Chapter XVIII: Summary (2)

Bam, 323

Bamain, 213-14

Bam-i-dunya. _See_ Pamirs

Bamian:
Buddhist relics at, 177, 263, 265-6, 381, 446
Founding of kingdom of, 218
Importance of, in Middle Ages, 205, 261-2, 267
Masson in, 378-86
Route through, importance of, 438
Routes to, from:
Balkh, 267-8
Ghur, 224
Kabul (open in winter), 385-6
Oxus plains, 257
Sar-i-pul, 252

Bamian (Unai) pass, 87, 221

Bamian river, 260, 388

Bamian valley:
Description of, 263, 265-6
Importance of, 437-8

Bampur:
Alexander at, 165, 166, 316
Mountain conformation of, 323
Pottinger at, 342

Bampusht Koh mountains, 313

Band (Binth), 311-12, 314

Band-i-Amir mountains, 257

Band-i-Amir river. _See_ Balkh river

Band-i-Baian (Siah Koh, Sufed Koh) mountains, 84, 215, 486, 487

Band-i-Nadir, 245

Band-i-Turkistan, 239, 249, 250, 484

Banj mountain, 184, 185

Banjohir (Panjshir), 276-7

Bannu, 512

Baraki, 91

Barbarra (? Mabara), 434

Barna, Badara (Gwadur), 159

Barnes, Sir Hugh, 374 _and n._

Baroghel pass, 517, 521

Barohi, meaning of term, 34, 163. _See also_ Brahuis

Bashgol valley, 426

Bashkird mountains, 200

Basrah, 368

_Bassarika_ cited, 62

Bast, 236

Bazar (ancient) (Rustam, Bazira, Bazireh), 106, 113, 114

Bazar (modern) (? Ora), 106

Bean, Captain, 406-407

Begram, site of ancient city at, 393;
Cufic coins at, 394

Behistan inscriptions cited, 30

Behvana (Jirena), 245

Bela (in Baluchistan), 331

Bela. _See_ Las Bela

Belchirag, 251, 255, 484

Bellew cited, 32, 35, 163-4;
his _Ethnography of Afghanistan_ cited, 20, 91;
his _Inquiry_ cited, 21

Belous (Bolous), 200

Ben-i-Israel, traditions of, 49-50, 378

Benjawai, 207, 208, 210

Bentinck, Lord Wm., 344

Berwan lake, 282

Bessos (later Artaxerxes), 47, 68, 76, 88, 90

Besud route to the Helmund, 262

Besud territory, 378, 380-81

Bih (Geh), 311-12, 314

Binadur, 493

Binth (Band), 311-12, 314

Birdwood, Sir Geo., cited, 53

Birmal hills, 513

Birs Nimrud, 41, 43, 71

Bist (Kala Bist), 204, 207, 208

Bitchilik pass, 387

Blood, Sir Bindon, cited, 120

Bodh, 372

Bokhara (Sogdiæ):
Alexander's success in, 92
Balkh under chief of, 459
Kabul and Bamian, main route from, 389
Khulm and Balkh route from, 278
Modern popularity of, 395
Moorcroft's journey to, 444

Bolan (Mashkaf) pass, 139, 362

Bolar, kingdom of, 327

Boledi, 36-7

Bolor, Kafiristan part of, 269

Bolous (Belous), 200

Bombay N.I., geographical record of, 454

Boodhi, 483-4

Botm, 282 _and n._

Bouchinj (Zindajan), 479

Bousik (Boushinj, Pousheng), 231, 234, 237

Brahmi script cited, 171

Brahuis (Barohis):
Baluchistan, in, 331
Masson's estimate of, 374
Mingals, 142, 306
Revolt of, at Kalat, 406
Sakæ, 163-4
Stock of, 34
Traditions of, 142

Brankhidai of Milesia, 20, 91

Brick buildings of antiquity, 42-3

Broadfoot, Lieut. J. S., 513;
travels of, in Central Afghanistan, 412, 470 _et seq._;
estimate of, 471

Bubulak, 387

Buddhism:
Balkh, at, in antiquity, 72, 263, 502-503
Bamian, relics in, 263-6, 381, 446
Building age of, a later development, 170
Haibak, at, 264-5, 511
Jalalabad, relics at, 352
Kashmir, in, 179-80
Nava Sanghârâma, 178
Ritual of, 174-6, 181-2
Sind, ruins in, 372
Swat, in, 129
Takla Makan, in the, 283

_Buddhist Records of the Western World_, quoted, 175-6

Buddhiya kingdom, 305-306

Budu river, 341

Bunbury cited, 31

Buner river, 108, 120-21

Buner valley, Blood's expedition to, 120

Bushire, 348

Burhan, Lake, 283

Burnes, Sir Alexander, Indus navigation by, 368, 454;
at court of Ranjit Singh, 455-7;
mission of, to Kabul (1832), 344, 376;
to Kunduz, 378;
_Travels in Bokhara_ quoted, 455, 491;
date of publication, 344, 351;
commercial mission of, to Kabul (1837), 398-401, 404-405;
work of, 440-41;
estimate of, 453, 461

Burzil pass, 182

Candace, 479

Canouj, 273

Cariat (Kariut), 210

Carpatyra, 28-9

Cavalry on frontier expeditions, 117

Celadon ware, 82-3, 197, 300

Chach of Sind, 303, 306

Chachnama of Sind cited, 305

Chagai, 335

Chagan Sarai, 130

Chahar Aimak, 212, 214, 481

Chaharburjak, 81

Chahardar (Chapdara) pass, 261, 415, 419, 522
Height of, 357
Military road over, 277

Chaharshamba river and route to Balkh from Herat, 242, 248

Chahil Abdal (Chalapdalan) mountain, 223, 486, 488

Chahilburj, 257, 267

Chahiltan heights, 370-71

Chakesar ford, 121

Chakhansur, 497

Chalapdalan (Chahil Abdal) mountain, 223, 486, 488

Chandragupta (Sandrakottos), 129

Chapdara pass. _See_ Chahardar

Charbar, 299

Chardeh plain, 379

Charikar:
Military road from, over Chapdara pass, 277
Strategical position of, 357

Charsadda, 114

Chashma Sabz pass, 234, 235

Chenghiz Khan, 72, 85, 142, 193, 194, 218, 267, 376, 526

Cherchen, 174

China, Buddhist pilgrimage routes from, 169 _et seq._, 502, 518

Chinese Turkistan:
Buddhist occupation of, 280
Conditions of life in, in antiquity, 171, 172
Tibet, included in, 283

Chiras, 252

Chitral, passes converging on, 426-7, 519

Chitral river. _See_ Kunar river

Chitral valley:
Accessibility of, 517
Dorah route to, 519-20

Choaspes. _See_ Kunar

Chol country, 236, 238, 246, 247, 258

Christians:
Armenian, in Kabul, 377
Merv, at, 241
Sakah, at, 229

Christie, Captain, 329 _et seq._

Chumla river, 108;
valley, 121

Climate as affecting race distribution, 8, 46

Conolly, Lieut., 390

Cophæus, 114

Court, M., 455, 457

Crockery debris, 82, 197

Cufic coins, 394

Cunningham, General, cited, 106, 148

Curtius, Quintus, cited, 107, 122, 148-9, 221, 459

Cyrus, King of Persia, 79, 147

Dadar, 362

Dahuk (? Dashtak), 304

Dames, Longworth, cited, 201

Damizar (? Bagisara), 158

Dand, 472

Dandan Shikan pass, 260, 384, 421;
Wood's account of, 418

Daolatabad, 249

Daolatyar, 221, 223-4, 256, 486

Daraim valley, 424

Darak (Dizak), 311-14

Darak Yamuna (Yakmina), 317

Dards, 31

Darel (To-li), 179, 182-3

Darel stream, 183-4

Darius, flight of, from Alexander, 47, 67;
death of, 70

Darius Hystaspes, transportation of Greeks by, 16, 19, 20, 31, 45,
87, 91

Darra Yusuf river, 257, 200

Darwaz mountains, 432-3

Darya-i-Zarah (Gaod-i-Zireh), 204

Dasht river, 165

Dasht-i-bedoulat plain, 362, 370

Dasht-i-Lut, 323

Dasht-i-Margo desert, 81, 495

Dawar (Zamindawar), 83, 205-206, 223, 491

Deane, Major Sir H., cited, 129

Debal, 293, 301, 303, 307, 308, 310

Deh Dadi, 257

Dehao (? Dehi), 483

Dehertan (? Dahertan), 236, 237

Dehgans, 269

Dehi (? Dehao), 483

_Delight of those who seek to wander through the Regions of the
World, The_ (Idrisi), cited, 199 _et seq._

