Chapter V: Summary and Conclusion (13)

It is plain enough that the Forgotten Man and the Forgotten Woman are the very life and substance of society. They are the ones who ought to be first and always remembered. They are always forgotten by sentimentalists, philanthropists, reformers, enthusiasts, and every description of speculator in sociology, political economy, or political science. If a student of any of these sciences ever comes to understand the position of the Forgotten Man and to appreciate his true value, you will find such student an uncompromising advocate of the strictest scientific thinking on all social topics, and a cold and hard-hearted skeptic towards all artificial schemes of social amelioration. If it is desired to bring about social improvements, bring us a scheme for relieving the Forgotten Man of some of his burdens. He is our productive force which we are wasting. Let us stop wasting his force. Then we shall have a clean and simple gain for the whole society. The Forgotten Man is weighted down with the cost and burden of the schemes for making everybody happy, with the cost of public beneficence, with the support of all the loafers, with the loss of all the economic quackery, with the cost of all the jobs. Let us remember him a little while. Let us take some of the burdens off him. Let us turn our pity on him instead of on the good-for-nothing. It will be only justice to him, and society will greatly gain by it. Why should we not also have the satisfaction of thinking and caring for a little while about the clean, honest, industrious, independent, self-supporting men and women who have not inherited much to make life luxurious for them, but who are doing what they can to get on in the world without begging from anybody, especially since all they want is to be let alone, with good friendship and honest respect. Certainly the philanthropists and sentimentalists have kept our attention for a long time on the nasty, shiftless, criminal, whining, crawling, and good-for-nothing people, as if they alone deserved our attention.

The Forgotten Man is never a pauper. He almost always has a little capital because it belongs to the character of the man to save something. He never has more than a little. He is, therefore, poor in the popular sense, although in the correct sense he is not so. I have said already that if you learn to look for the Forgotten Man and to care for him, you will be very skeptical toward all philanthropic and humanitarian schemes. It is clear now that the interest of the Forgotten Man and the interest of “the poor,” “the weak,” and the other petted classes are in antagonism. In fact, the warning to you to look for the Forgotten Man comes the minute that the orator or writer begins to talk about the poor man. That minute the Forgotten Man is in danger of a new assault, and if you intend to meddle in the matter at all, then is the minute for you to look about for him and to give him your aid. Hence, if you care for the Forgotten Man, you will be sure to be charged with _not_ caring for the poor. Whatever you do for any of the petted classes wastes capital. If you do anything for the Forgotten Man, you must secure him his earnings and savings, that is, you legislate for the security of capital and for its free employment; you must oppose paper money, wildcat banking and usury laws and you must maintain the inviolability of contracts. Hence you must be prepared to be told that you favor the capitalist class, the enemy of the poor man.

What the Forgotten Man really wants is true liberty. Most of his wrongs and woes come from the fact that there are yet mixed together in our institutions the old mediæval theories of protection and personal dependence and the modern theories of independence and individual liberty. The consequence is that the people who are clever enough to get into positions of control, measure their own rights by the paternal theory and their own duties by the theory of independent liberty. It follows that the Forgotten Man, who is hard at work at home, has to pay both ways. His rights are measured by the theory of liberty, that is, he has only such as he can conquer. His duties are measured by the paternal theory, that is, he must discharge all which are laid upon him, as is always the fortune of parents. People talk about the paternal theory of government as if it were a very simple thing. Analyze it, however, and you see that in every paternal relation there must be two parties, a parent and a child, and when you speak metaphorically, it makes all the difference in the world who is parent and who is child. Now, since we, the people, are the state, whenever there is any work to be done or expense to be paid, and since the petted classes and the criminals and the jobbers cost and do not pay, it is they who are in the position of the child, and it is the Forgotten Man who is the parent. What the Forgotten Man needs, therefore, is that we come to a clearer understanding of liberty and to a more complete realization of it. Every step which we win in liberty will set the Forgotten Man free from some of his burdens and allow him to use his powers for himself and for the commonwealth.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

The following bibliography is as nearly exhaustive as we have been able to make it. There are doubtless other articles which have not come under our notice; and there are certainly a number of contributions to the press, signed and unsigned, to which we have no clue. The distribution of those which we have found will indicate the task of any one who should aim at exhaustiveness.

It has seemed best to us to include the titles of certain unpublished writings, especially where these are to be made accessible to students by the deposit of the manuscripts with the Yale University Library (under Sumner Estate). Sumner had a way of writing something out very carefully, perhaps as a lecture, and then laying it away with apparently no thought of publishing it; a number of such manuscripts have been printed for the first time in this series of volumes. There are also a few of Sumner’s printed utterances which we possessed in the form of clippings, but could not locate; the titles of such have been included as accessible at the Yale Library.

There is a good deal of Sumner’s writing in the reports of the Connecticut State Board of Education. We have been informed that his services to that Board, extending over twenty years, included much committee work and many carefully written reports. As these are of a somewhat special nature, we refer simply to the documents of the Board.

It is the intention of the publishers to make of the volumes now in print under uniform style a set of four, to be numbered in the order of their appearance. For the sake of brevity, then, War and Other Essays is referred to below as Vol. I; Earth Hunger and Other Essays, as Vol. II; The Challenge of Facts and Other Essays, as Vol. III; and The Forgotten Man and Other Essays, as Vol. IV.

There are in these volumes a few numbers not written by Sumner, but about him, such as the Memorial Addresses in Vol. III.

A. G. K.
M. R. D.

1872. THE BOOKS OF THE KINGS, by K. C. W. F. Bähr. Translated,
Enlarged, and Edited ... Book 2, by W. G.
Sumner, in Lange, J. P., A commentary on the Holy
Scripture ... New York, Scribner, Armstrong & Co.,
1866–1882, 26 vols., VI, 312 pp.

THE CHURCH’S LAW OF THE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE.
Unpublished manuscript on scientific criticism
of the Bible. April 3. 61 pp. (Sumner Estate.)

MEMORIAL DAY ADDRESS. Delivered at Morristown,
May 30. Printed for the first time in Vol. III, pp. 347–362.

1873. THE SOLIDARITY OF THE HUMAN RACE. Unpublished
manuscript of an address on the influence of ideas and
events in one country on conditions in other countries,
delivered at the Sheffield Scientific School, January 11.
40 pp. (Sumner Estate.)

RELATION OF PHYSICAL TO MORAL GOOD. An address.
Unpublished manuscript probably of this date, 35 pp.
(Sumner Estate.)

INTRODUCTORY LECTURE TO COURSES IN POLITICAL AND
SOCIAL SCIENCE. Printed for the first time in Vol. III,
pp. 391–403.

HISTORY OF PAPER MONEY. Paper money in China,
England, Austria, Russia, and the American Colonies.
Unpublished manuscript, 109 pp. (Sumner Estate.)

SOCIALISM. Three unpublished manuscripts written between
1873 and 1880 which appear to be preliminary
sketches to the essay entitled The Challenge of Facts.
38, 12, and 31 pp. respectively.

1874. A HISTORY OF AMERICAN CURRENCY, with chapters on the
English Bank Restriction and Austrian Paper Money,
to which is appended “The Bullion Report.” New
York, H. Holt & Co., iv, 391 pp., twofold diagram.

THE LESSON OF THE PANIC (of 1873). Unpublished manuscript
advocating a return to a sound currency, 20 pp.
(Sumner Estate.)

