Chapter VII (5)

[1206] We are not exactly acquainted with this place, it is probably Vidreras; though others suppose it to be Colonia Sagerra.

[1207] Tortosa.

[1208] Murviedro.

[1209] Xativa.

[1210] The cordage of the famous vessel built by Hiero of Syracuse was formed from the spartum of Iberia. Vid. Athenæus, lib. v. p. 206.

[1211] Yniesta.

[1212] Caslona.

[1213] Porcuna.

[1214] Cordova and Cadiz.

[1215] Fought against Pompey.

[1216] The mountains of Burgos and Cuença, the Sierras of Oca, Lorenzo, and Moncayo.

[1217] Carthagena.

[1218] Malaga.

[1219] The Sierra de Toledo.

[1220] Saragossa.

[1221] Xelsa.

[1222] They occupied the northern half of Catalonia.

[1223] Lerida.

[1224] Huesca.

[1225] Calahorra.

[1226] Tarragona.

[1227] Denia.

[1228] ὑπὸ Καίσαρος τοῦ θεοῦ, by the deified Cæsar. We have adopted the Latin divus as the most suitable epithet for the emperor in an English version.

[1229] Gosselin here labours to reconcile these distances with the actual topography of those parts, but it is useless to attempt to make all the loose statements furnished by Strabo tally with the exact distances of the places he mentions by supposing the stadia to be so continually varied.

[1230] Pampeluna.

[1231] Gosselin is of opinion that this Œaso, is not Ojarço near Fontarabia, but thinks it probable that Ea near Cape Machicaco is the site where it stood.

[1232] People of Biscay.

[1233] The ancient Anas.

[1234] The ruins of Numantia are seen a little to the north of Soria.

[1235] Bætis.

[1236] Probably the small village of Varea, about half a league from Logroño; D’Anville supposes it to be Logroño itself.

[1237] _Aliter_ Bardyali.

[1238] Kramer has altered the text into Ἐδητανῶν, all MSS. having διττανῶν. There is little doubt they are the same people mentioned in section 14 as Sidetani.

[1239] Palencia.

[1240] Saragossa.

[1241] Baubola.

[1242] Sasamo, west of Briviesca.

[1243] Allusion is here made to the custom of the Roman generals, who caused to be carried at their triumphs, representations in painting or sculpture, not only of the kings or generals of the enemy, who had been slain, but likewise of the forts, cities, mountains, lakes, rivers, and even seas, conquered from the enemy. This usage explains the words of Cicero, “portari in triumpho Massiliam vidimus.” Appian, on occasion of the triumph of Scipio, says, Πύργοι τε παραφέρονται μιμήματα τῶν εἰλημμένων πόλεων.

[1244] Sucro, _now_ Xucar.

[1245] The same people as the Edetani, mentioned in section 12.

[1246] Carthagena.

[1247] Malaga.

[1248] At the present day the best castor comes from Russia, but the greater part of that found in shops is the produce of Canada. It is denominated a stimulant and antispasmodic. Formerly it was much used in spasmodic diseases, as hysteria and epilepsy. It is now considered almost inert, and is seldom employed. After this description, it is scarcely necessary to warn the reader against the vulgar error of confusing castor with castor oil, which is extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus communis or castor oil plant, a shrub growing in the West Indies.

[1249] Apuleius, Catullus, and Diodorus Siculus all speak of this singular custom.

[1250] A note in the French edition says, “This surprise of the Vettones is nothing extraordinary. Amongst all barbarous nations, savages especially, the promenade is an unknown exercise. When roused by necessity or passion, they will even kill themselves with fatigue; at other times they remain in the most perfect inaction. The first thing which strikes a Turk on coming to any of the polished nations of Europe, is to see men promenading without any other aim but that of pleasure or health.”

[1251] Head-dress shaped like a drum.

[1252] At the present day in Bilboa, the capital of Biscay, the women work far more than the men; they load and unload vessels, and carry on their heads burdens which require two men to place there.

[1253] We must remark that so far from the dowry given by men to their wives being an evidence of civilization, it is a custom common amongst barbarous people, and indicative of nothing so much as the despotic power of the man over the wife. These dowries were generally a sum of money from the husband to the father of his intended, on the payment of which he acquired the same power over her as over a slave. Aristotle, speaking of the ancient Greeks, tells us expressly that they bought their wives, (Polit. ii. c. 8,) and observing that amongst barbarous nations women were always regarded in the same light as slaves, he cites the example of the Cyclopes, who exercised, according to Homer, sovereign authority over their families (Odyss. l. ix. 114). This custom was so well established amongst the Greeks at the time of the poet, that he does not hesitate to introduce it amongst the gods (Odyss. viii. 318). It was not unknown among the Jews, and Strabo, in his fifteenth book, tells us that the Indians bought their wives.

[1254] Cæsar and Athenæus attribute this custom to the Gauls, and Valerius Maximus to the Keltiberians. Those men who attached themselves to the interests of any prince or famous personage, and who espoused all his quarrels, even devoting themselves to death on his account, are named by Athenæus σιλοδοῦροι, and by Cæsar _soldurii_. Speaking of 600 soldiers devoted in this manner to a Gaulish prince, named Adcantuannus, Cæsar (l. iii. c. 22) says, “Sibi mortem consciscant; neque adhuc hominum memoriâ repertus est quisquam, qui, eo interfecto cujus se amicitiæ devovisset, mori recusaret.” Plutarch tells us that Sertorius had in his suite many thousand Iberians devoted to him. The following epitaph of these men, who, after the death of Sertorius, sacrificed themselves, being unwilling to survive him, was extracted by Swinburne from the Annals of Catalonia.

Hic multæ quæ se manibus
Q. Sertorii turmæ, et terræ
Mortalium omnium parenti
Devovere, dum, eo sublato,
Superesse tæderet, et fortiter
Pugnando invicem cecidere,
Morte ad præsens optata jacent.
Valete posteri.

For the appalling means they adopted to hold out the city of Calaguris to the last, see Valerius Maximus, lib. vii. cap. vi.

[1255] The country between the Ebro and the Pyrenees.

[1256] These Igletes are the same which Stephen of Byzantium names Gletes, and by an error of the copyist Tletes. Herodotus places them between the Cynetæ, and the Tartessians, and Theopompus in the neighbourhood of the Tartessians. The position between the Ebro and the Pyrenees, which Asclepiades the Myrlean thus gives them, supports the opinion of those who reckon that Rosas was founded by the Rhodians, and that the people of Marseilles did not settle there till afterwards; it is more than probable that the Igletes were nothing more than Ignetes or Gnetes of the Isle of Rhodes.

[1257] Caslona.

[1258] Merida.

[1259] Casaubon supposes that this is the river Ptolemy names Merus. Lopez, Geograf. de Estrabon, lib. iii. p. 232, thinks it the Narcea.

