Chapter XL: The Problems of Japan (3)

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EXEMPTION FROM AND AVOIDANCE OF CONSCRIPTION [LXIII]. The age is 20 and the service two years (with four years in reserve and ten years depot service). The only son of a parent over 60 unable to support himself or herself is released. Middle school boys' service is postponed till they are 25. Students at higher schools and universities need not serve till 26 or 27. The service of young men abroad (i.e. elsewhere than China) is similarly postponed. (If still abroad at 37, they are entered in territorial army list and exempted.) Young men of education equal to that of middle-school graduates can volunteer for a year and pay 100 yen barracks expenses and be passed out with the rank of non-commissioned officers and be liable thereafter for only two terms of three months in territorial army. There are about half a million youths liable to conscription annually. To this number is to be added about 100,000 postponed cases. (In 1917, 47,324 students, 32,263 abroad, 15,920 whereabouts unknown, 5,069 ill, 3,147 criminal causes, 2,477 absentees, family reasons or crime.) Evasions in 1917: convicted, 234; suspected, 1,582. There are two conscription insurance companies with policies issued for 69 million yen. In one place charms against being conscripted are sold--at a shrine. Desertions in 1916 (7 per cent, officers) 956, of which 258 received more than "light punishment." The conscripts suffering from trachoma were 15.3 per cent. and from venereal diseases 2.2 per cent. Heights (1918): under 5 _shaku_, 10.95 per cent.; 5-5.3 _shaku_, 53.34 per cent.; 5.3-5.5 _shaku_, 33.13 per cent.; above 5.5 _shaku_, 2.58 per cent. In these four classes there was a decrease in height in the first two of .39 per cent. and .57 per cent. respectively and an increase in the second two of .80 per cent. and 15 per cent. respectively.

HOKKAIDO HOLDINGS [LXIV]. There are only 28 holdings of more than 1,000 _chō_, 62 of over 500 _chō_, 161 over 100 _chō_ and 80 over 50 _chō_. These large holdings are used for cattle breeding alone. There are no more than 620 holdings over 20 _chō_ and only 6,756 over 10. The number over 5 _chō_ is 51,877, and over 2 _chō_ 62,015. Under the area of 2 _chō_ there are as many as 40,928. Few of the largest holdings are worked as single farms. They are let in sections to tenants.

CLAUSES IN A TENANT'S CONTRACT [LXV]. (1) The tenant must make at least 1 _chō_ of paddy every year. (2) Rent rice must be the best of the harvest, but the tenant may pay in money. (3) In the following cases the owner will give orders to the tenants: (_a_) If tenants do not use enough manure, (_b_) If there is disease of plants or insect pests, (_c_) If the tenant neglects to mend the road or other necessary work is neglected. (4) The owner will dismiss a tenant: (_a_) If the tenant does not pay his rent without reason, (_b_) If the tenant is neglectful of his work or is idle, (_c_) If the tenant is not obedient to the owner and does not keep this contract faithfully. (_d_) If the tenant is punished by the law. (5) When tenants leave without permission of absence more than twenty days the owner can treat as he will crops or buildings. (6) In the following cases the tenant must provide two labourers to the owner: mending road, drainage canal or bridges; mending water gate and irrigation canal; when necessary public works must be undertaken.

CULTIVATED AREA AND LIVESTOCK [LXVI]. The area of cultivated land in Japan (counting paddy and arable) was, in 1919, 15,179,721 acres (6,071,888 _chō_). The number of animals kept for tillage purposes was 1,199,970 horses and 1,036,020 homed cattle. The total number of horses in the country was only 1,510,626 and of horned cattle, excluding 207,891 returned as "calving" and 12,761 as "deaths," 1,307,120. Sheep, 4,546; goats, 91,777; swine, 398,155. The number of horned cattle slaughtered in the year was 226,108. Some 86,800 horses were also slaughtered. In Great Britain (arable, pasture and grazing area, 63 million acres) there were, in 1919, 11 million cattle, 25 million sheep, 3 million pigs and 1-3/4 million horses.

EGGS AND POULTRY [LXVII]. Even with the assistance of a tariff on Chinese eggs and of a Government poultry yard, which distributes birds and sittings at cost price, there were in 1919 14,105,085 fowls and 11,278,783 chickens. There was an importation of 3-1/2 million "fresh" eggs.

MEAT CONSUMPTION [LXVIII]. The present meat consumption by Japanese is uncertain, for there were in 1920[A] 3,579 foreign residents and 22,104 visitors, and there is an exportation of ham and tinned and potted foods. The number of animals slaughtered in 1918 was: cattle and calves, 226,108; horses, 86,800; sheep and goats, 9,587; swine, 327,074. Someone said to me that "the nutritious flesh of the horse should not be neglected, for the farmer is able to digest tough food."

[Footnote A: In 1921 as many as 24,000 foreigners landed in nine months.]

TUBERCULOSIS IN THE MILLS [LXIX]. When we remember early and mid-Victorian conditions in English mills and the conditions of the sweat shops in New York and other American cities (vide "Susan Lenox"), we shall be less inclined to take a harsh view of industrial Japan during a period of transition. But it is to the interest of the woollen industry no less than that of its workers that the fact should be stated that a competent authority has alleged that 50 per cent. of the employees in the mills suffer from consumption and that many girls sleep ten in a room of only ten-mat size. Improvements have been made lately under the influence of legislation and enlightened self-interest--the president of the largest company is a man of foresight and public spirit--but when I was in Japan, as I recorded in the _New East_ at the time, girls of 13 and 14 were working 11-hour day and night shifts in some mills.

WOOLLEN FACTORIES [LXX]. In the Japanese woollen factory the cost of the hands is low individually, but expensive collectively. An expert suggested that it takes half a dozen of the unskilled girls to do the work of an English mill-girl. It is much the same with male labour. "An English worker may be expected to produce work equal to the output of four Japanese hands." Labour for heads of departments is also difficult to get. There are textile schools and probably a hundred men are graduated yearly. But the men are not all fitted for the jobs which are vacant. Therefore, one finds a man acting as an engineer who, because of his lack of technical experience, is unable to exercise sufficient control over the men in his charge. A curiosity of the industry is the high wages which many men of this sort command. They are really being paid better for inferior work than skilled men in England. The capital of the factories in 1918 was 46-1/2 million yen with 32-3/4 million paid up. Before the War the companies made 8 per cent, as against the 2-1/2 per cent, which contents the English manufacturer, who has often side lines to help his profits. There was more than 100 million yen invested in the woollen textile business, manufacturing and retail. The industry did well during the War by supplies of cloth to Russia and of yarn and muslin to countries which ordinarily are able to supply themselves. In 1918 the production (woollen fabrics and mixtures) was valued at 85 million yen (muslin, 32; cloth, 21; serges, 19; blankets, 3; flannel, 1; others, 8). The imports of wool were 60 million and of yarn 251,000. In 1919 the figures were 61 million and 710,000 respectively. In 1920 the exports were: woollen or worsted yarns, 1,437,926 yen; woollen cloth and serges, 3,019,382 yen; blankets, 1,024,540 yen; other woollens, 548,922 yen. The Nippon Wool Weaving Company, which in 1921 distributed a 20 per cent, ordinary and 20 per cent. extraordinary dividend, has 15 foreign experts.

POPULATION OF HOKKAIDO [LXXI]. In 1869, 58,467; has risen as follows:

Year Population

1874 174,368 1884 276,414 1894 616,650 1904 1,233,669 1914 1,869,582 1919 2,137,700 1920 2,359,097

EXTENSION OF CROP-BEARING AREA OF JAPAN [LXXII]. There is normally added to the crop-bearing area about 53,000 _chō_ (132,000 acres) a year. From the new crop-bearing area every year is deducted the loss of arable land from floods, the extension of cities and towns and railways and the building of factories and institutions. This is reckoned at nearly 8,000 _chō_ in the year. One computation is that there are 2 million _chō_ (5 million acres) available for addition to the crop-bearing area, of which 1 million _chō_ would be convertible into paddies. A decision was taken by the Government in 1919 to bring 250,000 _chō_ under cultivation within nine years from that date, and by 1920 some 20,000 _chō_ had been reclaimed. Persons who reclaim more than 5 _chō_ receive 6 per cent, of their expenditure.