HAVE WE HAD ENOUGH? Unpublished manuscript on the
evils of paper money, written soon after the panic of
1873, 15 pp. (Sumner Estate.)

POLITICAL ECONOMY. From 300 to 400 pp. of lecture notes
for classroom use. (Sumner Estate.)

TAXATION. What it is, what its relation to other departments
of political economy is, and what are the general
principles by which it must be controlled. Unpublished
manuscript probably of this date, 24 pp. (Sumner
Estate.)

1875. AMERICAN FINANCE. Boston, Williams.

THE CURRENCY QUESTION. An address delivered about
this time opposing the issue of irredeemable paper money.
Unpublished manuscript, 96 pp. (Sumner Estate.)

1876. MONETARY DEVELOPMENT. (In Woolsey, T. D., and
others, First Century of the Republic. New York,
Harper & Bros.)

POLITICS IN AMERICA, 1776–1876. North American Review,
January, Vol. CXXII, Centennial number, pp. 47–87.
Reprinted in Vol. IV, pp. 285–333.

SHALL THE “HARD TIMES” CONTINUE? A review of the
address of Professor Sumner before the New Haven
Chamber of Commerce. The Woonsocket Patriot,
May 19.

BOURBONISM. “Real Issues of the Day.” New York
World, May 19.

FREE PIG-IRON. Letter to the New York Mercantile
Journal, June 3.

FOR PRESIDENT? New Haven Palladium, September 12.
Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 365–379.

IS THE WAR OVER? “Real Issues of the Day.” New
York World, October 9.

FEARS OF A SOLID SOUTH. “Real Issues of the Day.”
New York World, October 10.

POLITICAL STATUS OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. Letter to
the New York World, October 16.

WHAT HAS BECOME OF REFORM? “Real Issues of the
Day.” New York World, October 23.

THE DEMOCRATIC REPLY. To the visiting Republicans in
New Orleans who refused to enter into a conference upon
the subject of the counting of the election returns.
New York Tribune, November 17.

“PROFESSOR SUMNER ON LOUISIANA.” Letter to the
New York World, November 21, in answer to Governor
Ingersoll’s request to express his views on the political
situation in that state after his visit to New Orleans.

IMPRESSIONS IN NEW ORLEANS. Letter to the New
York Herald, November 22.

1877. LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF PROTECTION IN THE UNITED
STATES. Delivered before the International Free-trade
Alliance. Reprinted from “The New Century.” Published
for the International Free-trade Alliance by
G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 64 pp. Contents:
The National Idea and the American System, Broad
Principles Underlying the Tariff Controversy, The
Origin of Protection in this Country, The Establishment
of Protection in this Country, Vacillation of the Protective
Policy in this Country.

REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT. The Chicago Tribune, January
1. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 223–240.

PROTECTION AND PIG-IRON. Letter to the Courier,
February 12.

DEMOCRACY AND RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT. Address
at Providence, R. I., June 20, before the Phi Beta Kappa
Society of Brown University. The Providence Evening
Press, June 21. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 243–286.

SILVER. Address before the Senior Class of Yale University.
The New Haven Union, December 12.

THE SILVER QUESTION. What it is and how it should be
dealt with. New York World, December 12.

THE COMMERCIAL CRISIS OF 1837. Written in 1877 or
1878. (There are indications on the manuscript that
it was once printed, but efforts to find where have
failed.) Published, probably for the first time, in
Vol. IV, pp. 371–398.

1878. OUR REVENUE SYSTEM, by A. L. EARLE. Preface by W. G.
Sumner. New York, published for the New York Free-trade
Club by G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 47 pp. (Economic
Monograph No. V.)

MONEY AND ITS LAWS. International Review, January
and February, Vol. V, pp. 75–81.

WHAT IS FREE TRADE? Chicago News, January 7.

SILVER. Address in Chicago. The Chicago Tribune,
January 9.

THE SILVER QUESTION. Lecture before the Manhattan
Club of New York City, January 25, on the disastrous
results of remonetization. The New York World,
January 26.

A FEW PLAIN ANSWERS. Letter to the New Haven
Register, February 28, on the tariff.

PROTECTION AND REVENUE IN 1877. Lecture delivered
before the New York Free-trade Club, April 18. New
York, published for the New York Free-trade Club by
G. P. Putnam’s Sons. (Economic Monograph No.
VIII.)

SOCIALISM. Scribner’s Monthly, October, Vol. XVI, No.
6, pp. 887–893.

RELATION OF LEGISLATION TO CURRENCY. Unpublished
manuscript written about this time dealing with the
nature of money, coining, paper money, legal tender
acts, the monetary experience of England and France,
etc., and opposing the abuses of legislation in regard to
currency. 45 pp. (Sumner Estate.)

A CONCURRENT CIRCULATION OF GOLD AND SILVER.
Printed for the first time in Vol. IV, pp. 183–210.

1879. BIMETALLISM. Princeton Review, November, pp. 546–578.

AMORTIZATION OF PUBLIC DEBTS. Unpublished manuscript,
chiefly historical, written about this time. 35 pp.
(Sumner Estate.)

THE INFLUENCE OF COMMERCIAL CRISES ON OPINIONS
ABOUT ECONOMIC DOCTRINES. An address probably of
this date. Printed for the first time in Vol. IV, pp.
213–235.

THE CO-OPERATIVE COMMONWEALTH. Written in the
seventies or eighties. Extracts printed for the first
time in Vol. IV, pp. 441–462.

1880. WHAT OUR BOYS ARE READING. Combined with “Books
and Reading for the Young,” by J. H. Smart. Chas.
Scribner’s Sons. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 367–377.

THE TRUE AIM OF LIFE. Address to the Seniors in Yale
University. The New Haven Register, February 1.
(Not in form for re-printing.)

THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ELECTIONS. Princeton
Review, March, pp. 262–286, and July, pp. 24–41.

TWO LETTERS TO THE NEW YORK TIMES, April 3 and 4,
giving his reasons for using Spencer’s “Study of Sociology”
as a text-book.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. Address
before the Kent Club of the Yale Law School, briefly
reported in the New York Tribune, April 29. Printed
in full for the first time in Vol. IV, pp. 337–367.

THE REVIVAL OF OCEAN COMMERCE. A free-trade letter
to the American Railroad Journal, September 10.

Professor Sumner’s views respecting the tariff question.
Letters to the New Haven Register, October 9, 12, and 14.

THE FINANCIAL QUESTIONS NOW BEFORE US. Unpublished
manuscript written about this time, 8 pp. (Sumner
Estate.)

1881. ELECTIONS AND CIVIL SERVICE REFORM. Princeton Review,
January, pp. 129–148.

PANIC WITHOUT CAUSE. Lecture in Brothers’ Hall, New
Haven, on the recent panic in Wall Street. New Haven
Register, January 14.

THE ARGUMENT AGAINST PROTECTIVE TAXES. Princeton
Review, March, pp. 241–259.

SHALL AMERICANS OWN SHIPS? North American Review,
June, Vol. 132, No. CCXCV, pp. 559–566. Reprinted
in Vol. IV, pp. 273–282.

FORTUNES MADE IN THREAD. Letter to the New York
Times, June 5, on the peculiar protection given to the
manufacturers of thread.

SOCIOLOGY. Princeton Review, November, pp. 303–323.
Reprinted in Vol. I, pp. 167–192.

