Chapter XIII: Epilogue

ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν ... τὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὄνομα πεποίηκε
μηκέτι τοῦ γένους ἀλλὰ τῆς διανοίας δοκεῖν εἶναι.
ISOCRATES.

It was, according to Isocrates, the fruit of the activity of Athens that Hellas had ceased to be a geographical expression and had become the definition of an intellectual standpoint. In that very true sense Greek history cannot close. It falls into chapters which are ever to be continued as soon as man begins to think again. Whosoever from the beginning of his action already contemplates its final end and adapts his means thereto in earnest simplicity, whosoever knows that pride and vain ostentation will assuredly bring its own punishment, of whatever land or age he may be, he is a Greek. In that sense we cannot close Greek history. Greece, as Juvenal said in a very hackneyed phrase, vanquished the Roman, her barbarian conqueror, and the Roman took up the mission of extending Hellenism over the West. The history of Roman civilisation only begins in the second century, when Rome was first brought into contact with Greece. Elsewhere I hope we shall see how Greek culture permeated everything at Rome after that, supplied her with art and literature, taught her philosophy, overlaid and almost destroyed her native religion, and even wrote her history. Losing Hellas, Europe sank into ages of darkness: recovering her, the European nations began to think again. Shakespeare we trace through the Latins to Menander, Milton through Vergil to Homer and Theocritus, Bacon to Aristotle, Sir Thomas More to Plato, and so with the others. So that every one who reads books or enjoys art in Europe to-day is indirectly borrowing from Greece.

Moreover, it is fairly obvious that Greece has not ceased to exist as a geographical expression. The more we study modern Greece, the more we are convinced that the Hellenic race is by no means extinct. Greece was, it is true, conquered by the Romans in 146 B.C. They had been forced partly by the aggression of Pyrrhus and partly by the expansion of their own empire to take some action in the Eastern Mediterranean. There they found themselves physically as men among children, intellectually as children among men. Nothing is more striking than the almost reverent spirit in which the Roman soldiers first moved about among the old cities of Greece. But the Greeks were impossible neighbours, and at last, after infinite forbearance, the Romans were compelled by their masculine sense of order to take the responsibility of controlling Greece. Corinth was destroyed for a warning, Macedonia made a province. But cities like Athens and Sparta were left to govern themselves, though, of course, their foreign policy was subject to Roman control. Athens still continued to talk and write and teach. She became a sort of university town to which noble Romans were sent for their studies. Even when Achaia was added to the list of Roman provinces in the days of Augustus it did not mean that Athens ceased to be a free city. In the days of the Empire the more cultured emperors, like Nero and Hadrian, loved to pass their time in Greece, in the attempt to share in her intellectual prestige. So we have Nero performing in the Olympian Games, and Hadrian rebuilding a large part of Athens. It was Hadrian who attempted to complete the gigantic temple of Olympian Zeus begun by Peisistratus. The Athenian schools of philosophy continued to attract strangers from all parts of the world, until Christianity began to see its bitterest foe in the Stoics, who taught many of its doctrines. Julian the Apostate dreamed for a moment of reviving Greek philosophy, so as to overcome Christianity by borrowing many of its doctrines, but at last a decree of Justinian closed the Athenian schools of philosophy in A.D. 529. Meanwhile clouds of barbarian invaders were continually passing over the land. The Goths ravaged Greece under Alaric. The Slavs conquered and peopled a great part of it without, in the long run, materially altering its nationality. Norman invaders conquered it, and not long before our own conquest Harold Hardrada entered Athens in triumph. Then came the Latin crusaders and Venetians. All through the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries there were Frankish Dukes of Athens. In 1456 the Caliph Omar conquered her, and thenceforth, with a temporary period of Venetian triumph, the Turks ruled Greece with a heavy hand until the glorious War of Independence, in which Lord Byron played a part of prophet and warrior. In 1830 Greece was declared an independent kingdom, and shortly afterwards provided with a youthful European king from Bavaria. The experiment was not a success. The Greeks succeeded in getting rid of one king, and Europe obligingly furnished another from her inexhaustible stock of younger sons. Even yet the bed of a Greek king is not altogether a bed of roses. In 1897 the little kingdom plunged into a war with her big neighbour, Turkey, for which she lacked resources and organisation. Her flanks were turned, her armies miserably routed, and she lost a great deal of the credit she had won in the War of Independence. But her true element is still, as it was in ancient times, the sea.