[1260] Pomponius Mela and Pliny coincide with Strabo in making this city belong to the Asturians; Ptolemy however describes it under the name of Noega Ucesia as pertaining to the Cantabrians. Some say it corresponds to the present Navia, others to Pravia. Groskurd reckons it Gajon, or Navia, or Santander.

[1261] Carthagena.

[1262] Tarragona.

[1263] Murviedro.

[1264] Iviça

[1265] Majorca.

[1266] Palma.

[1267] Pollerça.

[1268] Gosselin observes that the greatest length of Majorca is 14 leagues and a half; its breadth at the narrowest part 8 leagues; and adds, that by confounding stadia of unequal value, Strabo makes Majorca a long narrow island, whereas in fact its form approaches nearer to that of a square.

[1269] Minorca.

[1270] Viz. the Phœnicians.

[1271] Immediately after the word μελαγκραΐνας, which we have translated black rush, the text of our geographer runs on as follows: “resembling the schœnus, a species of rush from which cords are made. Philetas in his Mercury [says] ‘he was covered with a vile and filthy tunic, and about his wretched loins was bound a strip of black rush, as if he had been girt with a mere schœnus.’” It is evident that this passage is the scholium of some ancient grammarian, and we have followed the example of the French editors in inserting it in a note, as it is a great impediment in the middle of Strabo’s description of the equipment of the island warriors.

[1272] “Cibum puer a matre non accipit, nisi quem, ipsa monstrante, percussit.” Florus, lib. iii. c. 8. The same thing is stated by Lycophron, v. 637, and Diodorus Siculus, l. v. c. 18.

[1273] Cadiz.

[1274] The rock of Gibraltar.

[1275] This mouth of the Guadalquiver, opposite Cadiz, no longer exists.

[1276] The Mediterranean.

[1277] Padua.

[1278] “The length of the island of Leon, at the extremity of which the city of Cadiz is situated, is about 9500 toises, which are equivalent to 100 Olympic stadia.” _Gosselin._

[1279] L. Cornelius Balbus was a native of Cadiz, and descended from an illustrious family in that town. His original name probably bore some resemblance in sound to the Latin Balbus. Cadiz being one of the federate cities, supported the Romans in their war against Sertorius in Spain, and Balbus thus had an opportunity for distinguishing himself. He served under the Roman generals Q. Mettellus Pius, C. Memmius, and Pompey, and was present at the battles of Turia and Sucro. He distinguished himself so much throughout the war, that Pompey conferred the Roman citizenship upon him, his brother, and his brother’s sons and this act of Pompey was ratified by the law of the consuls, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus and L. Gellius, B. C. 72. It was probably in honour of these consuls that Balbus took the Gentile name of the one, and the prænomen of the other. It was for this Balbus that Cicero made the defence which has come down to us. The reason which induced Strabo to notice, as something remarkable, that Balbus had received the honours of a triumph, we learn from Pliny, who, noticing the victories which he had gained over the Garamantes and other nations of Africa, tells us he was the only person of foreign extraction who had ever received the honour of a triumph. “Omnia armis Romanis superata et a Cornelio Balbo triumphata, uni huic omnium externo curru et Quiritium jure donato.” Plin. lib. v. c. 5. Solinus likewise says of him, (cap. xxix. p. 54.) “Primus sane de externis, utpote Gadibus genitus accessit ad gloriam nominis triumphalis.”

[1280] This word signifies “The Twins.”

[1281] Gosselin says, the temple of Saturn appears to have stood on the site of the present church of S. Sebastian, and that of Hercules at the other extremity of the island on the site of St. Peter’s.

[1282] Groskurd supposes that we should here read, “[certain citizens of Cadiz have appropriated to themselves possessions in the interior of the island,] but the whole sea-shore is inhabited in common,” that is, by shepherds who pastured the grounds in common.

[1283] Gosselin shows that we ought to read 500 stadia in this place.

[1284] The rock of Gibraltar.

[1285] The Ape-mountain near Ceuta.

[1286] The text is corrupt, but it is needless to go through all the emendations proposed.

[1287] This passage of Pindar has not come down to us.

[1288] ψεῦσμα Φοινικικόν, a proverbial mode of speaking, having its origin in the bad faith of the Phœnicians [_fides Punica_].

[1289] Regio.

[1290] Strabo, in his 17th book, gives a different locality to these altars.

[1291] These were twelve altars, of fifty cubits each, erected to the twelve gods. _Vide_ Diodorus Siculus, l. XVII. c. 95.

[1292] The text is ἐν τοῖς παραδόξοις, which Gosselin renders, “Les ouvrages qui traitent des choses merveilleuses.”

[1293] Strabo’s argument is here so weak, that one can hardly believe it can have ever been seriously made use of.

[1294] This method of explaining the ebb and flow of the sea, by comparing it to the respiration of animals, is not so extraordinary, when we remember that it was the opinion of many philosophers that the universe was itself an animal. Pomponius Mela, (De Situ Orbis, lib. iii. c. 1,) speaking of the tides, says, “Neque adhuc satis cognitum est, anhelitune suo id mundus efficiat, retractamque cum spiritu regerat undam undique, si, ut doctioribus placet, unum (_lege_ universum) animal est; an sint depressi aliqui specus, quo reciprocata maria residant, atque unde se rursus exuberantia attollant: an luna causas tantis meatibus præbeat.”

[1295] Thirty degrees.

[1296] The Persian Gulf.

[1297] Alcolea.

[1298] Some MSS. read 50 stadia.

[1299] This is the sense of the text, πᾶσαν τὴν κύκλῳ παρωκεανῖτιν.

[1300] We are not aware that the Ebro passes through any lake.

[1301] This is probably a description of the appearance of the Druids. Tacitus, (Ann. lib. xiv. 30,) speaking of the consternation into which the Druids of Anglesey threw the Roman soldiers who had disembarked there, says, “Druidæque circum, preces diras, sublatis ad cœlum manibus, fundentes, novitate adspectus perculere milites, ut, quasi hærentibus membris, immobile corpus vulneribus præberent.” Immediately before these words he thus describes the women, “Stabat pro litore diversa acies, densa armis virisque, intercursantibus feminis in _modum furiarum_, quæ veste ferali, crinibus dejectis, faces præferebant.”

[1302] Viz. that the Cassiterides are farther removed from the coasts of Spain than the rest of the southern coasts of England.

[1303] Transalpine Gaul.

[1304] Gaul is properly divided into the four grand divisions of the Narbonnaise, Aquitaine, Keltica, and Belgica. Strabo has principally copied Cæsar, who appears only to have divided Gaul into Aquitaine, Keltica, and Belgica. Cæsar however only speaks of the provinces he had conquered, and makes no mention of the Narbonnaise, which had submitted to the Romans before his time. Strabo seems to have thought that the Narbonnaise formed part of Keltica.

[1305] Lyons.