1882. ANDREW JACKSON AS A PUBLIC MAN. What he was, what
chances he had, and what he did with them. Boston,
New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, vi, 402 pp.
(American Statesmen Series.)

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. Comp.
by W. G. Sumner, D. A. Wells, W. E. Foster, R. L.
Dugdale, and G. H. Putnam. New York Society for
Political Education. Cover title, 36 pp. Economic
Tracts No. 2.

PROTECTIVE TAXES AND WAGES. Philadelphia Tariff
Commission, 21 pp. Caption title.

BANK CHECKS AND BLANKETS. A free-trade letter to the
New Haven Register, June 2.

THE “AMERICAN SYSTEM.” A letter to the American
Free-trade League, June.

WHY SHOULD THE MEN OF IOWA LEVY TAXES ON THEMSELVES
TO BENEFIT PENNSYLVANIA? Iowa State Leader,
September 4.

THE FREE PLAY OF ECONOMIC FORCES. Letter to the
Nation regarding Jevons’s “State in Relation to Labor,”
September 30.

LUMBER PRICES. Letter to the Northwestern Lumberman,
October 14.

Professor Sumner’s speech before the Tariff Commission,
reviewed by George Basil Dixwell, Cambridge, J. Wilson
& Son, 43 pp.

Professor Sumner’s “Argument against Protective Taxes,”
reviewed by George Basil Dixwell, Cambridge, J.
Wilson & Son, 13 pp.

WAGES. Princeton Review, November, pp. 241–262.

1883. THE FORGOTTEN MAN. The original lecture on this
subject, delivered in New Haven February 8 or 9.
28 typewritten pp. Printed for the first time in Vol. IV,
pp. 465–495.

WHAT SOCIAL CLASSES OWE TO EACH OTHER. First appeared
in Harper’s Weekly, February-May, Vol. XXVII,
Nos. 1366–1376. New York, Harper & Brothers,
169 pp.

ON THE CASE OF A CERTAIN MAN WHO IS NEVER
THOUGHT OF. Reprinted in Vol. I, pp. 247–253, from
“What Social Classes Owe to Each Other,” pp. 123–133.

THE CASE OF THE FORGOTTEN MAN FURTHER CONSIDERED.
Reprinted in Vol. I, pp. 257–268, from “What Social
Classes Owe to Each Other,” pp. 134–152.

BEST PUBLIC OPINION. Letter to the Gazette and Free
Press, January 12, in reply to T. K. Beecher.

LET COMMERCIAL RELATIONS ALONE. Letter to W. H.
Knight in the Gazette and Free Press, January 16.

Letter to Mr. Earle of the American Free-trade League
regarding a speech of Mr. Evarts’s. Printed in the
New York Times, February 6.

“PROFESSOR SUMNER ON MONETARY SCIENCE.” Letter
to the editor of Bradstreet’s in which he disagrees with
the theory of H. C. Adams that money laws in economics
are dependent on the nation’s sentiment as expressed in
its legislative enactments. February 10.

“PROFESSOR SUMNER REPLIES.” Letter to the New
Haven Register, February 10, referring to his remarks
about the protective tax on thread in his lecture on the
“Forgotten Man.”

“PROFESSOR SUMNER’S PRESUMPTION.” A defense of
his letter to Mr. Earle regarding a speech of Mr. Evarts’s.
New York Times, February 14.

WILLIMANTIC LINEN MILLS. Letter to the New York
Times, February 16, defending his position as taken
against the protective tax on thread.

SOME FACTS ABOUT THREAD. Unpublished manuscript,
14 pp., referring to the controversy with the Willimantic
Linen Co. (Sumner Estate.)

A THEORIST ANSWERED. A free-trade letter to the New
Haven Register, February 26, in reply to a letter signed
“Hardpan.”

THE GAIN TO THE COUNTRY BY PROTECTION. Letter to
the New York Times, February 27.

“PROFESSOR SUMNER INSTRUCTS HIS CRITICS.” A free-trade
letter to the New York Times, March 1.

THAT CENSUS PUZZLE. New York Times, March 2.

PROTECTIVE TAXES AND WAGES. North American Review,
March, Vol. 136, No. CCCXVI, pp. 270–276.

A COURSE OF READING IN POLITICAL ECONOMY. Prepared
for The Critic, March, 4 pp.

THE TARIFF ON THREAD. Letter to the New York Times,
March 8.

THREAD. Letter to the Boston Transcript, April 25,
regarding the Willimantic Linen Co.

THREAD AT THREE CENTS A SPOOL. Letter to the New
York Times, April 28.

THE WILLIMANTIC MILLS’ PROFIT. Letter to the Boston
Transcript, April 30.

Letter to the Palladium (New Haven), April 30, regarding
the controversy with the Willimantic Linen Co.

“PROFESSOR SUMNER’S VIEWS.” Letter to the New Haven
Register, May 26, in answer to Mr. Barrows of the
Willimantic Linen Co.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF STRIKES. Harper’s Weekly, September
15, Vol. XXVII, No. 1395, p. 586. Reprinted in
Vol. IV, pp. 239–246.

Letter to the New Haven Register, October 18, regarding
the development of our industries.

“PROFESSOR SUMNER’S VIEWS RESPECTING THE TARIFF
QUESTION.” New Haven Register, October 19.

“MIXED UP MR. SHELDON.” Letter to the New Haven
Register, October 30, showing Mr. Sheldon’s ignorance
of tariff laws.

THE SCIENCE OF SOCIOLOGY. A Speech at the Farewell
Banquet to Herbert Spencer. Delivered November 9,
1882, published in “Herbert Spencer on the Americans
and the Americans on Herbert Spencer,” pp. 35–40.
New York, D. Appleton & Company, 96 pp. Reprinted
in Vol. IV, pp. 401–405.

SUGGESTIONS ON SOCIAL SUBJECTS. Passages selected
from “What Social Classes owe to Each Other,” in
the Popular Science Monthly, December, Vol. XXIV,
pp. 160–169.

AN AMERICAN CRITICISM OF BRITISH PROTECTIONIST
THEORIES. A criticism of Professor Sidgwick’s doctrine
that protective taxes come out of the foreigner. The
London Economist, December 1, Vol. XLI, No. 2,101,
pp. 1397–1398.

THE DEMOCRATIC THEORY OF PUBLIC OFFICES. Address
before the Civil Service Reform Association, Rochester,
N. Y. Reasons for reform in the manner of selecting
public officers. What would be gained by the change.
Printed in the Rochester newspapers of the time.
(Sumner Estate.)

1884. PROBLEMS IN POLITICAL ECONOMY. New York, 12 mo.,
125 pp. H. Holt & Co.

OUR COLLEGES BEFORE THE COUNTRY. Princeton Review,
March, pp. 127–140. Reprinted in Vol. I, pp. 355–373.

SOCIOLOGICAL FALLACIES. North American Review, June,
Vol. 138, No. CCCXXXI, pp. 574–579. Reprinted in
Vol. II, pp. 357–364.

EVILS OF THE TARIFF SYSTEM. North American Review,
September, Vol. 139, No. CCCXXXIV, pp. 293–299.

1885. PROTECTIONISM. The -Ism which Teaches that Waste
makes Wealth. New York, H. Holt & Company,
October, 12mo., 170 pp. Reprinted in Vol. IV, pp.
9–111.