We have already seen that Greek art still crops out in occasional masterpieces down to imperial times. With literature this is still more the case. Long after the best of Roman literature was over and done with, Greece kept putting forth new products. The Greek novel, for example, in Lucian and Heliodorus is something entirely fresh and of great importance in literary history. The biographies of Plutarch are a new departure; so are the guide-books of such writers as Pausanias.

_Mansell & Co._]

The case of Lucian, in particular, shows that a Syrian of the second century A.D. could write in pure Attic Greek. In him we have the prototype of Swift and Sterne, a brilliant mocker and a creative genius. With him Greek literature expired laughing.

It only remains to glance at the decadence of Greek art and to see what form it took. The Romans, when they plundered and sacked Corinth, transported enormous quantities of plunder to Rome, and a taste for Greek art quickly sprang up among the wealthy senators. To meet their tastes, Greek artists were set to work. Some of their works, in the form of portraits, we shall meet again when we come to deal with Rome. Greek architects also evolved a Græco-Roman style, in which they blended, sometimes with the happiest results, massive Roman strength with Greek elegance and grace. In minor crafts such as gem-engraving Greek artists continued to produce exquisite work for the Roman market. The famous Portland Vase is a good example of this sort of work.[115] Although the material is glass, it is genuine cameo-engraving, and must have involved infinite labour. The material of the vase was composed of two layers of glass, white over dark blue, and then the white was ground away by hand, so as to leave the design in white upon the blue background, a scheme of decoration imitated with great success by the Wedgwood artists. It is one of the tragedies of the British Museum that this priceless treasure was smashed to pieces by an insane visitor. It has, however, been repaired with great skill. In the Greek cities of South Italy where the taste of the patrons remained Greek we find preserved, as at Pompeii and Herculaneum, works thoroughly Greek in all branches of art, produced at various dates down to the first century A.D. Given good taste in the patron, Greek artists did not cease to be capable of fine art.

But every national virtue has its characteristic defect which will come to the surface as soon as the stimulus of national self-respect is removed. A strong conquering breed is apt to

become cruel and vicious when it loses the power to conquer. A sensitive, artistic people is prone to sensuality and weakness in its latter days. An industrous commercial race degenerates into sordid greed. That is why a loss of national pride is such a serious loss in history. A characteristic virtue of the Greeks was, as we have seen, their supple facility of intellect, their

_Brogi_]

adaptability to environment. This made them, in the days of their decline, sink readily to the position of flatterers and parasites. We find this character attached to the “Hungry Greekling” of Juvenal’s days. In history we meet him as the hanger-on of aristocracy or the crafty tool of emperors. The Romans started as a virile race of warriors, and ended as brutal gluttons with a craving for sensationalism, which the Greeks were only too ready to supply. Hence we get Græco-Roman art in the worst sense of the term, wretched stuff made by sneaks to satisfy the taste of bullies. Most of the sculpture galleries of Europe can supply examples. The Vatican and the Naples Museum are full of them. In the nineteenth century, when the taste of Europe had sunk to its lowest depth of artificiality, work of this kind appealed very strongly to critics. It is only fair to them to say that they had not much opportunity of knowing better, since genuine Greek work of the best periods was mostly lying below the surface unexcavated. Out of this mass of inferior material critics picked one or two examples for admiration. Even great men like Lessing and Winckelmann based excellent maxims of criticism on these rotten foundations. The “Laocoön,” a sensational work by Rhodian sculptors of the first century B.C., was taken by Lessing as the text of his great discourse on the proper functions of the arts. We, on the other hand, can see that this tangled triangle of writhing forms expressing violent emotion of pain and terror has a theatrical and sensational character abhorrent to the very spirit of Greek moderation. Exactly the same is true of the two Farnese masterpieces, the Bull[116] and the Hercules. Such facts as these give one cause to ponder on the mutability of taste and the fallibility of artistic criticism. Restlessness, the symptom of nerves overwrought, is a feature of decadence, which we can observe in the late Greek vase-paintings. The spaces are covered with trivial ornament, the drawing is slack, the sole aim is prettiness. The vigour of the composition is frittered away upon trivial details. In short, the name of the disease from which Greek art was to perish is Vulgarity. Idealism without romanticism was the secret of Greek art at its best. When we find romance without ideals we have reached the nadir.

