Chapter XIII: The Effect Upon Human Evolution

The ubiquitous and deep-seated influence of the internal secretions upon life and personality comprises but a fraction of what is known, and only a hint of what is to become known. There is an endocrine aspect to every human being and every human activity, normal and abnormal, internal process and its external expression, regulated by laws of which we are beginning to catch a glimpse. Their control promises us now a dominion over the most intimate and inaccessible recesses of our lives in a way comparable only to the control we now exercise over the forces and energies once revered as the instruments of the gods--light, heat, magnetism, electricity. We have learned how to control and change our environment. We are now learning, endocrine research is now discovering, how to control and change ourselves.

The story of the evolution of the two types of control has many analogies. When man ceased looking upon his surroundings as inhabited by spirits of good and evil, as he conceived himself, and discovered that they were composed of things malleable and analysable in his hands, he became their master. When now he drops the old superstitions about himself as a spirit, an emulsion of a spirit of good and spirit of evil, and sees himself more and more clearly as the most complex of chemical reactions, regulated and determined as are the simple and complex chemical reactions around him, he will begin to rule and modify himself as he rules and modifies them. Whether or not he will ultimately come to this final lucidity of thought and action, it behooves us to consider some of the uses to which our present knowledge might be put.

Since every step of the daily routine or adventure, from waking to sleeping, eating, drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, working, idling, fighting, playing, feeling, enjoying, sorrowing, every shade of emotion and nuance of mood, in short every phase of happiness and unhappiness, are endocrine episodes in the life history of the individual, the sphere of applications is as long and broad and deep as life itself. Not only do the internal secretions open up before us the great hope--that Life at last will cease to stumble and grope and blunder, manacled by the iron chains of inexorable cause and effect. They provide tools, concrete and measurable, that can be handled and moved, weighed and seen, for the management of the problems of human nature and evolution.

Every department of human life, the questions of labor and industry, science and art, education, puericulture, international problems, crime and disease, may be illuminated. War and Sex, those two master interests of mankind, may be understood and handled sympathetically as they have never before. The reactions of man alone, and man in the crowd, will be clarified. The red thread of individuality which runs through the woof and warp of all human affairs will be unraveled.

Inevitably, customs, morals, codes of procedure and practice, institutions, all those expressions of opinion which make conduct, all the currents which contrive the infinite variety of life, will be transmitted into another set of values.

A remoulding, a remodeling will take place all along the line. Manifestly an unstable thymocentric should not be treated as a criminal, but treated in a sanitarium. A masculinoid woman needs satisfactions not vouchsafed in the old "love, honor and obey" home. How absurd it is to found codes of morality upon sermons or even the latest psychologies. During the nineteenth century progress in physics and mechanics overturned traditions thousands of years had painfully toiled to erect. What is to happen when man comes at last to experiment upon himself like a god, dealing not only with the materials without, but also with the very constituents of his innermost being? Will he not then indeed become a god? If he does not destroy himself before, that is surely his destiny. For better or for worse, we possess now in the endocrines new instruments for swaying the individual as individual, and as related to other individuals, as a member of a type, family, nation, species and genus.

THE BASIS OF VARIATION

The sense of likeness and the sense of unlikeness plays a decisive rôle in the diurnal schedule of the individual. His sense of resemblance to his father and mother, his kin and clan, mark him and them off against the cosmos as an alliance of defense and offense. Yet no matter how closely he is like them and they like him, he differs and varies, they differ and vary, with a sort of mutual forgiveness, because the amount of resemblance overtops the degree of variation. In a paper on the "Rediscovery of the Unique," H.G. Wells emphasized the unique quality of the individual, and how, in spite of the cleverest devices of classification, living things ultimately escaped the classifying net by virtue of their tendency forever to vary.

The individual is unique. Yet when all is said and done, the fact remains that between individuals there is resemblance, and among them variation. What is the reason for their resemblances and what is the cause of their variation?

The conception of a particular chemical make-up of the individual, statable and relatively controllable in terms of the internal secretions, supplies a more rational and satisfactory method of approach to the problem than any so far suggested as far as vertebrates are concerned at any rate. In effect, the differences between individuals may fundamentally thus be grouped among the differences which distinguish other chemical substances. The difference between water, technically known as hydrogen monoxide, and the antiseptic fluid labeled hydrogen dioxide lies wholly in the possession by the latter of an extra atom of oxygen in its molecules. All the peculiarities and qualities by which hydrogen peroxide is separated from water are referred to that additional quantum of oxygen. So the diversity of constitution and appearance of two brothers, alike in that they have inherited the same internal secretion trends, may be traced to the superiority of the pituitary of the one over the other.

Variation and resemblance are large issues, crucial material of the science of biology upon which much has been thought and written. That the proportion of the endocrines determines variation and resemblance, heredity and evolution is a hypothesis advanced, supported by a large amount of facts, and capable of the most interesting experimental verification and observation. If a child resembles particularly either of its parents, grandparents or relatives, there is good reason for believing that it is because their endocrine formulas are very much alike. When people apparently not blood-related at all resemble one other, the same law must hold. Resemblances may be partial or complete, and the degree will depend upon the amount and ratio of the internal secretions involved.

The same endocrine constitutions will produce corresponding physiques, physiognomies, abilities and characters. Deviations in endocrine type from that of the original stock, more of one endocrine and less of another, is at the bottom of the phenomenon of variation, basic for the origin of new species as well as the extinction of the old. In short, viewing the internal secretions as determinants, by their quantitative variations, of a host of biologic phenomena furnishes a concrete and detailed foundation for Darwin's theory of pangenesis.

INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS

Darwin's theory of pangenesis was an attempt to harmonize everything known in his time about heredity. It supposed that the various organs of the body gave off into the blood substances, themselves in miniature, which were taken up by the sex cells, and so became responsible for the development of their mother-organ in the newly forming individual. Modern knowledge cannot accept all this as a whole. But in a modified version, it has become the germ of a theory of heredity of which J.T. Cunningham, of Oxford, is the chief backer.

Beginning with the traits and qualities which distinguish the sexes, grouped as the secondary sex characters, he showed that they are correlated with the special sexual function of the species in which they occur. These traits appear only when the hormones occur which are present in one sex and that only when the gonads of that sex are mature. In some cases they appear only at the period of the year when reproduction takes place, disappearing again after the breeding season. Their presence makes certain cells develop in excessive numbers at a particular spot in the organism (as in the growth of breasts from a few sweat glands) or causes them to specialize (to make hair on the face in man, or to grow antlers on the head of a stag). After castration, the hormones being absent, all these points of contrast between the sexes fail to appear. So by analogy we may explain all somatic and psychic differentiation as functions of the glands of internal secretion. Contemplated from the angle of the effect of environment upon the endocrines, and a reflected action upon the germ cells, we may outline a mechanism of the inheritance of acquired characters at certain times and consequent adaptation. The cycle of events would be as follows:

1. A state of lability of cells at a point because of increased or decreased use.

2. An increased or decreased appropriation by them of the hormone controlling their function.

3. A corresponding increase or decrease in function of the gland of internal secretion and so,

4. An increased or decreased representation of it in the reproductive sex cells in the gonads.

To take a classic illustration, the long neck of the giraffe. The neck of certain animals living in a district populated by trees with high branches would be in state of instability. If at the same time the pituitary, for some reason, was unstable and reacted with an extra supply of its secretion, it would stimulate the neck cells to reproduce themselves. In turn the pituitary would become stabilized in the direction of increased secretion, and hand on the component of increased secretion to the sex cells. That component, in conjunction with other factors, would therefore determine the emergence of a definite species character. In other words, the glands of internal secretion, as intermediaries between the environment and body, and between the body and the reproductive sex cells or germplasm, tender the clue to a phase of the puzzle of heredity, adaptation and evolution. It is only a dotted outline of an explanation to be sure, but one certainly capable of being filled in.

THE BEARING ON BREEDING

Since the endocrine glands are so subtly sensitive and responsive to environment, and are at the same time so intimately concerned in the process of inheritance--a law which sums up their influence upon resemblance and variation in animals--there is no need to stress their importance for the practical science and art of good breeding, eugenics. Another mode of approach to its problems is opened up, and fresh enthusiasm instilled into its hopes and aspirations. A method of analysis of the factors involved, together with rules for the prediction of the outcome of certain matings, when finally worked out, will elevate its procedure to the level of the more exact sciences.

A man's chief gift to his children is his internal secretion composition. The endocrines are truly the matter of breeding as they are of growth. They are the material carriers of the inherited physical and psychic dispositions, powers, abilities and disabilities from the soma to the germplasm and back from the germplasm to the soma. All kinds of questions arise as soon as one attempts to consider the bearing of this underlying principle upon concrete situations. What happens, say, when a pituitocentric mates with a thyrocentric? Or when a pituitocentric marries a pituitocentric? Is there a reinforcement or a cancellation of the dominant endocrine? Is there a quantitative addition of internal glandular tendencies in the germplasm, or a more complex rearrangement dependent upon reactions between all the internal secretions?

The term endocrine dominants brings up the inquiries of Mendelism, and the relation of Mendelian conceptions of dominant and recessive to the internal secretions. The Mendelians have emphasized the rôle of the unit factor in heredity, and the conservation of the unit factor as an entity through all the adventures of matings. Also, that when unit factors, say of the color of the eyes, come into conflict, brown or black being mixed with blue or grey, one, the recessive, is submerged and overlaid but not destroyed by the other, the dominant. So brown or black eyes, dark hair, curly hair, dark skin, and so on, are dominant, while blue or grey eyes, light or straight hair, light skin are recessives. A nervous temperament is dominant to the phlegmatic. A number of psychic qualities have been declared to be Mendelian unit factors: memory, mechanical instinct, mathematical ability, literary ability, musical ability, and even handwriting.

As architects of human qualities the endocrines must be involved in the Mendelian unit factors. Moreover, they seem to act upon a particular locale in different degrees, which is the strongest argument against the resolution of a number of structural traits into Mendelian unit characters. Most characters, somatic or psychic, are the products not of the action of one internal secretion alone, but of the interlinked activities of all of them. The amount of fat deposited under the skin, for instance, is influenced by the pituitary, the thyroid, the pancreas, the liver, the adrenals and the sex glands. Other qualities, likewise, are resultants of a compromise between all the endocrine factors comprising the equation of the individual. If we are to look for unit factors at all in endocrine heredity, we must look more deeply into constitution, and measure the hormone potentials and their mobilization or suppression.

It will, in all probability, be found that the stability or instability of an endocrine will have a good deal to do with the part played by it in inheritance as well as in the life of the individual An unstable pituitocentric marrying another unstable pituitocentric will have children either exceptionally small or tall, or abnormally bright or stupid. The instability tends to right itself in the next generation, or that following. Genius as a sport, as well as sudden degeneration of family stock, the whole problem of mutation, may be closely connected with this tendency.

It has been noted that the extinction of species has been preceded by a great increase in their size, for example, the case of the great reptilia of prehistoric time. That possibly represented pituitary stabilization, and so an abeyance of the ability to vary, necessary for fresh adaptation to a changing environment. Indeed, endocrine instability appears the fundamental condition of the tendency to vary, endocrine stability the opposite.