COLLECTED ESSAYS IN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.
New York, H. Holt & Company, 173 pp. Contents:
Bimetallism, Wages, The Argument against Protective
Taxes, Sociology, Theory and Practice of Elections,
Presidential Elections and Civil Service Reform, Our
Colleges Before the Country.

OUR CURRENCY FOR THE LAST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS.
Harper’s Weekly, January 10-February 7, Vol. XXIX,
Nos. 1464–1468.

SHALL SILVER BE DEMONETIZED? North American Review,
June, Vol. 140, No. CCCXLIII, pp. 485–489.

1886. REGULATION OF CONTRACTS. How far have modern
improvements in production and transportation changed
the principle that men should be left free to make their
own bargains? Science, March 5, Vol. VII, No. 161,
pp. 225–228.

WHAT IS FREE TRADE? In Good Cheer for April, p. 7.
Reprinted in Vol. IV, pp. 123–127.

CAN PROTECTION INCREASE THE WEALTH OF THE COUNTRY?
The Tax-gatherer, May 22, No. 19.

INDUSTRIAL WAR. Forum, September, Vol. II, pp. 1–8.
Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 93–102.

MR. BLAINE ON THE TARIFF. North American Review,
October, Vol. 143, No. CCCLIX, pp. 398–405.

WHAT IS THE “PROLETARIAT”? The Independent, October
28. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 161–165.

WHO WIN BY PROGRESS? The Independent, November
25. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 169–174.

THE NEW SOCIAL ISSUE. The Independent, December 23.
Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 207–212.

SUBJECTS FOR THESES AND COMPOSITIONS. Prepared
with notes and references attached to the subjects for
Senior and Junior Classes, Yale College. I. Honor
Theses in Political Science. II. Subjects for Required
Compositions. 9 pp. (Sumner Estate.)

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1824–1876.
Notes taken by J. C. Schwab, 1886–1887. MS 17½ ×
25½ cm. Yale University Library.

POLITICAL ECONOMY. Notes of lectures taken by J. C.
Schwab, 1886–1887. MS 17½ × 25½ cm. Yale University
Library.

1887. WHAT MAKES THE RICH RICHER AND THE POOR POORER?
Popular Science Monthly, January, Vol. XXX, pp.
289–296. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 65–77.

SOCIALISM. Speech before the Massachusetts Reform
Club, Boston, January 8. Boston Sunday Record,
January 9.

FEDERAL LEGISLATION ON RAILROADS. The Independent,
January 20. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 177–182.

LEGISLATION BY CLAMOR. The Independent, February 24.
Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 185–190.

THE SHIFTING OF RESPONSIBILITY. The Independent,
March 24. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 193–198.

SOME POINTS IN THE NEW SOCIAL CREED. The Independent,
April 21. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 207–211.

THE INDIANS IN 1887. Forum, May, Vol. III, pp. 254–262.

SPECULATIVE LEGISLATION. The Independent, May 19.
Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 215–219.

UNRESTRICTED COMMERCE. Chautauquan, June.

THE BANQUET OF LIFE. The Independent, June 23.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 217–221.

SOME NATURAL RIGHTS. The Independent, July 28.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 222–227.

STRIKES AND THE INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION. Popular
Science News, July, Vol. XXI, No. 7, pp. 93–94. Reprinted
in Vol. IV, pp. 249–253.

STATE INTERFERENCE. North American Review, August,
Vol. 145, No. CCCLXIX, pp. 109–119. Reprinted in
Vol. I, pp. 213–226.

THE ABOLITION OF POVERTY. The Independent, August
25. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 228–232.

THE STATE AS AN “ETHICAL PERSON.” The Independent,
October 6. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 201–204.

THE BOON OF NATURE. The Independent, October 27.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 233–238.

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM. Chautauquan, November, pp. 78–80.

IS LIBERTY A LOST BLESSING? The Independent, November
24. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 131–135.

ADVANTAGES OF FREE TRADE. The Christian Secretary.
(Sumner Estate.)

1888. LAND MONOPOLY. The Independent, January 12. Reprinted
in Vol. II, pp. 239–244.

A GROUP OF NATURAL MONOPOLIES. The Independent,
February 16. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 245–248.

THE FALL IN SILVER AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION.
Rand McNally’s Banker’s Monthly, February, pp. 47–48.

THE FIRST STEPS TOWARDS A MILLENNIUM. Cosmopolitan,
March, pp. 32–36. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp.
93–105.

ANOTHER CHAPTER ON MONOPOLY. The Independent,
March 15. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 249–253.

TRUSTS AND TRADES-UNIONS. The Independent, April 19.
Reprinted in Vol. IV, pp. 257–262.

THE FAMILY MONOPOLY. The Independent, May 10.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 254–258.

THE FAMILY AND PROPERTY. The Independent, June 14
and July 19. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 259–269.

TARIFF REFORM. The Independent, August 16. Reprinted
in Vol. IV, pp. 115–120.

THE STATE AND MONOPOLY. The Independent, September
13 and October 11. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 270–279.

“A CONDITION NOT A THEORY.” Free trade. Belford’s
Monthly Magazine, October, Vol. I, No. 5.

DEMOCRACY AND PLUTOCRACY. The Independent, November
15. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 283–289.

DEFINITIONS OF DEMOCRACY AND PLUTOCRACY. The
Independent, December 20. Reprinted in Vol. II,
pp. 290–295.

1889. THE CONFLICT OF PLUTOCRACY AND DEMOCRACY. The
Independent, January 10. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp.
296–300.

PEASANT EMANCIPATION IN DENMARK. Based on a
review of Stavnsbaands-løsningen og landboreformerne.
Set fra nationaløkonomiens Standpunkt. Af V. Falbe
Hansen, Copenhagen: Gad. 1888. The Nation, February
7, No. 1232, pp. 123–124.

PEASANTS AND LAND TENURE IN SCANDINAVIA. Unpublished
manuscript, 20 typewritten pages, written in
1889 or later, covering the period from the earliest times
to the eighteenth century. (Sumner Estate.)

SEPARATION OF STATE AND MARKET. The Independent,
February 14. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 306–311.

DEMOCRACY AND MODERN PROBLEMS. The Independent,
March 28. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 301–305.

SOCIAL WAR IN DEMOCRACY. The Independent, April 11.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 312–317.

AN EXAMINATION OF A NOBLE SENTIMENT. The Independent,
May 16. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 212–216.

SKETCH OF WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER. The Popular
Science Monthly, June, Vol. XXXV, pp. 261–268.
Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 3–13.

AN OLD “TRUST.” The Independent, June 13. Reprinted
in Vol. IV, pp. 265–269.

WHAT IS CIVIL LIBERTY? The Popular Science Monthly,
July, Vol. XXXV, pp. 289–303. Reprinted in Vol. II,
pp. 109–130.

WHO IS FREE? IS IT THE SAVAGE? The Independent,
July 18. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 136–140.

WHO IS FREE? IS IT THE CIVILIZED MAN? The Independent,
August 15. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 140–145.

WHO IS FREE? IS IT THE MILLIONAIRE? The Independent,
September 12. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 145–150.

WHO IS FREE? IS IT THE TRAMP? The Independent,
October 17. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 150–155.

LIBERTY AND RESPONSIBILITY. The Independent, November
21. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 156–160.

