Chapter III: Foreword: The Vanishing Iron Horse (2)

In common with many of the other surviving old locomotives, the _Pioneer_ has been on exhibition at many places, including the Exposition of Railway Appliances at Chicago in 1883, the World’s Columbian Exposition held there 10 years later, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904, the Chicago World’s Fair 30 years later, and the Chicago Railroad Fair in 1948 and 1949. At the latter fair it operated under its own power every day each summer, requiring only the replacement of the old boiler flues with new ones of sturdier construction to make it again serviceable. In recent years it has been exhibited at the Museum of Science and Industry at Chicago, but is now stored in that city in one of the shops of the Chicago and North Western.

Not a great deal is known of the early history of the _Mississippi_ (figure 48), which is now exhibited at the Museum of Science and Industry at Chicago. Originally it was used on a pioneering railroad operating east out of Natchez in the late 1830’s. Some writers have contended that it was imported from England. Others, including Angus Sinclair, the railroad historian, have stated that it was probably built by the New York firm of H. R. Dunham and Co.

The _Mississippi_, however, has none of the characteristics of English locomotives of its period, and it is well known that a representative of Dunham took several locomotives from New York to Natchez in late 1836. It is most probable that the _Mississippi_ is a Dunham-built locomotive of the middle 1830’s.

Its first recorded service began in April 1837, between Natchez and Hamburg, Miss., a distance of about 19 miles. A violent storm lashed Natchez on May 7, 1840, and destroyed considerable railroad property. From this and subsequent financial blows the little railroad shortly succumbed, and the _Mississippi_ passed to other owners. Among these were the Grand Gulf and Port Gibson Railroad, the Mississippi Valley and Ship Island Railroad, and the Meridian, Brookhaven and Natchez Railroad. The latter road was acquired in 1891 by the Illinois Central Railroad Co.

In the spring of 1893 the locomotive was rebuilt at the McComb, Miss., shops of the Illinois Central and then was taken under its own power from McComb to Chicago, a distance of 815 miles. There it was exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exposition. It has since been seen in many places, including the old Field Museum at Chicago, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904, the Semicentennial of Wheeling, W. Va., held in June 1913, and the Chicago World’s Fair in 1933 and 1934. The tender usually seen with the locomotive and marked “Natchez & Hamburg R. R.” is not the original one, but is of a considerably later period.

The _Mississippi_ is a wood burner, weighs 7 tons, has wheels 43 inches in diameter, and, according to Sinclair, has cylinders with a bore and stroke of 9½ and 16 inches. Its tractive force is said to be 4,821 pounds.

A One-Armed Billy

An operable replica (figure 49) of another locomotive of the same period also exists. The _Lafayette_, built in 1837 by William Norris of Philadelphia, was the first Baltimore and Ohio locomotive to have either a horizontal boiler or six wheels. As B & O _No. 13_, with a 4-2-0 wheel arrangement, it represented the first stage of the transition from the old 4-wheeled vertical-boiler types. It was the first of a group of eight ordered from Norris and was placed on the road in April 1837.

According to the railroad historian J. Snowden Bell, these locomotives were known as “one-armed Billys,” a term derived from the name of the builder and the single connecting rod on each side. Some of them were in service with light local passenger trains as late as 1857, but by 1839 it had been realized that they could not meet the rapidly increasing requirements of the expanding B & O railroad system. As a result, only the eight “one-armed Billys” were bought by the company, and as early as September 1839 the road introduced on its lines the more advanced 4-4-0, or American-type locomotive—the second stage of transition from the old “grasshoppers” and “crabs.”

The replica of the _Lafayette_ has one pair of 42-inch driving wheels, and a leading truck with four 29-inch wheels, although the diameters of the wheels of the original were 48 inches and 30 inches, respectively. It looks somewhat like the Chicago and North Western’s Baldwin-built _Pioneer_, but whereas it was Baldwin’s practice to locate the driving axle behind the firebox, the Norris engine had it located ahead. This feature gave the Norris 4-2-0’s greater adhesion and tractive force. The _Lafayette_ replica, with a wheelbase of 112¾ inches and a weight of 29,200 pounds, has a tractive force of 2,323 pounds. Its cylinders have a 9-inch bore and an 18-inch stroke, and it operates on a steam pressure of 90 pounds per square inch.

The replica was built in 1927 for the Fair of the Iron Horse and later appeared at the Chicago World’s Fair in 1933 and 1934, the New York World’s Fair in 1939 and 1940, and the Chicago Railroad Fair in 1948 and 1949. It has also been taken several times to the west coast, where it has been used in the filming of motion pictures. In the fall of 1955 it was used in northern Georgia in a film based on the story of the famous Civil War locomotive _General_ (see p. 84).

For many years the replica carried the nameplate _William Galloway_, this name having been given it shortly after it was built, to honor a famous early locomotive engineer of the Baltimore and Ohio. Today, bearing the correct nameplate, the _Lafayette_ is usually to be seen at the B & O Museum in Baltimore.

A Rocket in America

The second oldest of the three complete British locomotives of the 1825-1849 period extant in North America is the _Rocket_ (figure 50), built in early 1838 for the Philadelphia and Reading Rail Road Co. by Braithwaite[4] of London. It was the first of eight Braithwaite locomotives purchased by that railroad between 1838 and 1841.