[1306] The whole of this passage, says Gosselin, is full of mistakes, and it would seem that Strabo quoted from an inexact copy of Cæsar. To understand his meaning, we must remember that he supposed the Pyrenees extended from north to south, instead of from east to west; and since he adds that these mountains divide the Cevennes at right angles, he must have supposed that this second chain extended from east to west, instead of from north to south. He likewise fancied that the Garonne, the Loire, and the Seine ran from north to south like the Rhine. Starting from such premises, it was impossible he could avoid confusion; thus we find him describing the Aquitani as north of the Cevennes, when in fact they dwelt north of the Pyrenees, between those mountains and the Garonne, and west of the southern portions of the Cevennes. Where he says that the Kelts dwelt on the other side or east of the Garonne, and towards the sea of Narbonne and Marseilles, it is clear that he prolonged Keltica into the Narbonnaise, since this last province extended along the Mediterranean from the frontiers of Spain to the Alps. Cæsar had stated that the Gauls (the Kelts of Strabo) _ipsorum lingua Keltæ, nostri Galli_, dwelt between the Garonne, the Seine, the Marne, and the Rhine. Finally, Strabo appears to have assigned the greater part of Gaul to the Belgæ in making them extend from the ocean, and the mouth of the Rhine, to the Alps. This considerably embarrassed Xylander, but as we have seen that Strabo transported a portion of the Kelts into the Narbonnaise, it is easy to imagine that, in order to make these people border on the Belgæ, he was forced to extend them as far as the Alps, near the sources of the Rhine. Cæsar located the Belgæ between the Seine, the ocean, and the Rhine.

[1307] Liger.

[1308] From the ocean to the Mediterranean, and vice versa.

[1309] Alluding to the superiority of the climate on the shores of the Mediterranean.

[1310] We shall see in the course of this book, that under the name of Alps Strabo includes the different mountain-chains separated from the range of Alps properly so called. This accounts for his extending those mountains on the west as far as Marseilles, and on the east beyond Istria.

[1311] The Marseillese.

[1312] The Salyes inhabited Provence.

[1313] As Strabo has made no previous mention of this river, the words “as we have said before” are evidently interpolated.

[1314] This temple was built on Cape Creus, which on that account received the name of Aphrodisium. Many geographers confound this temple with the _portus Veneris_, the modern Vendres, which is at a short distance from Cape Creus.

[1315] Nîmes.

[1316] Beaucaire.

[1317] Aix.

[1318] Gosselin, who considers that the former numbers were correct, enters at some length on an argument to prove that these 53 miles were 62, and differs also in computing the succeeding numbers.

[1319] The cantons of Vaison and Die.

[1320] Cottius possessed the present Briançonnais. That portion of the Alps next this canton took from this sovereign the name of the Cottian Alps. Cottius bore the title of king; and Augustus recognised his independence; he lived till the time of Nero, when his possessions became a Roman province.

[1321] Nîmes.

[1322] Durance and Cavaillon.

[1323] Embrun.

[1324] Briançon.

[1325] Sezanne, or perhaps Chamlat de Seguin.

[1326] Uxeau.

[1327] About 600 years before the Christian era.

[1328] Ἀφίδρυμά τι τῶν ἱερῶν. Gosselin gives a note on these words, and translates them in his text as follows, “one of the statues consecrated in her temple.”

[1329] τιμοῦχος, literally, one having honour and esteem.

[1330] We have seen no reason to depart from a literal rendering of the Greek in this passage, its meaning, “whose ancestors have not been citizens,” &c., being self-evident.

[1331] This name has evidently been corrupted, but it seems difficult to determine what stood originally in the text; most probably it was Rhodanusia.

[1332] Agde.

[1333] Taurenti.

[1334] Eoube.

[1335] Antibes.

[1336] Nice.

[1337] The people of Marseilles.

[1338] Aquæ Sextiæ, now Aix.

[1339] Solinus tells us that in his day the waters had lost their virtue, and that their fame had declined. “Quarum calor, olim acrior, exhalatus per tempora evaporavit; nec jam par est famæ priori.” _Solin._ cap. 8. The victory of Sextius, mentioned by Strabo, is said to have been gained in the year of Rome 629.

[1340] The Cape de Creus, a promontory on which was the temple of the Pyrenæan Venus.

[1341] The Gulf of Lyons.

[1342] The Cape de Cette.

[1343] Gosselin says, “The Island of Blascon is a rock opposite Agde, on which remains a fortified castle, which preserves the name of Brescon. This rock has been connected with the mainland, to form the port of Agde.”

[1344] Ἄταξ.

[1345] At the present day Narbonne is not situated on the Aude, the course of that river being changed. The lake of Narbonne, mentioned by Strabo, is not the present lake of Narbonne, but the lake of Rubine.

[1346] Arles.

[1347] Ῥoυσκίνων.

[1348] ὁ Ἰλίβιρρις.

[1349] Viz. Ruscino, now superseded by Perpignan on the Tet; and Ilibirris, now Elne on the Tech.

[1350] “This ancient city,” says Gosselin, “no longer exists, with the exception of an old tower, scarcely a league from Perpignan, which still bears the name of the Tower of Roussillon.”

[1351] This river does not rise in the Cevennes, but in the Pyrenees.

[1352] Ὄρβις.

[1353] This name is evidently corrupt; the Arauris of Mela and Ptolemy (the modern Herault) is probably intended.

[1354] The Orbe.

[1355] Beziers.

[1356] Agde.

[1357] The French _bise_.

[1358] βράσται σεισμοί, earthquakes attended with a violent fermentation.

[1359] The text has, “both of their opinions are credible,” (πιθανὸς μὲν οὖν ὁ παρ’ ἀμφοῖν λόγος,) but this is discountenanced by the whole sentence.

[1360] From the “Prometheus Loosed,” which is now lost.

[1361] The historian, son of Andromachus.

[1362] The mouths of the Rhone, like those of other impetuous rivers, are subject to considerable changes, and vary from one age to another. Ptolemy agrees with Polybius in stating that there are but two mouths to the Rhone, and those which he indicates are at the present day almost entirely filled up; the one being at Aigues-Mortes, the other canal now called the Rhône-Mort.

[1363] Two Helvetian tribes who united themselves to the Cimbri to pass into Italy, and were defeated near Aix by Marius.

[1364] Now l’étang de Berre or de Martigues.

[1365] The French editors propose to read here five mouths, thus referring to the opinion of Timæus. This, Kramer observes, Strabo probably intended to do. Still, as there were some who were of opinion the Rhone has seven mouths, as appears from Apoll. Rhod. Argonaut. iv. 634, he did not venture to touch the text.

[1366] Taurenti.

[1367] Eoube.

[1368] Antibes.

[1369] Nice.

[1370] Fréjus.

[1371] Inhabitants of Provence.

[1372] Les Isles d’Hières, a row of islands off Marseilles.

[1373] Isle St. Honorat.

[1374] Isle Ste. Marguerite.