Certain endocrine facts in relation to heredity should be mentioned. The daughters of mothers who menstruated early, themselves menstruate early. Animals fed upon thyroid during pregnancy, comparable to the thyrocentric, give birth to offspring with a very large thymus, comparable to the thymocentric. Women with partial thyroid deficiency, or myxedema, bear cretins. These are suggestive of what the internal secretions may do to an individual in inheritance and development. Inherited endocrine potential is the maximum reaction of which a gland is capable. This matter of potential is comparable to the factor of reserve power or margin of safety demonstrated up to the hilt for such organs as the heart and kidney as varying from individual to individual. A low potential, like instability of an internal secretion gland, may be latent, and not made manifest until the proper stimulus, the maximum amount of stress and strain, like accident, disease, shock or war, arrives.

When the individual is tested the effects may be purely local because there is always in the organism a point of least resistance. Physical changes alone may be prominent. Or because somatic changes are minor, the psychic will dominate the picture. An attack of the "blues," unaccompanied by any demonstrable transformation of the bodily processes, may be the sole symptom of an endocrine failure somewhere in the chain due to hereditary weakness or low potential.

So we may account for family trends and streaks, for varieties and strains among individuals, upon more precise lines based upon endocrine analysis. Family disturbances of the internal secretions of the extreme sort denominated disease are well known. Indeed, a number of family diseases or predispositions to diseases, have been traced to them. Predisposition in any direction will probably be shown to be caused by them, within limits. Research here has its opportunity.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF RACIAL STOCK

A vast new territory of inquiry and achievement, as yet totally unexplored, is opened by the endocrines to the eugenists, and those idealists whose most earnest aspiration is the improvement of racial stock as a necessary preliminary to improvement of racial life. Beginning with Galton, they have brought to light a great collection of data to prove that human traits and faculties, good and bad, are inherited. Ability has been shown to run in certain families and degeneracy in others. Yet all of the practical net result has been summed up in the term "negative eugenics," the eugenics of prohibition and warning.

Now the concept of personality, as woven around a system of chemical reflexes, handed on from generation to generation, is bound to change all that, and to create a structure of positive eugenics. It has been said that what radium is to chemistry, the internal secretions are to physiology. Just as radium enlightens the chemist about the history of matter, and the integrations and disintegrations constituting the life of an element--the internal secretions illuminate the history of the individual as part of the life of the race, and of its integrations and disintegrations. Seeing the individual as a system of chemical substances interacting will assist enormously to predict the nature, character and constitution of his descendants, which is essentially what the eugenist is after.

The study of matings, the heart of the matter, will concern itself with the investigation and comparison of the kind of endocrine personalities that mate, the internal secretion predominances that cross, and the consequent endocrine personality of the offspring. Data bearing upon physique and physiognomy, details of anatomy and function, mind and behaviour will so be co-ordinated as no eugenist has hitherto succeeded in doing. Laws of endocrine inheritance will emerge that will bring the control of heredity within measurable distance. Standards and norms of a new kind would be obtained.

A beginning of this study of endocrine inheritance, on the pathologic side, has been made. Some of these have been along Mendelian lines. Following up abnormal growth (making giants and dwarfs) and abnormal metabolism (goitre, diabetes, and so on), it has been stated that it would seem that abnormal growth is dominant in the male, and recessive in the female, while abnormal metabolism is dominant in the female and recessive in the male. If an endocrine abnormality like a goitre, or cretinism, or a dwarf or giant appear in a family as a sign of endocrine instability, other members of that family will very likely show internal secretion abnormalities.

If one gland of internal secretion acts as the centre of the system and the others as satellites, we should be able to trace what happens to it in the different generations. Does it maintain its supremacy? Or will it be ousted by another member of the group? The time will come when we shall thus be able to advise prospective parents of the consequences of procreation and to forecast the meaning for the race of a particular marriage. Internal glandular analysis may become legally compulsory for those about to mate before the end of the present century.

What are desirable and undesirable matings? The general law followed by nature in her helterskelter way seems to be the production of the greatest number of hybrids and variations possible, whether for good or evil does not matter. Certain endocrine types appear to be specially attracted to others belonging to the same group. Thus thymus-centered types frequently marry. The ante-pituitary type of male, the strongly masculine, mates often with the post-pituitary type of female, the markedly feminine. The children exhibit the lineaments of the pituitary-centered type. The general trend seems to be the establishment of a better balanced, equilibrated type. Yet the children often are apt to segregate into pituitary dominants or pituitary deficients. Happiness and unhappiness in marriage should be examined from the standpoint of endocrine compatibility or incompatibility. Likewise those divorced or about to be divorced.

The correction of endocrine defects, disturbances, imbalances and instabilities, before mating, presents another field. It remains to be seen whether we shall thereby, in one generation, be able to affect at all the germplasm, hitherto revered by all pious biologists as an environment-proof holy of holies. No one can deny, in the face of the multitude of evidence available, that internal secretion disturbances occur in the mother, which, when grave, offer in the infant gross proof of their significance, and therefore when slight must more subtly work upon it. Endocrine disturbances in infancy have been traced to endocrine disturbances in the mother during pregnancy. Pregnant animals fed on thyroid give birth to young with large thymus glands. The diet of the mother has been proved conclusively to influence the development and constitution of the child. As the internal secretions influence the history of the food in the body, they affect development in the womb indirectly as well as directly. Certainly, whether or no we learn how to change the nature of germplasm within a short time, we have in the endocrines the means at hand for affecting _the whole individual that is born and sees the light of day_.

