Chapter I: Introduction: ix

I THE VIEWPOINT 1

II FAMILIAR SCENES FROM A NEW ANGLE 7

III ARCHITECTURE, LANDSCAPE GARDENING, AND ENGINEERING 11

IV THE MOSAIC 20

V GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE SURFACE AS SEEN FROM THE AIR 22

VI MARSHES AND MARSH DRAINAGE 27

VII COASTAL MUD FLATS 41

VIII SUBMERGED LAND FORMS 45

IX THE PLAIN FROM THE AIR 50

X MOUNTAIN FEATURES 57

XI AIR CRAFT IN THE STUDY OF ROCKS AND ORES 69

XII MAPPING AND CHARTING FROM THE AIR 72

INDEX 105

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

_(o) indicates an oblique_, _(v) a vertical airplane photograph_

FIG. PAGE

THE VIEWPOINT, AND FAMILIAR SCENES FROM A NEW ANGLE

1 The National Capitol, Washington, D. C. (o) Frontispiece

2 Symbols of automatic register in the Eastman mapping camera (v) 3

3 The United States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y. (o) 8

4 The United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. (o) 9

ARCHITECTURE, LANDSCAPE GARDENING, AND ENGINEERING

5 Monument Avenue, Richmond, Va. (o) 12

6 The United States Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. (o). 13

7 Shipyards at Newport News, Va. (o) 14

8 The New York Connecting Railroad Bridge (o) 15

9 A part of Washington, D. C. (o) 16

10 Part of Rockaway Beach, Long Island, N. Y. (v) 17

11 Part of Long Branch, N. J. (v) 18

12 Benning, D. C., and the Anacostia River (v) 22

13 The land along the Anacostia River on the eastern edge of Washington, D. C. (v) facing 22

14 Map of the same area as in Fig. 13 facing 22

GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE SURFACE

15 Southeastern part of Mulberry Island on the lower James River, Maryland (v) 24

16 Map of the same area as in Fig. 15 25

17 Columbus, Ga. (v) facing 26

18 Map of the same area as in Fig. 17 facing 26

MARSHES AND COASTAL MUD FLATS

19 Tidal marsh and ocean beach at Corsons Inlet, New Jersey (v) 28

20 Details of marshland, Lee Marsh, lower Pamunkey River, Virginia (v) 30

21 Details of marshland, Cousaic Marsh, lower Pamunkey River, Virginia (v) 31

22 Barrier beach from Corsons Inlet to Atlantic City, N. J. (v) 32

23 A river system in miniature near Hampton, Virginia (v) 33

24 Sweet Hall Marsh on the lower Pamunkey River, Virginia (v) 34

25 Map of the same area as in Fig. 24, with cross section 35

26 Eltham Marsh on the lower Pamunkey River, Virginia (v) 36

27 Map of the same area as in Fig. 26, with cross section 37

28 A stream system of the mud-flat area off the Eastern Shore of Virginia (v) 42

29 Mud-flat streams (v) 43

SUBMERGED LAND FORMS

30 Stove Point Neck at the mouth of the Piankatank River, Virginia (v) 46

31 Gwynn Island at the mouth of the Piankatank River, Virginia (v) 46

32 Map showing the location of Figs. 31 and 32, with cross section 47

33 A drowned valley: Lambs Creek, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (v) 48

THE PLAIN FROM THE AIR

34 The Chattahoochee River south of Columbus, Ga. (v) facing 50

35 Map of the same area as in Fig. 34 facing 50

36 A river channel in the Great Plains: The Red River northeast of Wichita Falls, Tex. (v) 51

37 A glacial drift plain in southwestern Michigan (v) 52

38 Map of the same area as in Fig. 37 53

39 Schoolcraft, Mich. (v) 54

40 Map of the same area as in Fig. 39 55

41 Kettleholes in glacial till southwest of Schoolcraft, Mich. (v) 56

MOUNTAIN FEATURES

42 Mt. Shasta, California (o) 58

43 A glacial gorge on the northeastern face of Mt. Shasta (o) 59