The increase in the area of cultivation has been as follows (in _chō_):

|Year |Paddy |Upland Farm |Total | -------------------------------------------------- |1905 |2,841,471 |2,540,906 |5,382,378 | |1906 |2,849,288 |2,551,170 |5,400,459 | |1907 |2,858,628 |2,639,680 |5,498,309 | |1908 |2,882,426 |2,684,531 |5,566,958 | |1909 |2,902,899 |2,777,453 |5,680,352 | |1910 |2,910,970 |2,804,434 |5,715,405 | |1911 |2,923,520 |2,836,002 |5,759,522 | |1912 |2,939,445 |2,880,301 |5,819,756 | |1913 |2,953,947 |2,902,445 |5,856,392 | |1914 |2,961,639 |2,916,569 |5,878,208 | |1915 |2,974,042 |2,948,075 |5,922,118 | |1916 |2,987,579 |2,971,800 |5,959,379 | |1917 |3,005,679 |3,012,685 |6,018,364 | |1918 |3,011,000 |3,070,000 |6,081,000 | |1919 |3,021,879 |3,050,008 |6,071,887 |

Whereas the percentage of cultivated land to uncultivated was in 1909 14.6 per cent., it was in 1918 15.6 per cent.

USE TO WHICH THE LAND IS PUT [LXXIII]. Here are the details of the division of the land in 1909 and 1918:

Division of the Land | Years | Area in _chō_ | Percentage of
| | in 000 's | Total Area
------------------------|--------|----------------|--------------
Total area | 1909 | 38,847 | 100.0
| 1918 | 38,864 | 100.0
| | |
Paddy fields | 1909 | 2,903 | 7.5
| 1918 | 3,011 | 7.7
| | |
Upland fields | 1909 | 2,777 | 7.1
| | 3,070 | 7.9
| | |
Total arable as above | 1909 | 5,680 | 14.6
| 1918 | 6,081 | 15.6
| | |
Meadows and pastures | 1909 | 39 | 0.1
| 1918 | 43 | 0.1
| | |
Grass lands and heather | 1909 | 1,941 | 5.0
(excluding pastures) | 1918 | 3,509 | 9.0
| | |
Forests | 1909 | 22,072 | 56.8
| 1918 | 18,783 | 48.3
| | |
Dwellings, factories, | 1909 | 9,115 | 23.5
roads, railways, | 1918 | 10,448 | 27.0
institutions, etc. | | |
------------------------|--------|----------------|--------------

Radish (1917), 576,746,000 _kwan_; taro (1917), 159,168,000 _kwan_; burdock (1917), 43,424,000 _kwan_; turnip (1917), 41,527,000 _kwan_; onion (1917), 37,601,000 _kwan_; carrot (1917), 26,976,000 _kwan_; cabbage (1917); 19,951,000 _kwan_; wax-tree seed (1918), 13,761,000 _kwan_; rush for matting, (1918), 10,442,000 _kwan_; flax (1918), 17,300,000 _kwan_; ginger (1918), 8,189,000 _kwan_; paper mulberry (1918), 6,964,000 _kwan_; peppermint (1918), 3,380,000 _kwan_; lily (1917), 682,000 _kwan_; chillies (1918), 441,000 _kwan_.

EMIGRANTS AND RESIDENTS ABROAD (LXXIV). The latest official figures as to Japanese resident abroad, supplied in 1921 and probably gathered in 1920, are:

Asia China 200,740 Kwantung 79,307 Tsingtao 23,555 Philippines 11,156 Strait Settlements 10,828 Russian Asia 7,028 Dutch India 4,436 Hongkong 3,083 India 1,278 Burma 680 Indo-China 371

Europe England 1,638 Germany 409 Holland 375 France 342 Switzerland 87 Italy 34 Belgium 12 Sweden 10

North America U.S.A. 115,186 Hawaii 112,221 Canada 17,716 Mexico 2,198 Panama 225

South America Brazil 34,258 Peru 10,102 Argentine 1,958 Chile 484 Bolivia 145

Africa South Africa 38 Egypt 35

Oceania Australia 5,274 South Seas 3,399

Total 648,915

(The comparable return for 1918 was 493,845.) It has been suggested that these official statistics are incomplete; 7,000 as the number of Japanese in Russian territory seems low. Even during the War, in 1917, passports were issued to 62,000 Japanese going abroad. Of these, according to the _Japan Year-book_, 23,000 were made out for Siberia. Professor Shiga has stated that "no small number" of Japanese leave their country as stowaways.

RISE IN PRODUCTION PER "TAN" OF PADDY [LXXV]. The 3 or 4 _koku_ is reached in favourable circumstances only. The average is far below this, but it rises, as shown in Appendix XV.

Between 1887 and 1915 the area under barley and wheat rose from 1,591,000 _chō_ to 1,812,000 _chō_, the yield from 15,822,000 _koku_ to 23,781,000 _koku_ and the yield per _tan_ from .994 _koku_ to 1.313. Between 1882 and 1914 the increase in the crops of the three varieties of millet averaged .515 _koku_ per _tan_. The increased yield of soy beans was .229 _koku_ per _tan_, of sweet potatoes 138 _kwamme_ per _tan_ and of Irish potatoes 138 _kwamme_.

LABOURERS [LXXVI]. When hired labour is required on farms it is supplied either by relatives and neighbours or by the surplus labour of strangers who are small farmers or members of a small farmer's family. According to the Department of Agriculture: "Ordinary fixed employees are upon an equal social footing. Apprentice labourers are very numerous. No working class holds a special social position as such. This is the greatest point of difference between the Japanese agricultural labour situation and that of Europe." The number of labourers in October 1920 was:

| Day | Seasonal| All the | | |year round| Total ---------------------------|-----------|---------|----------|--------- Labourers living { male | 119,676 | 52,007 | 49,110 | 220,793 solely on wages, { female | 80,870 | 42,193 | 23,862 | 146,925 agricultural and { | | | | other { | 200,546 | 94,200 | 72,972 | 367,718 | | | | | | | | Labourers who are { male | 949,266 | 407,596 | 188,369 | 1,546,231 labourers part { female | 646,720 | 405,131 | 116,152 | 1,168,003 of their time | | | | | 1,595,986 | 813,727 | 304,521 | 2,714,234 | | | | Total . . . . . | 1,796,532 | 907,927 | 377,493 | 3,081,952 -----------------------------------------------------------------------

In addition to the total of 3,081,952 "there are 32,973 agricultural labourers who are boys and girls under 14."

DECREASE OF FARMERS TILLING THEIR OWN LAND [LXXVII]. In 1914 the number of farmers owning their own land was 1,731,247; in 1919 it had fallen to 1,700,747. In 1914 the number of tenants was 1,520,476; in 1919 it had increased to 1,545,639. That is, there were 30,500 fewer landowners and 25,163 more tenants. During the period between 1914 and 1919 the number of farmers (landowners and tenants) increased 30,293. While from 1909 to 1914 the percentage of landowners fell from 33.27 to 31.73, the percentage of tenant farmers rose from 27.69 to 27.87 and the percentage of persons partly owner and partly tenant from 39.04 to 40.40. See Appendix XXXIV.

