Chapter X: Diseases of Farm Animals (6)

=Pathological Changes Observable After Death.=--The presence of small ticks on the udder or escutcheon is a very important sign in herds north of the Texas fever line. The watery condition of the blood. The spleen or milt very much enlarged, and filled with a blackish pulp. Enlargement of the liver, and its color changed to a mahogany color. The distended gall-bladder, caused by an excessive amount of bile in it.

=The Cattle Tick= (_Boophilus bovis_) is the carrier of this disease. Its life history is quite simple. It is unable to come to maturity and reproduce its kind unless it becomes attached to the skin of cattle, whence it may obtain its food. The eggs laid on the ground by the female tick after falling off the cattle begin to develop at once. The time required for hatching varies considerably, according to the temperature. In the heat of summer about 13 days, and in the fall, under the same conditions, from four to six weeks. On pastures these little creatures soon find their way on to cattle. They attach themselves, by preference, to the tender skin on the escutcheon, the inside of the thighs, and on the base of the udder. When very numerous they may be found on various parts of the body. They remain clinging to the cattle until mature, and then fall off and lay their eggs and hatch more new ticks.

=How Prevention Is Possible.=--The spread of Texas fever can be prevented by two ways--sanitary arrangements and by vaccination. Where the cattle are infected with the tick, the ticks can be killed by smearing the animals with a solution capable of killing the ticks without harming the cattle. In large herds a large vat of crude petroleum is used to immerse the cattle in. In small herds smear the cattle with a mixture of equal parts of cottonseed oil and crude petroleum.

How to rid the pastures of the tick without killing the vegetation on them has for a long time been the problem. Divide the pasture in two parts by a double parallel line of fence with a 10-foot space between, to prevent ticks from crawling across. One of these pastures is then kept free of cattle for two winters and one summer. After the second winter it will be free of ticks and ready for tickless cattle, when the other pasture is abandoned for the same time.

Vaccination is for the purpose of immunizing cattle that are brought from a non-infected district to an infected district. Calves about six to eight months old should be used, as they are more immune than adult cattle. The immunity is caused by introducing the germ into the blood in a weakened form. This may be done in two ways--by placing virulent young ticks on the calves or by artificial vaccination. When this is practiced, it should be done in two or three inoculations, as it gives better results. The intervals should be about three weeks. The amount of virulent blood should be small the first time and increased in the following treatments.

The inoculation always results in a more or less serious attack of the fever upon the animal treated. Some may die, but the proportion of deaths resulting among animals taken directly into the infected district is large to the proportion of deaths resulting from vaccination. Medical treatment for this disease has proven unsatisfactory in the acute form, although in some chronic cases some good results may have been obtained by medical treatment.

=THICK LEG.=--See Lymphangitis.

=THOROUGHPIN.=--An enlargement situated on the sides and upper part of the hock joint of the horse, arising from a derangement of the sheath of the back tendon. The fluid with which it is filled can be pressed from one side to the other, hence the term thoroughpin. It seldom causes lameness. For treatment mix a teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury with 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. Rub on a little with the fingers, let it remain on for 24 hours, then wash off and rub on a little lard or vaseline. Repeat the blister every third week until the enlargement disappears. The horse should have rest while under treatment.

=THRUSH.=--A diseased condition of the secreting surface of the fatty frog in the foot. In severe cases the horny part often detaches from the sensitive tissue within. Bad shoeing is a common cause of the trouble, or anything else that prevents the frog from coming in contact with the ground. Lameness is sometimes associated with the disease. Treatment consists of careful cleaning, followed with linseed meal poultices if lame. After the foot is made dry, insert calomel into the little cavities. The calomel can be kept in and the dirt kept out by using paper or cloth plugs. Follow this treatment until normal condition is attained.