The _Rocket_ was the third of the Reading’s locomotives, having been preceded by the Baldwin-built _Neversink_ in August 1836 and the Winans-built _Delaware_ in January 1838. It was delivered at Philadelphia by boat in March 1838, and was then carried up the Schuylkill Canal to the foot of Penn Street in Reading. From there it was hauled by team to the terminus of the Reading-to-Pottstown line at Seventh and Penn Streets, where it participated in the opening of this portion of the road in May 1838. It was first used in passenger service in July 1838, but in 1845, as the need grew for heavier motive power, it was relegated to the Construction and Roadway Department, where it remained in service until 1865. Next used for a short time to move and assort cars at Reading, it was finally transferred to the wharves at Port Richmond, Philadelphia, where it worked until retirement in March 1879, covering during its career some 310,164 miles.

The _Rocket_ was constructed as a wood burner, but in 1862 was modified to burn anthracite coal. At that time it was also converted into a tank locomotive, a cab was added, and, it is now thought, the original wheels were replaced by the standard Philadelphia and Reading wheels shown in figure 51. Its present wheels, undoubtedly installed when the locomotive was refurbished in 1893, are 49½ inches in diameter and contain 20 round metal spokes staggered around the hub. Published descriptions of the _Rocket_ refer to 41¾-inch wheels, but this figure probably applies to an earlier set, possibly that installed in 1862. The _Rocket_ was formerly driven by all four wheels, but today only the rear two wheels are drivers.

The cylinders of the locomotive, which are inside, have a 10½-inch bore and a 16-inch stroke. The wheelbase is 58 inches and the weight was originally 8.4 tons. This was raised during the 1862 rebuilding to 11.8 tons. The gauge is standard—56½ inches. The present smokestack is not original, and a headlight was not installed until recent years. The tank and cab added in 1862, as well as the bell, were removed at the time of the refurbishment.

After its retirement in 1879, the _Rocket_ stood neglected at Reading until it was placed in condition for exhibition and permanent preservation at the time of the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893. It was exhibited in 1904 at St. Louis, and then was housed for many years in the Reading’s Columbia Avenue station in Philadelphia. It appeared at the Fair of the Iron Horse in 1927 (figure 52), after which it was taken to the Reading Terminal in Philadelphia. In October 1933 the _Rocket_ was lent to The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, where it has since remained on exhibition.

A Canadian Relic

The third and last of the three complete British locomotives of the 1825-1849 period remaining in North America is also the only extant locomotive of the period on this continent located outside the United States.[5]

The _Samson_ (figure 53) was built by Timothy Hackworth at New Shildon, Durham, England, in the summer of 1838, at a cost of about $10,000, for the General Mining Association of Nova Scotia. (Despite statements that the _Albion_, also preserved in Nova Scotia, was built by Hackworth before 1840, it was actually built by Rayne and Burn in Newcastle in 1854.)

The _Samson_ was not, as has so often been claimed, the first locomotive in Canada. It had been preceded in 1836 by the Stephenson-built _Dorchester_ employed on the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, running between St. Johns and Laprairie, south of Montreal. The _Dorchester_ exploded and was demolished near Joliette in 1864. Also antedating the _Samson_ was the _Jason C. Pierce_, built in 1837 by William Norris for the same railroad, and destroyed in a fire in about 1890.

The _Samson_ was one of three identical Hackworth locomotives built for the General Mining Association, whose railroad was known unofficially as the Albion Mines Railway, and the South Pictou Railroad. Each had an 0-6-0 wheel arrangement, 56½-inch gauge, 48-inch cast iron plate wheels, and vertical cylinders with a bore and stroke of 15¼ and 18 inches. Each weighed 17 tons. The other two, the _John Buddle_ and the _Hercules_, were scrapped in 1885 and 1892, respectively.

The _Samson_ made a trial run in December 1838, and was put into regular service on September 19, 1839, hauling cars of coal from the Albion mines at Stellarton to the harbor at Pictou, a distance of about 6 miles. According to one early report, a train of 30 coal cars, weighing 3 tons each, was the usual load pulled to the harbor. The _Samson_ made about 3 round trips a day at a speed of a little less than 10 miles an hour. This same report states that up to 1856 the locomotive operated on a steam pressure of 70 pounds per square inch, and thereafter, until it was taken out of service in the early 1880’s, on 45 pounds.

The locomotive was operated in an unusual manner. The engineer was stationed at one end, adjacent to the cylinders and driving gear, while the fireman was located at the other end, from which the boiler was fired.

The boiler is about 13 feet long and 4 feet in diameter, and has a large U-shaped return flue. The cylinders are mounted vertically at the rear, and the piston rods are guided by Watt’s parallel motion instead of the usual cross heads and slide bars. The engine has no frame, the axle bearings being bolted to brackets riveted to the under side of the boiler. Only the front and middle axle bearings are fitted with springs.

In the course of its working career, the _Samson_ traveled considerably. In addition to having been brought across the Atlantic, the old locomotive was brought to Chicago in 1883 for display at the Exposition of Railway Appliances (figure 54). There it was accompanied by George Davidson, long its engineer and said to have come with it to Nova Scotia from England.

Ten years later, in 1893, it was again brought to Chicago, this time to be exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exposition. At the conclusion of the exposition the _Samson_, and the _Albion_ that had accompanied it, were taken by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. to Baltimore for preservation there. The B & O later included the _Samson_ (and also the _Albion_) in the exhibition of historic locomotives at the Fair of the Iron Horse in 1927 (figure 55).

In June 1928, when the two old locomotives were given by the B & O to the Province of Nova Scotia, the _Samson_ returned to the land of its youth, only to be placed in storage in Halifax. Later, however, it was given to the town of New Glasgow, through which it had run almost daily in its early days, and it is now housed in a small building especially constructed for it at the town’s railroad station.

