Chapter VII: Part II: Classification of the Species (3)

This species is confined to low wet lands from southeastern Virginia
to northern Florida and central Alabama. It is one of the associated
six timber-Pines of the Southern States and the only one of them with
serotinous cones. Its wood is of like value with that of P. taeda, the
two species being constantly confused by lumbermen. It is never
associated with P. rigida, but its resemblance to that Pine is so
great that it may be regarded as its serotinous form. Its leaf is
longer, its cone usually more orbicular and the prickle weaker.

Plate XXXIV.

Fig. 295, Cone. Fig. 296, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 297,
Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

56. PINUS PUNGENS

1803 P. taeda Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. t. 16, (as to cone).
(not Linnaeus).
1806 P. pungens Lambert in Ann. Bot. ii. 198.
1852 P. montana Noll, Bot. Class Book, 340. (not Miller).

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate or ternate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet much prolonged into a very acute triangle. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, tenaciously persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous fulvous brown, much elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming a stout formidable spine, uniform or nearly uniform on all faces of the cone.

A mountain species ranging from central Pennsylvania to northern
Georgia, with isolated stations in western New Jersey and Maryland. It
is remarkable among the Pines of eastern North America for the size
and strength of the spines of its cone. The armature resembles that of
the cone of the western P. muricata, but with the difference that the
western cone is strongly oblique, the anterior and posterior spines
varying greatly in size.

Plate XXXIV.

Fig. 298, Cone. Fig. 299, Conelet and its enlarged scale. Fig. 300,
Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

57. PINUS BANKSIANA

1803 P. Banksiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 7. t. 3.
1804 P. hudsonia Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 339.
1810 P. rupestris Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 49, t. 2.
1811 P. divaricata Dumont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 457.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 2 to 4 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones from 3 to 5 cm. long, erect, ovate-conic, oblique, much curved or variously warped from the irregular development of the scales, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, concave, flat or convex, the umbo small and unarmed.

The most northern American Pine, growing near the Arctic Circle in the
valley of the Mackenzie River, whence it ranges southeasterly to
central Minnesota and the south shore of Lake Michigan, and easterly
through the Dominion of Canada to northern Vermont, southern Maine,
and Nova Scotia. In the northern part of its range it is the only
Pine, but further south it is associated with P. strobus and P.
resinosa. It is easily identified by its curious curved or deformed
cones.

Plate XXXV.

Fig. 301, Cones. Fig. 302, Biserial cones of the same year.
Fig. 303, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 304,
Habit of the tree.

58. PINUS CONTORTA

1833 P. inops Bongard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. ii. 163,
(not Aiton).
1838 P. contorta Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2292, f. 2211.
1853 P. Murrayana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.
1854 P. Boursieri Carriere in Rev. Hort. 225, ff. 16, 17.
1868 P. Bolanderi Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 379.
1869 P. tamrac Murray in Gard. Chron. 191, ff. 1-9.
1898 P. tenuis Lemmon in Erythea, vi. 77.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 5 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets long-mucronate. Cones from 2 to 5 cm. long, sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or very oblique, persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow, flat or protuberant, on oblique cones abruptly larger on the posterior face; the umbo armed with a slender fragile prickle.

It grows from the valley of the Yukon, near the Alaskan boundary,
along the Pacific coast to Mendocino county, California. It covers the
plains and slopes of British Columbia and follows the Rocky Mountains
into western Colorado, with an outlying station on the Black Hills of
South Dakota. It grows on the Sierras and mountains of southern
California and in northern Lower California. On the seashore this Pine
is of low dense growth, but inland it is a slender tree with a long
tapering stem. It is easily recognized by its very short leaves and
very small cone.

Plate XXXV.

Fig. 305, Cones. Fig. 306, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

59. PINUS GREGGII

1868 P. Greggii Engelmann ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 396.

Spring-shoots uninodal and multinodal, pruinose. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 10 cm. long, erect; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm of uniform thin-walled cells. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous, reflexed; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, convex, the posterior gradually larger and more prominent than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro deciduous.