LIBERTY AND LAW. The Independent, December 26.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 161–166.

DO WE WANT INDUSTRIAL PEACE? Forum, December,
Vol. VIII, pp. 406–416. Reprinted in Vol. I, pp. 229–243.

FREE TRADE. Unpublished manuscript of about this
date. I. Definitions of Protection and Protectionism.
II. The Medieval Doctrine of Commerce. III. The
Sixteenth Century. IV. The Dynastic States. V. Mercantilism
and the Colonial System. VI. The New
Doctrine. VII. Smithianismus. VIII. Protection in
the United States. IX. Nineteenth-century Protectionism.
X. The Present Situation. About 64 typewritten
pages. (Sumner Estate.)

THE STRIKES. Unpublished manuscript written sometime
in the eighties, 21 typewritten pages. A general
survey of the “labor question.” (Sumner Estate.)

A PARABLE. Written in the eighties. Printed for the
first time in Vol. III, pp. 105–107.

THE SPHERE OF ACADEMICAL INSTRUCTION. Address
delivered at the celebration of a school anniversary.
To judge “what an academy is, what it ought to do,
and how it ought to do it; and to judge of its achievements
by true standards.” Unpublished manuscript
of the eighties, 27 pages. (Sumner Estate.)

INTEGRITY IN EDUCATION. An address delivered in Hartford
probably in the eighties. Printed for the first time
in Vol. IV, pp. 409–419.

DISCIPLINE. Probably in the eighties. Printed for the
first time in Vol. IV, pp. 423–438.

THE CHALLENGE OF FACTS. Written sometime in the
eighties. Original title was Socialism. Printed for the
first time in Vol. III, pp. 17–52.

1890. ALEXANDER HAMILTON. (“Makers of America.”) New
York, 12mo., 280 pp., Dodd, Mead & Co.

LIBERTY AND DISCIPLINE. The Independent, January 16.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 166–171.

DOES LABOR BRUTALIZE? The Independent, February 20.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 187–193.

LIBERTY AND PROPERTY. The Independent, March 27.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 171–176.

LIBERTY AND OPPORTUNITY. The Independent, April 24.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 176–181.

WHY I AM A FREE TRADER. Twentieth Century, April 24,
pp. 8–10.

CAN WE GET MORE MONEY? Frank Leslie’s Illustrated
Newspaper, May 3, Vol. LXX, No. 1807.

LIBERTY AND LABOR. The Independent, May 22. Reprinted
in Vol. II, pp. 181–187.

PROPOSED SILVER LEGISLATION. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated
Newspaper, May 24, Vol. LXX, No. 1810, p. 330.

LIBERTY AND MACHINERY. The Independent, June 12.
Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 193–198.

THE DISAPPOINTMENT OF LIBERTY. The Independent,
July 17. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 198–203.

WHAT EMANCIPATES. The Independent, August 14. Reprinted
in Vol. III, pp. 137–142.

THE DEMAND FOR MEN. The Independent, September 11.
Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 111–116.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEMAND FOR MEN. The Independent,
October 16. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 119–123.

WHAT THE “SOCIAL QUESTION” IS. The Independent,
November 20. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 127–133.

1891. THE FINANCIER AND THE FINANCES OF THE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION. New York, 2 vols., 8vo., 309 and 330 pp.

LIBERTÉ DES ÉCHANGES. Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Économie
Politique, vol. 2, pp. 138–166, Guillaumin et Cie.,
Paris.

POWER AND PROGRESS. The Independent, January 15.
Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 145–150.

CONSEQUENCES OF INCREASED SOCIAL POWER. The Independent,
August 13. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 153–158.

1892. ROBERT MORRIS (“Makers of America”). New York,
12mo., 172 pp.

1893. PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES. A
chart printed for distribution to the classes in Social
Science in Yale University. “Not published.”

1894. THE ABSURD EFFORT TO MAKE THE WORLD OVER. Forum,
March, Vol. XVII, pp. 92–102. Reprinted in Vol. I,
pp. 195–210.

1895. THE VENEZUELA MESSAGE. Letter to the New York
Times, December 18.

1896. HISTORY OF BANKING IN THE UNITED STATES. XV, 485 pp.
Being Vol. I of A History of Banking in all the Leading
Nations.

“PROFESSOR SUMNER ON YALE.” Letter to The Yale
News, January 20. Learning is more appreciated here
now than thirty years ago.

THE CURRENCY CRISIS. A course of six lectures given at
the house of Mr. John E. Parsons, 30 East 36th St.,
New York City, February 13 and 27 and March 5, 12,
19, and 26. What the lecturer said, as well as the
questions and answers at the end of his lectures, was
taken down in shorthand and typewritten. Mr. Herbert
Parsons has the transcript in bound form, and the Yale
University Library also has a copy. (Sumner Estate.)

THE TREASURY AS A BANK OF ISSUE AND A SILVER WAREHOUSE.
The Bond Record, March, Vol. IV, No. 2,
pp. 87–89.

AN ANSWER TO MR. TIGHE’S LETTER ON YALE’S VENEZUELAN
ATTITUDE. Letter to the Yale Alumni Weekly,
May 20, Vol. V, No. 30, pp. 1–2.

THE FALLACY OF TERRITORIAL EXTENSION. Forum,
June, Vol. XXI, pp. 416–419. Reprinted in Vol. I,
pp. 285–293.

A FEW WORDS. Short address as member of the State
Board of Education at the graduating exercises of the
New Haven Normal School, June 18. (Sumner Estate.)

THE POLICY OF DEBASEMENT. “The Battle of the Standards.”
New York Journal, July 29.

THE PROPOSED DUAL ORGANIZATION OF MANKIND. Popular
Science Monthly, August, Vol. XLIX, pp. 433–439.
Reprinted in Vol. I, pp. 271–281.

PROSPERITY STRANGLED BY GOLD. Leslie’s Weekly, August
20. Reprinted in Vol. IV, pp. 141–145.

CAUSE AND CURE OF HARD TIMES. Leslie’s Weekly,
September 3. Reprinted in Vol. IV, pp. 149–153.

THE FREE-COINAGE SCHEME IS IMPRACTICABLE AT EVERY
POINT. Leslie’s Weekly, September 10. Reprinted
in Vol. IV, pp. 157–162.

DELUSION OF THE DEBTORS. Leslie’s Weekly, September
17. Reprinted in Vol. IV, pp. 165–170.

THE CRIME OF 1873. Leslie’s Weekly, September 24.
Reprinted in Vol. IV, pp. 173–180.

THE SINGLE GOLD STANDARD. Chautauquan, October,
Vol. XXIV, pp. 72–77.

BANKS OF ISSUE IN THE UNITED STATES. Forum, October,
Vol. XXII, pp. 182–191.

EARTH HUNGER OR THE PHILOSOPHY OF LAND GRABBING.
Printed for the first time in Vol. II, pp. 31–64.

A FREE COINAGE CATECHISM. Reprinted from The
Evening Post, The Evening Post Publishing Co., New
York, 16 pp.

LECTURES ON AMERICAN HISTORY, Yale University,
1896–1897. Notes taken by J. C. Schwab. MS.
13 × 21 cm. Yale University Library.

ADVANCING SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IN THE
UNITED STATES. 1896 or 1897. Printed for the first
time in Vol. III, pp. 289–344.