=THUMPS.=--This disease is limited in its action to pigs. Its cause is not definitely known. It is recognized by a peculiar contraction of the diaphragm in young pigs. While the pig may eat fairly well the disturbance is associated with digestion. Such patients like to lie around and take very little exercise. The disease is more common where one kind of food like corn is fed. The old common method was to cut off the ear. The common practice now is to give a purgative so as to relieve the stomach and bowels of accumulated material. The food should be changed and from 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls of Epsom salts should be given. The jerking movement of the muscles may be relieved or stopped by using laudanum, say, four drops to 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a half pint of water.

=TICK FEVER.=--See Texas Fever.

=TRICHINOSIS.=--A disease caused by the trichina, a minute worm that affects people, hogs and rats. People become affected with the disease from raw or partly cooked pork. These worms are killed by thorough cooking or by the process of hot pickling and curing meat products.

Hogs become affected through eating offal and rats about the slaughterhouses. Hogs that are fed on green grass and other wholesome food, free from these minute worms, are less likely to have trichinæ embedded in their flesh and muscles. Hogs do not seem to be bothered with the trichinæ, but people suffer very severely, as both soreness in the muscles and fever result.

A few days after eating the trichinæ, the worms multiply very rapidly in the digestive tract, from which they migrate to other parts of the body and work their way through the tissues. There is no remedy in way of treatment when affected. Prevention is the one cure. Inasmuch as five to ten per cent of hogs are affected, it is advisable that all pork or ham be eaten only after most thorough cooking.

=TUBERCULOSIS.=--Tuberculosis is a disease resulting from the growth of tubercle bacteria in the tissues of the animal. The bacteria, or germs, of tuberculosis, usually gain entrance to the organs of the body by being taken in with the food. Sometimes they penetrate through the membranes in the throat and get into the glands of the head. Sometimes they are taken into the digestive tract, where they pass through the walls of the intestines into the lymph channels and are carried through the large lymph vessel into the blood circulation. In some cases it would seem that the bacteria get into the lungs on particles of dust that are inhaled.

These germs may be inhaled in the lungs with the air, admitted to the stomach and intestines with food and drink, or established in the flesh by inoculation through broken skin or mucous membrane.]

After getting into the body, tubercle bacteria multiply in the tissues to which they have been carried and produce the changes in them which we find on the examination of an animal suffering with tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, therefore, is simply the outcome of the growth of the tubercle bacteria in the organs.

=Where Tubercles Are to Be Found.=--Tuberculous areas may be found in almost any part of the infected animal, but the organs that are usually affected are the lymphatic glands, either in the throat, the bronchial glands or those about the intestines and on the liver; the lungs; the liver; the kidneys; intestines; udder and generative organs. The membrane covering the lungs (pleura), the heart (pericardium), and intestines (peritoneum), are frequently affected. It often happens that a large mass, or masses, of tuberculous tissue grow over one or more of these membranes. The most peculiar thing about bovine tuberculosis is the fact that frequently an animal will appear to be perfectly well, but when slaughtered will be found to have a large number of tuberculous areas or masses on the membranes or in its organs. The reason for this is that the diseased area is not at a vital point.

The organ or membrane affected depends upon the one to which the germ is carried. Usually animals are infected in but one organ in the beginning, and from this diseased area the germs spread through the blood vessels or lymph channels to other organs. When the diseased area is restricted to one organ or part, it is called “localized” tuberculosis, because it appears at the point where the seed or germ was first planted. When the germs spread through the circulation from this first or primary diseased area to other organs and set up new tuberculous growths, the condition is called “generalized” tuberculosis. When cattle are slaughtered for food, if they are found to be afflicted with localized tuberculosis, the flesh is considered to be fit for food, but if the disease is generalized the carcass is condemned.

=The Symptoms of Tuberculosis= vary according to the location of the disease. If it is in the glands of the throat it is suggested by their enlargement. If it is in a gland about the lungs, which, because of its enlargement, presses on the œsophagus (gullet), there might be bloating. If the disease is in the lung tissue there would be, after it is sufficiently advanced, coughing and perhaps difficult breathing. If the disease is in the liver, it cannot be readily distinguished until it is far advanced. If the disease is in the udder it manifests itself usually by the organ becoming firm or hard, and when the tissues are sufficiently broken down the milk from that quarter will be changed in appearance; sometimes it is thick, containing pus, sometimes thin and watery. It is very difficult to diagnose tuberculosis from the symptoms, as many other causes may give rise to similar manifestations.