RURAL AND URBAN POPULATIONS [LXXVIII]. The following table shows the percentage of the population living in communes under 5,000 and 10,000 inhabitants in 1913 and 1918:

Year | Percentage of Population living in | Percentage of Families | Communities | engaged in Agricultural |------------------------------------| to Total Families in | under 5,000 | under 10,000 | Japan Proper ------|---------------|--------------------|------------------------ 1913 | 50.44 | 72.39 | 57.6 1918 | 46.23 | 67.71 | 52.3 ------|---------------|--------------------|------------------------ | -4.21 | -4.68 | -5.3 --------------------------------------------------------------------

These figures clearly indicate the decrease of the rural population. To take 10,000 inhabitants as the demarcation line between urban and rural population is probably less correct than to take a demarcation line of 7,500 inhabitants. A mean of the two percentages of populations living in communities under 5,000 and under 10,000 inhabitants shows 61.41 per cent, in 1913 and 56.97 per cent, in 1918, a decrease of 4.44 per cent. The variation between this result and the preceding one has a simple explanation. About 30 per cent, of the families engaged in agriculture carry on their farming as an accessory business. Teachers, priests and mechanics may all have patches of land. On the other hand, a small number of people have no land. Therefore, the percentage of the rural population is only slightly higher than that of the families engaged in agriculture. In 1918 there were 5,476,784 farming families (to 10,460,440 total families or 52.3 per cent.), and if we multiply by 5-1/3--the average number of persons per family in Japan is 5.317 (1918)--to find the population dependent on agriculture, the number is 29,209,514. The total population of Japan in 1918 was 55,667,711. The Department of Agriculture has stated that on the basis of the census of 1918 the number of persons in households engaged in agriculture was 52 per cent. of the population. According to one set of statistics the percentage of farming families to non-farming families fell from 64 per cent, in 1904 to 60.3 per cent. in 1910 and 56 in 1914. We shall probably not be far wrong in supposing the rural population to be at present about 55 per cent, of the population. The percentage of persons actually working on the farms is another matter. As has been seen, some 30 per cent, of the 5-1/2 million farming families are engaged in agriculture as a secondary business only. It may be, therefore, that the 5-1/2 million families do not actually yield more than 10 million effective farm hands.

IS RICE THE RIGHT CROP FOR JAPAN [LXXIX]. Mr. Katsuro Hara, of the College of Literature, Kyoto University, asks, "Is Japan specially adapted for the production of rice?" and answers: "Southern Japan is of course not unfit. But rice does not conform to the climate of northern Japan. This explains the reason why there have been repeated famines. By the choice of this uncertain kind of crop as the principal foodstuff the Japanese have been obliged to acquiesce in a comparatively enhanced cost of living. The tardiness of civilisation may be perhaps partly attributed to this fact. Why did our forefathers prefer rice to other cereals? Was a choice made in Japan? If the choice was made in this country the unwisdom of the choice and of the choosers is now very patent."

Along with this expression of opinion may be set the following figures, showing the total production of rice and of other grain crops during the past six years, in thousands of _koku_:

---------|----------|---------------|--------|-------------|--------
Year | Barley | Naked Barley | Wheat | Barley and | Rice
| | | | Wheat |
---------|----------|---------------|--------|-------------|--------
1915 | 10,253 | 8,296 | 5,231 | 23,781 | 55,924
1916 | 9,559 | 7,921 | 5,869 | 23,350 | 58,442
1917 | 9,169 | 8,197 | 6,786 | 24,155 | 54,658
1918 | 8,368 | 7,777 | 6,431 | 22,576 | 54,699
1919 | 9,664 | 7,995 | 5,611 | 23,271 | 60,818
---------|----------|---------------|--------|-------------|--------

From 1910 to 1919 the areas under barleys and wheat were, in _chō_, 1,771,655-1,729,148, and under rice 2,949,440-3,104,611.

INNER COLONISATION _v_. FOREIGN EXPANSION [LXXX]. _An Introduction to the History of Japan_ (1921), written by an Imperial University professor and published by the Yamato Society, the members of which include some of the most distinguished men in Japan, says: "It is doubtful whether the backwardness of the north can be solely attributed to its climatic inferiority. Even in the depth of winter the cold in the northern provinces cannot be said to be more unbearable than that of the Scandinavian countries or of north-eastern Germany. The principal cause of the retardation of progress in northern Japan lies rather in the fact that it is comparatively recently exploited.... The northern provinces might have become far more populous, civilised and prosperous than we see them now. Unfortunately for the north, just at the most critical time in its development the attention of the nation was compelled to turn from inner colonisation to foreign relations. The subsequent acquisition of dominions oversea made the nation still more indifferent."

According to a report of the Hokkaido Government in 1921, the number of immigrants during the latest three year period was 90,000, and one and a half million acres are available for cultivation and improvement.

AGRICULTURE _v_. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY [LXXXI]. There is supposed to be more money invested in land than in commerce or industry. Comprehensive figures of a trustworthy kind establishing the relative importance of agriculture, commerce and industry are not readily obtained. "This is a question," writes a Japanese professor of agriculture to me, "which we should like to study very much." Industrial and commercial figures at the end of and immediately after the War are not of much use because of the inflation of that period. The annual value of agricultural production before the War was about 1,800 million yen; it must be by now about 2,500 or 3,000. In 1912, according to the Department of Finance, the debt of the agricultural population was 740 million yen. In 1916 the Japan Mortgage Bank and the prefectural agricultural and industrial banks had together advanced to agricultural organisations 110 millions and to other borrowers 273 millions. In 1915 co-operative credit associations had advanced 45 millions to farmers and 11 millions to other borrowers. The paid-up capital of companies, was, in 1913, 1,983 million, of which 27 million was agricultural, and in 1916, 2,434 million, of which 31 million was agricultural. The reserves were, in 1913, 542 million, of which 1 million was agricultural, and in 1916, 841 million, of which 3 were agricultural. (For some reason or other, "fishing" is included under "agricultural." On careful dissection I find that of the 45 million of investments credited to agriculture in 1918, only 28 million are purely agricultural.) The land tax is estimated to yield 73 million yen in 1920-1. It is 2-1/2 per cent. on residential land, 4.5 per cent. on paddy and cultivated land--3.2 per cent, in Hokkaido--and 5.5 per cent. on other land--4 per cent. in Hokkaido.

INDEX

_This Index may be regarded as a Glossary inasmuch as every Japanese word which occurs in the book will be found in it. The meaning is usually given on the page the number of which comes first._

132 (2) _signifies that there are two references on page 132 to the subject indexed._

_Such subjects as Agriculture, Hokkaido, Labour, Paddies, Rice and Sericulture are indexed at length, but some matters which relate to them and are of general interest appear in the body of the Index._

Abbot and Ronin 333

Abiko 105

Ability 66

Abortion 65, 303;
Abortifacient 332

Abroad, first, 235

Accommodation with the West 363

Acreage, see Agriculture

Acting 115 (2), 320

Adjustment 85, 186, 194, 197, 210, 232, 365, 370, 380;
Cost 72;
Cottages 72;
Graves 72;
Method and Results 71-2;
Statistics 72

Admonition, see Police, 54

Adoption 21, 328

Adulteration 356

Æ 99, 321

Aerated waters 119

Aeroplanes 31

Aestheticism 203

Affection, Question by a Japanese, 144

Affinity 272

Afforestation, see Deforestation,
Floods, Tree planting; 23, 92-3, 97, 152, 177, 194, 197, 228, 233,
240, 260, 318, 370