THE CONTROL OF MUTATIONS

The true physical and intellectual evolution of man depends upon the production of mutations of a desirable kind that can survive. The information furnished by the study of the endocrines concerning the genesis of personality provides the foundations for a positive eugenics, a eugenics of the encouragement of desirable matings, with the proper legal and social procedures. Selective breeding for the production of the best endocrine types should become practicable.

But the biologist should be able to go farther. If the eugenist is to limit himself to the method of the animal breeder he will have to rest satisfied with the characters or hereditary factors given, that turn up spontaneously in an individual. But with the internal secretions as the controllable controllers of mutations, the outlook changes. It should become possible to produce new mutations, good and bad, to speed up their production at any rate. The feeding of thyroid to a gifted father before procreation might enhance immeasurably the chances of transmission of his gift as well as of its intensification in his offspring. A field of investigation is opened that would embrace in due time the deliberate control of human evolution.

All the physical traits, stature, color, muscle function, and so on, offer themselves for improvement, as well as brain size, and the intellectual and emotional factors which have dominated man's social evolution. The general prevalence of nervous disorders in civilized countries, visible even in the nervous infants the specialist in children's diseases is called upon to treat, shows that the nervous system of the better part of mankind is in a state of unstable equilibrium. It may be another example of the curious coincidences that have been called the Fitness of the Environment that the investigation of the endocrines promises to put into our hands the instruments of the control of the future of the nervous system. In general, meanwhile, the eugenist should strive for raising the level of the endocrine potential, and discourage its lowering. That means the encouragement of matings in which all the internal secretion activities are reinforced. On the other hand, those internal secretion combinations, generally leading to a deficiency of all of them which produce types of mental defectives, delinquency and crime should not be allowed to occur.

THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT

What suggestions now are there for the euthenist who would control the influence of environment upon child culture. There are certain pertinent facts and leads that are worth considering.

In analyzing environment, one must distinguish sharply in the jungle, the non-living factors from the living. For while the nonliving act upon the endocrines directly, the living act upon the vegetative system, as a whole. The non-living factors are those with the intimate scrutiny of which physics and chemistry have busied themselves: food, water, air, light, heat, electricity, magnetism. The living are the animals that prowl all over the planet, the predatories spreading the gospel of fear.

The dietetic habits of a person, for instance, are known to have an influence upon the glands of internal secretion. Meat-eating produces a greater call upon the thyroid than any other form of food. In time this ought to produce a degree of hyperthyroidism in the carniverous populations. Pre-war statistics concerning meat-eating in different countries show the greatest meat-eating among the English-speaking groups, who all in all must be admitted the most energetic.

_Meat per Day per_
_Countries_ _Capita in Grams_

Australia 306
U.S. of America 149
Great Britain 130
France 92
Belgium and Holland 86
Austria-Hungary 79
Russia 59
Spain 61
Italy 29
Japan 25

Sea-water contains iodine. People living in contact with sea-water would be apt to get more iodine in their systems, and so a greater degree of thyroid activity. On the other hand, certain bodies and sources of inland water hold something deleterious to the thyroid, so that whole populations in Europe, Asia and America drinking such water have become goitrous and cretinous, and a large percentage straight imbeciles. Endemic cretinism is the name given to the condition. In parts of Switzerland, Savoy, Tyrol and the Pyrenees, in America around some of the Great Lakes, there are still such foci. Marco Polo described similar areas he encountered in his travels through Asia.

Certain foods with aphrodisiac qualities may act by stimulating the internal secretion of the sex glands. A type of pituitocentric has an almost uncontrollable craving for sweets. Alcohol and the endocrines remain to be studied.

Light, heat and humidity stand in some special relation to the adrenals. Pigment deposit in the skin as protection against light is controlled by the adrenal cortex. The reaction of the skin blood vessels to heat and humidity is regulated by the adrenal medulla. A change in the adrenal as a response to changes of temperature and humidity in an environment would result in a number of concomitant transformations throughout the body. So variation and adaptation are probably connected. Most Europeans living for a sufficiently long time in the tropics suffer from a combination of symptoms spoken of as "Punjab head" or "Bengal head." The condition is probably the result of excessive adrenal stimulation by the excessive heat and light of the tropical sun, followed by a reaction of exhaustion and failure, with the consequent phenomena of a form of neurasthenia. In the section on the pineal gland there was mentioned the relation between light and the pineal gland in growing animals, and how it serves to keep in check the sex-stimulating action of light. The earlier puberty and menstruation of the warmer climates may be explained as due to an earlier regression of the pineal under the pressure of a great amount of light playing upon the skin.

All these, and many more could be cited, are instances of the direct influence of environmental factors upon one or more of the endocrines, and so upon the organism as a whole. Indeed, stimuli may be considered to modify an organism only in so far as they modify the glands of internal secretion. Consequently, climatic factors will tend to make a population possess certain points of resemblance in common.

Varieties of the human race exist as do varieties of dogs. The pekingese and the fox terrier are as different as the Slav and Latin are different: because of differences in internal secretion make-up. The Slav peasant is definitely subthyroid in his general effect: round head, coarse features, stubby hands, and his stolid, brooding intellectual and emotional reaction. The Latin shows a pronounced adrenal streak in his coloration, his emotivity, his susceptibility to neurosis and psychosis. H. Laing Gordon, a Scot physician, reported that of 700 cases he studied, more than twice as many of duplex eyed individuals (brown or black, i.e., adrenal-centered most often), were susceptible to the mental disturbances of war as the simplex (blue or gray-eyed, i.e., thyroid-centered most often). He also pointed out that such individuals tend to have a narrow and abnormally arched palate. The Anglo-Saxon tends to be more sharply pituitarized, his features are more clean-cut, his mentality more stable. The Frenchman is rather a cross between the Anglo-Saxon pituitary-centered and the Italian or Spanish adrenal-centered.