The Final Decade

In 1839 the Philadelphia locomotive building firm of Eastwick and Harrison constructed to the order of Moncure Robinson for the Philadelphia and Reading Rail Road Co. a noteworthy anthracite-burning locomotive, named the _Gowan and Marx_ after an English banking firm. This engine during trials on February 20, 1840, turned in what was for the time an outstanding performance. It hauled from Reading to the inclined plane on the Columbia and Philadelphia Rail Road, located several miles from Vine and Broad Streets in Philadelphia, 101 cars of freight, a load of 423 long tons (2,240 pounds). The total weight of this load was 947,520 pounds not including the weight of the engine itself and its tender. The engine, in running order, weighed 24,660 pounds. The story of this remarkable feat is told by Joseph Harrison, Jr., in his book, “The Locomotive Engine, and Philadelphia’s Share in Its Early Improvements.”

So pleased was the Philadelphia and Reading with this locomotive that the road decided to order more of the same general style. However, as Eastwick and Harrison shortly became involved with plans to construct locomotives in Russia, and contemplated closing their Philadelphia works, most of these additional locomotives were made by other builders. A dozen or so, somewhat similar to the _Gowan and Marx_, were built in the machine shop of a Lowell, Mass., firm named “Proprietors of Locks and Canals on Merrimack River.” Others were built by the New Castle Manufacturing Co. at New Castle, Del.

At least two, however, the _Boston_ and the _J. E. Thayer_, were built by Eastwick and Harrison, and placed in service on the Philadelphia and Reading in September and October, respectively, of 1842.

What is thought to be one of these now famous locomotives has survived (figure 56). It is the earliest extant 4-4-0, or American type. Known today as the _Peoples’ Railway No. 3_, it was obtained at fourth or fifth hand in about 1872 by the Peoples’ Railway, which was then establishing a line from the York Street station at Pottsville to Minersville, Pa., a distance of about 4½ miles. Seldom used by the Peoples’ Railway after 1883, it was obtained by the Reading Co. in the early 1920’s when that road took over some of the rolling stock of the Peoples’ Railway. Since October 1933 it has been on loan to The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, where it is exhibited with the Braithwaite-built _Rocket_ of 1838, also owned by the Reading Co.

The _No. 3_ has been the subject of much speculation and investigation since it was obtained by the Reading. Its origin and the name of its builder are not definitely known, nor is it absolutely certain for whom it was constructed. Without question, however, it is of the period of the early 1840’s, and is similar in appearance to the famous _Gowan and Marx_, although of considerably longer wheelbase.

Paul T. Warner, for many years writer and historian for the Baldwin Locomotive Works, conducted an intensive examination of the _No. 3_, and in January 1934 prepared a thorough paper on his findings, based on a careful comparison of the _No. 3_ with contemporary drawings of the various other locomotives, and on a comparison of its dimensions with those still known of the others.

He concluded that from the information at hand it was not possible to state positively which, if any, of these locomotives it was, or even if it had been built for the Philadelphia and Reading. Similar engines, he pointed out, had also been built by Eastwick and Harrison for other railroads in eastern Pennsylvania, among them the Beaver Meadow Rail Road and Coal Co. and the Hazelton (sic) and Lehigh Rail Road. The _No. 3_ could easily have been built for one of these roads before falling into the possession of the Peoples’ Railway, particularly since it is known to have had a number of prior owners.

It was Warner’s opinion, however, that if it had originally been a Philadelphia and Reading engine, it was more likely to have been either the _Boston_ or the _J. E. Thayer_ of Eastwick and Harrison rather than a locomotive built by another firm, of which the Lowell-built _Conestoga_ of 1842 had been considered by some to be the chief possibility.

At first glance the _No. 3_ appears much more modern than its actual age, but this is mainly because it has the 4-4-0 wheel arrangement with which people today are more familiar. The cab, not original, is of a design similar to that used on the _Pawnee_ class of engines first built at the Reading shops in 1852. Also not original are the headlight, the sandboxes, and the truck wheels. Sandboxes worked from the cab were not used in this country prior to 1846; the truck wheels, 30 inches in diameter, are of cast iron, manufactured by A. Whitney & Sons of Philadelphia, whose wheel foundry was established in 1846. The smokestack has obviously been altered, if not replaced entirely.

The _No. 3_, now an anthracite-burning locomotive, is thought to have been originally a wood burner. The firebox is of the Bury type, which was in common use up to 1850.

The four driving wheels of the _No. 3_ are 42½ inches in diameter, the extreme wheelbase is 178 inches, and the distance between the two driving axles is 55½ inches. The inclined cylinders are connected by long rods to the rear drivers. The exact cylinder bore, which had not been known for many years, was measured in October 1954 by representatives of the Reading Co. and found to be 12¾ inches. The stroke is 18 inches.

The type of reversing mechanism designed by Andrew M. Eastwick in 1835 is thought to have been originally applied, and it is also thought that the original steam chests are still on the locomotive. The old valve gear has been replaced by a double-eccentric motion, the two eccentric rods being respectively attached to the top and bottom of a straight link. When the new motion was applied, the old reversing blocks were removed from the steam chests and discarded, the new valves being placed directly on the valve seats. This made it necessary to use only the lower stuffing boxes for the valve rods, and so the upper openings were permanently closed by suitable fittings. There are but two positions for the reverse lever, as was the case with the original valve gear, and the valves are always worked full stroke.

The absence of definitive facts concerning the early history of the _No. 3_ is challenging, and it would add much to railroad history if in the near future the complete story could be developed as a result of further study of the locomotive itself, and of the written records.

Of the many hundreds of locomotives built by Holmes Hinkley, the only one extant is the interesting old _Lion_ (figure 57), built in 1846 in Boston at the Hinkley and Drury plant. It is not Hinkley’s first locomotive, as has often been said, nor is it his first _Lion_, as his 22d locomotive, built in 1844 for the Nashua and Lowell Railroad, also bore that name.