[1375] Fréjus.

[1376] Between the river d’Argents and Antibes.

[1377] Cavaillon.

[1378] From the mouth of the Durance to the mouth of the Isère, following the course of the Rhone, the distance is 24 leagues, or 720 Olympic stadia.

[1379] The Vocontii occupied the territories of Vaison and Die. The Tricorii appear to have inhabited a small district east of Die, on the banks of the Drac. The Iconii were to the east of Gap; and the Medylli in La Maurienne, along the Aar.

[1380] The Sorgue.

[1381] Vedene.

[1382] Avignon.

[1383] Orange.

[1384] Le mont Ventoux.

[1385] Casaubon remarks that Æmilianus is a name more than this Roman general actually possessed.

[1386] Livy states that 120,000 Kelts were slain, and Pliny, 130,000.

[1387] Lyons.

[1388] Ἄραρ.

[1389] The Allobroges and Segusii were separated by the Rhone; the former inhabiting the left bank of the river.

[1390] The Saone rises in the Vosges.

[1391] These people are elsewhere called by Strabo Lingones, the name by which they are designated by other writers.

[1392] The Doubs rises in the Jura, not in the Alps. Ptolemy falls into the same mistake as Strabo.

[1393] We have here followed the proposed correction of Ziegler.

[1394] Nîmes.

[1395] This name is written diversely, Tectosages, Tectosagæ, and Tectosagi. It appears to be composed of the two Latin words, “tectus,” covered, and “sagum,” a species of cassock.

[1396] Viz. between Lodève and Toulouse; we must remember that Strabo supposed the chain of the Cevennes to run west and east.

[1397] Angora.

[1398] These three nations inhabited Galatia, of which Ancyra was the capital.

[1399] 279 years before the Christian era.

[1400] Justin tells us that the Tectosages on returning to Toulouse from the expedition, were attacked with a pestilential malady, from which they could find no relief until they complied with the advice of their augurs, and cast the ill-gotten wealth into a lake. Justin, lib. xxxii. c. 3.

[1401] The Atlantic and Mediterranean.

[1402] Ἄραρ.

[1403] The Lexovii inhabited the southern banks of the Seine, Lizieux was anciently their capital. The Caleti occupied the opposite side of the Seine, and the sea-coast as far as Tréport.

[1404] The inhabitants of Auvergne.

[1405] The ancient Liger.

[1406] Ἄταξ.

[1407] The whole of Gaul bore the name of Keltica long before the Romans had penetrated into that country. After their conquest of the southern provinces, they distinguished them from the rest of Keltica by conferring on them the name of Gallia Narbonensis. Aristotle gave the name of Kelts to the inhabitants of the country near Narbonne. Polybius tells us that the Pyrenees separated the Iberians from the Kelts; while Diodorus Siculus fixed the position of the Kelts between the Alps and the Pyrenees.

[1408] “Strabo,” says Gosselin, “always, argues on the hypothesis that the Pyrenees run from south to north; that the Garonne and the Loire flowed in the same direction; that the Cevennes stretched from west to east; and that the coasts of Gaul, from the Pyrenees, rose gently towards the north, bending considerably east.”

[1409] The Garonne becomes navigable at Cazères near to Rieux, in the ancient Comté de Comminges. From this point to its mouth, following the sinuosities of the river, there are about 68 leagues of 20 to a degree, or 2030 Olympic stadia. The Loire is navigable as far as St. Rambert, about three leagues from St. Etienne-en-Forez, that is to say, double the distance assigned by Strabo. 2000 stadia measured from the mouth of the Loire would extend merely as far as Orleans.

[1410] Probably the Arriége, the Tarn, and the Dordogne.

[1411] Ἰοσκῶν MSS.

[1412] The present Saintes was the capital of this nation.

[1413] Bordeaux.

[1414] Poictiers was the capital of the Pictones or Pictavi, and Nantes of the Namnetæ.

[1415] Scipio Æmilianus.

[1416] Saintes.

[1417] The Gulfs of Gascony and Lyons.

[1418] The Tarbelli occupied the sea-coast from the Pyrenees to the Lake of Arcachon.

[1419] The Canton of Comminges.

[1420] St. Bertrand.

[1421] Xylander thinks that these Onesii may be identical with the Monesi of Pliny. Gosselin says that the hot springs are probably the baths of Bagnières-sur-l’Adour.

[1422] The territory of the city of Auch.

[1423] The inhabitants of Vivarais.

[1424] The inhabitants of Vélai.

[1425] The inhabitants of Auvergne.

[1426] The Limousins.

[1427] The inhabitants of Périgord, Agénois, Querci, and Berri.

[1428] The inhabitants of Saintonge and Poitou.

[1429] The inhabitants of Rouergue and Gévaudan.

[1430] Gosselin supposes that this city is Clermont in Auvergne at some distance from the Allier.

[1431] Orleans.

[1432] The people of the Chartrain.

[1433] Cæsar himself (lib. vii. c. 76) states the number at 248,000 men.

[1434] A city near Clermont.

[1435] Alise. The ruins of Alesia, says Gosselin, still exist near to Flavigni in Burgundy, on Mount Auxois, between two small rivers, the Oze and the Ozerain, which flow into the Brenne.

[1436] The Sorgue.

[1437] In Athenæus, (lib. iv. p. 152,) this name is written Luernius.

[1438] Lyons.

[1439] MSS. read ὑπὸ, “under,” we have not hesitated to translate it ἐπὶ, like the Italian, French, and German versions; although Kramer remarks “paulo audacius,” of Coray’s reading ἐπὶ in the Greek.

[1440] Ἄραρ.

[1441] Kramer says that ἄλλος is manifestly corrupt.—I have ventured to translate it _another altar_.

[1442] Kramer concurs with Falconer and Gosselin in understanding this passage to have been originally between the Rhone and the Loire.

[1443] Σηκοάνας.

[1444] The Sequani.

[1445] Châlons-sur-Saone.

[1446] Autun, according to Gosselin. Beurect, according to Ferrarius.

[1447] Cæsar, Tacitus, and other writers, also speak of this relationship of the Ædui with the Romans.

[1448] _Lit._ “As for the Ædui on these accounts indeed.”

[1449] The sources of the Rhine take their rise in Mount St. Gothard and Mount Bernardin, while the Adda rises in the glaciers of the Valteline. Adula, however, may have been the name of the Rhætian Alps.

[1450] The Lake of Como.

[1451] The Lake of Constance.

[1452] The Rhæti occupied the Tirol; the Vindelici that portion of Bavaria south of the Danube.

[1453] Ptolemy says it has three. It appears that the ancient mouths of this river were not the same as the present.

[1454] Lyons.

[1455] The Swiss.

[1456] Gosselin identifies the Cimbri as the inhabitants of Jutland or Denmark.

[1457] Casaubon remarks that the text must be corrupt, since Strabo’s account of the Helvetii must have been taken from Cæsar, who (lib. i. c. 29) states the number of slain at 258,000, and the survivors at 110,000.