Dendalkan, 245, 246

Dera Ismail Khan, 463

Derah, 245

Derak (Dizek), 244

Dereh Mustapha Khan (Deria-dereh), 487

Derenbrosa, I., 159

Derthel, 206-208, 210

Deserts as barriers, 7-9

Dev Hissar fortress, 484-5

Dev Kala, 89, 92

Dihsai (Dshara), 465-6

Diodoros cited, 107

_Dionysiaka_ cited, 62

Dir valley, 129

Dizak (Darak), 311-14

Dizek (Derak), 244

Djil, 273

Doctors as travellers, 463

Domai (Manora), I., 154

Domandi, 464, 513

Dorah pass, 508-509;
nature and importance of, 426-7, 519-21

Dorak (? Dizek), 245

Dosh, 261

Doshak. _See_ Jalalabad

Doshak range, 233

Dost Mahomed Khan, 344, 353, 359, 390, 403, 444, 462, 490;
operations by, against Sikhs, 397-8;
methods and estimate of, 360

Drangia. _See_ Seistan

Dravidian Brahuis, 306

Dravidian races entering India, 142-4

Dshara (Dihsai), 465-6

Dufferin lake, 520

Durand, 471

Durani Afghans:
Districts inhabited by, 212
Herat under occupation of, 348
Shikarpur, at, 363
Truculence of, 212, 490
Zarangai alleged to be recognisable as, 33-4

Duvanah valley, 424

Dwa Gomul river, 475

Eastward migrations, 6, 7, 9, 45, 49

Ecbatana:
Darius' flight to, 47-8, 67
Route, direct, to India from, 51

Egypt, buildings in, 40

Elam, 163

Elburz mountains:
Alexander's passage of, 74, 76, 258
Rivers of, 75
Road across, 528
mentioned, 74, 257

Elliott, Sir H., cited, 302, 304, 305;
quoted, 313

Embolina (Amb), 107-108, 114-15, 121

Erbil (Arbil):
Battle of Arbela at, 47
Route from, to Hamadan, 48

Ersari Turkmans, 251, 459-60

Esar Haddon, King of Assyria, 52

Ethiopians, Asiatic, problem regarding, 34-6, 163

Euxine (Black Sea):
Milesian colonies S. and W. of, 18
Skythic nomads N. of, 14, 19

Explorations of Indian trans-frontier, recentness of, 1, 17, 32,
60, 345

Fa Hian, 170, 172, 178, 180, 181, 184-5;
quoted, 174-6, 179, 183

Fahalfahra (Bahu Kalat), 312-14

Fahraj (Pahrag, Pahra, Pahura), 315, 317;
two places so named, 316

Faizabad:
Dorah route from, 519
Situation of, 273-4, 425
Wood's account and estimate of, 422, 425
Zebak, route from, 511
mentioned, 279, 506

Farah (Prophthasia):
Alexander the Great at, 78
Antiquity of, 7
Ferrier at, 493-4
Herat, route from, 230-34
Situation of, 7

Farah Rud river, 204, 216, 221, 336, 488, 494

Farajghan, 356

Fardan (? Bampur or Pahra), 315-17

Farsi, 223

Fazilpur, 365

Fazl Hag, 458

Ferengal, lead mines at, 416

Ferghana, 282

Ferrier, M., career of, 477;
at Herat, 477-8;
journey across Firozkohi plateau, 476, 478, 484;
route to Ghur, 485-7;
imprisonments of, 491-3;
at Farah, 493-4;
in Seistan, 496-7;
back to Herat, 498;
methods of, 346;
estimate of, 476, 480, 498;
cited, 214, 231, 335, 516;
_Caravan Journeys_ cited, 497

Ferrying by ponies, 89-90, 449, 460-61

Feruk (Feruckabad), 449

Firabuz (Kanazbun), 302-303;
distances from, 304, 313, 317

Firozand, 207

Firozkohi (mediæval capital of Ghur), 219

Firozkohi plateau:
Ferrier's journey across, 476, 478, 484;
route to Ghur, 485-7
Impracticability of, for military operations, 525
Outlook from, 266
mentioned, 247, 258

Firozkohis:
District of, 84, 214, 217, 219, 253
Origin of, 481

Foosheng, 231

Forbes, Dr., murder of, 497

Forrest's _Selections from Travels and Journals preserved in the
Bombay Secretariat_ quoted, 348, _and n._

Gadrosia. _See_ Makran

Gadrosii, 146, 151

Gaduns, 111

Gadurs, 35

Galjin, 497

Gandhara (Upper Punjab), 99, 179, 185

Gandava (Sind), 305

Gaod-i-Zireh (Darya-i-Zarah), 204

Gardandiwal, 260, 379, 388

Gauraians, 96

Gauraios river. _See_ Panjkora

Gawargar, 267

Gazban (Karbis), 159

Gazdarra pass, 465, 472

Geh (Bih), 311-12, 314

Geography:
Ancient records of, absence of, 14-16, 18, 29
Distances, difficulties of estimating, by "a day's journey," 298
Influence of, on migratory movements, 9, 45-6;
on history, 214
Makran, of, 295 _et seq._
Official _v._ unofficial, 332, 345
Persian, extent and accuracy of, 17, 25-6, 29, 31
Recent advances in, 1, 17, 32, 60

Gerard, Dr., 376, 395

Germany, firearms from, imported to Persia, Seistan, etc., 55

Gharan, 429

Gharo river, 153

Ghazni (region):
Raids from, 136
Vigne's exploration of, 462, 465

Ghazni river, 468

Ghazni (town):
Alauddin's sack of, 218
Desolation of, 210-11, 376
Kandahar, route to, 512
Masson at, 359-60
Vigne at, 467

Ghaznigak, 261

Ghilzais (Khilkhis):
Districts of, 375-6
Importance of, 206, 212
Suliman Khel. _See that title_

Ghizao, 515

Ghorband drainage system, 468

Ghorband river, 413

Ghorband valley:
Beauty of, 97
Easy pass to, 260, 261, 387
Lead mines in, 416
Military road up, 277

Ghori, 524

Ghoweh Kol (? Pai Kol), 380

Ghulam Khana, 385

Ghur:
Ferrier at, 478
Ghazni to, no direct route from, 220

Ghur, kingdom of:
Description and history of, in mediæval times, 205, 211-13,
217-19
Routes through, in mediæval times, 220-24

Ghur river, 204, 221, 488

Ghur valley, 221-2

Ghurian (Koure), 231-2

Giaban headland, 159

Gichki, 37

Gilgit basin, 517;
river, 182

Girishk:
Ferrier's imprisonment at, 491-3
Ford at, 204, 206-10
Kandahar route by, 490
Ruins at, 492

Gish (war god), 131

Glass, Arabic, 300

Gobi desert, 171

Goës, Benedict, 327-8

Goldsmid, General Sir F., 299

Gomul river, 136, 464, 473-4

Gomul route from the Indus to Ghazni, Vigne's exploration of, 462,
512, 513

Gondakahar (Gandakahar, Gondekehar) caves, 305, 306, 320

Gondrani caves, 305, 306

Granikos river, 66

Great Britain:
Afghan attitude towards, 337-8;
British attitude towards Afghanistan in early nineteenth
century, 349
Afghan war (1839-40). _See_ Afghanistan, British war with
Afghan war (1878-80), surveys in connection with, 397, 500
Sixteenth century, condition of England in, 2

Greeks:
Baghlan and Andarab, settlements about, 435
Baktria, deportation to, 87, 91;
survival of strain in, 354-5, 358, 423
Dionysian, migration of, to Indian frontier, 16, 19, 62-3,
124-5, 358, 423
Indian art, influence on, 59-60
Kyrenean, in Baktria, 91
Milesian. _See that title_
Persian Empire, relations with, 20-21, 36, 61
Women of, as influencing language in Indus valley, 22

Grierson, Dr., cited, 132

Gulgula citadel, 381, 386

Gulkatz, 473

Gulkoh mountain, 515

Gulran (? Kilrin), 235

Gurkhas in Nepal, 188

Guzwan (? Gurkan, Juzjan, Jurkan, Jirghan), 250, 251, 255

Gwadur (Barna, Badara), 159, 299

Gwalian (Walian) pass, 414

Habibullah, 444

Haftala (Astola, Hashtala, Nuhsala, Nosala) Island, 161, 286

Haibak (Semenjan):
Andarab, distance from, 272;
route to, 524
Buddhist remains at, 177, 264-5, 511
Description of, 271
Moorcroft at, 446
mentioned, 261, 482

Haidar, cited, 186, 327

Haidarabad, 399

Haig, General, 27;
cited, 309-10;
_Indus Delta Country_ by, cited, 145, 153

Haji Khan, 378-87, 417

Hajigak pass, 260, 420, 446;
Masson's account of, 388;
Wood's account of, 417

Hajjaj, 292

Hala pass, 150

Hamadan, 322;
telegraph route from, to Teheran, 48

Harat Rud, 498

Hari Rud river:
Course of, 528
Herat-Kabul route by, 248, 256, 262
Pul-i-Malun across, 229 _n._, 230
Source of, 84, 256