44 Yosemite Valley, California (o) 60

45 Map showing the angle of vision of Fig. 44 61

46 Cinder Cone on the eastern edge of the northern Sierra Nevada, California (o) 62

47 Map showing the angle of vision of Fig. 46 63

48 The top of Cinder Cone (o) 64

49 Simi Hills northwest of Santa Monica, Cal. (v) 65

50 Part of Santa Monica Mountains north of Santa Monica, Cal. (v) 66

51 Map of the region between the center of Los Angeles and Santa Monica, Cal., showing the location of Fig. 50 67

52 A young mountain gorge in the San Joaquin Hills, a coastal range in Southern California (v) 68

53 Canyon in sedimentary rocks near the mouth of the Pecos River, Texas (v) 70

MAPPING AND CHARTING FROM THE AIR

54 View across the western end of Lake Erie (o) 73

55 Map showing the angle of vision of Fig. 54 73

56 Rochester, N. Y. (v) facing 74

57 Map of the same area as in Fig. 56 facing 74

58 Index map showing the location of the airplane photographs in this book taken on the Atlantic seaboard of the northeastern United States 75

59 Marshlands on Chesapeake Bay south of the mouth of the York River, Virginia (v) 76

60 Left shore of the York River northwest of Gloucester Point, Va. (v) 77

61 The northwestern tip of Sandy Hook, New Jersey (v) 78

62 Beach cusps under water near Beach Haven, N. J. (v) 80

63 First stage in the formation of an inlet through a barrier beach: near Beach Haven, N. J. (v) 81

64 A tidal delta in Shark River Inlet, Belmar, N. J. (v) 82

65 A tidal delta, Popes Creek on the lower Potomac River, Virginia (o) 83

66 A double tidal delta at Barnegat Inlet, New Jersey (v) 84

67 A tidal inlet through the barrier beach south of Beach Haven, N. J. (v) 85

68 Beach between Brigantine and Little Egg Inlets, New Jersey (v) 86

69 A simple spit: Lower Cedar Point, Maryland, on the lower Potomac River (o) 87

70 A recurved spit south of Brigantine Inlet, New Jersey (v) 88

71 A recurved spit showing interference with natural growth: The northern end of Ocean City, N. J. (v) 89

72 New Point Comfort at the tip of the York-Rappahannock peninsula, Virginia (v) 90

73 Spit at Tucker Beach, New Jersey (v) 91

74 A land-tied island: Napatree Point, near Watch Hill, R. I. (v) 92

75 Powells Creek, Virginia, on the lower Potomac River (o) 93

76 Roberts Creek, a drowned river valley southeast of Yorktown, Va. (v) 94

77 The underwater channel in Quantico Bay on the lower Potomac River, Virginia (v) 95

78 Natural channels and shoals near Miami. Fla. (o) 96

79 A dredged channel at Miami, Fla. (o) 97

80 A shoal in Hereford Inlet north of Wildwood, N. J. (v) 98

81 Sand bars at Cape Charles, Va. (v) 99

82 Bars, channels, beaches, and marsh near Far Rockaway, Long Island, N. Y. (v) 100

_All of the airplane photographs in this book, both oblique and vertical, were taken by the United States Army Air Service, except Figs. 78 and 79, which were taken by the United States Navy Air Service, and Figs. 10, 65, 69, 75, 77, and 82, which were taken by the author. To these two services the author is indebted for the permission to reproduce their photographs, and this acknowledgment is made with the same force as if made individually under each illustration._

_As a guide to the evaluation of the scale of the vertical photographs, which is expressed under each photograph in the form of the natural scale, or representative fraction, the following approximate equivalents may be borne in mind_:

_1:10,000 = 800+ feet to the inch_
_1:16,000 = ¼ mile to the inch_
_1:21,000 = ⅓ mile to the inch_