As tuberculosis is caused by a specific germ, the disease is spread by the germs escaping from the diseased animals and getting into the bodies of healthy ones. The tubercle bacteria escape from the infected animal with some one or more of the natural discharges of the body. For example, if the cow has a bad tuberculous area in the lung, the bacteria may be discharged into one of the air tubes and coughed up into the mouth. Some of them will escape with the saliva and infect mangers or pastures. Some of them may be swallowed and escape from the body with the feces. If the disease is in the udder the germs will escape with the milk. There are some observations which indicate that sometimes the bacteria will escape with the milk where the udder is not affected. After the bacteria leave the diseased animal and are left in the manger, or in the pasture, or on the surface of water in the drinking trough, they can be readily taken up by healthy cattle that eat or drink after them. If they escape with the milk, calves and pigs that are fed with it readily become infected. After the germs get into the body of the healthy animal they will multiply and produce the disease, just as the seed of a noxious weed will, if blown into a new field, germinate and produce the weed there. Tuberculosis spreads from animal to animal on the same principle that weeds spread from one field to another.

In order to prevent the spread of tuberculosis it is simply necessary to prevent healthy animals from coming in contact with the diseased ones or eating or drinking after them.

As tuberculosis cannot be readily detected by a physical examination until the disease is far advanced in the organs affected, it is necessary, in order to determine which animals have the disease, to apply some test or to find the germs of the disease in their excretions. The simplest test that has thus far been discovered is the action of tuberculin. When tuberculin is injected under the skin of the animals affected with active tuberculosis the animals respond by a rise of temperature, which follows a somewhat definite curve. By means of this test it is possible to pick out the infected individuals so that they can be separated from the healthy ones. The test should be repeated in from six months to a year in order to detect any new cases which might have developed from latent or arrested ones. We cannot always get all of the infected animals with the first test any more than we can always remove every weed from the garden by one hoeing.

=The Bang Method for the Control= of tuberculosis consists in separating the animals that are infected from the well ones and keeping them for breeding purposes. The calves are removed from their dams as soon as born and fed with the milk of healthy cows, or the pasteurized milk of the infected ones. It has been found that but a small percentage of calves that are raised under proper precautions from such animals have tuberculosis. By this means a sound herd of cattle may be developed from tuberculous animals. This method was introduced by Prof. Bang of Copenhagen, and it has been found to be very effective in Denmark and other countries in Europe. It has been applied with much success in a large number of individual herds in the United States. Its success depends entirely upon the care which is taken in keeping tubercle bacteria away from the calves.

In purchasing cattle for dairy or breeding purposes it is important that they should be taken from herds that are free from tuberculosis. The sound herd is the unit to be dealt with. Animals from such herds are far more reliable than non-reactors from tuberculous herds.

=TUMORS.=--Abnormal growths of tissues. There are many kinds of tumors. They are named from the kind of tissue of which they are composed, as fibrous and fatty. Just why tumors should develop is not known. Treatment is in the direction of direct removal; this means they are to be cut out with a knife. Another method is to tie a strong cord around the stem of the tumor, thus shutting off the blood supply. As soon as this is effected, there will be a sloughing away, with a sore remaining, which is to be treated as in an ordinary wound. Some tumors are burnt off with caustics. Arsenic or corrosive sublimate are commonly used, either singularly or combined. Better consult a veterinarian about the removal of tumors on valuable animals.

=TUMORS IN PIGS AFTER CASTRATION.=--Bunches form on the cords of pigs after castration as a result of infection from dirty instruments or hands during the operation; or from leaving the cord too long, thus increasing the liability of its becoming infected. These tumors continue to grow, and in the worst cases attain the size of a man’s head. Cut down on a tumor the same as in a simple case of castration. Separate the skin from the tumor and then swallow up the cord with the hands. Cut the cord off as high up as possible. The wound may be healed by the use of any of the common disinfectants. A teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a quart of water may be used once daily until the pigs are healed. Pigs should be kept in a clean pen after the operation.