Hari Rud valley, 215, 485-6, 528

Hariana, 276-7

Harnai pass, 139

Hazaras:
Characteristics of, 216, 481
Country of, nature of, 84-6, 214, 221, 516;
British interest in, merely academic, 514
Forced labour of, 380-81
Haji Khan's treachery against, 384
Kidnapping of, by Taimanis, 253
Masson's relations with, 387-8
Slave-gangs of, 421
Trading of, 252
Women of, Ferrier's account of, 485
Yezdambaksh, under, 378-9

Hazart Ghaos, 371

Hazrat Baba Kamur, 505

Hazrat Imam, 432-3, 504, 505, 506

Hedin, Sven, 170

Helawerd, 274

Helmund basin, 201;
central unexplored, 512

Helmund river (Etymander):
Course of:
Description of, 81-2, 83-4, 379
Variations in, 79-80, 202
Crossing-places on, 204-10, 380
Detritus borne by, 81
Indus, route to, 527
Northern branches of, unexplored, 515
Ruins bordering, 492
Unexplored portion of, 512, 515

Helmund valley:
Antiquarian treasures in, 496
Description of, 79 _et seq._
Nadir Shah in, 526
Pottery débris in, 197
Survey of, thoroughness of, 207

Hephæstion, 94, 95, 99, 150, 151

Herat (Aria):
Ancient cities on or near site of, 77
Balkh, routes to, 239-40, 247-8
Capital of Ghur in mediæval times, 219
Christie at, 336-7
Commerce of, during Arab supremacy, 225
Defence of, against the Persians (1837), 402
Description of, by Idrisi, 228
Durani occupation of, 348
Farah, route to, 230-34
Ferrier at, 477;
his views as to, 479
India, military route to, 525-6
Kabul, route to, by Hari Rud, 248, 256, 262;
other routes, 257
Kandahar, direct route to, 490, 525-8
Mosalla, 228
Panjdeh and Merv, route to, 236
Persian satrapy including, 32
Persian siege of, 477
Tributary to Ghur in mediæval times, 218

Herat valley, 202, 205, 211-12, 217;
route from, to India, 209;
trees in, 237

Herodotus cited, 17, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33-4, 56, 163

Hicks, 469

Hindu Koh range, 182

Hindu Kush mountains:
Direction of, 4
Geographical knowledge of, defective, 508-9
Passes over, 274, 327, 328, 357, 378, 381-2, 387, 413-15,
426-7, 434-5, 507, 517, 519-25
Andarab in relation to, 275, 277
Command of, 261
Masson's account of, 388
Mediæval use of, 277
Wood's account of, 417-18
Snow line of, on north and south sides, 415

Hinglaz mountain and shrine, 162-3

Hingol river, 291;
Alexander at, on the retreat, 151, 157, 161-3, 166

History, unimportance of, to the ancients, 11, 25

Hiuen Tsiang cited, 178

Honigberger, M., 394-5, 462, 468

Hormuz, 200

Housab, 225

Huc, Abbé, cited, 439, 440

Huec Sheng, 184

Huen Tsang cited, 262, 279

Huntington, Ellsworthy, cited, 8, 278

Hunza (Kunjut), 180-81

Hupian, 394

Hyperboreans, 14, 19

Ibn Batuta cited, 210

Ibn Haukel of Baghdad cited, 203, 217, 228-31, 236, 237, 243,
251, 255, 295, 303;
_Ashkalu l' Bilad_ of, quoted, 304, 308-309;
map of Makran by, cited, 297-8, 307, 312, 313

Ichthyophagi, 160, 318

Idrisi (Abu Abdulla Mohammed) cited,199 _et seq._, 301-304,
307-309, 312, 313, 315-17, 427-8, 434, 446;
quoted, 303, 314, 316-17

Ilchi (Khotan), 172

_Iliad_ cited, 12

Imám Sharif, 222

India (_for particular districts, rivers, etc., see their names_):
Aboriginal inhabitants of, 157
Afghanistan:
Commercial treaty with, attempted, 397;
Burnes' mission, 398-401, 404-5
Land gates of India always in possession of, 22
Arab invasion of, by land and sea, 287
Art of:
Assyrian influence on, 7, 52-4
Greek influence on, 6, 22, 59-60, 129
Syrian and Armenian influence on, 6
Aryan influx to, 61
Assyrian influence in, 70;
on art, 7, 52-4
Bombay N.I., record of, 454
Defences of, natural:
North and north-east frontier, on, 3
South frontier, on--ridge and valley formation, 140;
Indus to Punjab desert, 7, 143-4, 226, 526
Dravidian races entering, 142-4, 158
Gold-fields of, 51
Government of:
Characteristics of, 408-10
Masson's criticisms of, 408, 409
Greek impression left on, slightness of, 59
History of, ancient, non-existent, 11
Makran route to. _See under subheading_ Routes
N.W. barrier of, true situation of, 5
Population of, not indigenous, 49
Railway systems of, 324
Rajput families of, 7
Routes to:
Makran route:
Arab supremacy, under, 226, 294, 311
Importance of, in antiquity, 167-8
Modern ignorance regarding, 141;
modern possibilities as to, 319-24
Northern, from Mongolia, 169 _et seq._, 186 _et seq._
Persian, 311, 319, 321-4
Sea-routes to N.W. in antiquity, 55
Russian designs as to, question of, 319-20
Trade of:
Persian, 21
Syrian and Phoenician, 13, 45
Wealth of, 295
Turanian races in, 157-8

Indian Survey, 183

Indus river (Sintu ho):
Boundary of early exploration, 7
Burnes' flotilla on, 454
Course of, variations in, 26-7, 296
Delta of, area of, 27
Desert flanking, 143-4, 226, 526
Gharo, creek of, 153
Gorge of, below the Darel, 183-4
Haig's _Indus Delta Country_ cited, 145, 153
Navigability of, near Baio, 121
Opening of, to commercial navigation, Burnes' mission regarding
(1837), 399
Rann of Katch, estuary of, in antiquity, 144
Routes from, to Helmund river and Central India, 527
Voyage down, by Scylax, 26-8

Indus valley:
Climate of, 46;
fog, 85-6
Greek and Arabic remains in, 364;
Greek language and its disappearance, 21, 59
Inscriptions, undecipherable, found in, 129-30
Mahomedan supremacy in, 293
Pathans in, ancient settlement of, 28
Persian satrapy including large part of, 31
Routes to, through Makran, 141. _See also under_ India--Routes
Vegetation in, in antiquity, 121-2

Inscriptions on stone slabs, 129-30;
on bricks, 494, 496, 499

Irak, 292;
valley, 387;
stream, 388;
pass, 417

Irrigation in Afghanistan, 75-6, 475

Ishak Khan, 261

Ishkashm, 429

Islam. _See_ Mahomedanism

Ispahan:
Railway from, question as to, 319, 321-2
Telegraph route from, to Panjgur, 322

Ispahak pass, Wood's description of, 417

Israelites:
Assyrian deportation of, 16, 39, 44, 49, 61
Disappearance of, as a nation, 40

Issyk Kul lake, 173

Istakhri of Persepolis cited, 295, 302, 303, 307, 308, 312

Jabar Khan, 462, 469

Jacobabad, 139

Jacquet, Eugene, 395

Jadran hills, 513

Jadwa, 236

Jagdallak defile, 95

Jahanabad, 497

Jhal, 371

Jalalabad (Doshak), 335, 497;
Buddhist relics near, 177, 352

Jalawan Brahuis, 164

Jalk, 335

Jam Kala, 222

Jamrud, 398

Jamshidis, 214, 216, 481

Jaor, 486

Jats, Jatas, 293, 501

Jawani, 336

Jebel al Ghur, 217

Jerkere, 231

Jews (Yahudi):
Afghan hatred of, 50, 377
Balkh, at, 71
Sar-i-pul, at, 252
Transportations of, 44
Yahudia, at 251, 255

Jihun. _See_ Oxus.