So national resemblances, traceable to climatic influences being repeated from generation to generation upon the endocrines, may be explained physiologically. The physiologic interpretation of history will indeed be found the broadest, including as complementary Buckle's climatic theory, Hegel's ideas on the influence of ideas, and Marx's on the superiority of the economic motives and forces.

THE RACES OF MANKIND

Arthur Keith, conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, was the first to apply the principle of endocrine differentiation to the problem of the color-lines--the lines which have divided mankind crudely into the yellow, the red, the white and the brown, the Negro, the Mongol, the Caucasian, the copper tinted American. It has long been recognized by anthropologists that the differences of color march with differences in every comparable trait. Thus the ideal Negro is built upon a pattern in which all the elements are specific and singular. When the looms revolve that make him, there is produced a gleaming black skin, kinky black hair, squat wide-nostriled nose, thick protruding lips, large striking teeth, prominent jaws, and staring eyes. As his upright carriage and bone-muscle-fat proportions are distinctive, so are his musical voice and his easily wrought upon nerves. In contrast the Caucasian has a good deal of hair on his body, his skin is a pale tan-pink, his lips are thin, and his nose especially has the definite bridge which narrows it. The Mongol, like the Negro, has the hairless body and the beardless face, but unlike him has lank straight hair on his head, while his features are flattened and fore-shortened.

Upon the basis of these structural, functional and mental differences, the qualitative and quantitative evolution of which in the race as in the individual is guided by the glands of internal secretion, Keith presents a very good case for the view that the white man is an example of relative excess of the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and gonad endocrines. "The sharp and pronounced nasalization of the face, the tendency to strong eyebrow ridges, the prominent chin, the tendency to bulk of body, and height of stature in the majority of Europeans" are the signs of pituitary dominance. Keith is also of the opinion that "the sexual differentiation, the robust manifestations of the male characters, is more emphatic in the Caucasian than in either the Mongol or Negro racial types ... in certain negro types, especially in Nilotic tribes, with their long stork-like legs, we seem to have a manifestation of abeyance in the action of the interstitial glands." As for the adrenal superiority of the white man, "it is 150 years since John Hunter came to the conclusion ... that the original color of man's skin was black, and all the knowledge that we have gathered since his supports the inference he drew. From the fact that pigment begins to collect and thus darken the skin when the adrenal bodies become the seat of a destructive disease we infer that they have to do with the clearing away of pigment, and that we Europeans owe the fairness of our skins to some particular virtue resident in the adrenal bodies." Finally, as regards the thyroid, a comparison of the face of a cretin with that of the Negro or Mongol tells the story. A certain variety of idiocy, Mongolian idiocy, in which the face simulates cretinism so closely as to deceive practised clinical observers, is characterized by a Chinese cast of the features and eyes, hence the name. And in the Bushman of South Africa, the cretin's face is even more startlingly recalled.

There is every reason then for believing that the white man possesses more of pituitary, adrenal, gonad, and thyroid internal secretions as compared with the yellow man or black man. And since these endocrines control not only physique and physiognomy, anatomic and functional minutiae, but also mind and behaviour, we are justified in putting down the white man's predominance on the planet to a greater all-around concentration in his blood of the omnipotent hormones. While the Negro is relatively subadrenal, the Mongol is relatively subthyroid. Their relative deficiency in internal secretions constitutes the essence of the White Man's Burden.

MAN'S ATTITUDE TOWARD HIMSELF

A last, but by no means least, application we may consider of the developing knowledge of the internal secretions in relation to human evolution is its effect upon Man's attitude toward himself and so toward his fellow men. Whatever else he is, man is a land animal with ideas. That makes him a thought-adventurer among materials. In a word, he is the last word of mind working upon matter. But persistently he has refused to recognize himself as matter and as subject to the laws, to the physics and chemistry of matter.

History consists of the protocols that record the high lights of the interactions of materials and ideas which is the adventure of man in time and space. Materials and ideas have reacted, the record shows; materials come upon have begotten strange fantasies. Ideas that flashed from nowhere into a consciousness have transformed utterly the face of the earth. The herd-brute, agglutinated with his fellows by a magnetism beyond his ken, could be infected with thought, and so cast in the heroic mould. The possibility of communion,--that possibility of possibilities, for without it none other could be possible--has rendered man the heir of a divine destiny. For the progressive education of the race, a single discoverer here, an inventor there, and thinkers everywhere have been inspired. In due time their inspiration becomes the possession of even the lowest brain but capable of grasping it.

Man's attitude toward himself, his self-consciousness, and his attitude toward his fellow creatures has grown and varied and evolved with his education about himself. According to the theory he formulated concerning his being, his why and wherefore, he directed and governed, punished and mutilated himself and them. But the pressure of his curiosity, and the inexorable quality of the truth would not let him stand still. The poetic genius within him, as Blake called it, struggled on from one dogma concerning his nature to another. Behaviour malignant or beneficent, horrible in its tragedy and pitiable in its comedy, flowed inevitably on. Witchcraft trials and the tortures of the Spanish Inquisition belong among the more mentionable consequences of some of man's theories about his own nature and its requirements.

Heretofore the imaginative spirit has had its day in the matter. And, curiously enough, an obsession to subjugate the natural has made it exalt the supernatural. Visions, dreams, portents, revelations, all symptomatic of an order of things above nature, are the stuff of what more than ninety-nine per cent of the millions of the race believe about themselves and their fate. Man's cruelty to man, through the ages, is a comment upon how vast and ramifying may be the consequences of a delusion.