[1458] The Sequani occupied La Franche-Comté.

[1459] Metz was the capital of the Mediomatrici.

[1460] These people dwelt between the Rhine and the Vosges, nearly from Colmar to Hagenau.

[1461] The Allobroges dwelt to the left of the Rhone, between that river and the Isère.

[1462] The Arverni have given their name to Auvergne, and the Carnutes to Chartrain.

[1463] Strabo here copies Cæsar exactly, who, speaking of his second passage into Britain, (lib. v. c. 8,) says: “Ad solis occasum naves solvit ... accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore.”

[1464] The capital of these people is Trèves.

[1465] Viz. to the western bank of the river.

[1466] The Nervii occupied Hainault, and the Comté de Namur.

[1467] The Sicambri occupied the countries of Berg, Mark, and Arensberg. They afterwards formed part of the people included under the name of Franci or Franks.

[1468] Bavai, to the south of Valenciennes, was the capital of the Nervii; Duricortora, now Rheims, of the Remi; Arras of the Atrebates, and Tongres of the Eburones.

[1469] Térouane was the principal city of the Morini, Beauvais of the Bellovaci, Amiens of the Ambiani, Soissons of the Suessiones, and Lilebonne of the Caleti.

[1470] Cæsar (lib. vi. c. 29) describes the forest of Ardennes as 500 miles in extent.

[1471] Ardennes.

[1472] West of the Rhine.

[1473] Ptolemy names it Lucotecia; Cæsar, Lutetia. Julian, who was proclaimed emperor by his army in this city, names it Leucetia.

[1474] The inhabitants of Vannes and the surrounding country.

[1475] Neque enim his nostræ rostro nocere poterant; tanta erat in his firmitudo. Cæsar, lib. iii. c. 13.

[1476] Vide Cæsar, lib. iii. c. 14.

[1477] The Boii, who passed into Italy, established themselves near to Bologna.

[1478] The Senones, or inhabitants of Sens, are thought to have founded Sienna in Italy.

[1479] The promontory of Calbium, the present Cape Saint-Mahé, is here alluded to.

[1480] Gosselin observes, “These people called themselves by the name of Kelts; the Greeks styled them Galatæ, and the Latins Galli or Gauls.”

[1481] The Cimbri inhabited Denmark and the adjacent regions.

[1482] The inhabitants of the Beauvoisis.

[1483] Vide Cæsar, lib. ii. c. 4.

[1484] This slashed garment is the smock frock of the English peasant and the blouse of the continent.

[1485] Conf. Cæsar, lib. vi. c. 13. Plebs pene servorum habetur loco, quæ per se nihil audet, et nulli adhibetur consilio.

[1486] By the others are probably meant the Bards and Vates.

[1487] These opinions are also to be found in the Pythagorean philosophy.

[1488] These particulars are taken from Posidonius. See also Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 29.

[1489] A similar custom existed amongst the Spartans; the young people were obliged to present themselves from time to time before the Ephori, and if of the bulk thought proper for a Spartan, they were praised, if on the contrary they appeared too fat, they were punished. Athen. l. xii. p. 550. Ælian, V. H. l. xiv. c. 7. At Rome likewise it was the duty of the censor to see that the equites did not become too fat; if they did, they were punished with the loss of their horse. Aulus Gellius, Noct. Att. l. vii. c. 22.

[1490] Transalpine Gaul.

[1491] The coasts occupied by the Morini extended from la Canche to the Yser.

[1492] The Menapii occupied Brabant.

[1493] General opinion places the port Itius at Wissant, near Cape Grisnez; Professor Airy, however, is of opinion that the portus Itius of Cæsar is the estuary of the Somme. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 1852, vol. ii. No. 30, p. 198.

[1494] Cæsar passed twice into Britain: the first time he started about midnight, and arrived at the fourth hour of the day; the second time he started at the commencement of the night, and did not arrive until the following day at noon, the wind having failed about midnight.

[1495] The fleet consisted of 1000 vessels, according to Cotta. (Athen. l. vi. c. 21.) The great loss spoken of by Strabo occurred before the first return of Cæsar into Gaul. (Cæsar, l. iv. c. 28.) As to his second return, it was occasioned, to use his own words, “propter repentinos Galliæ motus.” L. v. c. 22.

[1496] Called by Cæsar, Hibernia; by Mela, Juverna; and by Diodorus Siculus, Iris.

[1497] This custom resembles that related by Herodotus (lib. i. c. 216, and iv. 26) of the Massagetæ and Issedoni. Amongst these latter, when the father of a family died, all the relatives assembled at the house of the deceased, and having slain certain animals, cut them and the body of the deceased into small pieces, and having mixed the morsels together, regaled themselves on the inhuman feast.

[1498] Strabo intends by φανερῶς what Herodotus expresses by μίξιν ἐμφανέα, καθάπερ τοῖσι προβάτοισι (_concubitum, sicuti pecoribus, in propatulo esse_).

[1499] Herodotus, (l. iv. c. 180,) mentioning a similar practice amongst the inhabitants of Lake Tritonis in Libya, tells us that the men owned the children as they resembled them respectively. Mela asserts the same of the Garamantes. As to the commerce between relations, Strabo in his 16th Book, speaks of it as being usual amongst the Arabs. It was a custom amongst the early Greeks. Homer makes the six sons of Æolus marry their six sisters, and Juno addresses herself to Jupiter as “Et soror et conjux.” Compare also Cæsar, lib. v.

[1500] An extremity to which the Gauls were driven during the war they sustained against the Cimbri and Teutones, (Cæsar, lib. vii. c. 77,) and the inhabitants of Numantia in Iberia, when besieged by Scipio. (Valerius Maximus, lib. vii. c. 6.) The city of Potidæa in Greece experienced a similar calamity. (Thucyd. lib. ii. c. 70.)

[1501] Pytheas placed Thule under the 66th degree of north latitude, which is the latitude of the north of Iceland.

[1502] Transalpine Gaul.

[1503] Port Monaco.

[1504] Vadi.

[1505] Albinga.

[1506] Vintimille.

[1507] Kramer conjectures that instead of Ἀλπιόνια, we should read Ἀλπεινὰ.

[1508] These people occupied the borders of the province of Murlaka, near to Istria, on the Gulf of Venice. Mount Albius is still called Alben.

[1509] Casaubon observes that the Roman writers separated the name Albium Ingaunum, in the same manner as Albium Intemelium.

[1510] These two tribes inhabited the country round Fréjus and Antibes as far as the Var.

[1511] Or amber.

[1512] Μόνοικος, an epithet of Hercules signifying “sole inhabitant.” According to Servius, either because after he had driven out the Ligurians he remained the sole inhabitant of the country; or because it was not usual to associate any other divinities in the temples consecrated to him.

[1513] Λίγυες, or Ligurians.