Jil district, 278

Jilgu river, 475

Jirena (Behvana), 245

Jirghan (? Jurkan, Gurkan, Juzjan, Guzwan), 250, 251, 255;
range, 249

Jirift, 201

Jirm (? Badakshan), 270, 506
Position and importance of, 270, 274-5
Wood's estimate of, 422, 425-6

Joubert's translation of Idrisi cited. _See_ Idrisi

_Journal of the Royal Society of Arts_ cited, 146

Junasdara pass, 424-5

Jurkan (Gurkan, Juzjan, ?Guzwan or Jirghan), 250, 251, 255;
range, 249

Jutes, 61

Kabadian, 278

Kabul:
Arab expedition against, 292
Burnes' mission to (1832), 344, 376;
his commercial mission to (1837-8), 392, 398-401, 404-405
Hicks' tomb at, 469
Masson British agent in, 397;
his account of, 376-7
Mediæval estimate of, as "Indian" town, 211, 219, 226, 262;
mediæval description quoted, 211
Modern conditions in, social and material, 377
Moorcroft's journey to, 444
Routes to and from:
Afghan Turkistan, Wood's account of route to, 418-19;
modern improvements in, 419 _and n._, 522 _n._
Andarab, Khafila road to, 88
Badakshan, all-the-year-round route to, 275-6, 419 _n._
Balkh, Frontier Commission's route from, 272-3
Bamian, route to, open in winter, 385-6
Bokhara and Bamian, main route to, 389
Herat, route from, by Hari Rud, 248, 256, 262;
other routes, 257
Kunduz, 416, 523
Mazar and Band-i-Amir, by, 259-261
Peshawar _via_ Kuram valley and Peiwar pass, 135
Punjab, route from:
Buddhist character of, 177
Kunar, Laghman and Lundai valleys, by, 101
Sar-i-pul, from, 252
Vigne at, 468-9

Kabul province, India in Middle Ages, 277

Kabul (Kophen, Nahrwara) river:
Alexander's probable course along, 100
Source of, 84
mentioned, 96, 276

Kabul river basin (Ki-pin), 96, 176, 215

Kabulis, 492

Kach (Kaj), meaning of term, 35

Kach Gandava, 305-306

Kafir wine, 133-4

Kafiristan:
Homogeneity of natives of, 508
Inhabitants of, 96, 269
Ivy and vine in, 124
Timur's invasion of, 327, 355-6
Unexplored wildness of, 269-70

Kafirs in Afghanistan:
Badakshan, in, 437
Ignorance regarding, 269-70
Kunar valley, in, 102-103;
two Kafirs of Kamdesh, 131-2
Siahposh. _See that title_

_Kafirs of the Hindu Kush, The_ (Robertson), cited, 510

Kafzur (Hajigak) pass, 417

Kah, 267, 268

Kaiani of Seistan, 34

Kaiani kingdom, ruins of, 82

Kaiani Maliks, 37, 208

Kaibar river, 232

Kaisan (Kasan) river, 272

Kaisar drainage, 248-9

Kala Bist, 204, 207, 208

Kala Sarkari, 260

Kala Sarwan, 206-208

Kala Shahar, 251, 255

Kala-i-Fath, 355, 496, 497

Kalagan, 342

Kalah, ruins of, 42

Kalama (Khor Khalmat), 158

Kalapani river, 106

Kalat, 323
British expedition to, 406
Christie and Pottinger at, 332
Masson at, 370-71
Strategic position of, 138-9

Kalat-i-Ghilzai (Khilkh), 206, 210

Kalatak, 301

Kalawun, 236, 238

Kalloo (Panjpilan) pass, 417

Kalu, 388

Kalwan (? Kolwah), 304

Kaman-i-Bihist, 232, 236

Kamard, Tajik chief of, 383, 384, 421

Kamard valley, 260, 261, 437

Kambali (? Khairokot), 150, 307-308

Kamdesh, 131

Kamran, Shah, 403

Kanazbun (Firabuz), 302-303;
distances from, 304, 313, 317

Kandabel, 305

Kandahar:
Flank march on, possibility of, 204-5
Indian frontier, distance from, 528
Kabul compared with, in matter of tolerance, 377
Leech's mission to, 401-402
Masson at, 360-61
Mediæval insignificance of, 210
Routes from, to:
Ghazni, 512
Herat, 490;
Herat as gateway to, 525-8
Kabul, Alexander's, 86-7
Kalat, _via_ Mangachar valley, 374-5
Sonmiani, 331

Kandahar (in Kach Gandava), 305-306

Kandaharis, 492

Kanowar, 238

Kao river. _See_ Alingar

Kaoshan pass, 435:
Alexander's passage of, tradition as to, 87
Greek control of, before Alexander's expedition, 20, 91;
Greek use of, 277
Height of, 88, 357
"Hindu Kush," known as the pass of, 414

Kara pass, 260, 418

Karabel (Armail, Armabel, Las Bela), 304-307, 320

Karabel plateau:
Description of, 248
Route across, from near Panjdeh to Balkh, 250

Karabia I., 159

Karabine, 158

Karachi:
Approaches to, 140-41
Configuration of, changes in, 153
Makran route to, modern possibilities as to, 319-24
Malir waterworks, 310
Masson refused landing at, 368
Voyage from, to Persian Gulf (by Nearkhos), 146, 152-61

Karakoram pass, 180

Karakoram trade route, 181, 517;
description of, 3-4

Karaks, 286, 292

Karamat Ali, Saiad, 390

Karapa route, 351

Karat, 231

Karbat, 250

Karbis (Gazban), 159

Kardos, 327

Kardozan, 479

Karez Ilias route to Sarakhs, 234

Karia Pir, 307

Kariut (Cariat), 210

Karmania, 32, 165

Karmatians, 293, 311

Karomurs, 71

Karosthi language, 280;
script cited, 171

Kartchoo, 482

Karuj (Korokh), 236, 237

Karwan (? Parwan), 276-7

Karza (? Kafza) pass, 382, 385

Kasan, 511;
stream, 428

Kashan, 322;
river, 236, 237, 240;
valley, 481

Kashmir (Kie-sha):
Buddhism in, 179-80
Fa Hian in, 178-9, 182
Persian knowledge of, 31

Kashmir passes, no records of military use of, 517

Kashmund mountains, 100, 101

Kashran (? Khasrin), 317

Kaspioi, 31

Kaspira (Kasmira), 31

Kasr Akhif (Ahnef), 245

Kasrkand, 311-12, 314

Kasur spur, 426

Kataghani horses, 504-505

Katan Chirak, 132

Katawar, 355

Kattasang, 472

Kattawaz plain, 465, 472, 475

Kawak (Khawak), 355

Kawakir, 235

Kej (Kiz, Kirusi, ?Labi), 301-302

Kej valley, 297

Kenef, 238

Kunjut (Hunza), 180-181

Kerman desert, 201;
valley, 262

Kermanshah, 322

Ketnev, 356

Khaibar route to India:
Evil reputation of, 458
Hyphæstion's march by, 95
Masson's journey by, 351-2

Khair, 310

Khair Kot (? Kambali), 150, 307-308

Khalmat tombs, 196, 310-11

Khan Nashin, 495

Khana Yahudi, 257

Khanabad, 423, 506

Kharachanabad (Khardozan), 230

Kharan, 331, 335, 339

Kharan desert, 339-41

Khardozan (Kharachanabad), 230

Khariab river, 278

Khariab (Kokcha) river, 270, 273, 274

Kharkerde, 231

Kharotis, 513

Khash, 495

Khash Rud valley, 204

Khashka pass, 387

Khasrin (? Kashran), 317

Khawak pass:
Height of, 357, 435
Importance of, 521
Popularity of, 414
Timur at, 327, 355, 435
otherwise mentioned, 261, 275, 277, 419, 428, 434, 507

Khawak river, 274

Khazar, 388

Khilkh (Kalat-i-Ghilzai), 206

Khilkhis. _See_ Ghilzais

Khiva (Khwarezm), 218, 244

Khizilji Turks, 281-2

Khoes river, 99-100

Khoja Mahomed range, 424, 436, 437, 506, 507

Khojak range, 139

Khor Khalmat (Kalama), 158

Khorasan, 348

Khorienes, 93

Khotan (Ilchi):
Balkh, distance from, 177;
route to, 277, 278-9
Buddhist centre, as, 172, 174

Khozdar:
Christie and Pottinger at, 331
Masson at, 373
Turan, capital of, 315

Khulm, 88, 270-72, 416;
river, 84

Khur, 308, 310

Khurd Kabul defile, 95

Khud Rud, 515

Khuzan (Ak Tepe), 245-6

Khwaja Amran (Kojak) range, 374

Khwaja Chist, 217, 223

Khwaja Salar, 448, 449, 460

Khwarezm (Khiva), 218, 244

Ki-pin (Kabul river basin), 176

Kie-sha. _See_ Kashmir.

