates should face. That information has been removed in this eBook, as those illustrations are positioned as close as possible to those pages.

The spelling and grammar of French text has been reproduced here as it was printed in the original book.

The publication information of a few citations was italicized, but as that is not the style in most of the book, those words and dates are shown here unitalicized.

Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been collected and placed just before the Index of this eBook.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Page 5: “tunnage” was printed that way and is in the Index, but the other pages to which the Index entry refers spell the word as “tonnage”.

Page 23: “remonstance” was printed that way.

Page 47: “to their rates, And” was printed that way.

Page 72: “the King’s feedmen” was printed that way, probably should be “freedmen”.

Page 265: “Give her the stem” was printed that way.