[1514] Λιγυστικὴ, or Liguria.

[1515] Κελτολίγυες, or Kelto-Ligurians.

[1516] Kramer is of opinion that we should adopt the suggestion of Mannert, to read here Avignon.

[1517] We have adopted the reading of the older editions, which is also that of the French translation. Kramer however reads φόβον, and adds φόρον in a note.

[1518] The Albiœci are named Albici in Cæsar; the capital city is called by Pliny Alebece Reiorum; it is now Riez in Provence.

[1519] Nîmes.

[1520] There are two rivers of this name which descend from the Alps and discharge themselves into the Po. The Durias which rises near the Durance is the _Durias minor_ of the ancients, and the Doria Riparia of the moderns; this river falls into the Po at Turin.

[1521] Gosselin observes:—The Salassi occupied the country about Aouste, or Aoste. The name of this city is a corruption of Augusta Prætoria Salassorum, which it received in the time of Augustus. The Durias which passes by Aouste is the _Durias major_, the modern Doria Baltea. Its sources are between the Great Saint Bernard and Mont Blanc.

[1522] The Ister of the classics.

[1523] _Augusta Taurinorum_, hodie Turin, was the capital of these people.

[1524] Various conjectures have been hazarded concerning this name, of which there appears to be no other mention.

[1525] The Kentrones occupied la Tarentaise; the Catoriges, the territories of Chorges and Embrun; the Veragri, a part of the Valais south of the Rhone; and the Nantuatæ, Le Chablais.

[1526] The Lake of Geneva.

[1527] Saint Gothard.

[1528] The Adda does not flow from the same mountain as the Rhine.

[1529] The Lake of Como.

[1530] The Rhæti are the Grisons; the Vennones, the people of the Val Telline.

[1531] The Lepontii inhabited the Haut Valais, and the valley of Leventina; the Tridentini occupied Trente; the Stoni, Sténéco.

[1532] The valley of Aouste.

[1533] These two routes still exist. The former passes by the Great Saint Bernard, or the Pennine Alps; the latter traverses the Little Saint Bernard, and descends into La Tarentaise, formerly occupied by the Centrones.

[1534] Anciently Durias.

[1535] Modena.

[1536] It does not appear that Julius Cæsar is here intended, for he mentions nothing of it in his Commentaries. It seems more probable that Strabo used the expression of Cæsar in its wider sense of Emperor, and alludes to Augustus, of whom he speaks immediately after.

[1537] Ivrea.

[1538] Aouste.

[1539] The limits of these barbarous nations were continually varying according to their success in war, in general, however, the Rhæti possessed the country of the Grisons, the Tyrol, and the district about Trent. The Lepontii possessed the Val Leventina. The Camuni the Val Camonica. The Vindelici occupied a portion of Bavaria and Suabia; on their west were the Helvetii or Swiss, and on the north the Boii, from whom they were separated by the Danube; these last people have left their name to Bohemia. The Norici possessed Styria, Carinthia, a part of Austria and Bavaria to the south of the Danube. The Breuni have given their name to the Val Braunia north of the Lago Maggiore; and the Genauni appear to have inhabited the Val Agno, between Lake Maggiore and the Lake of Como, although Strabo seems to place these people on the northern side of the Alps, towards the confines of Illyria.

[1540] The people of Franche Comté.

[1541] The Germans of Wirtemberg and Suabia.

[1542] The Licattii appear to have inhabited the country about the Lech, and the Clautinatii that about the Inn; the Vennones the Val Telline.

[1543] This disgusting brutality however is no more barbarous than the intention put by Homer into the mouth of Agamemnon, “the king of men,” which Scholiasts have in vain endeavoured to soften or excuse—

τῶν μήτις ὑπεκφύγοι αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον,
χεῖράς θ’ ἡμετέρας· μηδ’ ὅντινα γαστέρι μήτηρ
κοῦρον ἐόντα φέροι, μηδ’ ὃς φύγοι· ἀλλ’ ἅμα πάντες
Ἰλίου ἐξαπολοίατ’, ἀκήδεστοι καὶ ἄφαντοι.

Iliad vi. 57-60.

[1544] This expedition of Tiberius took place in the eleventh year of the Christian era; Strabo therefore must have written his fourth book in the 44th year.

[1545] The Carnic, or Julian Alps, is intended.

[1546] Ἄταξ.

[1547] There is, remarks Gosselin, a palpable mistake in this passage. We neither know of a river named the Isar nor yet the Atax discharging themselves into the Adriatic. Atesinus or Athesis are the ancient names of the Adige, but this river flows into the Adriatic, and not, as Strabo seems to say, into the Danube. The error of the text appears to result from a transposition of the two names made by the copyists, and to render it intelligible we should read thus:—“There is a lake from which proceeds the Atesinus, (or the Adige,) and which, after having received the Atax, (perhaps the Eisack, or Aicha, which flows by Bolzano,) discharges itself into the Adriatic. The Isar proceeds from the same lake, and [passing by Munich] discharges itself into the Danube.”

[1548] Apparently the lake of Constance.

[1549] The Black Forest.

[1550] These two chains are in Murlaka, they are now named Telez and Fliez.

[1551] The Traun or Würm.

[1552] The Glan in Bavaria.

[1553] The Julian Alps, and Birnbaumerwald.

[1554] Probably Mödling.

[1555] Auersperg, or the Flecken Mungava.

[1556] Möttnig or Mansburg.

[1557] Windisch Grätz, or Brindjel.

[1558] Now Sisseck.

[1559] The text reads Rhine, but we have, in common with Gosselin, followed the correction of Cluvier, Xylander, and Tyrwhitt.

[1560] The Dacians occupied a part of Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia, and a portion of Moldavia.

[1561] Coray suggests Nauportus, _now_ Ober-Laibach in Krain. This suggestion is extremely probable, however Pamportus occurs twice in the text.

[1562] The river Laibach.

[1563] The Pannonians occupied a portion of Austria and Hungary. The Taurisci, who formed part of the former people, inhabited Styria.

[1564] Segesta.

[1565] The ancient Colapis.

[1566] This is a description of the elk (cervus alces of Linn.). This animal no longer exists either in France or in the Alps.

[1567] Lyons.

[1568] La Saintonge.

[1569] Gascony.

[1570] Beauvoisis.

[1571] Picardie.

[1572] From Lyons this route passed by Vienne, Valence, Orange, and Avignon; here it separated, leading on one side to Tarascon, Nîmes, Beziers, and Narbonne, and on the other to Ailes, Aix, Marseilles, Fréjus, Antibes, &c.

[1573] This other route, says Gosselin, starting from Aouste, traversed the Great Saint Bernard, Valais, the Rhone, a portion of the Vaud, Mount Jura, and so to Besançon and Langres, where it separated, the road to the right passing by Toul, Metz, and Trèves, approached the Rhine at Mayence; while that to the left passed by Troies, Châlons, Rheims, and Bavai, where it again separated and conducted by various points to the sea-coast.