The second _Lion_, now preserved in the Crosby Mechanical Laboratory at the University of Maine at Orono, Maine, was built for the Machiasport Railroad (later called the Whitneyville and Machiasport Railroad) running between the towns of Whitneyville and Machiasport in Maine. Strictly a lumber road about 7½ miles long, it was abandoned in the early 1890’s when lumber became scarce in that region. The _Lion_ and a similar but slightly older Hinkley locomotive, the _Tiger_, fell into disuse, and were subsequently sold as junk to Thomas Towle of Portland. What happened to the _Tiger_ is today not known, but quite probably it was broken up for scrap.

Alderman E. E. Rounds of Portland succeeded in raising funds to acquire the _Lion_ for exhibition in the Fourth of July parade held in Portland in 1898. It then remained in Portland on city property until 1905 when, through the efforts of Alderman Rounds, the President and alumni of the University of Maine, and friends of the University, it was shipped to the University to be preserved as a museum piece. Once on the campus it was stored in various places and received little attention, until it was moved in 1929 to the then newly completed Crosby Mechanical Laboratory.

As the result of a study made in the fall of 1929, some missing parts of the _Lion_ were replaced, and it was restored to the point where it can now be operated on compressed air. Today the locomotive, jacked up so that its four wheels can be made to operate, is a valued relic at the University of Maine (figure 58).

It has been stated that the _Lion_ cost $2,700, exclusive of the tender. The bore and stroke of its cylinders are 9¼ inches and 17 inches, respectively, and the diameter of the four wheels is approximately 42½ inches. The gauge is standard, 56½ inches. The locomotive alone weighs 9 tons.

The final survivor of this group of early locomotives is the _Memnon_ (figure 59), built for the Baltimore and Ohio in 1848 by the New Castle Manufacturing Co., New Castle, Del., under subcontract to Matthias W. Baldwin. It is one of a small group of similar freight engines built by Baldwin, who won the contract as a result of his bid in reply to a B & O advertisement in the “American Railroad Journal” of October 1847.

The design of the _Memnon_ class of locomotives followed closely that of the _Dragon_, a slightly smaller locomotive built by Baldwin in late 1847 and placed on the road in January 1848. All had an 0-8-0 wheel arrangement, and were intended for heavy-duty work with freight trains. The general design of these locomotives had been originated by Baldwin in 1846 in an order of freight engines built by him for the Philadelphia and Reading.

The _Memnon_ type of engine had four coupled driving wheels on each side, and early reports give their diameter as 43 inches. Today’s measurement of the _Memnon_ reveals the diameter of its wheels, undoubtedly replacements, to be only 41 inches. The wheels on the two center axles are unflanged, the better to negotiate curves of limited radius with its wheelbase of 135 inches (in 1847 the shortest curve on the B & O had a 400-foot radius).

The inclined cylinders have a 17-inch bore and a 22-inch stroke, and the valve gear is of the Gooch stationary link type. The _Memnon_ is now operated on a steam pressure of 65 pounds per square inch, although it originally operated on 100.

The original specifications, as set forth in the B & O advertisement, called for a locomotive weight not to exceed 20 tons (of 2,240 pounds). According to J. Snowden Bell, the weight amounted to about 52,000 pounds at first, but changes reduced it to about 47,000 pounds. It would be interesting to know what parts, unnecessary enough to justify their removal or so sturdy that they could be drastically lightened, were involved in changes that reduced the total weight by 5,000 pounds. Today, the unloaded weight of the engine and tender together is 74,700 pounds. The tractive force is 8,580 pounds. As was true of the Baldwin-built _Pioneer_, the cowcatcher of the _Memnon_ was not installed originally.

This class of locomotive, which burned bituminous coal, introduced to the B & O the grate having a rocking bar in the center, with fingers on each side that interlocked with projections on fixed bars in front and behind. The rocking bar operated from the footboard.

The _Memnon_ has appeared with other engines in the historic collection of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at many expositions, fairs, and railroad pageants. Its permanent home is now that railroad’s transportation museum at Baltimore. Originally numbered _57_, the _Memnon_ was renumbered _13_ on January 1, 1884 (figure 60), and when on exhibition at St. Louis in 1904 it was incorrectly labeled _Dragon_.

Today, however, bearing its correct name and number, it stands on the roster as the oldest of all extant B & O freight locomotives, as well as the last of the locomotives to have survived the first quarter-century of railroading in North America.

SUPPLEMENT
Models, in the National Museum, of Locomotives Not Included in This Work

Certain of the locomotives, locomotive parts, and models described in the foregoing pages have been noted as being in the collection of the United States National Museum. In addition to these, the collection of the Museum includes 21 models of locomotives that do not fall into the scope of this work, as the originals they represent are either no longer in existence, are of too recent vintage, or were not used in North America. Among them are five operable models—four steam and one electric.

The originals represented by many of these models were involved in notable events in the history of railroading or mark major steps in its progress. For these reasons, and in order to provide the reader with a complete catalog of the locomotive collection of the United States National Museum, a brief description of each will be given on the pages that follow.

Trevithick Locomotive, 1804

The National Museum’s nonoperable model shown in figure 61 represents the probable form of the first rail locomotive of Richard Trevithick, the Cornish engineer who was one of the early advocates of the high-pressure steam engine. The Museum’s model (USNM 180058) is about 20 inches in length, and its flywheel is about 10 inches in diameter. It was obtained in 1888 from its builder D. Ballauf, a model maker often employed by the Museum.