Kila Adraskand, 229 _n._

Kila Gaohar, 485

Kila Khum, 511

Kila Maur, 237, 245

Kila Panja, 430

Kila Shaharak, 486

Kila Sofarak, 256

Kila Wali, 243, 248

Kilif, 279;
pony ferry at, 89-90, 460

Kilik pass, 180, 517

Kilrin (? Gulran), 235

Kir (Kiz) Kaian, 313-17

Kirghiz (? Kirkhirs):
Idrisi's account of, 282-3
Wood's estimate of, 430

Kirman, 311, 313-15, 322-3;
telegraph _via_, to India, 69

Kirman desert, 147

Kirthar range, 140

Kishm, 509

Kiz (Kirusi, Kej, ?Labi), 301-302

Kiz (Kir) Kaian, 313-17

Kizzilbash, 467

Knidza (Kyiza), 160

Koh Daman:
Alexander at, 94
Description of, 96-7
Lord's expedition to, 412-13

Koh-i-Babar (Baba) mountains:
Altitude of, 263
Nature and direction of, 84, 381
Rivers starting from, 215

Koh-i-Basman, 323

Koh-i-Malik Siah, 209

Koh-i-Mor (Meros) mountains, 105, 123-4, 358

Koh Umber mountain, 423, 506

Kohendil Khan, 493

Kohistan:
Inhabitants of, 96
Mountain scenery of, 392

Kohistan plains, 87

Kohistani, 486

Kohistani Babas, 487

Kohnak divide, 513

Kojak (Khwaja Amran) range, 374

Kokcha (Khariab, Minjan) river:
Course of, nature of, at Faizabad, 424, 425
Mouth of, 434
Robertson's view regarding, 510
Route by headwaters of, nature of, 426, 427, 436
mentioned, 270, 273, 274, 507, 520

Kokcha valley, 424, 425, 427

Kokhar Ab river, 515

Kolab, 433-4

Kolar gold-fields, 51

Kolwah (? Kalwan), 304

Konche river, 174

Kophen river. _See_ Kabul river

Korokh (Karuj), 236, 237, 239, 240

Kotal-i-bed, 374

Kotal Murgh pass, 90

Kotanni pass, 513

Koure (Ghurian), 231-2

Koyunjik mound, 43

Krateros, 103, 147

Krokala, 148, 153, 156

Kua (Kau), 235, 236

Kudabandan, 303

Kuen Lun mountains, 171, 172, 173

Kufs, 200

Kughanabad, 236

Kuhsan, Kusan (? Kuseri, Kouseri), 232-3, 239, 479

Kum, 322

Kunar (Choaspes, Chitral) river, 122, 431;
importance of, 100

Kunar (Choaspes, Chitral) valley:
Description of, 100-103
Direction of, 509-10
Dorah route from, 520
Ivy and vine in, 133
Kafirs in, 102-103;
of Kamdesh, 131-2
Masson's investigations as to, 396
Survey of (1894), 123

Kundar river, 464

Kunduz (town):
Burnes' mission to, 378
Description of, 504
Lord's invitation to, 413, 416, 420-422
Southward routes from, to Bamian and Kabul, 523
Warwalin near, 272
Wood's estimate of, 422

Kunduz district:
Fortified towns of, 504
Pestilential climate of, 432, 447-9, 505
Kunduz river, 261, 421, 428, 436, 505;
scenery of, 257, 259-260

Kunduz valley route to Kabul, 434

Kunjut, 186

Kupruk, 257

Kuram, 482-3, 505

Kuram valley route, 135, 512

Kurchi, 251

Kurdistan hills, 322

Kurt (Tajik) dynasty in Ghur, 218

Kuseri, Kouseri (? Kuhsan, Kusan), 231-3

Kushan (Tokhari), 241

Kushk, 324

Kushk river, 236, 237, 240;
description of, 246

Kushk-i-Nakhud, 210, 492

Kyiza (Knidza), 160

Labi (? Kiz, Kirusi, Kej), 304

Ladakh ("Little Tibet"):
Idrisi's description of the town of, 281
Mongol invasion _via_, 186
Moorcroft in, 443-4
Vigne in, 462

Laghman valley, 96, 99-101;
inhabitants of, 100, 133

Lahore:
Burnes at, 455
Masson at, 366-7

Lakshur (? Langar), 238-9

Lalposh, 270

Lamghan. _See_ Laghman

Language, women's preservation of, 22, 143, 295

Lapis-lazuli mines above Jirm, 426, 507

Las (Lumri) tribe of Rajputs, 305

Las Bela (Armail, Armabel, Karabel):
Distances to, 303-304
Gadurs of, 35
Historic interest of, 304-307, 320
Masson at, 369
Ruins near, 372
Strategic position of, 138-9

Lash Jowain, 493, 498

Lasonoi, 30

Lataband pass, 424

Leach, Lieut., 471

Lead mines of Ferengal in Ghorband valley, 416

Leech, Lieut., on Burnes' staff, 401-402, 412;
work and methods of, 440-41

Leh, 180, 443, 444, 519

Leonatus, 151, 156, 161

Lhasa:
Buddhist centre, as, 172-3
Moorcroft's residence at, question as to, 439-40, 444
Pilgrimages to, 181, 187
Route from, to India, 517

Liari, 308

Lockhart mission, 358, 429, 509

Logar river, 380, 468;
valley, 466, 475

Lohanis, 360, 463, 467

Lob, 283

Lop basin, 172, 173

Lop Nor, 171, 174, 280

Lord, Dr., mission of, to Badakshan, 402;
expedition of, to Koh Daman and Hindu Kush passes, 412-15;
in Ghorband valley, 416;
at Kunduz, 413, 416, 420-21;
visit of, to Hazrat Imam, 432;
investigations by, regarding Moorcroft, 439;
_Uzbek State of Kundooz_ by, 504;
cited, 420, 505

Loveday, Lieut., 406

Ludhiana, 344

Ludi (Lydoi), 30

Lulan, 174

Lumri (Las) tribe of Rajputs, 35, 305

Lundai valley, 101

Lungar, 468

Lydoi (Ludi), 30

Mabara (? Barbarra), 434

Mackenzie, Captain, 148

M'Crindle cited, 159

MacMahon, Sir Henry, 374 _and n._, 497

MacNab, Dr., 131

McNair, 358

Mada Khel hills, 108

Mahaban (Shah Kot), 108, 110-11, 113, 117-21

_Mahabharata_ cited, 12, 63

Mahighir canal, 394

Mahmud of Ghazni, Multan conquered by (1005), 192-3, 293;
raids by, 200, 210, 218, 513;
tomb of, 376;
mentioned, 219, 468

Mahmudabad, 491

Mahomed Akbar Khan, 490

Mahomed Ali, Chief of Saighan, 378-9, 382-3

Mahomed Azim Khan, 444

Mahomed Kasim, 293-4, 307

Mahomed Khan, Sultan, 360, 403, 483

Mahomedanism, rise of, 187

Mahomedans:
Balkh, at, 72, 74
Kafir attitude towards, 131
Vigne's estimate of, 467

Maidan, 260, 468

Maimana, 239, 248-50, 258, 481

Makran (Gadrosia). _For particular districts, etc., see their
names_
Alexander's retreat through, 38, 51, 86, 145-54, 161-6
Ancient relics in, 56
Arabian interest in, prior to A.D. 712, 292;
Arab governors of, 193, 292, 293
Baluch traditions as to, 291
Bampur the ancient capital of, 165
Boledi long the ruling tribe in, 36-7
Coasting trade of, in antiquity, 57
Configuration, orography, and geological features of, 32-3, 48,
285, 288-91, 296
Decline of, in eleventh century, 295
Desiccation of, 288-9
Greek knowledge of, in ancient time scanty, 37
Hots of (? Uxoi), 34
Islands off, disappearance of, 286, 288
Kaiani Maliks' supremacy in, 37
Kushite race in, question as to, 34-5
Negroes in, 36
Persian satrapies including, 32, 200
Physical features of. _See subheading_ Configuration
Ports of, for importation of firearms, 55
Route through, to India under Arab supremacy, 209, 226, 294, 311
Ignorance as to, 141
Importance of, in antiquity, 167-8
Modern possibilities as to, 319-24
Stone-built circles in, 372
Tombs in (Khalmati), 310-11
Turanian relics in, 158
View of, from Arabian Sea, 284-5

Malan headland, 158, 285, 291;
range, 161-2, 164

Malek Hupian, 394

Malistan valley, 515

Malli (? Meds), 155, 160-61

Malun Herat, 229 _n_.

Manabari, 308-309

Manasarawar lakes, 440

Manbatara, 308

Mandal pass, 426, 507, 519

Manga (Manja, Mugger) Pir, 309

Mangachar valley, 374

Manglaor, 121

Manhabari (? Minagar, Binagar), 304, 309-10

Manjabari, 309

Manora (Domai) Island, 154

Mansura, 309

Mansuria, 315-16

Mashad:
Russian telegraph _via_, 69
Seistan, route to, 528
Teheran, objections regarding railway to, 319

Mashad valley, 424

Mashkaf (Bolan) pass, 139

Mashkel (? Maskan), 313-14;
swamp, 323, 339, 341

Massaga:
Alexander's capture of, 105, 122;
route from, 113
Nysæans at, question as to, 128-9

Marabad, 225

Marakanda (Samarkand), 88

Mardians, 68, 76

Maruchak. _See_ Merv-el-Rud

Marwa, 225

Masson, arrival of, at Bushire, 348, 368;
in Peshawar, 350;
journey to Kabul _via_ Khaibar route, 351-4, 359;
to Ghazni and Kandahar, 359-60;
to Quetta and Shikapur, 361-3;
in the Punjab, 364-5;
at Lahore, 365-367;
to Karachi, 377;
trips by water, 367-8;
in E. Baluchistan, 369; at Chahiltan, 370-71;
through Sind, 371-2;
again to Kalat, Kandahar, and Kabul, 372-7;
Besud expedition, 378, 380;
to Bamian (1832), 378-86;
to Kabul, 386, 388;
researches near Kabul, 393;
accepts post as British agent in Kabul, 397;
relations with Burnes, 399-401, 404;
resigns office under Indian Government, 405, 407;
experiences at Quetta, 406-7;
meeting with Vigne, 469;
intimacy with Afghans, 346-7, 350, 352, 362-363;
influence with them, 380;
intimacy with Baluchs, 374;
coins collected by, 393;
criticisms of Indian Government by, 408, 409;
value of work of, 345, 347-8, 367, 388, 391, 396, 407;
methods of, 346;
estimate of, 361, 370, 372, 395-6, 408;
_Travels in Afghanistan_, _etc._, see that title;
otherwise mentioned, 458, 462, 463, 468, 491