_Mansell & Co._]

GLOSSARY

For explanation of words marked A refer to the architectural diagrams on page 107.

_Acroterion_, A.

_Ægis_, a breastplate adorned with the head of a Gorgon and a
fringe of serpents, an attribute of Zeus and Athena.

_Agora_, market-place.

_Amphictyony_, neighbouring states grouped in a religious union.

_Amphiprostyle_, a building with columned porch at both ends.

_Aniconic_, without images, an early stage of religion.

_Anthropomorphism_, the religious habit of representing gods as
men.

_Architrave_, A.

_Archon_, a ruler or magistrate; a board of nine at Athens.

_Aretē_, virtue; strictly, the quality of a man.

_Aulētris_, female player on the clarinets.

Βασιλεἴς, kings or chiefs.

_Caduceus_, the snake-wreathed wand carried by Hermes.

_Caryatid_, a column carved to represent a maiden.

_Cella_, the nave or main chamber of a temple.

_Chiton_, a tunic fastened on the left shoulder.

_Chlamys_, a short mantle worn by Spartans and soldiers.

_Chthonic animism_, worship of subterranean spirits, generally
including cult of the dead and of the reproductive powers of
Nature.

_Choregus_, the man who equipped a chorus for a stage play;
generally a man of wealth on whom this duty was laid as a sort of
tax.

_Chryselephantine_, made of gold and ivory.

_Decadrachm_, a coin of ten drachms (francs).

_Deme_, a parish.

_Dōma_, house-place, resembling the medieval hall.

_Ecclesia_, the Athenian assembly.

_Echinus_, A.

_Entablature_, that part of a classical building which rests upon
the columns and supports the roof; it includes architrave and
frieze.

_Entasis_, a system of optical correction employed in Greek
architecture (see page 161).

_Ephebus_, a youth of about eighteen.

_Ephorate_, the board of “overseers” at Sparta.

ἦθος, character, spiritual quality.

_Gerousia_ } _Gerontes_ } Senate and senators of Sparta.

_Guttæ_, A.

_Harmosts_, Spartan governors of conquered cities.

_Hegemony_, leadership, undefined suzerainty.

_Hexastyle_, with six columns.

_Hierophant_, a priest of the mysteries.

_Hoplites_, heavy armed infantry.

_In antis_, columns at the end of a building, between the ends of
the side walls produced, are said to be in antis.

_Iconic_, with images, a stage of religious worship.

_Kuanos_, a blue transparent paste, resembling glass.

_Kylix_, a goblet.

_Lecythus_, oil-jar, a certain shape of Greek pottery.

_Liturgy_, a public duty imposed as a tax upon the rich.

_Megaron_, hall.

_Metopes_, A.

_Palæstra_, wrestling-ground.

_Parabasis_, an ode sung by the chorus in Greek drama at their
entrance on the stage.

_Peplos_, a long female robe or mantle.

_Perioikoi_, neighbours, the second class in the Spartan caste
system.

_Peripteral_, surrounded with colonnades.

_Peristyle_, the colonnades surrounding a building.

_Pictographic script_, a form of writing in which the symbols are
rudimentary pictures.

_Pnyx_, a hill at Athens, where the Assembly met.

_Prodomos_, fore-court.

_Satrap_, a Persian viceroy.

_Skolion_, a drinking-song in which the guests took part in turns.

_Stasis_, civil strife, party-feeling, treason.