=WARBLES.=--These are lumps in the skin of cattle, caused by grubs or warbles. A simple treatment is to cut the skin and squeeze out the grubs where the lumps are noticed. If all the grubs are killed in this way, there will be no mature flies to cause trouble later on. See article on Bot Flies.

=WARTS.=--The cause of these little tumors of the skin is not definitely known. They occur on all domestic animals, appearing most frequently on horses and cattle. Pure acetic acid, dropped on the wart until it is saturated and softened, destroys in the early stages. Warts about which a small cord may be tied are most easily treated in that way. After they have sloughed off, apply a little terchloride of antimony with a feather or cotton. When the scab forms, remove it and apply the chemical again. With a couple of applications the spot will be lower than the surrounding skin. Now use an ointment, made of 4 tablespoonfuls of oxide of zinc and 8 tablespoonfuls of lard. Apply this daily until the sore spot is healed. Sometimes a form of warts suddenly appears on colts and calves and scatter themselves about the lips, nose and face. They are common and appear and disappear suddenly. No treatment is necessary.

=WATER IN THE BRAIN.=--Dropsy in the brain. A condition characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the brain. The disease is either congenital or arises during the first years of life. When it occurs the best thing is to kill the young individual at once.

=WATER IN THE CHEST.=--Often after a case of pleurisy a reaction comes and a very large quantity of water settles in the chest cavity, anywhere from two to four pailfuls. When the disease comes on the animal has difficulty in breathing; takes in the breath quickly. There is a constant biting at the flanks; the pulse increases to a hundred beats a minute. If you place your ear over the chest you will likely hear no sound at all. Best treatment is wholesome food, boiled flaxseed, and blisters for both sides of the chest. Use strong mustard plasters. A good medicine to use is one-fourth of a pound of saltpeter or nitrate of potash, one fourth of a pound of ground gentian and one-fourth of a pound of sulphate of iron. These should be mixed and then 1 teaspoonful given every four hours. You had better consult a veterinarian. Other complications set in so readily that help may be secured in other ways. Some veterinarians puncture the chest so as to draw off the surplus water that has accumulated.

=WHITE SCOURS OF CALVES.=--Calves of several days or weeks old suffer from indigestion, which is indicated by thriftlessness, and then scouring. The discharges are white, sour, curdled and frequent at first and then become watery, greenish and offensive, passing in stream often. Calves live some days and fast lose flesh, showing all the symptoms of ill health.

One of the commonest causes is feeding dirty, souring or decomposing factory skim milk in large quantities at long intervals; even sweet skim milk so fed may produce the trouble. To prevent scours give calves a perfectly clean, airy, sunny pen and yard attached. Separate any calf that scours. Avoid dirty, dark, damp, poorly ventilated pens in which scouring calves have been. Give all food from clean, scalded, sun-dried vessels. Feed small quantities of food often; and in milk mix lime water freely two or three times a week as a preventive; and daily when scouring has been experienced. Also see that the udders of cows nursing calves do not become contaminated with manure or other filth.

Wash udders with a two per cent solution of coal tar disinfectant before any calf is allowed to suck for the first time, and then repeat to keep the udders clean. Also disinfect the navel of each calf at birth with a 1/500 solution of corrosive sublimate and repeat the application twice a day until the navel is perfectly healed over. At the first sign of scours give castor oil shaken up in milk. Two to 6 tablespoonfuls is the dose according to the size and age of the calf. Follow two or three times daily with a 1 to 2-teaspoonful dose of a mixture of one part of salol and two parts of subnitrate of bismuth in milk or water. For calves scouring on skim milk mix in each pint of milk 1 teaspoonful of a mixture of half an ounce of formaldehyde in 15½ ounces of distilled water, to be kept in an amber-colored bottle.

=WIND COLIC.=--See Colic.