Africa 410

Agriculture, see Adjustment, Animals under different names, Area,
Cattle, Crops under different names, Cultivation, Farmers, Grain,
Hokkaido, Implements under different names, Land new, Land available,
Land utilised, Manure, Milk, Paddies, Peasant Proprietors, Tenants,
Tools, Rice and other crops, Sericulture, Upland;
Advantages 365, 367;
Accessory business 412;
American, proposed study of, vii;
Arable 409, (British) 385;
Areas 394, 400,
quarter acre 89,
one and a quarter acre to five acres 89,
two 210,
two and a half 9, 284,
three 10,
five 284,
seven and a half 89, 373,
ten 10,
twelve and a half 207,
fifteen 10,
twenty-five 213,
one _tan_ 232,
five 184,
six 302,
eight 304, 383,
twelve 270,
fifteen and a half 373,
one _chō_ 220, 304, 377 (3), 379, 380, 385,
one and a half 379,
two 380,
two and a half,
see Hokkaido,
three 373, 380,
four 10,
four to four and a half 338,
four to five 207,
five 310, 337-8,
seven 10, 338, 373,
eight 310, 373,
ten 28,
ten to fifteen 28, 338,
thirty 338,
sixty-two 374;
Associations against landlords 88;
v. Armaments 93, 359;
an Author on viii;
Based on rice 343;
Basis of nation ix, 92;
Calendar of operations 136;
Compared with British 390;
Capitalisation 368-9;
College 195;
Criticism of 362, 365, (backbreaking) 75;
v. Commerce and industry 180, 414;
Commercial side 65;
Company 207;
Consolidation of holdings 364;
Crop statistics errors 404;
"Encourager" 176;
Experiment station 158, 176-7, 207, 370;
Experts 207, 283, (respect for) 54;
Foundation and means to an end ix, 27;
Foreign 365, 367;
v. "Foreign relations" 414;
and Family system 330;
Faults of 65;
like Gardening 307;
God of 145;
Goddess of 312;
Helpful 180;
Holdings, Consolidation of 368;
How to teach 27;
Grazing 240, (British) 385;
Hydraulic engineering 149;
Industry and Commerce 284;
Implements 268;
Improvement, Principles of 370;
Land, how used, 408;
Machinery 365, 367-8-9;
in praise of 10;
Methods 208;
Limitations imposed on 365 (2), 367;
Merits 365;
National Agricultural Society 378;
Night work 359;
Number of families engaged in 412;
Relations to national welfare 369, 370-1;
Pasture 111, 409, (British) 385;
Petite Culture 346;
Production not final aim 367;
Profitable 232, 373;
Progress 261;
Remedies 368-9, 370;
Revolutionising 367;
and Religion 231;
Schools, see Schools, 176, 375;
Shortcomings 365;
Strikes 88;
Students not leaving land 285;
Subsistence provided by 365;
Small farms decreasing 394;
Tenants' Movement, see Landlords;
Without rice 381 (2)

Aichi 1-67, 84, 345

"Aiming at being Distinguished" 124

Ainu x, 25

Akagi 315

Akita 189, 190, 193

Alimentary tract, 348, 351

Allah 98

"All family smiling" 137

Alpinist 290

Alps, 127, 152, 262

_Amado_ 277

"A man's a man," etc. 95

_Amé_ 191

America,
see Hokkaido, 137, 141, 288, 290, 363 (2);
Rice culture 365-6

_Amida_ xxx, 129

_Amma_ 108, 133

Ammonia water 177, 251

Amphibious labour 358

Amusements, see Farmers, 180, 287, 374, 378

Ancestors 19, 26, 33, 38 (3), 58, 61, 67, 94, 178

Anchors 211

Angelo, Michael, 103

Angling 245

Anglo-Japanese Alliance xv;
Anglo-Saxons 203

Animals
Bird artists 344;
Buddhism and 59;
Food, see Meat, 349;
Industry 346, 348;
Knack of looking after 343;
Liking for 221, 343;
Power 365, 370;
Tillage 406

Anjo 57

Anniversaries 50

Antelopes 110

Anti-Landlord movement 37, 88

Ants 47

Aomori 189, 194, 195, 334, 354, 391

Aoyama 66

"A plain householder" 150

Apostle and artist 90

Appetiser 268

Apples, see Hokkaido, 194, 289, 402

Appointments 125;
Tax 21

Apprentices 411

Apricots 289

Aqueduct 64

Archery 39, 40, 159

Architecture 198

Ardour 124

Area 65, 390;
and Habitable compared with other countries 385, 392;
per Family 42, 89 (2)

Armaments 93, 97, 394;
U.S. expenditure 394

Armour 36, 40

Arm rest 246, 319

Army 202, 346, 350, 360 (2), 403;
Discipline 361;
and Farmer ix;
Officers and Agriculture 362;
Railway service 297

Arnold, Matthew, 24, 272

Arrests postponed 280

Arson 56, 280, 282

Art 99, 214, 369;
Degenerated 99;
and Farmer ix;
Hills in 120;
Korean 103;
Influence of Western 103-4;
Artists 99, 100;
Sketches at festivals 193;
Artistry 317;
Artistic treasures 369;
Artistic world 102-3-4-5, 328

Artificials, see Manure

Artisans 317;
with land and houses 268;
see Farmers

"_Asahi_" 90, 109

Asama, Mt., 143

Asceticism 101

Asia, see West and East, 202;
Residents in 410;
Asiatic Mainland 351, 363;
Asiatic Society of Japan 364
"Aspiring" young men 135

Assaults 282

Assentation 14

Associations against Landlords 88;
for Economical agricultural Students 176;
Spirit of 16

"At twenty I found" 150

Athletics,
see under different names, 159

Attempts to deceive the West 174

Attitude
for foreign student 254;
of world, 371;
to something higher;
see Materialism, Spirituality

Attorney-General, 345

Audience, 24

Australia, 127, 352-3, 363 (2), 388;
Might have possessed, 363

Author
Attitude towards Japan, xii;
before domestic shrine, 33;
Carried, 308;
Chats in trains, 176;
"Fortune", 138;
First Englishman in place, 126;
Governor and, 84;
on Hearn, 254;
Some Conclusions, see Hokkaido, 369;
and Police, 53;
Reception at Shinto Shrine, 45;
Shinto address to, 46;
Speeches, 6, 26, 31, 254;
Tree planting, 45;
Welcome, 22;
at Wrestling match, 297

Authority
Disobedience to, 285;
Power going, 330

Autobiography of a Farmer-Egotist, 61

Autographs, 38, 324

Automobile, see Chauffeur, 205

Autumn, 214

"Average workers", 62, 377

Awakening, 324

Axholme, Isle of, 71

_Aza_ xxv, 15, 16, 262, 315

Azaleas, 316

Babies, 285

Backbreaking, 75, 208

Back to the Land, 88

Backwardness of North,
see Japan, Northern

Bacon, 347

Bacon, Lord, xii, 309

Bactericides, 60

"Bad tea has its tolerable," etc., 123

Bag and string, 312

Balls, Black and red, 19

Bamboo, 48, 318, 244, 248;
Grass, 70, 108, 352, 368;
and Mice, 108;
Rate of growth, 242;
Shoots, 136;
Work, 248

_Bancha_, 294, 403

Bankruptcy, 138

Banks, 205, 303, 402, 414

Banqueting, 357

_Banzai_, 43

Barbers, 224, 267

Barefoot, 64

Bark strips, 190

Barley, 146, 175, 196, 307, 313 (3), 349, 351, 386, 389, 391, 409, 410;
Big crop, 313;
Husking, 389;
Naked, 409;
with and without Rice, 47, 80, 85, 383, 387;
Production compared with Wheat, 413

Barons x, 204

Barriers ix, 104

Barter, 122

Barton, Sir E., 9

_Basha_, see Hokkaido, 244;
story, 217

Baskets, 177, 215

Baths x, 17, 50, 82, 109, 112, 116-7, 190, 203, 215, 256, 277, 314, 354;
"A moral bath", 94;
Bathing, 125, 152, 186

Battleship, 235

Bayonets, Imitation, 282

Bazin René, 141

Beans, see Soya, 147, 199, 307, 383, 409;
Cake, 386

Beardsley, Aubrey, 98, 103

Bears, see Hokkaido, 110

Beauty, see Hokkaido, 104, 127, 298

"Be diligent", 158;
"Be serious", 112

Beef, see Kobe beef, 259, 349, 350;
Essence, 158

Beer, see Hokkaido, 119, 396

Bees, 196, 348

Beggars, 265, 324

Begonia, 213

Behaviour, Training in good, 259

Belgium, 386

Beliefs, see Customs, 310, 331;