[1574] The Italians also went into Spain, and there engaged in working the mines. Vide Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 36, 38.

[1575] A mountain of Laconia.

[1576] In Arcadia, some suppose it to be the modern Tetragi, others Diaphorti, and others Mintha.

[1577] In Phocis, Iapara, or Liokura.

[1578] Olympus is a mountain range of Thessaly, bordering on Macedonia, its summit is thirty miles north of Larissa, in lat. 40° 4’ 32” N., long. 22° 25’ E. Its estimated height is 9745 feet.

[1579] Petras _or_ Zagora.

[1580] Now Kissovo; it is situated to the east of the river Peneus, immediately north of Mount Pelion, and bounds the celebrated vale of Tempe on one side.

[1581] Gosselin observes, both Polybius and Strabo extended the Alps from the neighbourhood of Marseilles to beyond the Adriatic Gulf, a distance twice 2200 stadia. It appeals probable from the words of Polybius himself, (lib. ii c. 14,) that he merely intended to state the length of the plains situated at the foot of the mountains, which bound Italy on the north, and in fact the distance in a right line from the foot of the Alps about Rivoli or Pignerol to Rovigo, and the marshes formed at the mouths of the Adige and Po, is 63 leagues, or 2200 stadia of 700 to a degree.

[1582] This route passes from Tortona, by Vadi, Albinga, Vintimille, and Monaco, where it crosses the maritime Alps, and thence to Nice, Antibes, &c. _Gosselin._

[1583] This route passes by Briançon, Mont Genèvre, the Col de Sestrière, and the Val Progelas.

[1584] The passage by the Val Aouste.

[1585] This route, starting from Milan, passed east of the lake of Como by Coire, and then by Bregentz to the Lake of Constance.

[1586] The Lago di Garda.

[1587] Lago Maggiore.

[1588] Ticinus. We have followed the example of the French translators in making the Ticino to flow from the Lago Maggiore, and the Adda from the Lake of Como; by some inexplicable process the text of Strabo has been corrupted and these rivers transposed. Kramer notices the inconsistency of the text.

[1589] The Lake of Como.

[1590] The Gulf of Salerno.

[1591] Venetians.

[1592] Rimini.

[1593] Capo di Leuca.

[1594] Venetians.

[1595] The peninsula occupied by the people named Brettii, or Bruttii.

[1596] The peninsula now designated Terra di Lecce, and called by the ancients sometimes Iapygia, at others Messapia, Calabria, and Salentina. The isthmus of this peninsula was supposed to be formed by a line drawn from Brindisi to Taranto.

[1597] The Gulf of Venice.

[1598] The Sea of Tuscany.

[1599] The Gulf of Salerno.

[1600] Capo di Leuca.

[1601] The Mediterranean.

[1602] Capo dell’ Armi.

[1603] Of Vannes.

[1604] From the Heneti, whence is the race of wild mules. Iliad ii. 857.

[1605] Transpadana.

[1606] The Mediterranean.

[1607] The whole of the coast from Ravenna to Aquileia at the bottom of the Gulf of Venice is still covered with marshes and lagoons, as it was in the time of Strabo. The largest of these lagoons are at the mouths of the Po, the others at the mouths of the torrents which descend from the Alps.

[1608] Milan.

[1609] Apparently a mistake for Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; we are unacquainted with any Caius Scipio.

[1610] The Lake of Como.

[1611] The source of the Adda is at the foot of Mount Braulio; the three sources of the Rhine issue from Mounts St. Bernardin, St. Barnabé, and Crispalt, at a considerable distance from the source of the Adda.

[1612] Padua.

[1613] This appears to have been the last census of the three taken under the reign of Augustus. The first occurred in the year of Rome 726, twenty-eight years before the Christian era; the number of citizens then amounted to 4,064,000, or, according to Eusebius, 4,011,017. The second was in the year of Rome 746, eight years before the Christian era; the number of citizens was then found to be 4,163,000. The third census was in the year of Rome 767, in the fourteenth year of the Christian era; the number of citizens at this time was 4,037,000, according to the monument of Ancyra, but according to Eusebius, 9,070,000.

[1614] Chioggia.

[1615] The Bacchiglione.

[1616] ξυλοπαγὴς ὅλη. We have followed the rendering of the French translators; however, Guarini, Buonaccivoli, Xylander, Siebenkees, and Bréquigny, all understand Strabo to mean that the city was built entirely of wood.

[1617] Altino.

[1618] Butrio.

[1619] Spinazino.

[1620] Oderzo.

[1621] Adria.

[1622] Vicenza.

[1623] About the year 186 before the Christian era.

[1624] Friesach in Steiermark.

[1625] 113 years before the Christian era.

[1626] S. Giovanni del Carso.

[1627] The present Timavo.

[1628] The Adriatic.

[1629] The three islands of Tremiti, namely Domenico, Nicola, and Caprara, opposite Monte Gargano.

[1630] Arpino.

[1631] Phaethusa, Lampetie, and Lampethusa. See Virg. Ecl. vi. 62; Æn. x. 190; Ovid Met. ii.

[1632] Either this passage has undergone alteration, or else Strabo is the only writer who informs us that certain mythological traditions distinguished the Eridanus from the Po, placing the former of these rivers in the vicinity of the latter. The père Bardetti thinks the Greeks originally confounded the Eretenus, a tributary of the Po, with the name Eridanus.

[1633] Probably Guinea-hens.

[1634] Strabo seems here to doubt that the Electrides islands ever existed, but the French translators, in a very judicious note, have explained that the geographical features of the country about the mouths of the Po had undergone very considerable changes on account of the immense alluvial deposit brought down from the mountains by that river, and suggest that these islands had been united to the mainland long before Strabo’s time, for which reason he would not be able to verify the ancient traditions. Even at the present day the Cavalier Negrelli is employing his celebrated engineering science in making the communication between the Po and the Adriatic navigable, and so rendering the countries bordering on the Ticino, Adda, Mincio, Trebbia, Panono, and the adjacent lakes accessible to steam-boats from the Adriatic.

[1635] The Timavum, or temple consecrated to Diomede.

[1636] The Isola di Brioni, Conversara, and S. Nicolo. Pliny calls them Insulæ Pullariæ.

[1637] This name is probably corrupt; Coray proposes to read Insubri.

[1638] Vadi.

[1639] The Umbrians, or Umbri, of Roman History.

[1640] Piacenza.

[1641] Rimini.

[1642] Modena.

[1643] Bologna.

[1644] Probably corrupt.

[1645] Reggio in Modena.

[1646] Between Parma and Modena, the Val di Montirone and Orte Magrada.

[1647] Quaderna.

[1648] Imola.

[1649] Faenza.

[1650] Ancient Sapis.

[1651] Probably Pisatello.

[1652] The Marecchia.

[1653] Pavia.