But now for a couple of centuries the critical spirit, which is the spirit of science, has been invading the affairs of men. Humble but persistent corrosive of delusion, it has infiltrated the furthest bounds of ignorance and superstition. It has not dared to assert the supremacy of its fundamental views upon the everyday problems of human life because it was without concrete means of vindicating its claims. That lack is now supplied by the growing understanding of the chemical factors as the controllers and dictators of all the legion aspects of life.

The profoundest achievement of the physiologist will be the change his teachings and discoveries will bring about in man's attitude toward himself. When he comes to realize himself as a chemical machine that can, within limits, be remodeled, overhauled and repaired, as an automobile can be, within limits, when he becomes saturated with the significance of his endocrine-vegetative system at every turn and move of his life, and when sympathy and pity informed by knowledge and understanding will come to regulate his relationships with the lowest and most despised of the men, women and children about him, the era of the first real civilization will properly be said to be born.

Morality, as society's code of conduct for its members, will have to change in the direction of a greater flexibility with the establishment of organic differences in human types. There is nothing that is more emphasized to the pathologist than that one man's meat is another man's poison. In the family, as nature's laboratory for the manufacture of fresh combinations of the internal secretions, allowances will be made for divergences in capacity and deportment from a new angle altogether. Schools will function as the developers, stimulators and inhibitors of the endocrines, as well as investigators of the individuals who have not enough or too much of one or some of them. Prisons will have the same function, only they will be named detention hospitals. The raising of the general level of intelligence by the judicious use of endocrine extracts will mean a good deal to the sincere statesman. The average duration of life will be prolonged for an enormous mass of the population. If the prevention of war depends upon the burning into the imagination of the electorates what the consequences of war are, a high intelligence quotient and revaluation of life will count for a good deal.

Man is the animal that wants Utopia. So long as human nature was looked upon as fixed constant in the ebb and flow of life, a Utopia of fine minds could be conceived only by the dreamer and poet. The desire for such a Utopia could only be regarded as a tragic aspiration for an impossibility. The physiology of the internal secretions teaches that human nature does change and can be changed. A relative control of its properties is already in view. The absolute control will come.

Nor need anyone fear that the science of the internal secretions in its maturity will signify the abolition of the marvelous differences between human beings that create the unique personalities of history. A derangement of the endocrines has been responsible for masterpieces of the human species in the past and will be responsible for them in the future. The equality of Utopia can be the equality of the highest and fullest development possible for each of its inhabitants. The applications of endocrine control will not necessarily interfere with the life of the individual. There will be breeding of the best mixtures of glands of internal secretion possible. And there will be treatment for those born with a handicap, or who have become handicapped in the life struggle. There will be a stimulation of capacity to the limit. But beyond that, compulsory equalization is a theorist's bogey.

The internal secretions are the most hopeful and promising of the reagents for control yet come upon by the human mind. They open up limitless prospects for the improvement of the race. A few hundreds of investigators are engaged upon their study throughout the world. That is one of the ironies of our contemporary civilization. A concerted effort at the task of understanding them, backed by the labors of tens of thousands of workers, would, without a doubt, accomplish as much for humanity as the vast armies and navies that consume the substance of mankind. If we could not obtain Utopia then, we might, at least by abolishing the subnormals and abnormals who constitute the slaves and careerists of society, render the human race less contemptible and more divine.

INDEX

Ability, natural
Acquired characters, inheritance of
Acromegaly
Addison
Addison's disease
Adolescence, period of
Adrenal glands
and anger
and courage
and emergencies
and emotions
and fatigue
and fear
and neuroses
and pseudo-hermaphroditism
and puberty
blood pressure and
brain cells and
chromaffin cells of
cortex of
excess of secretion
failure of secretion
function of
glands of combat and fight
hair and
influence of in hermaphroditism
insufficiency of secretion
medulla of
pigment cells and
relation to pineal gland
relation to pituitary
secretion of
sexuality and
skin and
Adrenal-centered type
Adrenal face
Adrenal personalities, or types
compensated
insufficient
in pregnancy
of brain work
of girl
of hair
of skin
of teeth
Adrenal personalities, or types of women
reactions to modernism in
Adrenalin
Alcoholism and endocrine types
Analysis, endocrine
Anger
and adrenals
Antagonisms
Anti-Fate
Antitoxic function of thyroid gland
Ape-parvenu, the
Applications of endocrinology
Autonomic system

Backgrounds of personality
Baldness and the thyroid
Baumann
Bayliss
Beard
Beard's neurasthenia
von Bechterew
Behavior
Bell, Blair
Bernard, Claude
Berthold
Black races, endocrine control in
Blood pressure, and adrenals
Body, influence of glands upon
Body-mind complex
Bones
long, development of
Bordeau
Bossi
Brain cells and adrenals
Brain, growth of
Brainwork, adrenal type of
Breakdown, nervous
Breeding, bearing of endocrine glands on
Brown-Séquard

Caesar, Julius, an epileptic
pituitary in
Capacity
Careerist
as abnormals
feminine
instincts of
masculine
super-
Carlson
Castration
effects of
effects of, on thymus
Character
Charcot
Charging of wishes, endocrine
Check and drive system
Chemistry of the soul
Child--bearing, transfigurations of
Childhood, epoch of the pineal
Chromaffin cells of adrenals
Chromosomes
Climacteric
Color, endocrine control of, in races
Combat, adrenals and
Combinations of types of personality
Conduct
Constitutions, endocrine
Cooperation
Corpus luteum
and mammary glands
Courage and the adrenals
Cretinism
a thyroid deficiency
effect of feeding thyroid in
Cretinoid type
Cretin
Crime, treatment of
Criminals and endocrine types
Critical ages
Curling
Cushing, Harvey