_Stēlē_, a monument in the form of an erect slab, a gravestone.

_Strategoi_, generals, an Athenian magistracy.

_Strigil_, an instrument used by athletes for scraping off the oil
and sand of the palæstra.

_Stylobate_, the floor from which the columns rise (A).

_Telos_, goal or end in view.

_Thalamos_, inner chamber, bed-chamber of the master of the house.

_Thalassocracy_, maritime supremacy.

_Tholos_, a vault or dome, any round building.

_Triglyphs_, A.

_Xoanon_, an image mainly in the form of a tree-trunk.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[The following list of books will serve two purposes, as a guide to the reader who wishes to inquire further on any special point, and as an acknowledgment of some of the obligations of the writer. Only works in English are here included.]

_General Histories of Greece_

BURY, PROFESSOR J. B. A History of Greece. Macmillan.

The most up-to-date “student’s history”; copiously illustrated; a storehouse of facts in narrow compass.

GROTE, G. History of Greece. From the Earliest Times to the Death of Alexander. 10 vols. Murray.

HOLM, ADOLF. The History of Greece from its Commencement to the Close of the Independence of the Greek Nation. Translated by F. Clarke. 4 vols. Macmillan.

Short chapters with elaborate notes, written from a liberal and sympathetic point of view.

_Special Works on the Early Periods_

BURROWS, PROFESSOR R. M. The Discoveries in Crete and their Bearing on the History of Ancient Civilisation. Murray.

EVANS, SIR ARTHUR. Principal work of, is to be found in the Annuals of the British School at Athens. Macmillan.

GRUNDY, DR. G. B. The Great Persian War and its Preliminaries. A Study of the Evidence, Literary and Topographical. Murray.

LANG, ANDREW. Homer and his Age. Longmans.

MOSSO, ANGELO. The Palaces of Crete and their Builders. Fisher Unwin.

MURRAY, PROFESSOR GILBERT. The Rise of the Greek Epic. Clarendon Press.

RIDGEWAY, PROFESSOR W. The Early Age of Greece. 2 vols. Cambridge University Press.

---- Minos the Destroyer rather than the Creator of the so-called Minoan Culture of Cnossos. (A lecture delivered before the British Academy, May 26, 1909.)

_Politics_

BARKER, E. The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. Methuen.

FOWLER, W. WARDE. The City State of the Greeks and Romans. Macmillan.

GREENIDGE, A. H. J. A Handbook of Greek Constitutional History. Macmillan.

WHIBLEY, L. Greek Oligarchies: their Organisation and Character. Methuen.

---- Political Parties in Athens during the Peloponnesian War. Prince Consort Dissertation. 1888. Cambridge University Press.

_Mythology and Religion_

FARNELL, L. R. The Cults of the Greek States. 5 vols. Clarendon Press.

FRAZER, J. G. Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Macmillan.

HARRISON, JANE E., and VERRALL, M. DE G. Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens. 1890.

LAWSON, J. C. Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion. Cambridge University Press.

REINACH, SALOMON. Orpheus. A General History of Religions. Heinemann.

_Sculpture and Art_

GARDNER, PROFESSOR E. A. A Handbook of Greek Sculpture. New Edition, with Appendix. In two Parts; Appendix separately. Macmillan.

JONES, H. STUART. Select Passages from Ancient Writers, Illustrative of the History of Greek Sculpture. Macmillan.

MURRAY, A. S. A Handbook of Greek Archæology. Murray.

PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. History of Art in Primitive Greece. 2 vols. Chapman and Hall.

WALDSTEIN, CHARLES. Essays on the Art of Pheidias. Cambridge University Press.

WALTERS, H. B. Greek Art. Methuen.

---- The Art of the Greeks. Methuen.

_Coinage_

HEAD, B. V. Historia Numorum. A Manual of Greek Numismatics. Clarendon Press.

HILL, G. F. Greek and Roman Coins. Macmillan.

_Bronzes_

MURRAY, A. S. Greek Bronzes. Seeley.

British Museum Catalogue.

_Vases_

British Museum Catalogues: Greek and Etruscan, White Athenian Vases.