Believers, 63;
Believer and ne'er do well, 5

Belly cloths, 269

_Benjo_, 151, 192, 374

Ben Nevis, 394

_Bento_ 110, 268, 279

Bergson, 99

_Beri beri_, 79

Berry, Sir G., 9

Better living, 370;
Better world, 90

_Bi_, 126

Bible, 95

Bicycles, 18, 150, 220

Binyon, L., 292

Birches, 316

Birds, 25, 117, 344

Births,
see Still;
Celebration of, 302;
Forbidden, 236;
Rate, 392;
Tax, 21

Biscuits, 270

_Biwa_, 289

Black and white company, 187

Black Country, 132

"Black saké", 79

Blacksmith, 264

Blake, William, 98, 103, 105-6

Blind,
see _Amma_, 192, 300;
Advantage of Blindness, 232;
Blind guides, 369;
Headman, 229

Blood and thunder stories 121

Boar day 126

Boasting 17

Boat, sacred, 257

Body 226

Boehme 99

Bog 390

"Bold is the donkey driver" 98

Bolting ideas 331

_Bon_ 180, 190, 265, 267, 271-2, 302, 361;
Songs and dances 189, 190, 197 (2), 274

Bonins 391

Bonito 297

Books 159, 190, 319, 401;
Cheap 212;
Faults of many about Japan 254;
Foreign 141, 196, 248;
In demand 60;
In a Village Library 60;
Shops 244

Booths 115

Boots 236, 284, 346

Borneo 127

Borrow vi, 119, 283

Borrowing,
see Credit, _Ko, Tanomoshi_; 125, 183

Boswell, 140, 175

Bottles, tied with rope, 119

Bowing 44 (2), 46, 83, 121, 286, 313

Bowels 348, 351

Bowls, Turning, 111;
at shrine 303

Box for letters for Police 111

Boy
Growth of 113;
Labour 411;
Tradesmen's 315;
Reformation of 178;
Running away 322;
Stolen 286;
"Boy San" 103

Brazil 401

Bread 80 (2), 346 (2), 350-1 (2), 383

Bream 297

Breath 117

Brewing, see Hokkaido, 119

Bribery 208, 400; 123, 303

Bride 21;
Chest 129, 379

Bridges 128, 132, 240;
Mysteriously repaired, 287;
Suspension 209

Briefness 292

Bright, John, 203

Britons, see Hokkaido, 403

Broadmindedness 326

Brontë, E., 99

Brothels 56, 222, 243

Brother, Eldest, 19, 329

Brotherly union 94-5

Buckwheat, see Hokkaido; 111, 122, 243, 264, 381, 409;
"As white as snow" 111

Buddha 1, 3, 4, 5, 19, 26 (2), 51, 58 117, 125, 142, 205-6;
Inferior 139;
Heads 310.
--Buddhism 19, 30, 42, 57 (2), 63 (3), 96, 101,
197, 205, 210, 212, 322, 324;
and Animal life 59, 345, 347;
behind the age 6;
without Buddha 322, 327;
and Christianity 59, 100-1, 324, 362;
Definition of 93;
Difficulty of getting a general view of 327, 321;
England and 100;
of old time 258;
Too aristocratic 1
Buddhist 91, 96, 129;
Gatherings 231;
Influence 259;
Literature 327, 331;
Real 63;
Sects, under names;
Services 3, 205 (2), 270;
Strict 30;
Y.M.A. 124;
Y.W.A. 124.
--Buddhist Priests, see _Bon_; 1-7, 96, 113, 118, 134, 142,
194, 231, 240, 258, 264, 269, 270 (2)-1-2, 302, 314;
Priest's man 270-1;
Succession to 135;
Wives 6, 270;
Shrines 220,
Value of 273;
Temples, 113, 123, 134, 142, 176, 180, 211, 244, 249, 258-9, 269,
310, 327;
Architecture 134,
"Church" 134,
New, 313,
Sleeping in x;
Two months in 262,
Underground passage 142

Buffoon 276

Bugles 15-17

Bulls 18, 249, 250;
Fighting 228

Burden of the Old 100

Burdock 48, 146, 410

Bureau of Horse Politics 195;
of Hygiene 350

Burials, see Graves, 121, 267, 306;
at Sea 225

Burnham, Lord, 9

Burns, Robert, 107, 288

_Bushido_ 25, 140

Businesses, linked, 315;
"Business, My," 326

Butter 142, 270, 346

Butterflies 127, 287

Cabbage 53, 213, 440

Caffeine 292, 403

Cairo 390

Calendar 136

California 290, 363, 365-6

Camphor trees 219

Canada 388

Cancer 268

Candles 340

Canning, see Hokkaido, 368;
Canned meat and fish 268

Cape 267, 270

Capes 47

Cape Wrath 358

Capitalism 368-9

Caps 114, 301

Caramels 272

Carbon bisulphide 60

"Carelessness" 54

Carlyle, T., 90-1, 94, 99

Carp, 39, 158, 210, 299

Carpenter 99, 267, 317

Carrier's conversation 109

Carrot 410

Carts 209;
Push 194

Carving 269

"Case for the Goat, The," 347

Cast 94

Cats 47, 131, 221, 345

Cattle, see Cow, Oxen, Bulls, Hokkaido; 23, 194-5, 230, 240, 243, 316,
347, 381, 406;
Keeping 194, 259, 402;
Thieves 195

Cedar wood 211

Cells 116, 143

Censorship 401

Census 393-4

Cereals 367, 404

Certificate of merit 213

Cezanne 98, 103

_Chadai_ 148

Chaff 386

Chainmakers 170

Chairman 24

Champagne 140

Changes, seeming, 331

_Cha-no-yu_ 31, 214, 319

Character 88, 151, 201, 203-4-5-6-7 258, 259, 269, 288, 290, 311, 317,
323, 331-2;
Nature and 99;
Weakness of 101;
Wish to give before have anything 102;
Chinese 39

Charcoal 111, 122-3, 196

Charitable Institutions 59, 376

Charms 41, 47, 121, 125, 223, 245

Charring 227

Chastity 114, 139, 149

Chauffeur 240, 246

Chavannes, Puvis de, 98, 103

Cheek-binding 286

Cheerfulness 304, 317

Cheese 345

Chemist, Distinguished, 10

Chenille 142

Cherries 295, 319;
Poems 288;
Refineries 226

Chestnuts 121

Chiba 268, 297, 309, 321

Chicken 110, 349

Chief Constable, Influence of, 118

_Chihō_ 400

Children 110, 112, 117, 203, 216, 323, 377;
Childbirth 268;
Ages of 113;
Assaults on 229;
British exploitation of 170;
Charm to obtain 314;
Contracts 286;
Crimes against 114;
Marriage 197;
Politeness 121;
Services for 130;
and Temple 58;
What will he become? 60;
Workers, see Labour, 314

Chillies 41

Chimneys 147, 151

China 110, 127, 143, 214, 256, 306, 344, 347, 388, 390, 396-7, 404;
War 85, 311;
Chinaman in Formosa story 96;
Tea 296;
Relations with 91;
Chinese competition 399;
Labour 363;
Prisoners 307;
Scriptures not understood 331;
Sheep and wool 353-4-5-6

_Cho_ xxiv;
_Chō_ xxv

Chokai, Mount, 182

Chopsticks 81

Chōsen, see Korea

Christ 55, 95, 96, 127;
Christianity, see Hokkaido, 96, 99, 101, 198, 205, 324;
Christian, 99, 203, 362 (3);
a Japanese question 144;
and Buddhism 101, 108, 324, 327, 362;
Conceptions 96,
Early 91;
Essence of 94 (2);
Ethics of 362;
Influence of 94;
Japanese 83, 135, 261;
and Personality 362;
and Social reform 362;
Temperament 327;
Christmas 318;
Churches 96, 362