Dangerous age, the
Darwin, Charles
as a neurasthenic genius
his "Descent of Man"
his theory of Pangenesis
Davenport
Deficiency, mental
Development
Diabetes, and the pancreas
Diet, effect of on the endocrine glands
Directorate, endocrine glands as a
Diseases and endocrine types
Division of labor
Drug addiction and endocrine types
Dwarfs

Education, of vegetative-system
vocational
Egomania
Elixir of life
Emergencies, adrenals glands of
Emotions, adrenals glands of
Endocrine
analysis
charging of wishes
constitutions
control in color of races
corporation
deficiency in old age
epochs of life
glands
and feeblemindedness
and insanity
as an interlocking directorate
bases of variation
bearing on breeding
discovery of
effect of diet on
influence upon body
influence upon mind
inferiority
neurosis
personality
sex traits
types
alcoholism and
criminals and
diseases and
drug addiction and
narcotism and
Endocrines, evolution of
Endocrinology, applications of
possibilities of
Energy
and thyroid
Enthusiasm and thyroid
Environment, influence of
Epilepsy, in genius
Epochs of life, endocrine
Eugenics, negative
positive
promises of
Eunuchoid face
personality
Eunuchoidism
Eunuchs
Evolution, human, effect of internal secretions upon
Exhibitionism
Expressionism
Eyes

Face, adrenal
eunuchoid
hyperpituitary
hyperthyroid
Facial types
Family, and mixed sex
Fat, distribution of
Fat people
Fate and Anti-Fate
Fatigue and industry
as an endocrine deficiency
relation of adrenals to
relation of thymus to
Fear
mechanism of
relation of adrenals to
Feeblemindedness and the endocrine glands
Feminine pituitary type
Feminine precocity
Feminoid complex
constitution and personality
Fertilization
Fight, relation of adrenals to
Fingers, pituitary and
thyroid and
Forgetting
Freedom
Freud
Freudianism
Freudians
Friedleben

Galli
Galton
Genius, epilepsy in
migraine in
neurasthenic
treatment of
Giants
Girl, endocrine types of
Glands, definition of
endocrine, as an interlocking directorate
discovery of
influence on body
influence on mind
Goitre, relation of iodine to
Gonads
and libido
and sexuality
and thymus
Gonads and thyroid
function
secretion
Gonad-centric personalities
homosexuality and
Growth
relation of thymus to
Guilford
Gull

Hair
and adrenals
and pineal
and thymus
and thyroid
Hands, and pituitary
and thyroid
Henle
Hermaphrodite
Hermaphroditism
functional
influence of adrenals in
influence of pituitary in
Hibernation
and the pituitary
Historic personages
Darwin, Charles
Julius Caesar
Napoleon
Nietzsche
Nightingale, Florence
Wilde, Oscar
History, internal secretions in
von Hochwart
Homosexuality, and gonad-centric type
and thymus type
Hormones
harmony of the
Horsley
Howitz
Human nature
attitudes towards
case against
science and
Hunger
Hunter, John
Hygiene of the internal secretions
Hyperpituitary face
skin
Hyperpituitrism,
Hyperthyroid face
skin
type
of girl
pregnancy in
premenstrual molimina in
Hyperthyroidism
Hysteria

Imagination, an endocrine gift
Improvement of racial stock
Industry, and fatigue
relation of endocrines to
Infancy, epoch of the thymus
Infantilism
Infantiloid constitution or personality
Inferiority, breeding of
Inheritance of acquired characters
Insanity, and the endocrine glands
Instinct
Instincts, pituitary
thyroid
Insuline
Intellectuality, and the pituitary
Internal secretions, determinants of vegetative pressures
effect of, upon human evolution
hygiene of
in history
Interstitial glands, see Gonads
type of teeth
Iodine, in thyroxin
relation of to goitre

Janet
Judgment
Julius Caesar, an epileptic
pituitary in

Keith
Kendall
Kinetic chain
drive
system
Kocher

Laennec
Lanugo
Larey
Libido and gonads
sex
Life, well-springs of
Lime salts, and sex
Lincoln, Abraham
Lutein

MacDougallians
Malthusian law of slavery
Mammary glands
corpus luteum and
placenta and
Man, a transient
attitude of towards himself
a product of glands of internal secretion
critical age in
secondary sex characteristics of
Manic depressive psychoses
Mankind, races of
Marie, Pierre
Masculine, the secret of the
Masculine and feminine, mechanics of, and see Sex
Masculine pituitary type
Masculinoid women
Masochism
Maternal instinct
different from sex instinct
relation of the pituitary to
Matings, desirable and undesirable
Megalomania
Memory
Mendelism
Menopause
Menstruation
and ovaries
cycle of
Mental deficiency
Migraine in genius
Mind, influence of glands on
oldest part of
Mitchell, Weir
Mixed sex and the family
Mixed types
Möbius
Modernism, reactions to in adrenal types
Moods, and the organic outlook
Moral irresponsibility and thymus type
Mujerados
Müller, Johann,
Murray
Muscles
Mutations, control of
Myxedema
operative

Napoleon, case of
Narcotism, and endocrine types
Nature's experiments _vs_. Man's
"Nerves"
Nervous breakdowns
Neurasthenia
Neurosis
adrenals and
endocrine
war
Nietzsche, case of
Nightingale, Florence, legend of
Normal, what is

Obesity
Operative myxedema
Ord, William
Ovaries, internal secretion of
relation of to menstruation
removal of, effect of
rôle of
Oversecretion