1897. THE TEACHER’S UNCONSCIOUS SUCCESS. Address given
at a dinner held in honor of Mr. Henry Barnard, at
Jewel Hall, Hartford, January 25. Printed for the
first time in Vol. II, pp. 9–13.

MONEY AND CURRENCY. A course of four lectures delivered
in Boston. I. The Anxiety Lest there be not
Money Enough. II. How We Resumed Specie Payments
in 1879. What We Did Not Do. III. The
Single Gold Standard--A Beneficent and Accomplished
Fact. IV. Where we now Stand and what we have to
Do. Syllabus.

SOCIOLOGY. A course of six lectures given in Albany,
February 27, March 6, 13, 20, 27, and April 3. Introduction.
Individuality and Sociality. Property.
Industrialism and Militarism. Population. Mental Reaction
on Experience. Suggested Books for a Course
of Reading. Syllabus.

THE ORIGIN OF THE DOLLAR. Paper read at meeting of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science
at Toronto, August 19–25. (Sumner Estate.)

OUTLINE OF A PROPOSED CURRICULUM (for Yale College).
4 pages typewritten manuscript. (Sumner Estate.)

1898. THE SPANISH DOLLAR AND THE COLONIAL SHILLING.
American Historical Review, Vol. III, No. 4, pp. 607–619.

SYLLABUS of six lectures given during January and February
in Plainfield. N. J. I. What is a Free Man and a
Free State? II. What is Democracy? III. Aggregations
of Wealth and Plutocracy. IV. The Rich and the
Poor. V. Woman. VI. Immigration.

LEITER HAS BEEN A HERO. Letter to The World, New
York, June 15, on the Joseph Leiter deal.

THE COIN SHILLING OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY. Yale
Review, November, Vol. VII, pp. 247–264, and February,
1899, Vol. VII, pp. 405–420.

1899. THE CONQUEST OF THE UNITED STATES BY SPAIN. A
lecture before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale University,
January 16. Yale Law Journal, Vol. VIII,
No. 4, pp. 168–193. Boston, D. Estes & Co., 32 pp. 23 cm.
Reprinted in Vol. I, pp. 297–334.

THE POWER AND BENEFICENCE OF CAPITAL. Proceedings
of the Sixth Annual Convention of The Savings Banks
Association of the State of New York, held at the Rooms
of the Chamber of Commerce, 32 Nassau Street, New
York, May 10; pp. 77–95. J. S. Babcock, New York,
printer. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 337–353.

1900. FIRST FRUITS OF EXPANSION. New York Evening Post,
April 14, p. 13.

THE PREDICAMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY. Printed for
the first time in Vol. III, pp. 415–425. Original title of
manuscript was “Sociology.” Written about 1900.

PURPOSES AND CONSEQUENCES. Printed for the first
time in Vol. II, pp. 67–75. Written sometime between
1900 and 1906.

RIGHTS. Printed for the first time in Vol. II, pp. 79–83.
Written sometime between 1900 and 1906.

EQUALITY. Printed for the first time in Vol. II, pp. 87–89.
Written sometime between 1900 and 1906.

1901. THE ANTHRACITE COAL INDUSTRY, by Peter Roberts. Introduction
by W. G. Sumner. New York, London, Macmillan
Co., 261 pp. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 387–388.

SPECIMENS OF INVESTMENT SECURITIES FOR CLASS ROOM
USE. New Haven, The E. P. Judd Co., 32 pp., 27
× 35½ cm. Verbatim reprints of a large number of
shares, certificates, bonds, and other evidences of ownership
of debt, without independent text or comment:
collected for use in college instruction.

TRUSTS. Journal of Commerce, June 24.

THE PREDOMINANT ISSUE. Burlington, Vt. Reprinted
from the International Monthly, November, Vol. 2, pp.
496–509. Reprinted in Vol. I, pp. 337–352.

THE YAKUTS. Abridged from the Russian of Sieroshevski.
Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain
and Ireland, Vol. 31, pp. 65–110.

1902. SUICIDAL FANATICISM IN RUSSIA. The Popular Science
Monthly, March, Vol. LX, pp. 442–447.

THE CONCENTRATION OF WEALTH: ITS ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION.
The Independent, April-June. Reprinted in
Vol. III, pp. 81–90.

1903. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER.
A History of the Class of 1863, Yale College, pp. 165–167.
New Haven, The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor
Co., 1905. Reprinted in Vol. II, pp. 3–5.

WAR. Printed for the first time in Vol. I, pp. 3–40.

1904. REPLY TO A SOCIALIST (THE FALLACIES OF SOCIALISM).
Collier’s Weekly, October 29, pp. 12–13. Reprinted in
Vol. III, pp. 55–62.

1905. LYNCH-LAW, by James Elbert Cutler. Foreword by W. G.
Sumner. New York, Longmans, Green, and Co., v,
287 pp. Reprinted in Vol. III, pp. 383–384.

ECONOMICS AND POLITICS. Printed for the first time in
Vol. II, pp. 318–333.

THE SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE OF MIND. Address to initiates
of the Sigma Xi Society, Yale University, on March 4.
Printed for the first time in Vol. II, pp. 17–28.

1906. PROTECTIONISM TWENTY YEARS AFTER. (Title given by
editor.) Address at a dinner of the Committee on
Tariff Reform of the Tariff Reform Club in the City of
New York, June 2. Published by the Reform Club
Committee on Tariff Reform, 42 Broadway, New York,
N. Y. Series 1906, No. 4, 7 pp., August 15. Reprinted
in Vol. IV, pp. 131–138.

1907. FOLKWAYS: A Study of the Sociological Importance of
Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals. Boston,
Ginn & Co., v, 692 pp.

SOCIOLOGY AS A COLLEGE SUBJECT. American Journal of
Sociology, March, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 597–599. Reprinted
in Vol. III, pp. 407–411.

1908. DECLINE OF CONFIDENCE. Annual Financial and Commercial
Review, New York Herald, January 2.

1909. WHAT IS SANE TARIFF REFORM? Annual Financial and
Commercial Review, New York Herald, January 4.

THE FAMILY AND SOCIAL CHANGE. American Journal of
Sociology, March, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 577–591. Reprinted
in Vol. I, pp. 43–61.

WITCHCRAFT. Forum, May, Vol. XLI, pp. 410–423.
Reprinted in Vol. I, pp. 105–126.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY and List of Books Published. Facsimile
of letter and photograph in The Yale Courant, May,
Vol. XLV, No. 7, on occasion of Sumner’s retirement.

THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN CHALDEA, EGYPT, INDIA,
JUDEA, AND GREECE TO THE TIME OF CHRIST. Forum,
August, Vol. XLII, pp. 113–136. Reprinted in Vol. I,
pp. 65–102.

THE MORES OF THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE. Yale
Review, November, Vol. XVIII, pp. 233–245. Reprinted
in Vol. I, pp. 149–164.

1910. RELIGION AND THE MORES. American Journal of Sociology,
March, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 577–591. Reprinted
in Vol. I, pp. 129–146.

COMMENT ON WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER. (Died April 12.)
The Pioneer, Henry W. Farman. The Teacher, J. C.
Schwab. The Inspirer, Irving Fisher. The Idealist,
Clive Day. The Alan, Albert G. Keller. The Veteran,
Richard T. Ely. Yale Review, May, Vol. XIX, pp. 1–12.