Chrysanthemum 318

Cicada 344

Cider champagne 119

Cigarettes 82, 288, 400

Cimabue 106

Cities xxv;
workers 87

Civilisation 96, 141, 216, 229

Clan 188

Classes 94, 251

Cleanliness 326, 354

Clerks 205

Climate, see Hokkaido, Weather; 88, 140, 195-6, 197, 198, 299, 309, 327,
358, 363, 365, 372, 390, 413

Cloak 47, 76

Clock 252

Clothing, see Farmers, 19, 30, 74, 125, 193, 307, 312, 317, 321, 323,
330, 346, 355-6-7, 374, 378, 380, 382;
Advantages and Disadvantages of 356;
Cotton and Silk v. Wool 356;
Foreign 283, 346, 352

Clover 263

Clubhouse 305

Coal, see Hokkaido, 226, 396

Coasting steamers 209;
coastwise traffic 256

Coat 47

Cobbett, William, ix

Cockfighting 228

Coffin 121, 248

Cold 261;
Catching 312

Collectors, Boy, 230

Colleges 158

Colony 207

Colouring 295

Comeliness 204

Comfort 201, 203;
Bags 58

Comic interlude 84

Commerce, 414;
Uselessness of some, 369;
Commercial crash 87

Common good, Work for, 19;
Common humanity 34;
"Common people at the gateway" 252;
Common purpose in mankind 56

Commune 268;
Communal labour 263;
Communistic 212

Communities under 5,000 and 10,000 population 412

Companies 414

Complaint boxes 18

Concentration 206, 317

Concrete 22, 214, 325

Concubines 95, 322

Conduct 200, 361

Coney Island 325

Confucianism 91, 96, 101, 205 (3), 214, 322

Confusion 101

Conscience 201

Conscription, see Soldiers, 19, 65, 123, 284, 311 (2), 327, 331, 364;
Statistics 404

Conservative view 331

Consolation 201, 321

Constitutional Party 395

"Contagion of foreigners" 117

Contentment 7, 259, 264, 302, 323

Contracts 194, 286

Controversy 48

Conversation, Subjects of, 129, 282

Conviction 37, 331

Cooking 350 (2)

Coolies 345

Co-operation, see Cocoons, Hokkaido,
_Kō_, _Tanomoshi_, 7, 28-9 (2), 37 (2), 43, 47, 50, 58, 64, 85,
118, 124, 133, 136, 150, 185, 187, 194, 230, 305 (2), 364, 414;
Capital for 48;
More 370

Copper 92, 124, 226, 396

Coronation 21;
Rice Ceremony 82;
Millet 213

Corruption 208, 400

Cosmos 202, 206

Cottages, see Houses

Cotton, 132, 137, 223, 258, 404;
Clothing 346;
Chinese competition 399;
Factories 174;
Industry 354;
Loom 220;
Factory Manager's _Manchester Guardian_ article 399;
Silk v. Wool 366

Couch grass 265

Counsel 187

Countess 213

Country folk xiv,
Countryman ix, xiv, 107, 141, 192, 233, 283, 302, 324, 331;
Countryside 148,
contrasted with Western 298, 313;
County families and Country-house life 34

County Agricultural Association 150 (2)

Courage, Moral, 327

Courbet 103

Court lady 108

Courtesy, see Politeness, 36

Cows,
see Paddies;
First milking 235;
Oxen, 209, 235, 381 (2)

Crab, Land, 249

Cradle 279

Craftsmanship 314, 317, 369

Crashaw 99

Crater 108-9

Credit,
see Cheap money;
Cooperation 181, 370, 414

Crematoria 48, 177

Crest, see _Mon_

Crime,
see Police, 54, 279, 303;
Charges not proceeded with 113;
Table of crimes 376;
Ex-criminals 143

Crimea 390

Crisis, Industrial and Commercial, 87

Crops 313, 380-1;
see Agriculture, Paddies, Upland;
Area devoted to each 408-9;
Better 19, 370;
Competitions to increase 58;
Drying 208;
Increase compared with area 364

Crow 320

Crowds 250, 259

Crown Prince 282

Cruelty to Animals 344-5

Cryptomeria 6, 40, 45, 61-2, 117, 121, 131-2, 190, 316, 394

Cuckoo 315

Cucumbers 146, 322

Cultivation, see
Agriculture, Backbreaking, Cows, Harrowing, Hoes, Horses, Mattock,
Paddy, Pony, Ploughing, Rice, Seed, Spade;
Area compared with Great Britain 89;
Area under 223;
Doubling population 97;
Increase of area 364, 414;
Two or three crops 364;
Japan and Great Britain 305;
in relation to Stock 406;
Methods to be reported 188;
in proportion to Wild 408;
Prizes 58;
Too intensive 233;
yearly increase of 408

Culture, see Education, 204

Curio Collectors 2

Curiosity 279

Currency xxiv

Currents, Warm and Cold, 118, 175, 195

Customs 66, 182, 310, 322-3;
Houses unprofitable 256,
World realisation of cost and inconvenience 256

Cutting out the foreigner 369

Cuttle fish, see Squid, Octopus; 46, 318

Cyanide 177

Cymbals 272

"Daffin" 313

Dagger 40

_Daikon_ 23, 130, 309, 314, 345, 409

Daikon (island) 256

_Daily Mail_ 345

Daimyo 33, 39, 144, 176, 198, 205, 210, 246, 395;
ex-Daimyo 329;
Castle 209

_Dai Nippon Nōkai_ 320

_Dakushu_ 396

Dam 224-5

Damp 185, 289, 368, 372

Dancing, see _Bon_ Dances; 130, 237, 305;
Western 101

Dandelions 307

Danish _Hojskōle_ 50

Dates 290

Daumier 103

Days,
of the Dead, 271;
of the week 126;
Suitable 126;
Worked 377-8;

Dead 201, 219;
Belief in return of 272;
Days of the 271;
Return 190;
Tablets of, see _Ihai_;
Memorials of, see Hair, Teeth, Portraits

Dealers 195

Death
Forbidden 236;
Presents at 22;
Rate 393;
Minors 393

Debates 18

Debt, see Farmers; 66, 126, 195 (2), 265, 287, 302, 322-3, 364, 380, 414;
for Food 284