Pancreas
diabetes and
function of
removal of
secretion of
Pangenesis, Darwin's theory of
Parathyroids
function of
secretion of
Paulesco
Pawlov
Permutations, of types of personality,
Perry, Caleb
Personality, background of
combinations of types of
determined by the endocrines
endocrine
eunuchoid
types of
adrenal
combinations of
gonad-centric
nature's experiments _vs_. man's
permutations of
pituitary of
Philosophers, prejudices of
Physics of the wish
Physiologists, attitude of
rôle of
Pigment cells and the adrenals
in skin of various races
Pineal gland
and hair
and childhood
feeding of to children
function of
muscle function of
Pineal gland, obesity and
puberty and
relation of to adrenals
to progressive muscular atrophy
secretion of
type of muscles
Pituitary gland
action of
and fingers
and toes
compared with thyroid
diminished action of
extirpation of
function of
in Julius Caesar
in Oscar Wilde
instincts
overaction of
personalities
regulator of organic rhythms
relation to adrenals
to growth
to hair
to hermaphroditism
to hibernation
to imagination
to intellectuality
to judgment
to maternal instincts
to memory
to puberty
to rejuvenation
to sex difficulties
to sexual glands
to stature
to thymus
secretion of
secretion, characteristics of inferior
characteristics of sufficient
type
feminine
masculine
of eyes
of hands
of muscles
pregnancy in
premenstrual molimina in
Pituitary-centered type
Pituitocentrics, Caesar
Darwin
Napoleon
Nietzsche
Nightingale
Pituitrin
function of
Placenta
and mammary glands
Placental gland
Plater, Felix
Plummer
Poise
Popielski
Possibilities of endocrinology
Postpituitary type of girl
Precocity, feminine
male
Pregnancy, in various endocrine types
Premenstrual molimina, in various endocrine types
Progressive muscular dystrophy and the pineal gland
Prostate
Pseudo-hermaphroditism and the adrenals
Psychanalyst, as a therapeutist
Psychology, new
Psychopathology of every day life
Puberty
glands, see Gonads
in female
significance of
Public health, prospects of
Pure types
Puericulture, science of

Races of mankind
Reactions to modernism in adrenal types
Rejuvenation, possibilities of
Religion of science
Repression
Resilience of skin
Restelli
Reverdin, J.L.
Rhythms of sex
Robertson

Sadism
Schiff, Moritz
Science, and human nature
origin of
religion of
Secondary sex traits
Secretin
Secretion
Sella turcica
Semon, Sir Felix
Senility, epoch of endocrine deficiency
interpretation of
Sensitivity
Sex
and lime salts
attitudes towards questions of
cause of
chemistry of
characteristics, secondary
conflict
crises
difficulties, pituitary and
glands, see Gonads
and hair
and puberty
and muscles
centered
chain
index
instinct
different from maternal instinct
libido
life, determining factors of
mixed, and the family
rhythms of
traits, or characteristics
endocrine
origin of
primary
secondary
Sexual cravings
glands, see Gonads, and Sex glands
and pituitary gland
Sexuality, and gonads
and adrenal glands
Shaw, G.B.
Shell-shock
Skeletal types
Skin
adrenal type
and adrenals
hyperpituitary type
hyperthyroid type
pigmentation
subadrenal type
subpituitary type
subthyroid type
Slavery, Malthusian law of
origin of
Soul, chemistry of the
Starling
Statesman, problems of
why he fails
Stature, pituitary and
Status lymphaticus, and thymus type
Steinach
Stirner, Max
Subadrenal skin
Subpituitary skin
Subpituitary type of women
premenstrual molimina in
Subpituitism
Subthyroid face
skin
type
of eyes
of women, pregnancy in
Subthyroidism
Sugar metabolism
Super-Careerist
Susceptibility
Sympathetic system

Teeth
Tethelin
action of
function of
Thymic face
Thymo-centric personalities
Thymo-centric type
Oscar Wilde
Thymus
and gonads
and pituitary
and puberty
and sexual glands
and thyroid
effect of castration on
effect of feeding thymus to animals
extirpation of
function of
hair and
hyperactivity of
infancy, epoch of the
persistent, skin of
relation of fatigue to
relation of growth to
relation of weight to
removal of, effect on gonads
secretion
type of teeth
Thymus type
homosexuality and
moral irresponsibility and
status lymphaticus and
Thyroid gland
and adrenals
and baldness
and energy
and enthusiasm
and intersitial glands
and judgment
and memory
and pancreas
and pituitary
Thyroid gland and puberty
and rejuvenation
and skin
and thymus
antitoxic function of
as an accelerator
as a catalyser
as a differentiator
as an energiser
compared with pituitary
creator of land animals
deficiency
effect of feeding the gland
excess
functions of
hair and
instincts
personalities
secretion of, and see Thyroxin
type, of eyes
of hands
of muscles
of teeth
Thyroid-centered type
Thyrotoxin
Thyroxin
and energy mobilization
and energy production
and speed of living
Toes
pituitary and
thyroid and
Tonus
Types
endocrine
adrenal
adrenal-centered
alcoholism and
combinations of
cretinoid
criminals and
diseases and
drug addiction and
facial
hyperthyroid
mixed
narcotism and
of girls
pituitary,
pituitary-centered
pure
skeletal,
subthyroid
thyroid-centered
Unconscious, the
and the viscera
physical basis of
Undersecretion
Variation
endocrine glands as basis of
Varieties of internal secretions
Vegetative apparatus
Vegetative pressures
internal secretions
determinants of
Vegetative system
education of
Virilism
Viscera
the unconscious and
Vocational education

War neurosis
Weight relation of thymus to
White races
endocrine control in
Wilde, Oscar
explanation of
Wishes
endocrine charging of
physics of
Women
adrenal type of
masculinoid
secondary sex characteristics in

X-chromosome

Yellow races
endocrine control in