Masurjan, 317

Matakanai, 105, 128

Matiban, 200

Mazanderan, 481

Mazar, 434, 435, 448, 459

Mazar-i-Sharif, 257, 439

Meder, 267, 268

Meds (? Malli), 155, 160-61, 292-3

Megasthenes, 129;
his _India_ cited, 126-7

Mehrab Khan, 406

Meilik (Nimlik), 482

Menk, 274

Mesiha, 245

Mesopotamia:
Earliest immigrants into, question as to origin of, 34-5
Irrigation works necessary in, 40-41
Israelite deportations to, 39
Nana-worship in, 163
Teheran-Mashad route from, to Baktria, 47-8, 54, 70

Merv-el-Rud:
Confused with Russian Merv by Idrisi, 244-5
Date and destruction of, 241-2
otherwise mentioned, 236, 239, 240-41

Merv of the Oasis (Russian):
Balkh, routes to, 249-50
Confused with Merv-el-Rud by Idrisi, 244
Herat route from, 236
Historic importance of, 241

Milesian Greeks:
Brankhidai, 20
Colonies of:
N. of Euxine, 14
S. and W. of Euxine, 18
Transportation of, to Baktria region, 16, 19, 20, 31, 45

Miletus:
Alexander's reduction of (334 B.C.), 66
Carpet-making industry of, 18
Destruction of, date of, 16

Minab river, 166

Minagar, Binagar (? Manhabari), 304, 309-10

Mingal, 482

Mingals, 142, 306

Minjan pass, 507, 519;
Chitral route through, 359, 426

Minjan river. _See_ Kokcha

Minjan valley, 132, 426, 436

Miri fort of Quetta, 138, 148

Mockler, Col., cited, 159-60

Mongols:
Afghanistan, in central plateau of, 85
Asiatic civilization overrun by, 200
Army of, destroyed on the Karakoram route, 4
Chenghiz Khan, under, 73
Ghur dynasty, subject to, 218
India:
Central Southern, problem of arrival in, 142-4
Invasion of, by, 326
Military expeditions to, attempted, 186
Pilgrimages to, 169 _et seq._

Monze, Cape, 154

Moorcroft, explorations by, 440;
question as to residence at Lhasa, 444;
journey from to Kabul, Badakshan, and Bokhara, 444-8;
official attitude towards, 442-3;
records of, 443;
fate of, 438-9;
grave of, 259;
estimate of, 443-4, 448, 503-504;
otherwise mentioned, 423, 434, 467

Morontobara, 154-5

Mosarna, 161

Mugger (Manga, Manja) Pir, 309

Mugheir (Ur), 42

Mula (Mulla) pass, 139, 140, 147, 371

Multan:
Hindu bankers in, 363
Mahmud's conquest of (1005), 193, 293
Masson's account of, 366
Tubaran, distance from, 315

Murad Beg, Mir of Kunduz, position of, 378-9, 504;
Badakshani families transported by, 432, 505;
Lord's invitation by, 413, 416;
estimate of, 413;
Wood's estimate of, 422;
Moorcroft's experience and estimate of, 446-8;
otherwise mentioned, 385, 418, 425, 429, 503

Murad Khan of Kunduz, 383

Murgh pass, 434-5

Murghab basin, Upper, unmapped, 477

Murghab river:
Economic value of, 246-7
Head of, unexplored, 516
Head valleys of, 258
Ruins on, 243-4
Upper, climate of, 220
otherwise mentioned, 215, 236, 239-41

Murghab valley, 242, 282, 284

Muskat, 55

Mustapha Khan, 487

Muttra, 210

Nachan, 225

Nadir Shah, 267, 418, 526

Nagas, 501

Nahrwara river. _See_ Kabul river

Naisan, 225

Najil, 327, 356, 396-7

Najirman (? Nakirman), 200

Najitan (Bajitan), 225

Nalpach pass, 383-4

Nan Shan mountain system, 173

Nana (Chaldean goddess), 162-3

Naoshirwan, 339

Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor, 328-329

Naratu, 236, 237, 239, 248

Narmashir, 323

Nasirs, 475

Nasratabad, 203

Nassoor, Sheikh, 497

Nava Sanghârâma, 178

Navigation, ancient, character of, 13, 56-7

Nawagai, 103

Nawak pass, 274, 428

Nawar valley, 515

Nearkhos, 26, 27;
voyage of, from Karachi to Persian Gulf, 145, 152-61, 286;
meeting of, with Alexander, 166-7;
cited, 286

Negroes, Asiatic, 36

New Chaman, 324

Nicolas range, 431

Nikaia (modern Kabul), Alexander at, 98. _See also_ Kabul

Nili, 222

Nimchas, 269

Nimlik (Meilik), 482

Nimrud, 71

Nineveh:
Ruins of, 42, 43
Zenith of, 52

Nishapur, 231

Nomadic life, conditions of, 23-5

Nonnus of Panopolis cited, 62-3, 98

North, Lieut., value of geographical work by, 411-12, 471

Nott, 406

Nuhsala (Nosala, Haftala, Hashtala) island, 161, 286

Nuksan pass, 508-509, 519, 520, 522

Nurzai, 212, 491

Nusa. _See_ Nysa

Nushki:
Christie and Pottinger at, 38
Route _via_, 209, 323
Telegraph to, 323

Nysa, Nyssa (Nusa, Nuson):
Tradition regarding, 62, 122-6
War-hymn connected with, 131-2

Nysæan inscriptions, question as to, 129-30

Nysaioi, 126-7

Obeh (Auca), 217, 225, 256

_Odyssey_ cited, 12

Olbia, 19

Omar I., Kalif of Baghdad, 307

Ora (? modern Bazar), 106

Oritæ, 146, 150, 151, 156, 161

Orodis, 241

Oxus district, mediæval geography of, 277 _et seq._

Oxus jungles, 433

Oxus (Jihun, Khariab) river:
Channel of, variations in, 89
Fords of, accurate knowledge of, 501-502
Irrigation works connected with, 75
Khariab a name for, 273, 278
Pony ferry over, at Kilif, 89-90, 460;
at Khwaja Salar, 449, 460-61
Wood's explorations of, 420, 423, 428-35

Oxydrakai, 127

Pactyans. _See_ Pathans

Padizar bay, 158, 159

Paghman offshoot of Hindu Kush, 97

Paghman, 387

Pahrag (Pahra, Pahura, Fahraj), 315, 317, 342;
two places so named, 316

Pamirs:
Climate of, 429
Mediæval geography of, 277 _et seq._
Routes across, 502
Taghdumbash, 517

Panja (Wakhab) river, 279

Panjdeh:
Buddhist caves at, 244
Herat, routes from, 236
Karabel plateau route from near, to Balkh, 250

Panjgur:
Dates of, 290
Description of, 302-303
Mountain conformation of, 323
Railway from, to Karachi, question as to, 324
Telegraph route to, from Ispahan, 322

Panjkora river, 104, 122

Panjkora valley, 96

Panjpilan (Kalloo, Shutar Gardan) pass, 386, 388, 417

Panjshir (Banjohir), 276-7

Panjshir pass, 87-8

Panjshir route between Kabul and Andarab, 87-8, 414

Panjshir valley:
Mediæval reputation of, 435
Timur in, 355-6
otherwise mentioned, 261, 275, 356-7, 434, 510, 521

Pannah, 472

Parah, 230

Parana (Parwana), 229, 481, 498

Parikanoi, 163-4

Parjuman, 223

Park mountains, 221

Parkan stream, 164

Paropamisos (Hindu Kush), 79, 234, 247. (_See also_ Hindu Kush.)