Trevithick, who a few years earlier had constructed several successful steam vehicles for use on the highways, in February 1804 completed the construction of a machine at Pen-y-darran, near Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorganshire, Wales, for use at the Pen-y-darran Iron Works of Samuel Homfray. It is thought to have been the first steam locomotive ever propelled along a railway.

The first trip was made on Monday, February 13, 1804. Among the several trips made by the locomotive was one of 9 miles, between Merthyr Tydfil and Abercynon, drawing 5 cars with a load of 10 tons of iron and 70 men. Although a satisfactory machine, and one that proved that a useful load could be hauled through the adhesion of wheels on smooth track, it was not long in use because of frequent breakage of the primitive railway.

The single horizontal steam cylinder, projecting partly into the end of the boiler, operated a crankshaft fitted with a large-diameter flywheel. The driving wheels were coupled to the crankshaft by gearing. The bore and stroke of the cylinder are said to have been about 8¼ and 54 inches, respectively, and the unflanged wheels were about 45 inches in diameter. Discharge of the exhaust steam into the chimney was utilized with this particular locomotive, as Trevithick appreciated fully the effect it had upon the fire. The date of this early use of exhaust steam to aid the fire greatly antedates those claimed for later locomotive builders.

Trevithick Locomotive Catch-me-who-can, 1808

Trevithick’s next best known locomotive, his _Catch-me-who-can_, is represented in the national collection by a 9-inch-long nonoperable model (USNM 244889). The model (figure 62) was transferred to the Museum from the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1906. Nothing further is known of its origin.

The original _Catch-me-who-can_, built for Trevithick by Hazeldine and Rastrick of Bridgnorth, was exhibited in the summer of 1808 in London on a small circular railway laid down on part of the ground now occupied by Euston Square. The public was charged admission to enter a small enclosure to view the demonstration or ride in a small car pulled by the locomotive.

As on his 1804 locomotive, a single cylinder projecting partly within the end of the boiler was used, but it was vertical instead of horizontal. The rear wheels only were driven, actuated by long, return connecting rods attached to the ends of a wide crosshead. Because of the necessary arrangement of the cranks on the ends of the rear axle, it was entirely possible for the engine to stop on dead center. This was likewise a fault of the 1804 locomotive, which had a single crank.

The engine is said to have weighed 8 tons and to have traveled at a speed of 12 miles an hour, but troubles with the track ultimately brought the demonstrations to a halt. No dimensions are known today of the original _Catch-me-who-can_, which has long since disappeared.

Stephenson Locomotive Rocket, 1829

Probably the most famous of Robert Stephenson’s many locomotives, the _Rocket_, winner of the Rainhill Trials in October 1829, is represented in the Museum collection by a nonoperable model (figure 63) that, with its tender, is a little less than 1½ feet long. The model was transferred to the Museum (USNM 244890) from the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1906.

The original _Rocket_, the considerably altered remains of which now appear on exhibition in the Science Museum at South Kensington, was constructed by Stephenson at Newcastle-upon-Tyne to compete for the £500 prize offered by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The _Rocket_ turned out to be the only one of the five competing machines to finish the trials. Its success was especially important because it showed beyond doubt that steam locomotives were suitable for general railway work, and also because they could attain speeds not previously known. Running with a light load, it reached a speed of 29 miles an hour.

The locomotive weighed 3¼ tons empty and 4¼ tons in working order. It had two inclined cylinders of 8-inch bore and 17-inch stroke and two 56½-inch-diameter driving wheels at the front. A tubular boiler suggested by Henry Booth, the secretary and treasurer of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, is said to have contributed greatly to the success of the _Rocket_ during the trials. It must not be forgotten, however, that in America John Stevens had used successfully a tubular boiler in his experimental locomotive in 1825.

The _Rocket_ was used on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway until 1836, and from then until 1844 on the Midgeholme Railway near Carlisle. It was presented to the Science Museum in 1862, where it is now an outstanding exhibit in the railroad collection.

J. G. H. Warren’s history of Robert Stephenson & Co., which contains detailed and well illustrated accounts of the _Rocket_ and of the Rainhill Trials, will interest those seeking further details on either subject.

Baldwin Locomotive Old Ironsides, 1832

The locomotive _Old Ironsides_ is represented in the Museum’s collection by a nonoperable model (figure 64) that, with its tender, is 3 feet long. The model (USNM 180114) was given to the Museum in 1889 by Burnham, Parry, Williams & Co., who were then proprietors of the Baldwin Locomotive Works.

The original _Old Ironsides_ was the first full sized locomotive built by Matthias W. Baldwin, a jeweler turned machinist, of Philadelphia. It was constructed for the Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown Rail-Road Co., which had been using horse cars in operating a short line of only 6 miles between Philadelphia and Germantown.

The line’s first locomotive, _Old Ironsides_, was initially operated on the road on November 23, 1832, and was a success from the start, though a few understandable imperfections were noted during the trials and shortly corrected. The fairly new locomotive _John Bull_ of the Camden and Amboy Rail Road and Transportation Co. had been inspected by Baldwin before he undertook the project. Undoubtedly it furnished helpful suggestions to the man whose locomotive building enterprise was ultimately to eclipse anything possibly dreamed of by him.

The locomotive, contracted for at $4,000 but for which Baldwin was, after some difficulty, able to collect only $3,500, was somewhat similar to the locomotives of the English _Planet_ class quite popular at the time. The two driving wheels, located at the rear, were larger than the carrying ones at the front, the diameters being 54 and 45 inches, respectively. The two cylinders had a bore of 9½ inches and a stroke of 18. The exhaust steam was discharged into the chimney in order to increase the draft. The boiler, 30 inches in diameter, contained 72 copper tubes 1½ inches in diameter and 7 feet long.

A complete description of _Old Ironsides_ and detailed accounts of its first trials are to be found in “History of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, 1831-1923.”