MEMORIAL ADDRESSES. Delivered June 19, in Lampson
Lyceum, Yale University, by Otto T. Bannard, Henry
De Forest Baldwin, and Albert Galloway Keller.
Printed in Vol. III, pp. 429–450.

POSTHUMOUS

1911. WAR. Yale Review (New Series), October, Vol. I, No. 1,
pp. 1–27. Printed in Vol. I, pp. 3–40.

WAR AND OTHER ESSAYS. New Haven, Yale University
Press, 381 pp.

1913. EARTH HUNGER OR THE PHILOSOPHY OF LAND GRABBING.
Yale Review (New Series), October, Vol. III, No. 1,
pp. 3–32. Printed in Vol. II, pp. 31–64.

EARTH HUNGER AND OTHER ESSAYS. New Haven, Yale
University Press, 377 pp.

1914. THE CHALLENGE OF FACTS AND OTHER ESSAYS. New
Haven, Yale University Press, 450 pp.

1918. THE FORGOTTEN MAN AND OTHER ESSAYS. New Haven,
Yale University Press, 559 pp.

FOOTNOTES

[1] February 4, 1884, Mr. Robinson of New York proposed, in the House of Representatives, an amendment to the Constitution, so as to allow Congress to lay an export duty on cotton for the encouragement of home manufactures. (Record, 862.)

[2] Philadelphia _American_, August 7, 1884.

[3] Taussig: “History of the Existing Tariff,” 78 ff.

[4] The wool growers held a convention at St. Louis May 28, 1885, at which they estimated their loss by the reduction of the tax on wool in 1883, or the _difference_ between what they got by this tax before that date and after, at ninety million dollars (New York _Times_, May 29). If that sum is what they lost, it is what the consumers gained. They are very angry, and will not vote for any one who will not help to re-subject the consumers to this tribute to them.

[5] Broderick, “English Land and English Landlords,” p. 194.

[6] Since the above was in type, I have, for the first time, seen an argument from a protectionist, that a tariff between our states is, or may become, desirable. It is from the Chicago _Inter-Ocean_, and marks the extreme limit reached, up to this time, by protectionist fanaticism and folly, although it is thoroughly consistent, and fairly lays bare the spirit and essence of protectionism:

“In the United States the present ominous and overshadowing strike in the iron trade, by which from 75,000 to 100,000 men have been thrown out of work, is an incisive example of the tendency of this country, also, to a condition of trade which will compel individual states and certain sections of the country to ask for legislation, in order to protect them against the cheaper labor and superior natural advantage of others.” The remedy for the harm done by taxes on our foreign trade is to lay some on our domestic trade. (See §§ 26, 95.)

[7] Since the above was in type, a treasury order has subjected all goods from Canada to the same taxes as imported goods, although they may be going from Minnesota to England. Nature has made man too well off. The inhabitants of North America will not simply use their chances, but they divide into two artificial bodies so as to try to harm each other. Millions are spent to cut an isthmus where nature has left one, and millions more to set up a tax-barrier where nature has made a highway.

[8] 62, Niles’s “Register,” 132.

[9] _Journal des Economistes_, March, 1885, page 496.

[10] Paris correspondent of the New York _Evening Post_, February 9, 1884.

[11] _Economist_, Commercial Review, 1884, p. 15.

[12] The Vienna correspondent of the _Economist_ writes, June 15, 1885, “The representatives of the sugar trade addressed a petition to the Finance Minister, asking, above all things, that the premium on export should be retained, without which, they say, they cannot continue to exist, and which is granted in all countries where beet-root sugar is manufactured.”

[13] _Bradstreet’s_, July 25, 1885.

[14] _Economist_, 1884, p. 1052.

[15] A friend has sent me a report (Barbados _Agricultural Report_, April 24, 1885) of an indignation meeting at Bridgetown to protest because the English Government refused to ratify the commercial treaty with the United States. The islanders feel the competition of the “bounty-fed” sugar in the English market; a new complication, a new mischief.

[16] _Economist_, Commercial Supplement, February 14, 1885, p. 7.

[17] Since the above was in type, a report from the “South American Commission” has been received and published. This Commission submitted certain propositions to the President of Chili on behalf of the United States. The report says:

“The second proposition involved the idea of a reciprocal commercial treaty between the two countries under which special products of each should be admitted free of duty into the other when carried under the flag of either nation. This did not meet with any greater favor with President Santa Maria, who was not disposed to make reciprocity treaties. His people were at liberty to sell where they could get the best prices and buy where goods were the cheapest. In his opinion commerce was not aided by commercial treaties, and Chili neither asked from nor gave to other nations especial favors. Trade would regulate itself, and there was no advantage in trying to divert it in one direction or the other. So far as the United States was concerned, there could be very little trade with Chili, owing to the fact that the products of the two countries were almost identical. Chili produced very little that we wanted, and although there were many industrial products of the United States that were used in Chili, the merchants of the latter country must be allowed to buy where they sold and where they could trade to the greatest advantage. With reference to the provision that reduced duties should be allowed only upon goods carried in Chilian or American vessels, he said that Chili did not want any such means to encourage her commerce: her ports were open to all the vessels of the world upon an equality, and none should have especial privileges.”--(N. Y. _Times_, July 3, 1885.)

If this is a fair specimen of the political and economic enlightenment which prevails at the other end of the American Continent, it is a great pity that the “Commission” is not a great deal larger. They are like the illiterate missionaries who found themselves unawares in a theological seminary. We would do well to send our whole Congress out there.

[18] This is the case for which the _Inter-Ocean_ proposed the remedy described in § 71 note.

[19] I except those of Mr. Carroll Wright. He has sufficiently stated of how slight value his are.

[20] Bk. V, ch. 10, § 1.

[21] It has been developed mathematically by a French mathematician (_Journal des Economistes_, August and September, 1873, pp. 285 and 464).

[22] See a fallacy under this head: Cunningham, “Growth of English Industry,” 410, note.

[23] IMMIGRATION IN 1884

Males Females Total
Professional occupations 2,184 100 2,284
Skilled occupations 50,905 4,156 55,061
Occupations not stated 19,778 11,887 31,665
No occupation 75,483 169,904 245,387
Miscellaneous occupations 160,159 24,036 184,195
------- ------- -------
Total 308,509 210,083 518,592

Under miscellaneous were 106,478 laborers and 42,050 farmers.

[24] See a fallacy under this point: Cunningham, “Growth of English Industry,” 410 note.

[25] See an interesting collection of illustrations in an article on “Lords of Industry” in the _North American Review_ for June, 1884. The futile criticisms at the end of the article do not affect the value of the facts collected.

[26] Cunningham, “Growth of English Industry and Commerce,” 316, note 2. (See also §§ 114, 134.)

[27] Mill, “Political Economy,” Bk. I, ch. 5, § 5. Cairnes, “Leading Principles,” ch. I, § 5.

[28] “Political Economy,” 491–492.

[29] I published a criticism of this case in the London _Economist_, December 1, 1883.

[30] Quoted by Taussig: “History of the Existing Tariff,” 73.

[31] Illustrations of this are presented without number. Here is the most recent one: “The [silk] masters [of Lyons, France] look to the government for relief by a reduction of the duty on cotton yarn, or the right to import all numbers duty free for export after manufacture. With the present tariffs, they maintained, which is no doubt true, that they cannot compete with the Swiss and German makers. But the Rouen cotton spinners oppose the demand of the Lyons silk manufacturers, and protest that they will be ruined if the latter are allowed to procure their material from abroad. The Lyons weavers assert that they are being ruined because they cannot.”--(_Economist_, 1885, p. 815.) The cotton men won in the Chamber of Deputies, July 23, 1885.