=WIND PUFFS.=--An accumulation of synovia in the cavities between the tendons of the legs, especially between the back tendons and the bone just above the fetlock joint. The bulging out is on each side of the tendon. Horses subjected to severe exertions, like hard work on the roads, are most frequently affected. The puffs or galls seldom cause lameness or interfere with the usual work. Unless treated the puffs will become thicker and harder and sometimes solidified. When this happens lameness occurs. In the early stages, pads and bandages, if applied so as to cause pressure, will tend to remove the galls. If this treatment is not sufficient, then use a teaspoonful of biniodide of mercury, and 4 tablespoonfuls of lard. When mixed, these should be rubbed on with the fingers. After 24 hours remove with water and soap and repeat every other week until the puffs disappear.

=WIND SUCKING.=--See Cribbing.

=WORMS.=--See Intestinal Worms in Horses and Sheep; and Stomach Worms.

=WORMS IN HOGS.=--Hogs with worms in the intestines run down in condition, become very thin and lank, back is arched, eyes dull, refuse feed, walk stiffly, and appear lifeless. The worms may be very numerous, in bad cases completely filling the intestines. The pigs die if not treated. To secure the best results, affected hogs should receive individual treatment. Twenty-four hours before administering treatment very little feed should be given them. Then give the following medicine as a drench to each 100-pound hog; larger or smaller hogs should receive a dose in proportion: 4 tablespoonfuls of oil of turpentine, one-half teaspoonful of liquor ferri dialysatus and 6 ounces of raw linseed oil. If necessary, repeat the dose in four days.

Index

Page
Abortion, 101
Abscesses, 103
Aconite, 69
Actinomycosis, 104
Afterbirth, 106
Aloes, 69
Alum, 69
Animal Body a Collection of Cells, 11
Animal Body, How Formed, 9
Animals, Caring for Sick, 99
Animal Diseases, Learn to Recognize, 4
Animals, Examining in the Stables, 42
Animals, Out of Doors Test, 44
Anthrax, 108
Antimony, 71
Apoplexy, 111
Anemia, 107
Aniseed, 70
Arnica, 70
Arsenic, 70
Azoturia, 111

Back, 47
Bandage, How to Make It, 57
Barrenness, 113
Belladonna, 70
Big Head, 113
Big Jaw of Cattle, 114
Big Knee, 114
Big Leg, 114
Bile, 26
Biniodide of Mercury, 71
Bitter Milk, 114
Blackhead, 114
Blackleg, 115
Blackleg Vaccine, 116
Bladder, 67
Bladder, Stone in, 117
Blind Staggers, 117
Blistering, 98
Bloating in Cattle, 117
Blood, 12
Blood Poisoning, 120
Bloody Milk, 121
Bloody Urine, 121
Body, 47
Body Tissues, 12
Bog Spavin, 122
Bone Spavin, 123
Bot Flies, 123
Bots, 126
Breeze Flies, 123
Broken Wind, 126
Bromide of Potassium, 71
Bronchitis, 126
Bruises, Treating, 60
Bunches, 128
Burns, 128

Caked Bag, 128
Caked Udder, 128
Calculi of Urinary Organs, 140
Calf Cholera, 128
Calf Scours, 129
Camphor, 72
Cancer, 129
Cantharides, 72
Capped Elbow, 130
Capped Hock, 130
Capped Knee, 131
Carbolic Acid, 72
Castration, 131
Catarrh, 133
Cattle Scab, 134
Cattle, Special Type in, 44
Caustic Potash, 74
Cell Division, 10
Cell, Nature of, 9
Cells, What They Are, 11
Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, 134
Charbon, 135
Chest Founder, 135
Chicken Cholera, 135
Choking, 136
Chronic Founder, 165
Circulation of Blood, 28
Coffin Joint Lameness, 137
Colds, 137
Colic, 137
Colic Mixture, 80
Concretions, 140
Constipation, 142
Corns, 142
Corns, Examine for, 49
Cornstalk Disease, 143
Corrosive Sublimate, 73
Cough Mixture, 80
Cow Pox, 144
Cracked Hoofs, 144
Cramp Colic, 145
Creolin, 74
Cribbing, 144
Crib Suckers, 145
Croton Oil, 73
Curb, 145