Davis and Gartner Locomotive Arabian, 1834

Davis and Gartner, who built the _Atlantic_ in 1832 for the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road (see p. 47), built as their next two “grasshoppers” the _Traveller_ and the _Arabian_. The latter of these was placed in service on the B & O in July 1834. Neither of these two locomotives is extant, but a 2-foot-long nonoperable model of the _Arabian_ (figure 65) is now in the National Museum collection (USNM 233511). It was made in the Museum in about 1900 by C. R. Luscombe.

The _Arabian_ was similar in design to the three “grasshoppers” that have survived, but differed from them in many small ways. Its two cylinders, for example, had a bore and stroke of 12 and 22 inches. This bore was fractionally less than that of the other three. Also, its weight with fuel and water, 7½ tons, was about a ton less than that of any of the others.

The extent to which the Museum’s model represents these slight differences between the _Arabian_ and the “grasshoppers” that followed it cannot now be determined. Most of these differences would be impossible to reproduce on such a small scale. It is entirely possible that the model represented no particular “grasshopper,” and the name _Arabian_ may have been selected by chance.

A detailed description of the construction of the _Arabian_ and a discussion of its performance characteristics appear in the eighth (1834) and ninth (1835) annual reports of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Co.

Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor Locomotive Sandusky, 1837

The _Sandusky_, first locomotive built by the firm of Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor of Paterson, N. J., is represented in the Museum’s collection by a 2-foot-long nonoperable model (figure 66) of the locomotive and its tender. The model (USNM 180245) was built for the Museum in 1888 by D. Ballauf.

Notice of the firm’s intention to produce locomotives was given in the “American Railroad Journal” for December 24, 1836, and the original _Sandusky_ was constructed during the following year. Intended for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Co., it was built to the gauge of that road—58 inches. However, after a trial trip on October 6 between Paterson and New Brunswick, it was purchased for the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad by that road’s president, J. H. James of Urbana, Ohio.

It was delivered to Sandusky, Ohio, on November 17, at which time not a foot of track had been laid. The engine was used in the construction of the road, which in consequence was built to the gauge of the engine. This fact has been given as the reason why the legislature of Ohio at one time passed an act requiring all railroads built in Ohio to be of 58-inch gauge. On April 11, 1838, regular trips for the conveyance of passengers commenced between Bellevue and Sandusky, a distance of 16 miles, and the locomotive _Sandusky_ was used.

The _Sandusky_ resembled the early Stephenson engines in some respects, but differed principally in having a 4-wheeled leading truck, the wheels of which were 30 inches in diameter. The two driving wheels, made of cast iron and with hollow spokes and rims, were 54 inches in diameter. The crankshaft throws were counterbalanced by a method of balancing devised by Thomas Rogers, who had filed a patent application on it dated July 12, 1837. This consisted of having the part of the wheel rim opposite the crank throw cast solid, while the rest of the rim was hollow.

The driving wheels and the inclined 11- by 16-inch cylinders were inside the frame, whereas the eccentric rods, working off the outer ends of the driving axle, were outside. The bonnet-type smokestack had a deflecting cone in its center and a wire mesh on the top to prevent the escape of sparks.

Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor Locomotive General, 1855

The smallest locomotive model in the National Museum (figure 67) is of the wood-burning locomotive _General_ that figured so prominently in the famous Civil War locomotive chase of April 12, 1862. (In William Pittenger’s “The Great Locomotive Chase” is told the complete story of this epic adventure, which took place when a group of Northern raiders stole the _General_ and its train at Big Shanty, Ga. The Confederates finally recaptured the _General_ minus the cars, which had been cut loose to delay the pursuers, but with most of the raiders, after a thrilling pursuit that led them 90 miles away, to Ringgold, Ga., just south of Chattanooga, Tenn.)

The Museum’s display is constructed from a pair of model kits, to which a great many engineering details have been added. It shows two beautifully made reproductions, scaled ⅛ inch to the foot, passing in opposite directions on a slight curve. Each is 7 inches long. The builder, Adolph H. Schutz of Washington, D. C., in 1955 presented the model to the Museum (USNM 313724), where it had been on exhibit as a loan since 1951.

Built by the Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor plant at Paterson, N. J., in 1855, the original _General_ was used on the Western and Atlantic Railroad for many years. It is now on permanent exhibit at Chattanooga in the Union Station of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway. A 4-4-0, or American type, it is the earliest of this particular type represented in the Museum’s collection of models.

American-Type Locomotive of about 1890

An operable model (figure 68) in the Museum’s collection (USNM 309515), appears to represent a New York Central and Hudson River Railroad 4-4-0 locomotive of the period of about 1890. This class of locomotive was built by the Schenectady Locomotive Works to the New York Central’s design, and had 78-inch driving wheels, cylinders with a bore of 19 inches and a stroke of 24 inches, and weighed 120,000 pounds.

Work on this model was commenced by the donor, the late Robert E. M. Bain, in 1916, and it was completed about three years later, only spare time having been employed in its construction. The model was given to the Museum in 1928. The length of the locomotive and tender is 80 inches, the gauge is 6½ inches, the diameter of the driving wheels is 8⁹/₁₆ inches, and the bore and stroke of the cylinders are 1½ and 3 inches, respectively.

The brakes on the model are inoperative, as the actuating cylinders for the brake system are dummies. On the other hand, such parts as the boiler, firebox, steam gauge, water gauge, throttle, and valve motion are all operable, and the donor has asserted that there is even ring packing in the cylinders. Although capable of being fired and steamed up, using coal as the fuel, the locomotive has never been operated.