_Literature_

JEBB, SIR RICHARD. A Primer of Greek Literature. Macmillan.

JEVONS, F. B. A History of Greek Literature from the Earliest Period to the Death of Demosthenes. Griffin.

_Topography, Social Life, &c._

BAEDEKER’S Greece. Fisher Unwin.

BECKER, W. A. Charicles: or, Illustrations of the Private Life of the Ancient Greeks. Translated by the Rev. F. Metcalfe. Longmans.

FRAZER, J. G. Pausanias’ Description of Greece. 6 vols. Macmillan.

FREEMAN, K. J. Schools of Hellas. Macmillan.

GARDINER, E. NORMAN. Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals. Macmillan.

INDEX

Academy, the, 253

Acanthus, the, 226

Accents, Greek system of, 248

Achæan League, the, 237, 245

Achæans, the, from the North, 37;
and Homer, 40-42

Achaia, a Roman province, 261

Achilles, worship of, 41;
the Shield of, 42-47

Acragas, temple at, 130;
Telamones of, 166

Acrocorinthus, 7

Acropolis, the, 7, 95, 96, 102, 138, 157;
its architecture, 163-165

Actors, 174

Acusilaus, 78

Admetus, 179

Adonis, 190, 251

Adultery in Sparta, 90

Ægean civilisation, 16;
culture, 17 _et seq._;
decay, 31;
art, 32 _et seq._;
dress of warriors, 38;
worship, 65

Ægean Sea, 15

Ægeus, 15, 165

Ægina, commerce, 127;
war with, 135;
pedimental figures from, 147

Ægis, the, 95

Ægospotami, 144

Æolians, the, 42

Æschylus at court of Hiero, 113, 129;
and the Oriental host, 136;
the drama of, 174;
the “Persæ,” 176;
the poet of Marathon, 177;
number of plays, 182;
in the “Frogs” of Aristophanes, 184

Æsculapius, 70

Ætolian League, 237

Agamemnon, tomb of, 13, 29;
worship of, 41;
in the Iliad, 49, 58;
in tragedy, 181

Agariste, 109

Agathocles, 250

Agathon, 227, 239

Agelâdas of Argos, 147

Agesilaus, King of Sparta, 81, 85, 200, 228, 241

Agias (statue), 169, 218

Agis, King of Sparta, 85, 93

Agora, the, 167

_Aidōs_, 10, 137, 187

Ajax, 147, 176

Alaric the Goth, 170, 262

Alcæus, 119, 121

Alcamenes, 70, 159

“Alcestis” of Euripides, 179

Alcibiades, 78, 99, 144, 146, 170, 195, 196

Alcinous, 48

Alcmæonids, the, 99, 115, 116

Alcman, 88, 104

Alexander the Great, career of, 11;
romantic, 180;
Agesilaus and, 201;
Lysippus sculptor to, 218;
and the temple at Ephesus, 221;
portraiture on coinage, 226;
Macedon under, 237, 241-245;
in art, 245-247

Alexandria, 243;
laid out by Greek architects, 247;
commerce, 247;
the greatest city, 247;
library of, 248;
culture, 248;
the Museum, 248;
and poetry, 249

Amazons, battle of (sculpture), 222

Amen-Ra, 251

Ammon, 243

Amphictyons, 72

Amphidamas, 63, 76

Amphipolis, 240

Anacreon, 113, 121, 122, 129

Anaxagoras, 145, 146

Anaximander, 122

Ancestor-worship, 30, 34, 50

Andromache, 55, 59

Animal deities, 65

“Answerers,” 174

Antenor’s “Harmodius and Aristogeiton,” 115

Anthela, 72

Anthropomorphic religion, 67

Antigone, 176, 178

Antioch, 251

Antiochus the Great, 116

Antiphon, 229

Anytus, 232

Apelles, 213, 223, 242, 245

Aphaia, temple of, Ægina, 147

Aphrodite in Homer, 50;
worship of, in Corinth, 108;
on the Parthenon frieze, 155;
in fourth-century art, 211;
the Cnidian Aphrodite, 213, 214;
in Alexandria, 251;
Aphrodite of Melos, 251