This species is known, at present, from specimens collected in the
vicinity of the city of Saltillo, in northeastern Mexico. Were it not
for the difference of bark it might be considered to be a northern
variety of P. patula with shorter erect leaves. With both species the
long peduncle of the conelet becomes overgrown by the basal scales of
the ripe cone, which appears to be sessile. With both, the cones are
in crowded nodal clusters, reflexed against the branch. They are so
much alike that earlier descriptions of P. patula included the smooth
gray bark of P. Greggii. The first correct description of the scaly
red bark of P. patula appeared in the second edition of Veitch's
Manual of Conifers.

Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 311, Cone. Fig. 312, Conelet. Fig. 313, Leaf-fascicle and
magnified leaf-section. Fig. 314, Branch showing erect leaves.

60. PINUS PATULA

1831 P. patula Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.

Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Bark-formation early, the scales deciduous, the upper trunk and branches red. Leaves prevalently ternate but sometimes in fascicles of 4 or 5, from 15 to 30 cm. long, slender and gracefully drooping; resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, of uniform thin-walled cells. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 11 cm. long, in crowded verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, persistent and serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, more or less tumid, the posterior gradually larger than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro wanting.

Patula grows in the warm-temperate climates of Hidalgo, Puebla and
Vera Cruz, in eastern and central Mexico. It can be at once recognized
by its slender drooping foliage, its persistent cones, and its red
upper trunk. It is cultivated in northern Italy and in the warmer
parts of Great Britain.

Plate XXXVI.

Fig. 307, Cone. Fig. 308, Conelet. Fig. 309, Leaf-fascicle and
magnified leaf-section. Fig. 310, Branchlet with drooping leaves.

61. PINUS MURICATA

1837 P. muricata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 441.
1848 P. Edgariana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iii. 217.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, abruptly much larger on the posterior face of the cone, each armed with a formidable spine varying in size with the varying size of the apophysis.

This species grows on the coast of California, in scattered stations
between Mendocino and San Luis Obispo Counties, and on the northwest
coast of Lower California and on Cedros Island. It is recognized by
its oblique cones, conspicuously spinose, indefinitely persistent and
very serotinous. The unequal development of its cone-scales
distinguishes the cone from the more symmetrically developed cone of
P. pungens. Fruiting trees of P. muricata may be seen in the Royal
Gardens at Kew.

Plate XXXVII.

Fig. 315, Cone. Fig. 316, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

62. PINUS ATTENUATA

1847 P. californica Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189,
(not? P. CALIFORNIANA, Loiseleur).
1849 P. tuberculata Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 218,
f. (not D. Don).
1892 P. attenuata Lemmon in Mining & Sci. Press, lxiv. 45.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 8 to 16 cm. long; resin-ducts medial or with one or more internal ducts, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 8 to 16 cm. long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, long-ovate, oblique, persistent and remarkably serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, abruptly larger and more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, where they are usually prolonged into acute pyramids with a small incurved spine.

A tree of slender habit and gray-green foliage, the trunk studded with
persistent nodal cone-clusters; growing on dry mountain slopes, from
southwestern Oregon over the foot-hills of the northern mountains of
California and its coastal ranges as far as the southern slopes of the
San Bernardino Mountains. It attains its best development in the
northern part of its range, but is never a tree of importance. The
serotinous habit is more pronounced in this than in any other species.
It is distinct from P. radiata, its nearest relative, by the color of
the cone, by its smooth upper trunk and by its much smaller size.

The possibility of identifying P. californiana Loiseleur (Nouv. Duham.
v. 293), through a cone said to have been sent to the Museum at Paris,
may cause this name to be applied, by reason of its early date (1812),
to some existing species. Don's radiata and tuberculata, although
considered to be the same species, were nevertheless founded on
different forms of the cone. Under a very narrow conception of
specific limits tuberculata Don might therefore acquire specific rank.
These considerations seem to make it advisable to abandon for this
species the names californica Hartw. and tuberculata Gord. for the
later name attenuata.