The number on the locomotive and tender apparently represent the year the donor commenced his work on the model, as there was never a New York Central locomotive of this type bearing that number.

New York Central Locomotive 999, 1893

The Museum’s nonoperable model (figure 69) of the famous _999_, long the holder of the world’s speed record, was built especially for the Museum’s collection (USNM 313161), and was the gift in 1947 of the New York Central System. Constructed by Edwin P. Alexander of Yardley, Pa., it is about 15 inches long with tender and is accompanied by a train of four model cars of the period. Locomotive and cars are built to a scale of ¼ inch to the foot.

One of the best known of all locomotives, the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad’s _999_, with engineer Charles H. Hogan at the throttle, reached a speed of 112½ miles an hour over a measured mile on May 10, 1893, while pulling the Empire State Express westward between Batavia and Buffalo, N. Y. This was a new world’s record, and the _999_ was shortly withdrawn from active service and placed on exhibition at the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago.

At the conclusion of the exposition it was again placed in service with the Empire State Express, but was later withdrawn because, although having great speed with a light train, it lacked the pulling power required for the larger and heavier trains then coming into use. Today, the _999_, altered somewhat, and with smaller driving wheels than when built, is preserved by the New York Central System as one of its historic relics. It is usually to be seen at the Collinwood shops near Cleveland, Ohio, but it still occasionally appears at fairs and expositions.

Designed by the superintendent of motive power, William Buchanan, and constructed at the West Albany shops of the New York Central, the _999_ is of the 4-4-0, or American, type and was fitted originally with 86-inch driving wheels. The bore and stroke of the cylinders are 19 and 24 inches, respectively, and a steam pressure of 180 pounds per square inch was used. The fuel was bituminous coal. The extreme wheelbase is 287 inches, and the distance between the two driving axles is 102 inches. The weight of the locomotive is 124,000 pounds, that of the loaded tender is 80,000.

American-Type Locomotive of about 1900

Through the bequest in 1955 of John Semple Clarke, a model (figure 70) formerly lent by him to the Museum has been added to the collection (USNM 314615). A 4-4-0 of exquisite workmanship in brass and steel, the model is 21 inches long and has a gauge of 2½ inches.

It was constructed during the 7-year period from 1907 to 1914 by George Boshart, a toolmaker of Brookline, near Philadelphia, Pa. All rotating and reciprocating parts are operable, though the boiler is apparently not capable of generating steam. There is no tender with the locomotive, none having been built.

It is not definitely known what, if any, original locomotive the model represents, but some of its details are similar to those of locomotives built at the turn of the century by the Schenectady Locomotive Works. While it has been stated that Boshart patterned the model after a Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive with which he was familiar, in certain of its details the model does not appear to justify this claim. The number on the model represents the year in which its construction was started.

British Locomotive of about 1905

In the national collection is an operable model (figure 71) of a British locomotive of the period of about 1905. Made by the well known English model makers Carson and Co., and given in 1933 to the Museum by Frank A. Wardlaw and Frank A. Wardlaw, Jr., the model (USNM 310584) represents the Caledonian Railway Co. _No. 903_, a 4-6-0 with inside cylinders. The length of the locomotive and the 6-wheeled tender is 45 inches and the gauge is 3¼ inches. A locomotive of similar appearance, though not necessarily identical, is described and illustrated in the British technical journal “Engineering” for August 31, 1906 (p. 299).

The elder Wardlaw stated that the model was built by Carson for Sir Henry Lopes, and that he acquired it from Carson when Sir Henry turned it in on a new one. Wardlaw believed this gasoline-fueled model to have been the first model locomotive ever built with a flash boiler.

A letter from James C. Crebbin in the July 27, 1933, issue of the British journal “The Model Engineer and Practical Electrician,” contains the following statement:

When I was chairman of Messrs. Carson and Co., the late Mr. James
Carson and I collaborated in the development of flash steam model
locomotives.

With the exception of the very small model L. & N. W. “Experiment”
loco which had only one coil, and a methylated vaporising burner, the
boilers had longitudinal coils running the full length of the boiler,
and were fired by means of a Carson Primus type burner. The pressure
container was a drum inside the tender, and was surrounded by water in
the usual square or oblong tank. This water fed the geared pump, which
was driven from the second tender axle.

The most successful of this type was a ¾-inch-scale 4-4-0 Caledonian,
built for Sir Henry Lopes. Mr. Carson always declared that this engine
was the fastest he had ever seen, and during tests he carried out, on
Sir Henry’s track, never dared to give the model more than
half-throttle, no matter what load the engine was hauling.

Mr. Wardlaw, of New York, and a “M. E.” Exhibition Championship Cup
Holder, has a similar locomotive which, I believe, is destined for
exhibition in some museum in U. S. A.

British Locomotive, 1905

An operable model (figure 72) of locomotive _No. 146_ of the Ferrocarril Oeste of Argentina was presented to the Museum (USNM 310585) in 1933 by Frank A. Wardlaw and Frank A. Wardlaw, Jr. The 22-inch-long model has a gauge of 2½ inches. Gasoline carried in the tender is used as fuel. The builder is not known.

The original locomotive _No. 146_, a 4-4-4-T type with a cowcatcher and outside cylinders, was built in 1905 by Beyer, Peacock & Co., Ltd., of Manchester, England. The locomotive and tender have a common frame. According to a small plate affixed to the model, the original was the first locomotive to be fitted with “Wardlaw’s composite clackvalve.” This invention of the elder Wardlaw was installed at Buenos Aires in January 1908, according to the legend on the plate.

The original _Greyhound_ was locomotive _No. 302_ of the London and North-Western Railway Co., built in 1905 at the Crewe works of the company. Of the 4-4-0 type, the locomotive had inside cylinders and was the first in Europe to be fitted with “Wardlaw’s composite clackvalve.” This was done in August 1910.