"Decency" 125, 193

Deception of the West 174

Deer 215, 278

Defiled 45;
Defilement 256

Deforestation, see Afforestation; 92, 152, 176, 180, 318

Deftness 169

Deified men 204

Deities and the Sea 257

Delacroix 102

_De la liberté du travail_ 8

Delay, Advantage of, xiii

Democracy 38, 51, 99;
and religion 2

Demon 215

Demonstrations 88

Demoralised men 26

_Dengaku_ 48

Denmark ix, 46, 368;
see Danish

Denudation of hills, see Deforestation, 92

"Depths of the people" 93

Derricks 248

"Despised foreign peasant" 96

Destiny 202

Deuteronomy 375

Development,
Economic, 206;
Moral 206;
National 327;
Social 206

"Devil-gon" 56

Diagrams 60

Diaries 18, 23, 231

Diastase 268

Dibbs, Sir G., 9

Diet, see Food

Dietetic reform 350

Difficulties 124-5;
"Difficulties polish you" 176

Digestive 268

Dikes, Women's work on, 43

Diligence 151;
"Diligent people" 62, 377

Diminishing return 65

Dinner 228, 254

Diplomacy, Farmer and, ix

"Direct action" 173

Discipline 50

Discontent 323

Discussion 358

Disease 210, 350

"Disgraceful disease," see Syphilis

Dishonesty 354

Displacements 268

Distinguished man and demoralised man 26

Dividends, Effect of factory, 369

Divorce 126, 197

_Dō_ 134;
_Do_ (land) 334

Doctors 123, 241, 268 (2), 399;
"Doctor first, God second," 271

Dogs 131, 221, 236, 344-5;
Dog day 126;
Fighting 228;
for _kuruma_ 248

Doing good secretly 219, 323

Doll in tree 244

Domicile 396

_Domori_ 134

"Do not get angry" 150

Doorway inscription 47

_Dorobo_, see Robber

Dossiers 314

"Double licence" 257

Dover and Calais 334

Dowries 138

Dragon Day 126

Drainage see Irrigation, Water; 97, 133, 199, 232

Drapers' stuff 121

Draughtsmanship 102

"Drawing water into one's own paddy" 48

Draw nets 186

Dreamers 363

Dress, see Clothing; Fields, 187; of Honour, 187

Drill 15, 50, 282

Drinking, see Drunkenness

Drivers' hair cutting 318

Drought 132

Drowning 128

Drum 15, 17, 83, 272

Drunkenness 116, 119, 187, 261, 282, 305, 322;
see Saké 2

Dürer 103

Dutch 208;
Books 150

Dwarf trees, see Trees dwarfed; 52, 220

Dye 295

"Early riser may catch," etc. 57

Early rising 57, 179

Early Rising Societies 14 _et seq_.

Earnestness 168, 277, 308

Earth 126

"Earth is not as," etc. 203

Earthquakes, see Volcanoes 23

East, see also West and East;
Wants the best 99;
East and West 141;
Bridge 101;
Inharmony 105;
Supposed difference 100;
Eastern, Faults of 96;
Ideals 96

"Easy minded" 323

Economic conditions and development 149, 206;
Economic questions 104;
Economic superstition 148;
Economy, see Thrift, 19;
Economy too small 362

_Edgworthia chrysantha_, see _Mitsumata_
Education, see Farmers, Genius, Hokkaido,
Schools, 17, 26, 98, 120, 127, 140, 169, 194, 196, 204, 252,
361, 374, 378;
Burden 65;
Better 370;
Competition for places 195;
Ill result of 204, 301, 323;
System, repressed by 101;
Western 189

Eels 299

Eggs 85, 110, 130, 348-9, 406

Egoist's story 61

Ehime 201, 219, 226

Eights 255

Elder brothers 19, 329

Eldest son 143, 329

El Dorado 88

Electoral offences, see Bribery, Corruption

Electricity 39;
Among trees 210;
and Fuji 283;
Fan 125;
Light 211;
Torch 300

El Greco 103

Elizabethan scenes 116, 276

Ellis, Dr. Havelock, xiii, 1, 99, 332;
Mrs. 253

_Ema_ 326

Embanking 93, 152, 197

Emerson, R.W. 99, 105

Emigration, see Hokkaido (Immigrants); 176, 249, 264, 330, 332 (2),
358, 360, 363, 401, 376, 413-4;
Number of emigrants 410;
No pressing need 363;
Why emigrants do not go to mainland and Formosa 363

Emperor, see also Imperial train; 22, 46, 82, 121, 178, 202, 286;
Etiquette 44;
Portrait 90, 113;
Respect for 44;
Seeing 43

Empire, To extend the 205

Endurance 261

_Engawa_ 270, 271, 280, 375

England: and Buddhism 100;
and Christianity 97;
Greatness of 97;
and Greek Philosophy 97;
and Roman law 97

English (language) 126, 282, 297;
Reader (book) 234;
Speaking world and Japan xv

"Enlarge people's ideas" 17

"Enlarging mind and heart" 11

Entertainers 108

Epidemics 121, 130, 223

Erotic West 101

Eruption, see Volcano

"Essential out of trifles" 323

Estates, see Hokkaido;
Smallness of 213, 400

_Eta_ 221, 223, 248, 307, 400;
in America 401;
Marriages 400

Ethical evolution 348

Etiquette, see Manners; 6, 19, 35, 39, 124, 148, 200, 213, 242, 273;
in roadway 47

Europe 288, 410;
Half civilised 141

European 141

_Eurya ochnacea_, 137

Evening primroses, 120

"Even in this good reign," 124

"Even the devil was once," etc., 123

"Even the head of a sardine," 141

Evolution, Ethical, 348

Excel, Desire to, 158

Excreta, see Manure;
375, 382, 386

Excursions, 18, 297

Exercise, 151

"Exert yourself to kill harmful insects," 286

Exhibition, see Show;
also Bural Life Exhibition;
58, 60

Ex-officials, 22;
Ex-preacher, 220;
Ex-Public Servants' Association, 22

Expansion, 360, 413-4;
Suggested abandonment of oversea possessions, 93

Expenditure, see Farmers

Experts, see Agricultural Experts;
27, 237, 240

Exports, 414;
Some useless, 369

Eyesight, 327

Faces, Good will do, 26

Factories, see also Tuberculosis, 282;
ante-Shaftesbury, 167;
Bathing 163;
Babies 162-3;
Better treatment, more silk, 165;
_Bon_, 162;
British and American conditions, 406;
Child workers, 172;
Chimneys, 151;
Compounds, 162;
164-5, 168 (2);
Contracts, 162-3, 165;
"Cost of a daughter's food," 162;
Dexterity, 169;
Diet, see Parliament;
Discharged workers, 88;
Dividends and effect of, 193, 369;
Dormitories, 162, 164 (2)-5, 168 (2), 399, 407;
Education and Entertainment, 162, 164 (2)-5, 168;
Earnestness 169;
Effect of, 162-3, 181, 280, 283;
Empress, 164;
English parallels, 167-8, 170 (2);
Fair treatment of Employees practicable, 168;
Flag system, 161, 164;
Food, 161-2-3 (2)-4, 168, 399;
Foremen, 162-3, 165;
Girls, 2, 85, 264;
Government, 172-3;
Health, 161-2-3-4 (2);
Heat, 161;
Holidays, 161, 165;
Hours (thirteen, fourteen, sixteen, eighteen), 161, 163 (2)-4-5 (3), 167;
Illness, 161-2-3-4, 168;
Immorality, 163 (2);
International Labour Office, 172;
_Kemban_, see Recruiters, Köfu, 165;
Kuwata, Dr., 172;
Labour cheap, 169 (2), 173;
Labour docile, 173;
Legislation, 165, 171;
Married women, 162;
Marriages, 163;
Morale, 168;
Mottoes, 164 (3)-5;
Number of workers, 168;
Obedience, 169;
Parliament, 173 (2);
Police 166;
Pressure 161;
Priests and Missionaries, 162, 165;
Proprietors, 163 (2)-4-5, 167-8;
Recruiters, 161-2-3, 166;
Sleeping, see Dormitories;
Suwa, 165;
Switzerland, 172;
Wages 161-2, 164-5, 167-8;
Walpole's History, 167;
Washington Conference, 173;
Western responsibility, 173;
"Worked like soldiers," 164;
and daimyo's castle, 176;
and farmers, 282; Silk 147, 150, 161;
Tea 403;
Visits to, 161;
Woollen, 354-5-6-7

Failures, A country's, due to, 167

Fairies, 110

Faith, 27, 97, 148;
"Faith is the mother," etc., 136

Fame, Worldly, and good repute, 324

Familiarity, 273

Family, 61, 326;
Discords, 282;
"Excesses," 302;
Large, Appreciation of, 302, 331;
Size of, see also Limitation of, 66, 331 (2), 377;
Number in, 412;
System, 285, 328-9, 330