Plate XXXVII.

Fig. 317, Cone. Fig. 318, Magnified leaf-section.

63. PINUS RADIATA

1837 P. radiata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.
1837 P. tuberculata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.
1838 P. insignis Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2265, f. 2171.
1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott in Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93
(as to leaves).

Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark formation early, the branches and upper trunk rough. Leaves ternate or binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long; resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform. Conelets mucronate, the mucro small and dorsal. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate or oblong, oblique, serotinous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, tumid in various degrees, the posterior scales abruptly larger and very prominent, the umbo bearing the minute prickle or its remnant.

A tall tree with rich green foliage, growing on a strip of coast south
of San Francisco, particularly in Monterey County. It grows also on
the islands forming the Santa Barbara Channel and on the Island of
Guadeloupe, Lower California. It is remarkably successful in the
warmer climates of Europe and of Australasia. The species is distinct
in its peculiar cone with rounded apophyses.

Plate XXXVII.

Figs. 319, 320, Cones. Fig. 321, Leaf-fascicle and magnified
leaf-section. Fig. 322, Leaf-section from a binate fascicle. Fig.
323, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.

=XIII. MACROCARPAE=

Pits of the ray-cells small. Wing-blade of the seed thick. Cones large. Leaves long and stout.

This group is remarkable for the size of leaf, conelet, and cone. The peculiar thick seed-wing is more or less obscurely present among the species of the Insignes, but never attains the development that differentiates this group from all other Pines. The leaf-section is notable for the large amount of hypoderm and for the presence of both thick and thin outer walls of the endoderm-cells, both forms appearing in the same leaf.

Wing-blade with a short membranous extension.
Leaves in fascicles of 5 64. Torreyana
Leaves in fascicles of 3 65. Sabiniana
Wing-blade with a long membranous extension, leaves
in fascicles of 3 66. Coulteri

64. PINUS TORREYANA

1855 P. Torreyana Parry ex Carriere, Trait. Conif. 326.
1860 P. lophosperma Lindley in Gard. Chron. 46.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 5, from 20 to 33 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or somewhat multiform and of many cells. Conelets large, mucronate. Cones from 10 to 15 cm. long, on stout peduncles, broad-ovate, symmetrical, somewhat persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, prominently pyramidal, the umbo salient and capped with a small mucro; seed-wing short, very thick, the dorsal surface of the nut spotted with the black remnants of the spermoderm.

A tree 10 or 12 metres high, often semi-prostrate in exposed
positions, confined to a restricted area on the coast north of San
Diego, California, and to the Island of Santa Rosa. This species
resembles P. Sabiniana in the length of its seed-wing and in the color
of its cone, but is distinct in the short triangular umbo, in its
pentamerous leaf-fascicles and in the mottled dorsal surface of its
nut.

Plate XXXVIII.

Fig. 324, Cone and seed. Fig. 325, Magnified leaf-section.

65. PINUS SABINIANA

1833 P. Sabiniana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 747.

Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to 30 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm multiform. Conelets large, their scales tapering to a sharp point. Cones from 15 to 25 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, slightly oblique, persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, very prominent, the curved umbo confluent with the apophysis and with it forming a very large talon-like armature with a sharp apex and a broad thick base; seed-wing very thick, with a short membranous margin, the dorsal surface of the nut uniform in color.

A tree with sparse gray-green foliage, growing in small groves on the
foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges of California. Its
three leaves and the uniform color of the nut distinguish it from
P. Torreyana. From P. Coulteri it differs in the length of the
membranous portion of the seed-wing and in its gray-green leaves.

Plate XXXVIII.

Fig. 326, Cone. Fig. 327, Seed, nut and wing. Fig. 328, Magnified
leaf-section.