[1654] The Ticino.

[1655] Castezzio.

[1656] Tortona.

[1657] Acqui, on the left bank of the Bormia.

[1658] Ucello.

[1659] Δουρίας.

[1660] The ancient Druentia.

[1661] Transalpine Gaul.

[1662] From here to the word Derthon the text appears to be corrupt.

[1663] Tuscany.

[1664] Cluvier proposes to read “from Placentia to Parma;” he has been followed throughout the passage by the French translators.

[1665] M. Æmilius Scaurus.

[1666] Strabo here falls into a mistake in attributing to C. Flaminius Nepos, who was consul in the year of Rome 567, 187 years before the Christian era, the construction of the Via Flaminia which led from the Portus Flumentana to the city of Ariminum. According to most Latin authors, this grand route was formed by C. Flaminius Nepos, censor in the year of Rome 534, and 220 years before the Christian era (the same who three years afterwards was slain at the battle of Thrasymenus). Livy, whose authority is certainly of great weight, speaking of the grand road made by C. Flaminius Nepos, consul in the year of Rome 567, states expressly that it led from Bologna to Arezzo. Hist. lib. xxxix. § 2.

[1667] Bologna.

[1668] Maffei proposes to substitute Placentia for Aquileia.

[1669] Cisalpine Gaul.

[1670] The ancient Æsis, now Esino, named also Fiumesino.

[1671] Probably the Pisatello.

[1672] Modena.

[1673] The Scultanna of antiquity.

[1674] Padua.

[1675] A kind of cassock with long hair.

[1676] Probably Victimolo.

[1677] Piacenza.

[1678] Gallia Cispadana.

[1679] Ὀμβρικὴ, now Ombria.

[1680] Or nearest to the Adriatic.

[1681] Rimini.

[1682] Larcher calculates that it was about the year of Rome 91, or 663 years before the Christian era, that Demaratus, flying from the tyranny of Cypselus at Corinth, established himself in Tyrrhenia.

[1683] Strabo here mentions only one son of Demaratus, to whom he gives the name of Lucumo; in this latter statement he is supported by Dionysius Halicarnassius. Livy also mentions a young citizen of Clusium named Lucumo. But there is reason to believe that these three writers were deceived by the writers whom they followed. It seems to be incontestable that Lucumo was the designation of the chief of each of the twelve cities of Etruria.

[1684] Dionysius Halicarnassius relates that after a brisk war the cities of Etruria submitted to Tarquinius Priscus, and that the Romans permitted him to accept this foreign royalty, and still hold the throne of Rome. No historian that we are aware of, with the exception of Strabo, mentions the benefits received by Etruria from that prince.

[1685] Chiusi.

[1686] B. C. 508.

[1687] The people of Cerveteri.

[1688] This is also related by Livy and Valerius Maximus.

[1689] A Grecian form of salutation, equivalent to our “good-morning.”

[1690] Cæri, according to Holstenius, the Bagni di Sasso, Cluvier considered it Bagni di Stigliano.

[1691] Odyssey xix. 175. And there is a different language of different men mixed together; there are in it Achaians, and magnanimous Eteocretans, and Cydonians, and crest-shaking Dorians, and divine Pelasgians.

[1692] The Salambria, Costum.

[1693] Iliad xvi. 223.

[1694] Metelino.

[1695] Iliad ii. 840, Hippothous led the tribes of the spear-skilled Pelasgians, of those who inhabited fertile Larissa.

[1696] We have followed the example of the French translators in reading ᾤκησεν with all MSS. Groskurd and Kramer adopt the views of Xylander and Siebenkees in substituting ᾤκισεν.

[1697] Οἱ τὴν Ἀτθίδα συγγράψαντες. Ἀτθὶς was a title given to their works by many authors who wrote on Athenian Antiquities, as Philochorus, Androtion, Amelesagoras, Hellanicus, &c.

[1698] Or Storks.

[1699] Volterra.

[1700] Ruins near Ansedonia.

[1701] Coray here reads οὖν for οὐκ. Kramer considers the passage corrupt.

[1702] The French translation here gives 1460, and a note by Gosselin.

[1703] Σελήνη, the moon.

[1704] The bay of Spezia.

[1705] The mountains of Carrara.

[1706] The Mediterranean.

[1707] Other writers mention a river Macra, but none of them, as it appears, a district in Italy bearing that name. Kramer supposes that Strabo wrote ποτάμιον, and not χωρίον, the reading of all MSS.

[1708] Near the mouth of the river Basiento.

[1709] The ancient Arnus.

[1710] Corresponding to the present Serchio, which discharges itself into the sea, and not into the Arno. The time when this change of direction took place is not recorded, but traces of the ancient name and course of the river remain in the Osari, which, after flowing a short distance through a marshy district, falls into the sea between the Serchio and Arno.

[1711] Arezzo.

[1712] Volterra.

[1713] Eighty-one years B. C.

[1714] This was a regular business. A man was posted on a high place, from which he could see the shoals coming, and make a sign to the fishermen.

[1715] Corsica.

[1716] The island of Elba.

[1717] The French translation has 200 in text, while it states in a note that all manuscripts give 300, and continues to discuss the real distance at some length. Kramer says, in a note, that MS. Vatic. No. 482, has 200.

[1718] Πλαταμῶνας is here adopted in preference to any attempt at translation. It is probable they were quarries of the cream-coloured limestone of the island.

[1719] Porto Ferrajo.

[1720] Gosselin supposes that the crystals of iron, abundant in the island of Elba, are here alluded to.

[1721] The testimony of Diodorus is just to the contrary. The Corsican slaves appear better fitted than any others for performing useful services; their physical constitution being peculiarly adapted thereto. Diodor. Sic. l. v. § 13.

[1722] None of these names are found in Ptolemy’s description of Corsica. Diodorus Siculus has names somewhat similar.

[1723] It is uncertain to whom Strabo here alludes. The French translators are of opinion that he alludes to the chart of Agrippa.

[1724] The French translators read with their manuscript 1394, περὶ τρισχιλίους, κ. τ. λ., about 3200.

[1725] Cagliari.

[1726] Cluvier is of opinion that the modern Palma di Solo corresponds to Sulchi.

[1727] Some manuscripts read Diagebres.

[1728] The nephew of Hercules, being the son of Iphiclus, his brother.

[1729] That is, Corsica and Sardinia run in a line north and south, and Elba lies to one side; the παράλληλοι σχεδὸν αἱ τρεῖς is an example showing how happily a circumstance may be expressed in Greek, while no amount of labour will adapt an English equivalent.

[1730] The real distance, according to Gosselin, is 115 miles.

[1731] Porto Ercole.

[1732] The Stagno d’ Orbitello.

[1733] Situated in the marshy plain commanded by the heights of Corneto, between the Mignone and the Marta.

[1734] This town stood on the site of the present S. Severa, at the mouth of the Rio-Castrica.