The model of the locomotive and its 6-wheeled tender (figure 73) is 29 inches long and has a gauge of 2½ inches. It is operable, using gasoline carried in the tender as fuel. The builder is not known.

The donors, Frank A. Wardlaw and Frank A. Wardlaw, Jr., presented the model (USNM 310586) to the Museum in 1933.

Pennsylvania Atlantic-Type Locomotive, 1907

The Atlantic-type steam locomotive is represented in the Museum collection by a nonoperable model (figure 74) lent to the Museum in 1922 by E. Howard Askew of Baltimore, Md. Constructed by the lender, the model (USNM 307949) is 32 inches long and has a gauge of 2½ inches.

It represents the Pennsylvania Railroad class E3sd _No. 5127_, a 4-4-2 steam locomotive with Walschaert valve gear. The original locomotive was built at the railroad’s Juniata shops, Altoona, Pa., in August 1907, construction No. 1734. Originally a class E3d locomotive, it was converted to an E3sd in June 1913 by the addition of a superheater in the Wilmington, Del., shops of the road.

In a letter to Askew (Dec. 14, 1922) the chief of motive power of the Pennsylvania System, J. T. Wallis, stated that the cylinders of the original had a bore and stroke of 22 and 26 inches. The drivers were 80 inches in diameter and the boiler carried a steam pressure of 205 pounds. The boiler had a minimum (internal) diameter of 65½ inches, and it contained 170 2-inch flues and 24 5½-inch flues, while the superheater consisted of 96 1½-inch flues. The distance between flue sheets was 180 inches and the total heating surface was 2,571 square feet. The grate was 111 inches long and 72 wide.

The total weight on the drivers was 127,200 pounds, on the engine truck 35,500 pounds, and on the trailer truck 33,900 pounds—or a total of 196,600 pounds in working order. The weight of the tender in working order was 134,000 pounds. The tractive force of the locomotive was 27,409 pounds.

In his letter Wallis also made the following statement to explain the significance of the modification of this class of locomotive:

The Atlantic, or 4-4-2, type locomotive was developed in an effort to
retain the desirable features of the American, or 4-4-0, type of
locomotive and at the same time to produce a locomotive in answer to
the demand for greater power. To do this, the firebox was increased in
area by making it considerably wider, so that a greater amount of soft
coal could be burned. The diameter of the barrel of the boiler was
increased to allow for greater heating surface, which, of course,
increased the weight on the drivers.

To make room for the driving wheels without unduly increasing the
length of the tubes in the boiler, the driving wheels were moved
forward, the main driver being in the rear instead of in front as in
the American type locomotive. In order to carry the weight of the
firebox, which, with the new driving wheel location, overhangs the
rear driver too much to be properly supported, a two-wheel trailer
truck was used. This trailer truck, which is fulcrumed a short
distance back of the main driver, is so designed that it has lateral
motion, and provision is made for ash pan as well as firebox
clearance.

By the use of higher steam pressure, larger heating surface and grate
area, the use of passenger locomotives of the three-coupled type, with
the troubles incident to the use of long parallel rods, was put off
for a decade.

General Electric Locomotive, 1926

A detailed and exquisitely made operable model of the New York Central class T-3A electric locomotive _No. 1173_, now _No. 273_, was constructed by W. Howard R. Parsons, and was donated by him in 1952 to the Museum (USNM 314237).

The model (figure 75) is powered by eight electric motors, as is the full sized original, one for each axle, but because of space limitations and power requirements the model’s drive is through gears rather than direct. The model operates on 12-volt direct current. Its length is 43 inches and its gauge is 3½ inches.

The New York Central System purchased 10 class T-3A locomotives in late 1926 at a cost of $100,000 each. These supplemented an earlier group of 10 T-1’s and 16 T-2’s built for the New York Central from 1913 to 1917 at the Erie, Pa., plant of the General Electric Co. Of this total of 36 locomotives only one, _No. 270_ (formerly _No. 1170_), had been stricken from the records as of December 1954. The remaining 35 still perform routine passenger service between New York and Harmon, and New York and North White Plains. The numbers in the group now run from 247 to 282 (formerly 1147 to 1182), with the exception of the scrapped _No. 270_.

With an operating weight of 292,600 pounds, the locomotives of the T-3A class develop 1,908 horsepower continuously, with a tractive force of 12,750 pounds, and they can develop 2,488 horsepower for 1 hour, with a tractive force of 18,440 pounds. The maximum speed of a T-3A is 75 miles an hour. These locomotives operate on 660-volt direct current, usually obtained from a third rail. The pantographs are used only when crossing certain complicated crossover switches. Each of the eight axles is driven by its individual gearless motor. The overall wheelbase is 46 feet, 5 inches, the overall length 56 feet, 10 inches.

B & O Hudson-Type Locomotive Lord Baltimore, 1935

During the winter of 1936-1937, The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. conducted in conjunction with the magazine “The Model Craftsman” a contest among model builders for the construction of a model of the railroad’s Washington-to-Jersey City lightweight, streamlined train, the “Royal Blue,” first placed in operation on June 24, 1935.

The contest, with a first prize of $500, was won by Fletcher G. Speed of New Rochelle, N. Y., and his prize-winning train (figure 76) was presented by the Baltimore and Ohio in 1937 to the National Museum (USNM 311191). The train consists of the Hudson-type, or 4-6-4, steam locomotive _Lord Baltimore_ and tender, together 2 feet long, plus five cars. Beautiful in workmanship, and powered with a small electric motor, the model is built to a scale of ¼ inch to the foot.