66. PINUS COULTERI

1837 P. Coulteri D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440.
1840 P. macrocarpa Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 62.

Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 15 to 30 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm multiform and of many cells. Conelet very large, the scales tapering to a long sharp point. Cones from 25 to 35 cm. long, reflexed, ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat oblique, persistent; apophyses sublustrous tawny yellow, very protuberant, with a narrow shoulder from which springs the umbo in the form of a large stout curved talon; seed-wing nearly equally divided between the very thick base and the membranous apex.

Remarkable among Pines for the size and weight of its cones, many
times heavier than the longer cones of P. Lambertiana, illustrating
the great change that the cone-tissues undergo in the gradual
evolution of the species. It is a tree with dark-green foliage,
growing from northern Lower California over the mountains of southern
California to the Santa Lucia range and to Mt. Diablo. It is of no
value except for fuel and for its large nuts. It is best recognized by
its seed. The cone differs from the others of this group in its yellow
color, not unlike that of boxwood.

Plate XXXIX.

Fig. 329, Cone of small size. Fig. 330, Seed, nut and wing. Fig.
331, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 332, Conelet.

INDEX

Adnate wing, 16
Apinus, Neck.--Pinus, 24
Apophysis of cone, 10
Armature of conelet, 7
Articulate wing, 16
Australes-Group, 62

Balfourianae-Group, 42
Bark, 18
Bases of bracts decurrent and non-decurrent, 1
Bast-tissue of cone, 14
Biform hypoderm, 6
Bloom on branchlet, 2
Bracts, bases of, 1
Branchlet, multinodal, 2
uninodal, 2
Bud, latent, 2
leaf, 1
staminate, 1

Caryopitys, Small = Pinus, 24
Caryopitys edulis Small = Pinus cembroides, 38
Cembra, Opiz = Pinus, 24
Cembra-Subsection, 26
Cembrae-Group, 26
Cembroides-Group, 38
Characters of the genus, 1
Classification of species, 22
Color of cone, 8
Cone, apophysis of, 10
bast tissues of, 14
color of, 8
dimensions of, 8
oblique, 10
peduncle of, 8
persistent, 8
phyllotaxis of, 12
serotinous, 14
symmetrical, 10
Conelet, lateral, 7
pseudolateral, 7
subterminal, 7
Conspectus of Sections &c., 25
Connective of pollen-sacs, 7
Cotyledons, 1

Decurrent bases, 1
Definite phyllotaxis, 12
Dermal tissue of leaf, 4
Dimensions of cone, 8
leaf, 4
Diploxylon-Section, 44
Dorsal umbo, 8

Endoderm, 8
Evolutional characters, 20
External resin-ducts, 6

Fibro-vascular bundle, 6
Flexiles-Group, 28
Flowers, lateral, 7
pistillate, 7
staminate, 7
subterminal, 7

Generic characters, 18
Genus, characters of, 1
Geographical distribution, 24
Gerardianae-Group, 40
Green tissue of leaf, 6

Haploxylon-Section, 26
Hypoderm, biform, 6
multiform, 6
uniform, 6

Indefinite phyllotaxis, 12
Insignes-Group, 76
Internal resin-ducts, 6

Lariciones-Group, 51
Latent buds, 2
Lateral flowers, 7
conelet, 7
Leaf, dermal tissues of, 4
dimensions of, 4
fibro-vascular bundle of, 6
green tissue of, 6
persistence of, 4
primary, 1
resin-ducts of, 6
secondary, 2
stelar tissues of, 6
stomata of, 4
tissues of, 4
Leiophyllae-Group, 44
Longifoliae-Group, 46

Macrocarpae-Group, 90
Medial resin-ducts, 6
Multiform hypoderm, 6
Multinodal branchlet, 2
spring-shoot, 2