[32] _Independent_, August 16, 1888.

[33] In _Good Cheer_ for April, 1886, p. 7.

[34] Address at a dinner of the committee on Tariff Reform of the Reform Club in the city of New York, June 2, 1906.

[35] _Leslie’s Weekly_, August 20, 1896.

[36] _Leslie’s Weekly_, September 3, 1896.

[37] _Leslie’s Weekly_, September 10, 1896.

[38] _Leslie’s Weekly_, September 17, 1896.

[39] Pp. 161–162.

[40] _Leslie’s Weekly_, September 24, 1896.

[41] _Harper’s Weekly_, September 15, 1883

[42] _Popular Science News_, July, 1887.

[43] _The Independent_, April 19, 1888.

[44] “Earth Hunger, and Other Essays,” pp. 217–270.

[45] _The Independent_, June 13, 1889.

[46] Falke, “August von Sacheen.”

[47] _The North American Review_, Vol. CXXXII, pp. 559–566. (June, 1881.)

[48] _The North American Review_, vol. cxxii, pp. 47–87. (January, 1876.)

[49] Address before the Kent Club of the Yale Law School.

[50] Statistics means here, what it ought to mean, much more than tables of figures.

[51] Niles, XLVI, 407.

[52] Niles, VIII, 246.

[53] Niles, XXIV, 247.

[54] Niles, XLVI, 101.

[55] For Clay, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland.

[56] Niles, March 1, 1834.

[57] Some counterfeiters were arrested at New York in a garret where they had $20,000 in notes of the “Ottawa Bank” and $800 in specie. They were very indignant--said they were a “bank” and were printing their notes at New York for economy. They came so nearly within the definition of a “bank” current at this time that they escaped on this plea.

[58] Speech at the Farewell Banquet to Herbert Spencer, held November 9, 1882.

[59] Address delivered in Hartford.

[60] These initials, as will be seen below, mean Grand Passed Master Coöperator, while G. C. indicates the lower grade of Grand Coöperator.

INDEX

In the following index, _War and Other Essays_ is referred to as Vol. I, _Earth Hunger and Other Essays_ as Vol. II, _The Challenge of Facts and Other Essays_ as Vol. III, and _The Forgotten Man and Other Essays_ as Vol. IV. References in heavy type are essay titles.

Abolition, IV, 17–18, 319.

Abolitionists, IV, 320–321.

Aborigines, treatment of, I, 27, 33–35, 273, 274, 306, 308; II, 45.

Absolutism, democratic, III, 305;
state, II, 130.

Abstract justice, II, 219.

=ABSURD EFFORT TO MAKE THE WORLD OVER=, I, 195–210.

Academical life, IV, 423, 430.

Academical pursuits, IV, 424.

Academical societies, IV, 474.

Achievement, the work of, III, 145–146.

Act of 1873, IV, 165, 173–180.

Adams, John, III, 378; IV, 291, 293, 294, 296, 381.

Adams, John Quincy, IV, 304–305, 340, 343, 347, 348, 350, 351.

Administrative reform, III, 372–374.

Adults, demand for, III, 113–114.

Advancement, I, 179.

Advancing comfort, period of, II, 201–202.

Advancing industrial organization, I, 196–199.

Advancing social organization, II, 286–287; III, 315–317.

=ADVANCING SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES=,
III, 289–344.

Africa, III, 300; IV, 71;
colonization of, II, 42;
exploitation of, I, 273; II, 51.

Aggrandizement, territorial, I, 286.

Agriculture, III, 39; IV, 76;
status of women under, I, 65.

Air, II, 240.

Alabama, IV, 55.

Alarmists, III, 341, 342–343.

Albany _Argus_, IV, 303.

Albany Regency, IV, 327, 351, 355, 362.

Alchemist, IV, 13, 19–20.

Alchemy, IV, 18.

Aleatory element, I, 116, 119–120.

Algeria, IV, 59.

Allodial land tenure, III, 312.

Almsgiving, III, 68, 74, 75.

Alternate standard, IV, 193, 195, 197, 198, 209.

Altruism, II, 130.

America, discovery of, II, 41–42, 315; III, 153–154;
Political Growth of, III, 248–249.

=AMERICA, POLITICS IN, 1776–1876=, IV, 285–333.

American college, what it ought to be, I, 370–371, 372–373.

American colleges, improvement in, I, 356.

American colonies, the, I, 274–276; III, 248–253, 290–325; IV, 285,
288.

American commonwealth, conception of the, I, 332–334; II, 56.

American culture, IV, 294.

American history contrasted with European, III, 292–293, 307.

American Indians, the, I, 6–7, 12, 15, 33, 44, 50, 309; II, 137, 138;
III, 230, 249, 250.

American institutions, III, 244.

American life, IV, 241–242.

American politics, history of, IV, 339.

American principles, I, 326–329.

American shipping, IV, 273–278.

American Social Science Association, the, II, 217.

American traditions, III, 353–354, 355.

Americanism, I, 346.

Americans, IV, 123, 125–126, 132, 300;
what they cannot do, I, 329–331.

Ames, Fisher, IV, 292.

Analogy, IV, 199, 204, 206;
argument from, IV, 199.

Anarchistic liberty, II, 119, 131–132, 161, 198, 199, 200, 203; III,
292, 317, 336.

Anarchists, II, 112.

Anarchy and liberty contrasted, II, 164–165.

Ancient Germans, the, I, 21, 155.

Anglo-American law, III, 215, 218.

Anthracite coal industry, III, 387–388.

=“ANTHRACITE COAL INDUSTRY, THE,” FOREWORD TO=, III, 387–388.

Anti-federalists, the, III, 307, 327–328; IV, 289.

Anti-masonic movement, IV, 311.

Anti-slavery, I, 151.

Appointing power, IV, 307.

Apprentices, IV, 486, 487.

_A priori_ method, the, III, 400, 401.

_A priori_ philosophers, III, 244–245.

Arbitration, I, 328.

Aristocracy, IV, 291, 292;
definition of, II, 290; III, 302–303, 305;
Popular Dislike of All, III, 265–267.

Aristotle, I, 99; II, 113, 114.

Army, IV, 104.

Arnold, Matthew, IV, 425.

Art of politics, III, 246–247.

Art of production, IV, 104.

Art of recitation, I, 366.

Articles of Confederation, IV, 289.

Artificial environment, II, 251.

Artificial monopoly, II, 135, 247; IV, 282.

Artisans, II, 292; IV, 58, 72, 88.

Arts, IV, 49, 58, 87, 402;
advance or improvement in the, I, 187–189; II, 32, 42, 197, 198,
236, 358–360; III, 23, 153, 170–174, 338;
stage of the, III, 22–23.

Astor, John Jacob, I, 339; III, 83.

Astrology, IV, 18.

Atlantic, IV, 57.

Atlantic States, IV, 52.

Atomism, II, 127–128.

Australia, IV, 55, 71, 85;
the colonization of, II, 42.

Australians, the, I, 3–4, 7, 10, 44, 46; III, 303.

Autocracy, definition of, II, 290.