Diabetes, 146
Diarrhoea, 147
Difficult Parturition, 147
Digestion of Food, 23
Dipping Live Stock, 147
Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment, 92
Disease on the Farm, 1
Disease, Physical Examination in, 92
Disease due to Heredity, 84
Disease from Chemical Causes, 84
Disease, Origin of, 86
Disease, The Causes of, 83
Disease, The Meaning of, 82
Disease, The Course of, 87
Disease, The Termination of, 89
Disease, The Treatment of, 95
Diseases of Farm Animals, 101
Dishorning, 148
Disinfect Frequently, 5
Disinfectants, 6
Distemper, 148
Dropsy, 148
Dysentery, 150
Dystokia, 149

Eczema, 149
Enteritis, 151
Epilepsy, 151
Epizootic, 151
Ergotism, 151
Erysipelas, 152
Examining Animals, 39

Farcy, 153
Feet, 17
Fever, 153
Firing, 98
Fistulæ, 154
Fits, 157
Flatulent Colic, 157
Fleas, 157
Flies, 157
Flukes, Liver, 158
Fly Blister, 80
Foot and Mouth Disease, 158
Foot Puncture, 160
Foot Rot in Sheep, 160
Fore Legs, 48
Founder, 162
Fowl Cholera, 165
Framework of the Body, 13
Front Feet, 48

Gapes, 165
Garget, 166
Gastric Juice, 25
Gastritis, 166
Gentian, 75
Germs, 85
Gid in Sheep, 166
Ginger, 75
Glanders, 167
Gravel or Dirt in Foot, 174
Grease Heel, 175
Grub in the Head, 176

Hair, 13
Hair Balls, 177
Heart, How it Works, 31
Heat Exhaustion, 178
Heaves, 177
Hernia, 179
Hide-Bound, 181
High Blowing, 181
Hind Feet, 49
Hind Legs, 49
Hip Joint Lameness, 181
Hipped, 182
Hog Cholera, 182
Hollow Horn, 193
Hoof Cracks, 194
Hoof Ointment, 80
Horn Fly, 194
Horses, Special Type in, 40
Hoven, 194
Hydrocephalus, 194
Hydrophobia, 194
Hydrothorax, 195
Hyposulphite of Soda, 75

Impaction of Rumen, 195
Indigestion, 196
Infectious Anemia in Horses, 197
Infectious Pneumonia, 197
Inflammation of the Bowels, 197
Inflammation of the Lungs, 199
Influenza, 200
Inoculation, 86
Internal Organs, 65
Intestinal Worms in Horses, 201
Intestinal Worms in Sheep, 251
Intestines, 66
Iodide of Potassium, 76
Iodine, 76
Itch, 202

Jaundice, 202

Kidneys, 67
Kidney Worms, 204
Knee Sprung, 205

Lameness, Examine for, 50
Laminitis, 205
Laudanum, 76
Leg Bones, 17
Leg Wounds, 61
Lice, 205
Linseed Oil, 76
Liver Flukes, 207
Lockjaw, 208
Loco Disease, 212
Lumpy Jaw, 213
Lung Fever, 214
Lungs, 67
Lungs, Congestion of, 213
Lung Worms in Calves, 214
Lung Worms in Lambs, 214
Lymph, 12
Lymphangitis, 214
Lymph Through Cells, 29

Mad Dog, 217
Maggots, 217
Maggots in Wounds, 61
Mange, 219
Mastication, 24
Medicines, 69
Medicines, Administration of, 97
Medicines, Giving in a Ball, 97
Medicines, Giving in a Drench, 97
Mallenders, 218
Mammitis, 218
Milk Fever, 219
Monday Morning Sickness, 221
Mouth, Examining the, 46
Muscular System, 19
Mustard Plasters, 98