Non-decurrent bases, 1

Oblique cone, 10

Paracembra-Subsection, 36
Parapinaster-Subsection, 44
Peduncle of cone, 8
Persistence of leaf, 4
Persistent cone, 8
Phyllotaxis, of cone, 12
definite, 12
indefinite, 12
Pinaster-Subsection, 50
Pineae-Group, 48
Pinus, 24
Pinus abasica Carr. = halepensis, 78
alba-canadensis Prov. = strobus, 36
albicaulis Engelm., 27
Altamirani Shaw = Lawsonii, 68
apacheca Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
apulcensis Lindl. = pseudostrobus, 62
arabica Sieb. = halepensis, 78
aristata Engelm., 44
arizonica Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
Armandi Franch., 30
armena Koch = sylvestris, 54
attenuata Lemm., 88
australis Michx. = palustris, 70
austriaca Hoess = nigra, 58
ayacahuite Ehrenb., 30
bahamensis Grise. = caribaea, 70
Balfouriana Balf., 42
Balfouriana Wats. = aristata, 44
Banksiana Lamb., 84
Beardsleyi Murr. = ponderosa, 66
Benthamiana Hartw. = ponderosa, 66
Bolanderi Parl. = contorta, 84
Bonapartea Roezl = ayacahuite, 30
Boursieri Carr. = contorta, 84
brachyptera Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
brutia Ten. = halepensis, 78
Bungeana Zucc., 40
californica Hartw. = attenuata, 88
canaliculata Miq. = Massoniana, 52
canariensis Smith, 48
caribaea Mor., 70
carica Don = halepensis, 78
cembra L., 27
cembra Thunb. = parviflora, 32
cembroides Gord. = Pinceana, 38
cembroides Newb. = albicaulis, 27
cembroides Zucc., 38
chihuahuana Engelm. = leiophylla, 44
clausa Vasey, 80
contorta Dougl., 84
coronans Litv. = cembra, 27
Coulteri D. Don, 93
Craigana Murr. = ponderosa, 66
cubensis Grise. = occidentalis, 70
cubensis Sarg. = caribaea, 70
dalmatica Vis. = nigra, 58
deflexa Torr. = ponderosa, 66
densata Mast. = sinensis, 60
densiflora Sieb. & Zucc., 52
Devoniana Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
divaricata Dum. Cours. = Banksiana, 84
Donnell-Smithii Mast. = Montezumae, 64
echinata Mill., 74
Edgariana Hartw. = muricata, 86
edulis Engelm. = cembroides, 38
Ehrenbergii Endl. = Montezumae, 64
eldarica Medw. = halepensis, 78
Elliottii Engelm. = caribaea, 70
Engelmanni Carr. = ponderosa, 66
escarena Riss. = pinaster, 80
excelsa Hook. = peuce, 34
excelsa Wall., 34
filifolia Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
Finlaysoniana Wall. = Merkusii, 58
flexilis James, 28
flexilis Balf. = albicaulis, 27
formosana Hay. = parviflora, 32
Fremontiana Endl. = cembroides, 38
Frieseana Wich. = sylvestris, 54
funebris Kom. = sinensis, 60
Gerardiana Wall., 42
glabra Walt., 72
Gordoniana Hartw. = Montezumae, 64
Greggii Engelm., 86
Grenvilleae Gord. = Montezumae, 64
Griffithii McClell. = excelsa, 34
halepensis Bieb. = nigra, 58
halepensis Mill., 78
Hamiltonii Ten. = pinaster, 80
Hartwegii Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
Heldreichii Chr. = nigra, 58
Henryi Mast. = sinensis, 60
heterophylla Small = taeda, 72
heterophylla Sudw. = caribaea, 70
hispanica Cook = halepensis, 78
hudsonia Poir. = Banksiana, 84