Parsi (Tarsi), 489

Parwan (? Karwan), 276-7

Parwan (Sar Alang, Bajgah) pass, 328, 435;
altitude of, 357;
description of, 414

Parwana (Parana), 229, 481, 498

Pashai, 133

Pashat, 133

Pasiris, 158

Pasni, bay of, 159, 164

Patala, 146, 148

Pathans:
Ancient settlement of, in present situation, 28
Greek names among, 21
Inscriptions used by, for decoration, 129-30
Persian origin of language of, 21

Peiwar pass, 135

Periplus cited, 310

Perjan (? Parwan), 355

Persepolis:
Alexander the Great at, 68
Inscriptions at, cited, 30

Persia:
Afghanistan:
Colonies in, 61
Intrigues regarding, British nervousness as to, 399-400
War with (1837), 402
Army of, French officers' organisation of, 477
Charbar point fort built by, 299
Configuration of western, 48
Desert regions of, 69;
"Great Desert," 201
Firearms imported into, 155
Helmund boundary of, 80
Routes through, to the East, two, 69;
routes to India, 311, 319, 321-4
Russia:
Sphere of influence of, 322
French organisation of Persian army resented by, 477
War with (1826), 348

Persian Empire:
Extent of, 21, 26-7
Geographical information possessed by, extent and accuracy of,
17, 25-6, 29, 31
Greek permeation of, 20-21; Greek attitude towards, 36
Indian hinterland under control of, in Alexander's time, 61
Indian trade of, 21
Nations subject to, lists of, 29-30
Satrapies of, identification of, 30-32

Persian Gulf:
Command of, necessary for safety of southern Baluchistan passes,
141
Masson's trip up, 367
Voyage to, from Karachi (by Nearkhos), 146, 152-61

Persians, Pottinger's estimate of, 333-4

Peshawar:
Cession of, to Afghanistan mooted by Burnes, 401, 404
Moorcroft's journey from, to Kabul and Bokhara, 444
Route to, from Kabul _via_ Kuram valley and Peiwar pass, 135
Sikh occupation of, 350

Peshawaran, 336

Peukelaotis, 99, 114

Philotas, 78

Phur river, 151

Physical geography, influence of, on migratory movements, 9, 45-6;
on history, 214

Pimuri defile, 421

Pir Mahomed, 445, 456

Pisacas, 133

Place-names, value of, in identifications, 115

Pokran (? Pokar), 371

Pola Island, 159

Polo, Marco, 281, 327

Polyænus quoted, 127-8

Pony-ferries on the Oxus--at Kilif, 89-90, 460;
at Khwaja Salar, 449, 460-61

Poolka, 496

Poolki (Pulaki), 335-6, 497

Pottinger, Lieut., explorations by, 329 _et seq._;
at Herat, 402;
quoted--on Persian character, 333-4;
on the Kharan desert, 339-40

Pousheng (Boushinj, Bousik), 231, 234, 237

Ptolemy (son of Lagos), with Alexander's expedition, 103, 104, 116;
cited, 37, 104, 310

Pul-i-Malun bridge, 229 _n._, 230

Pulaki (Poolki), 335-6, 497

Punjab:
Alexander's march on, 94
Fa Hian in, 179, 185
French and Italians in, 366
Greek architecture and sculpture in, 59
Ranjit Singh's hunting party in, 455-6
Sikh Government, under, 345-6, 363

Pura, 165

Purali (Arabius) river, 146, 148, 149, 156, 292, 305, 320, 370

Pushti Hajigak (Kafzur) pass, 417

Pushto, 350, 352

Quetta (Shall):
British ignorance regarding, in 1880, 369
Masson and Bean at, 406;
Masson's account of, 362
Strategic importance of, 137-9
Telegraph to, from Seistan, 323

Quintus Curtius. _See_ Curtius

Ragozin's _Chaldea_ quoted, 43

Rahmat Khan, 365

Rahmatulla Khan, 382, 421

Rahun, 304

Rajput tribes, 35

Rajputana desert, 27

Ramayana cited, 12, 63

Rambakia, 150

Ranjit Singh, Bentinck's interview with (1832), 344;
position of, 350, 398;
Burnes' entertainment by, 455-6;
Burnes' estimate of, 457;
Vigne's acquaintance with, 462;
mentioned, 401, 404

Ras Kachari, 156

Rasak (? Sarbaz), 312-14

Ravi river, 366

Rawlinson, Sir Henry, cited, 241, 242, 245, 479;
his _Five Monarchies_ quoted, 43

Regan, 316, 317, 323

Registan, 375

Reishkhan district, 424

Robat-i-Kashan, 237

Roberts, Lord, 87

Robertson, Sir George, 358, 426, 507, 510

Rohri, 364

Rokh, Shah, 242

Rookes cited, 118

Roxana, 92

_R.G.S. Journal_ cited, 123;
_Proceedings_ cited, 241

Rozabagh, 229 _n._

Rozanak, 233

Ruby mines of Oxus valley, 428

Rudbar (? Rudhan), 207, 496

Rue Khaf (? Rudan), 231

Russia:
Afghan intrigues of, British nervousness regarding, 399-400
India:
Designs on, question as to, 319-20
Route to, nature of, 527-8
Persia:
Army organisation of, resented by, 477
Sphere of influence in, 322
War with (1826), 348
Transcaspian railway terminus, 324

Russo-Afghan Boundary Commission:
Camps of, 233, 235, 240
Escort of English officers of, 492
Geographical surveys in Reports of, 194, 264
Kwaja Salar, disappearance of, 450
Rapidity of movements of, 477
Routes of, 78, 248, 261, 272-3, 335, 415
otherwise mentioned, 71, 83, 231

Rustak, 504

Rustam (Bazira), 106, 113, 114

Sabaktagin, 414

Sacnia, 281

Sadik Khan, 493

Sadmurda, 260

Safed Khak pass, 379

Safed Koh, 95

Sagittæ, 163

St. John cited, 148, 316

Saiad Ahmad Shah, 350

Saib, 433

Saidabad fort, 386

Saighan valley, 260, 379, 382, 421, 437, 505

Sajidi, 164

Sakæ, 163, 164

Sakah, 229

Sakas, 501

Samad Khan, 390

Samaria, date of fall of, 39

Sarmakan, 245

Samarkand (Marakanda), 88, 292

Sandeman, Sir Robert, 137, 320;
cited, 374

Sandrakottos (Chandragupta), 129

Sangadip Island, 161

Sangcharak, 258;
mountains, 255

Sangiduktar, 231

Sangusar, 492

Sar Alang (Parwan, Bajgah) pass, 414

Saraswati river, 27, 144

Sarakhs, 230, 233, 234

Sarbaz (? Rasak), 312, 314;
river, 312

Sardanapalus (Assur-bani-pal), 52, 162-3

Sargo pass, 472

Sargon, 39, 45

Sar-i-jangal stream, 256

Sarikoh stream, 267

Sar-i-pul (? Aspurkan), 250-52, 483

Sarwan (Kala Sarwan), 206-208

Sarwandi (Sir-i-koll) pass, 465, 472;
ridge, 465-6

Satibarzanes, 77

Schintza, 473

Schwanbeck, Dr., 126

Scylax of Caryanda, 26-9

Sehwan, 371

Seistan (Sejistan, Drangia, Drangiana):
Afghan army's experience in, 403
Climate and natural conditions in, 80, 85, 201-203, 403, 494
Extent of, less than of ancient Drangiana, 78;
extent in mediæval times, 205
Firearms imported into, 55
Goldsmid's mission to, 299
Inhabitants of, mentioned by Herodotus, 33
Lake of, 497
Route to Mashad, 528
Persian satrapy, 32, 200
Ruins in, abundance of, 336
Reputation of, 201-202
Surveys of, 496-7
Telegraph to, from Narmashir, 323
Tributary to Ghur in mediæval times, 218

Sekhwan, 338

Sekoha, 498

Sejistan. _See_ Seistan

Semenjan. _See_ Haibak

Semiramis, 147

Senacherib, King of Assyria, 52

Senart, M., cited, 130

Seneca, cited, 21

Ser-ab (? Sar-i-ab), 468

Shah, 251, 255

Shah Kot (Mahaban), 108, 110-11, 113, 117-21

Shaharak, 486

Shahar-i-Babar, 257, 267

Shahar-i-Wairan (? Shahar, Shah), 254-5

Shaitana, 380

Shakiban, 338

Shams Tabieri, Saint, 366

Shamshirs, 233-4, 240

Shamsuddin pass, 418

Shansabi, 218

Sharif, Imam, 484

Sharifudin cited, 355

Sheherek, 486

Sheranni, 512

Sher-i-dahan, 468

Sherwan, 433-4

Shibar, 468

Shibar pass, 260, 277, 387

Shibarghan, 251-2

Shikapur, financial credit of, 331-2, 363, 452-3

Shorawak, 374-5

Shutar Gardan (Kalloo, Panjpilan) pass, 386, 388, 417

Siah Koh (Band-i-Baian), 486, 487

Siah Reg pass, 381

Siahposh Kafirs, 270, 354-6, 358

Siam, celadon furnaces in, 83

Sidonians, deportation of, by Assyria, 52

Sikhs, Dost Mahomed's operations against, 397-8

Simkoh, 234

Sind:
Arab ascendency in, 192, 293, 311, 366;
their geography of, 296;
buried Arab city in, 196
Assyrian art in pottery of, 54
Buddhist ruins in, 372
Frontier passes of, 209
Hot winds in, 341
Independent government, under, 329, 331, 345-6, 363
Masson in, 349; his account of, 365
Mongols settled in, 526
Mountain barrier of, 140