Famines, 118, 124, 197, 237, 413

Fans, 115, 148, 314

Farmers, see also Adjustment, Agriculture, Area per family, Countryman,
Debt, Heroic peasant, Labour, Paddy, Peasant Proprietors, Rice,
Tenants, Work;
Ability, 65;
Aged mother, 3;
and Adjustment, 71;
and Artisan, 189;
Attraction of towns, 180;
and Copper companies, 92, 227;
Egotist 61;
and M.P. 92;
and reading, 319;
and thieving priest, 320;
Attitude towards Science, 158;
as poets 41;
Autobiography, 8;
Bondage 331;
British, 370;
Capital, 42;
Character needed, 50;
Children clever, 233;
Clothing, 186;
Condition, 18, 173, 189, 283-4-5, 265, 304, 310 (2), 314, 322, 354,
365, 378;
Condition improved, 261;
Condition of success, 10;
Days working, 232 (3);
(hand work, heavy spade, long-handled sickle, mattock, sickle, scythe,
weeding 385-6;)
Debts 42;
Expenditure, 62, 381-2;
Evicted by Railways, 250;
Families 412;
for and against Family system 330;
Fishermen 210;
Foreign sympathy excessive 261;
Food 378, 380-1, 389;
in sericultural districts 85;
Future 303;
Holidays, too small,
Home, 61; 281; Good humour 186;
Hours worked 278;
Idealising of 260;
Importance of Character, Education and Influences brought to bear on 85;
Incomes too low 38;
Lowest on which can live 194;
of an M.P. and of a Minister of State 9-10;
Increased expenditure 88;
Intelligence of 186;
Knowledge of financial position 186;
Laboriousness 298;
Lack of cash 251;
Large, see Hokkaido;
Limitations imposed by area, practice and physical conditions 88,
364 _et seq._;
Long hours, see Day's working, 167;
Metayer system 207;
Meeting of skilful 24;
Middle 183, 189, 193, 378, 380;
Mixed, see Hokkaido;
Monument 251;
Morality 66;
No time to think 149, 179;
Not able 196;
Not inferior to a townsman 8;
Pilgrimages 252;
Pluck, industry and need of land 152;
Poverty 176, 183, 195;
Pressure on 148;
Profit, see Hokkaido;
Self-contained existence no longer 66;
Selling land 10;
Shall rent be paid in cash? 301;
Small decreasing, large increasing, 89;
Social precedence, 369;
Spade 362;
Stories 24-25;
Temporary prosperity 87;
Tenants' movement, see Landlords;
Thatch for implements, 220;
"Toil never ending" 365;
Unrepresented in Parliament 285;
Why better off 85;
Why poor 65;
Wives 30;
Working days 237;
Yosōgi's story 66

Farce 320

Fashions 19

Fasting 327

Fat 142

Father and son 8, 135, 205 (2);
Father-in-law 138

Feast, name of, 34

Feeling 210;
v. Statistics 1;
Logic 29, 37

Feet 317;
Wet 312

Fencing and Wrestling, see Wrestling;
14, 16, 159, 178, 287

Ferment 323

Fertiliser 42;
Fertility 92 (2)

Festivals 50, 114, 235, 261, 287, 377;
Sketches at, 192

Feudal ideas 30;
Pensions and debt 395;
Régime 244

Field (Upland) 372

Figs 289

Filial duties 117, 205 (2)

Filth, see Manure

Fine arts 214

Fine days 245

Fines 285

Fir 213

Fire defenders and Fire extinguishing 22, 120, 123, 222, 281;
Flies 136

Fire farming 110, 122, 227, 131

Fire God 267

Fire holes 314

Fires, see also Arson; 59, 93, 125-6,185, 227, 280, 286, 342

Fish 81, 83, 110, 117 (2), 268, 297, 348-9 (2), 379, 380, 389;
Ceremonial 46;
Daintiest part 228;
Eyes 228;
Fed 130;
Nurseries 224, 251;
Soup 228;
Supply 346;
Waste 308, 386

Fisheries, see also Hokkaido; 43, 414

Fishermen 211, 214, 308;
Farmers 210

Fishing 186, 332;
Boat 235;
Village 327

Flags 130, 136

Flail 78

Flax 272-3, 381 (2), 410

Fleas 109

"Flinging water at a frog's back" 48

Flint and tinder 233

Floods 92, 93, 118, 128, 152, 177, 180, 197, 223 (2), 227, 240, 370

Flowers 123, 127, 147, 272, 289, 290;
Arrangement 53, 213, 319

Flute 190

Folklore being made 331

Food, see Farmers, Hokkaido; 34, 71, 196, 228, 261, 312, 324, 346,
374 (2), 389, 404;
and Clothes 118;
Five _sen_ a day 184;
Japanese v. foreign 350;
Lack of 114;
Production 367;
Specialities 182;
Tea and Rice 81;
Rice and Pickle 81;
Taken away by guests 284;
Unbalanced 350;
When travelling 110

Forage 227, 243-4, 367

Forces which govern behaviour 167

Foreign: Apeing Foreign 306, 362;
Benevolence 376;
Books 196;
Emulation of 158;
Fashions 121;
Influence 97;
Ideas overpowering 101;
Pride in things foreign 362;
Tourist 236;
Under control 357

Foreigners 69, 80, 81, 111, 117, 141 (2), 146, 204, 217, 244, 249, 262,
269, 345, 352;
Cutting them out 369;
and idols 205;
and Japanese, Closer relations with 95;
and Waitresses 101;
Hoodwinking 399;
Ill-instructed 191;
Immorality 56;
Sexual curiosity 101;
Short-tempered because of Meat-eating 268;
Smell of 142

Forests, see Floods; 194, 240, 370, 390, 385, 394, 409

Forestry, see Hokkaido;
Association 177

Formalin 60

Formosa, see Taiwan; 96, 214, 249, 390-1, 332, 363 (2)

Fortunate days 126

"Fortune" 138

Forty-seven Ronin 333

Foster mother 311

Foundations of Japan in village ix, 92

Foundlings 376

Fowl day 126

Fox 33, 129, 144, 326;
God 120, 266, 325-6 (2)

France 397 (2);
and Algeria 256

Franchise 38, 124, 170, 173, 400

Franklin, B., 124

Frankness 146

Frazer, Sir J.G., 243

Freedom, see Hokkaido; 273, 361

_Free Farmer in a Free State, A_, 197, 347-8

Free, Japan very, 100

Frockcoats 82, 259

Frogs 48 (2), 122, 260

Froissart 161

Frontier line 306

Frost 195, 391

Froude, J.A., 103

Frugality 8, 151

Fruit, see Names of; 18, 85, 148, 177, 282, 289, 292, 307, 349, 368,
402;
Disease 368;
Growing 61;
Jelly 148;
Insects 368;
Preparations 182;
Unripe 150

_Fu_ xxv

Fuel, see Charcoal, Coal, Wood; 374, 378

Fuji 107, 262, 310;
and Electricity 283

Fukushima 107, 119, 175, 189, 199

Funabushi 307

Fundamental power 323

Funerals 22, 66, 270, 302;
Forbidden 236;
Feast 248

Furniture 382

_Furoshiki_ 280

Fusuma 36

_Futon_ 8, 31, 109, 258, 280, 300

"Future in the morning" 136;
Future Life 201

_Gaku_ 4, 38-9, 51

Galloway dykes 227

Gambling 21, 197, 280, 287, 310

_Gampi_ 401

Gap between East and West 100

Gardens 135, 210, 213-4, 215, 222, 270, 313;
Economic 12;
"Garden where virtues, etc." 177

Gas 348;
Natural 133, 300, 404;
Gasometer and shrine 286

Geisha 2, 19, 57, 96, 102, 114, 212, 252, 254, 257, 362

_Gemmai_ 79

Geniuses, Education of, 58

Genre pictures 313

_Genshitsu_ 259

Gentleness 19

Geology 365

Geomancy 72

German prisoners 307

Germany, see Hokkaido; 300-1, 328, 386, 413

_Geta_ 16, 18, 116, 236, 272, 308, 317, 346, 373

_Getsu-yo-bi_ 126

Gifu 61

Gillie 25

Ginger 410

_Ginseng_ 131, 256

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The foundations of JapanChapter XL: The Problems of Japan (3)

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