humilis Link = sylvestris, 54
inops Ait. = virginiana, 80
inops Bong. = contorta, 84
insignis Dougl. = radiata, 88
insularis Endl., 60
Jeffreyi Balf. = ponderosa, 66
kasya Royle = insularis, 60
khasiana Griff. = insularis, 60
Kochiana Klotzsch = sylvestris, 54
koraiensis Mast. = Armandi, 30
koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc., 26
Lambertiana Dougl., 32
lapponica Mayr = sylvestris, 54
laricio Poir. = nigra, 58
laricio Savi = pinaster, 80
latifolia Sarg. = ponderosa, 66
latisquama Engelm. = Pinceana, 38
latteri Mason = Merkusii, 58
Lawsonii Roezl., 68
leiophylla Schl. & Cham., 44
Lemoniana Benth. = pinaster, 80
leucodermis Ant. = nigra, 58
leucosperma Max. = sinensis, 60
Lindleyana Gord. = Montezumae, 64
Llaveana Schiede = cembroides, 38
Loiseleuriana Carr. = halepensis, 78
longifolia Roxb., 46
lophosperma Lindl. = Torreyana, 90
Loudoniana Gord. = ayacahuite, 30
luchuensis Mayr, 56
Lumholtzii Rob. & Fern., 46
lutea Walt. = taeda, 72
macrocarpa Lindl. = Coulteri, 93
macrophylla Engelm. = ponderosa, 66
macrophylla Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
maderiensis Ten. = pinea, 48
mandschurica Laws. = cembra, 27
mandschurica Rupr. = koraiensis, 26
maritima Ait. = nigra, 58
maritima Lamb. = halepensis, 78
maritima Poir. = pinaster, 80
Massoniana Lamb., 52
Massoniana Sieb. & Zucc. = Thunbergii, 56
Mastersiana Hay. = Armandi, 30
Mayriana Sudw. = ponderosa, 66
Merkusii De Vriese, 58
mitis Michx. = echinata, 74
monophylla Torr. = cembroides, 38
montana Lam. = cembra, 27
montana Mill., 54
montana Noll = pungens, 84
Montezumae Lamb., 64
monticola Dougl., 34
morrisonicola Hay. = parviflora, 32
mugho Poir. = montana, 54
mughus Jacq. = sylvestris, 54
mughus Scop. = montana, 54
muricata D. Don, 86
Murrayana Balf. = contorta, 84
Nelsonii Shaw, 40
nepalensis De Chamb. = excelsa, 34
nigra Arnold, 58
nigricans Host = nigra, 58
nivea Booth = strobus, 36
obliqua Saut. = montana, 54
occidentalis H. B. K. = Montezumae, 64
occidentalis Swartz, 70
oocarpa Schiede, 78
oocarpoides Lindl. = oocarpa, 78
orizabae Gord. = pseudostrobus, 62
osteosperma Engelm. = cembroides, 38
Pallasiana Lamb. = nigra, 58
palustris Miller, 70
Parolinii Vis. = halepensis, 78
Parryana Engelm. = cembroides, 38
Parryana Gord. = ponderosa, 66
parviflora Sieb. Zucc., 32
patula Schl. & Cham., 86
peninsularis Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
pentaphylla Mayr = parviflora, 32
persica Strangw. = halepensis, 78
peuce Grise., 34
pinaster Ait., 80
pinaster Bess. = nigra, 58
Pinceana Gord., 38
pindica Form. = nigra, 58
pinea Linn., 48
pityusa Stev. = halepensis, 78
ponderosa Dougl., 66
pontica Koch = sylvestris, 54
porphyrocarpa Laws. = monticola, 34
Pringlei Shaw, 76
prominens Mast. = sinensis, 60
pseudostrobus Lindl., 62
pumila Regel = cembra, 27
pumilio Haenke = montana, 54
pungens Lamb., 84
pyrenaica David = halepensis, 78
pyrenaica Lap. = nigra, 58
quadrifolia Sudw. = cembroides, 38
radiata D. Don, 88