Singlak, 485

Sin-ho-to. _See_ Swat

Sintu-ho river. _See_ Indus

Sirafraz Khan, 391

Sir-i-koll (Sarwandi) pass, 465

Sirondha lake, 155

Skytho-Aryans, 241

Skyths:
Caspian, at north and west of, 19
Central Asia, of, 50;
Alexander's encounter with, 92-3
Euxine, at north of, 14
Westward migration of, 61

Slavery in Badakshan, 520

Sofarak, 262

Sogdia (Bokhara), 32, 92

Sohrab, 332

Somnath, 210

Song Yun cited, 184

Sonmiani, 308, 368;
route from, to interior, 330-31

Sousa, 479

Spinasuka pass, 103

Stein, Dr. M. A., 237, 503;
Buddhist sanctuary discovered by, 184;
methods of, 109-11;
cited, 111, 113, 117-18, 120-21, 170

Stoddart, Colonel, 390, 402

Stone-built circles, 372

Strabo cited, 107, 122;
quoted, 127

Stewart, General, 95

Subzawar, 230, 498

Sufed Koh mountains, 135, 215

Su-ho-to (Lower Swat), 185

Sujah, Shah, 344, 353, 405, 456

Suliman, Kalif, 294

Suliman hills, torrents and passes of, 36-7

Suliman Khel Ghilzais:
Broadfoot the authority on, 474-5
Duties levied by, 464, 474-5
Kattasang, in, 472
Land of, unexplored, 514

Sultan Mahomed, 445, 446

Sura (? Suza), 317

Surkh Kila pass, 418

Survey methods, perfecting of, 500

Suza (? Sura), 317

Swat (Sin-ho-to, Su-ho-to):
Buddhism in, 129
Fa Hian in, 179, 185
Geographical surveys of, 123
Uplands of, 128

Tabriz, 368

Taft, 322

Tagao Ghur river, 221

Tagao Ishlan river, 215-16, 223;
valley, 486

Tagdumbash Pamir, 180, 279, 517

Taimanis:
Country of, 84, 214, 217, 220, 222-223, 478, 488
Kidnapping by, in Afghan Turkistan, 253
Traditions of, 212
Women of, Ferrier's account of, 489
mentioned, 481, 489

Taiwara (Ghur):
Herat, route from, 223
Importance of, 487
Ruins at, 222, 488
mentioned, 220, 515

Tajik (Kurt), dynasty in Ghur, 218

Tajiks, Badakshani, 432

Takla Makan, 283

Takht-i-Rustam (tope at Haibak), 446

Takht-i-Suliman mountain:
Expedition to (1882), 112, 119, 513
River gorges of, 137
mentioned, 137, 464

Takzar (Zakar), 251, 252

Talara, 300-301

Talbot, Colonel the Hon. M. G., R.E., 264 _and n._, 446;
cited, 489-90

Talekan, 271-4

Talikan, 241, 243, 504;
Mahomedan saint at, 447

Talikan (Talikhan), 243 _and n._, 249

Talikan plains, 506, 509

Talikhan plain, 423

Taloi range, 164

Tamerlane. _See_ Timur

_Tarikh-i-Rashidi_ cited, 186

Tarim river, 173, 174, 283

Tarnak river, 224

Tashkurghan:
Fort of, 279, 281
Kabul, routes to, 260, 419
Moorcroft at, 448
otherwise mentioned, 88, 482

Tashkurghan river, 261, 279

Tarsi (Parsi), 489

Tate, Mr. G. P., cited, 336

Taxila, 29, 94, 99

Taxiles, 99

Teheran:
Hamadan telegraph route to, 48
Kashan, question as to railway _via_, 322
Mashad route from, 54, 77;
question as to railway by, 319

Termez, 278, 279

Teshkhan, 424

Thakot, 121

Tibet:
Chinese Turkistan formerly included in, 283
Gold-fields of, 51
Gold-digging legends concerning, 31
Idrisi's description of, 281-3
Invasion of India from, possibility as to, 188
Mongol invasion of, 186-7
Moorcroft in, 439-40

Tibetans, modern, 283

Tiglath Pilesur, King of Assyria, 6, 44, 46, 49, 51, 52, 57

Tigris river, 368

Til pass, 275

Timur Hissar, 356

Timur Shah (Tamerlane):
Herat and Ghur broken up by, 219
Kafiristan invaded by, 327, 355-6, 435
Merv-el-Rud destroyed by, 242
otherwise mentioned, 193, 394, 414, 481

Tingelab river, 486

Tippak, 283

Tir, 238-9

Tir Band-i-Turkistan mountains, 239, 240, 247, 258

Tirah Expedition, 105

Tiz (Talara), 299-301

Tochi river, 475

Tochi valley, 136;
route by, 512-14

Todd, Major d'Arcy, 480

Tokhari (Kushan), 241

Tokharistan (Oxus region), 241;
capital of, 243

To-li (Darel), 179, 182-3

Tomeros river, 157

Tous, 479

Topchi valley, 386, 388

Torashekh, 237, 482

Transportation of whole populations, 40, 44

Travel, _camaraderie_ of, 463-4

_Travels in Afghanistan, Baluchistan, the Punjab, and Kalat_
(Masson) cited, 349 _et seq._

Trebeck, 439-40, 444, 448, 459

Tsungling, 177, 178

Tubaran, 315-17

Turan, 315-16

Turfan, 172

Turki language, 394

Turkistan, Afghan. _See_ Afghan Turkistan

Turkman women, 283

Turkmans, Ersari, 459-60

Turks, Khizilji, 281-2

Turks Tibetans, 282

Uch, 364, 366

Udyana (Wuchung), 179, 184

Ujaristan valley, 515

Unai (Honai, Bamian) pass, 87, 260, 262, 379, 389, 414, 420, 446;
importance of, 521;
Wood's description of, 417

Ur (Mugheir), 42

Urmara, 368

Urukh (Warka), 163

Urusgan valley, 515

Uthal, 307

Uzbeks:
Agricultural pursuits of, 251
Dwellings of, 249
Kirghiz compared with, 430
Man-stealing propensities of, 421
Murad Khan acknowledged liege by, 383, 413
Snake-handling by, 253
Wood's estimate of, 423

Vaisravana, 178

Varsach river, 424

Vektavitch, Lieut., 400

Ventura, General, 367

Victoria Lake, 430-31

Wad, 373

Wade, Captain, 397, 398

Wainwright, E. A., cited, 313

Wakhab (Panja) river, 279

Wakhan, 273, 281, 327

Wakhjir pass, 279

Waksh, 273, 278

Wakshab river, 273, 278

Walian (Gwalian) pass, 414

Walid I., Kalif, 292, 307

Walker, General, cited, 123, 508

Wana, 513

Wardak valley, 466, 475

Wardoj river, 429, 437

Wardoj (Zebak) valley, 436

Warka (Urukh), 163

Warwalin, 271-2

Washir, 490

Wazirabad lake, 98

Waziris, 464, 474

Waziristan, 473

Weather, effects of, on natural features, 117-18

Westward migrations, 45, 61

Wilson, Major David, cited, 368

Wiltshire, General, 406

Wine made by Kafirs, 133-4

Wood, Lieut., mission of, to Badakshan, 402;
with Lord, 412, 416-18, 420, 422, 432, 439;
explorations of the Oxus by, 420, 423, 428-35;
Indus navigation by, 454; cited, 505-507, 523;
estimate of, 431;
value of work of, 418

Wolff, Rev. Joseph, 376

Woodthorpe, 429, 509

Wuchung (Udyana), 179, 184

Wynaad gold-fields, 51

Xenophon, retreat of, from Persia, 18, 42;
appreciation of, 66;
cited, 42

Xerxes, 20, 31, 91

Yahudi. _See_ Jews

Yahudia, 251, 255

Yakmina (Darak Yamuna), 317

Yakulang, 262; valley, 256

Yaman, 220, 222

Yang Kila, 433

Yar Mahomed Khan, 445, 477, 480, 490, 494

Yarkand, 279, 328

Yezd, 322

Yezdambaksh, 378, 382-4

Yule, Sir Henry, cited, 219, 508

Yusli, 307-308

Yusuf Darra route to Sar-i-pul, 483

Yusufzai rising, 350

Zaimuni, 389

Zakar (Takzar), 251, 252

Zal valley, 262

Zamindawar (Dawar), 83, 205-206, 223, 491

Zarah swamp, 204

Zarangai, 33-4

Zardaspan, 90

Zari stream, 257

Zariaspa. _See_ Andarab

Zarinje, 203, 204

Zarni, 222

Zebak:
Faizabad, route from, 511

Zebak:
Importance of, 427, 429, 433
mentioned, 279

Zebak river, 437, 520

Zebak (Wardoj) valley, 436

Zhob valley, 137

Zindajan (Bouchinj), 231, 232, 479

Zirmast pass, 236, 239, 240

Zirni, 487, 488

Zohak, 267, 387;
valley, 421

Zohaka, 466

Zoji-la, 180

THE END

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.