Nasal Gleet, 221
Navicular Disease, 222
Neck, 47
Nervous System, 19
Nitrate of Potash, 77
Nitrate of Soda, 77
Nits, 224
Nodular Disease in Sheep, 224
Nostril, 45
Nutriment, How Absorbed, 27
Nux Vomica, 77

Obstetrics, 225

Paces, Testing of, 52
Palisade Worm, 228
Paralysis, 229
Parasites, 230
Parturient Apoplexy, 230
Parturition, Difficult, 230
Pelvic Girdle, 15
Peritonitis, 230
Physic Drench for Cattle, 81
Physic Drench for Horses, 81
Physiology You Ought to Know, 21
Pink Eye, 231
Placenta, 232
Plant Building, 21
Pleurisy, 233
Pleuro-Pneumonia, 234
Pneumonia, 234
Poll Evil, 234
Post-Mortem Examination, 62
Post-Mortem, First Things to Do, 63
Post-Mortem, Removing the Skin, 65
Post-Mortem, The Discharges, 64
Poultices, 98
Prescriptions, 80
Prevention Better than Cure, 4
Profuse Staling, 146
Protoplasm, 9
Pulse, Taking the, 93
Punctures, Nail, 59

Quarantine Quarters, 8
Quarter Crack, 235
Quittor, 235

Rabies, 236
Reproductive Apparatus, 20
Respiration, 32
Respiration, Taking the, 95
Respiratory Organs, 20
Rheumatism, 236
Ringbone, 237
Ringworm, 238
Roaring, 239
Roup, 239

Salts, 79
Sand Crack, 240
Scab in Cattle, 241
Septic Navel Infection, 243
Sheep Bots, 243
Sick Animals, 7
Side Bones, 243
Skeleton, 14
Skin, 13
Skull, 15
Slobbering, 245
Soothing Ointment, 80
Soundness, Examining Animals for, 39
Spasmodic Colic, 245
Spavin, 245
Spaying, 247
Spirits of Niter, 78
Splints, 248
Sprains, 249
Staggers, 250
Stomach, 66
Stomach Churn, 26
Stomach of Horse, 24
Stomach of Ruminants, 25
Stomach Worms in Sheep, 251
Stone in Bladder, 253
Strangles, 253
Stringhalt in Horses, 255
Sugar of Lead, 78
Sulphate of Copper, 78
Sulphate of Iron, 78
Sulphur, 79
Sunstroke, 255
Swamp Fever, 255
Sweeny, 257
Swine Plague, 258

Tape Worms, 258
Teeth, As an Indication of Age, 34
Teeth, Loosening of Temporary, 35
Teeth of Cattle, 37
Teeth of Sheep, 38
Temperature, Taking the, 94
Tetanus, 258
Texas Fever, 258
Thick Leg, 262
Thoroughpin, 262
Throat, 47
Thrush, 262
Thumps, 262
Tick Fever, 263
Tissues, Body, 12
Tooth, The Mark in, 35
Trichinosis, 263
Tuberculosis, 264
Tumors, 268
Tumors in Pigs After Castration, 268
Turpentine, 79

Urinary Organs, 20

Warbles, 269
Warts, 269
Water in the Brain, 270
Water in the Chest, 270
White Scours of Calves, 270
Wind Puffs, 271
Wind Sucking, 272
Wind, Testing the, 51
Worms, 272
Worms in Hogs, 272
Wound, Cleansing the, 56
Wounds, 54
Wounds, First Step in Treating, 56
Wounds, Kinds of, 55
Wounds, Special Treatment of, 58

Transcriber’s Notes

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been retained.
The Plates have been added to the List of Illustrations.
Jekyl-like (page 11) and post portem (page 120) have not been
corrected.
Page 110 ff.: not all entries are listed in alphabetical order, this
has not been corrected.

Changes and corrections made:

Page 21: Æsophagus changed to Œsophagus
Page 183: ... characteristic “a” or even “b” ...: Letter “b” was
invisible in the source document
Page 186: On open- the carcass ... changed to On opening the carcass
...
Page 201: Intestinal Worms in Horses: capitalised as other section
headings
Page 275: Nail Punctures changed to Punctures, Nail.