radiata Hook. & Arn. = Montezumae, 64
recurvata Rowl. = caribaea, 70
reflexa Engelm. = flexilis, 28
resinosa Ait., 51
resinosa Loise. = halepensis, 78
resinosa Savi = sylvestris, 54
rigida Mill., 82
rotundata Link = montana, 54
Roxburghii Sarg. = longifolia, 46
Royleana Jam. = echinata, 74
rubra Michx.= resinosa, 51
rubra Mill. = sylvestris, 54
rudis Endl. = Montezumae, 64
rupestris Michx. = Banksiana, 84
Russelliana Lindl. = Montezumae, 64
Sabiniana Dougl., 90
Salzmanni Dun. = nigra, 58
sanguinea Lap. = montana, 54
sativa Lam. = pinea, 48
scipioniformis Mast. = Armandi, 30
scopifera Miq. = densiflora, 52
scopulorum Lemm. = ponderosa, 66
serotina Long = rigida, 82
serotina Michx., 82
shasta Carr. = albicaulis, 27
sibirica Mayr = cembra, 27
Sinclairii Hook. & Arn. = Montezumae, 64
= radiata, 88
sinensis Lamb., 60
squarrosa Walt. = echinata, 74
strobiformis Engelm. = ayacahuite, 30
strobiformis Sarg. = flexilis 28
strobus Linn., 36
strobus Thunb. = koraiensis, 26
sylvestris Baumg. = nigra, 58
sylvestris Gouan = halepensis, 78
sylvestris Linn., 54
sylvestris Lour. = Merkusii, 58
sylvestris Mill. = pinaster, 80
sylvestris Thunb. = Thunbergii, 56
tabulaeformis Carr. = sinensis, 60
taeda Blanco = insularis, 60
taeda Lamb. = pungens, 84
taeda Linn., 72
tamrac Murr. = contorta, 84
tatarica Mill. = sylvestris, 54
tenuifolia Benth. = pseudostrobus, 62
tenuis Lemm. = contorta, 84
teocote Schl. & Cham., 68
terthrocarpa Shaw = tropicalis, 52
Thunbergii Parl., 56
Torreyana Parry, 90
tropicalis Mor., 52
tuberculata D. Don = radiata, 88
tuberculata Gord. = attenuata, 88
uliginosa Neum. = montana, 54
uncinata Ram. = montana, 54
variabilis Lamb. = echinata, 74
Veitchii Roezl = ayacahuite, 30
virginiana Mill., 80
Wilsonii Shaw = sinensis, 60
Wincesteriana Gord. = Montezumae, 64
Wrightii Engelm. = occidentalis, 70
yunnanensis Franch. = sinensis, 60
Pistillate flower, 7
Primary leaf, 1
Pseudolateral conelet, 7

Resin-ducts of the leaf external, 6
internal, 6
medial, 6
septal, 6

Secondary leaf, 2
Sectional characters, 18
Seed, wing of, 16
winged, 16
wingless, 16
Septal resin-ducts, 6
Serotinous cone, 14
Species, classification of, 22
Specific characters, 20
Spring-shoot, 2
Staminate flowers, 7
Stelar tissues of leaf, 6
Stomata of leaf, 4
Strobi-Group, 30
Strobus, Opiz = Pinus, 24
Strobus strobus Small = Pinus strobus, 36
Subsectional characters, 20
Subterminal conelet, 7
flower, 7
Symmetrical cone, 10

Terminal umbo, 8
Tissues of the cone, 12
leaf, 4
wood, 17

Umbo of the cone dorsal, 8
terminal, 8
Uninodal branchlet, 2
spring-shoot, 2
Uniform hypoderm, 6

Variation, 21

Wing of seed, adnate, 16
articulate, 16
Winged seed, 16
Wingless seed, 16
Wood, 17
Wood-strands of the cone, 14
Wood-tissues, 17

Transcriber's Notes:

1. The position of Plates was changed to the end of the section
referencing each.

2. Species names appear to be Capitalized when they are names of persons
or places in this book, as in other material of this period.