Apollo, the coming of, 65-74;
the Apollo Belvedere, 71;
Apollo of Delos, 112;
on the Parthenon frieze, 155;
temple of Phigaleia, 169;
statue at Delphi, 169;
and Orestes in drama, 181;
in fourth-century art, 211;
Apollo Sauroctonos, 217;
Palatine Apollo, 218;
and Niobe, 222;
“Apollo and Marsyas,” 216

Apollonius the Rhodian, 249

Apoxyomenus, 81, 218

Arcadians, the, 206, 207

Arcady, 167

Archelaus, 239

Archilochus, 104, 121, 122

Archimedes, 248

Architecture, prehistoric, 24;
Doric, 106;
temples, 161;
the Parthenon, 161-163;
the Acropolis, 163, 165;
the Erechtheum, 165-167;
other Athenian buildings, 167-168;
other Greek buildings, 168-171;
fourth-century, 226;
the Corinthian order 226;
Græco-Roman, 263

_Archons_, 117

Areian Hill, 117

Areopagus, Solon and the, 100;
its powers, 117;
its influence, 133;
under democracy, 141;
power taken away by Pericles, 142;
meeting-place, 167

Ares, 77, 154;
the Ludovisi, 220

Arethusa, 131;
coins, 225

Arginusæ, 195, 232

Argives, the, 109

Argonautic expedition of Jason, 249

Argos, 28, 109, 245

Ariadne, 15

Arion, 122, 173

Aristarchus, the Father of Criticism, 248

Aristeides, 135, 140, 141

Aristion, stēlē of, 114

Aristocracies, 86, 119, 145, 256

Aristogeiton, 115, 180

Aristophanes and “the Harmodius,” 116;
champions the hoplites, 140;
and Cleon, 144;
and liberty of speech, 145;
and Pheidias, 157;
humour of, 183

Aristotle on Spartan government, 86;
on tragedy, 181;
and state payment, 197;
his greatness and birth, 253;
disciple of Plato, 253;
teacher of Alexander, 253;
his writings, 254;
“The Politics,” 255;
his influence, 261

Arnold’s, Matthew, “Thyrsis,” 250

Art, Greek, its perfection, 10, 103;
qualities, 56;
the cults and, 103;
simplicity, 153, 162;
subordination of the artist, 158;
in the fourth century, 208;
continuance and decadence, 262-263;
Græco-Roman, 265;
perishes from vulgarity, 266

Artaphernes, 134

Artaxerxes, 201, 204

Artemis, 202, 222;
of Brauron, 99, 165;
temple of, at Ephesus, 221;
“Artemis and Apollo,” by Praxiteles, 216

Artemisia, wife of Mausolus, 221

Ascra, 62

Ashtaroth, 108

Asia, 244

Aspasia, 146

Athena, statue of, at Troy, 54;
Pallas Athena, 51, 94;
birth and worship, 94;
Northern origin, 95;
an Achæan goddess, 95, 102;
hoplite goddess, 95;
and the name of Athens, 95;
gift of olive-tree, 97;
origin of Athena, 99;
and Erechtheus, 102;
shrine and image, 102, 165, 166;
Athena Parthenos, 148, 156;
in Parthenon sculptures, 151, 152, 154;
statues of, 157;
the Mourning Athena, 160, 192;
Athena Promachos, 102, 165;
Athena the Crafts-woman, 165;
Athena type of coins, 225;
Athena and Marsyas, 165

Athenian drama, 172

Athenian mysteries, 98

Athens and the sea, 6;
and silver-mines, 6;
the state, 9;
pays tribute to Minos, 16;
occupations of the Athenians, 40;
Pallas Athena and, 95;
Theseus and, 97;
agricultural, 97, 98;
Eupatridæ, 97;
democracy, 97;
religious customs, 98;
law-giving, 99;
Homer and, 102;
and the tyrants, 104, 115;
Peisistratus and, 110;
police, 111;
state cults, 111;
freedom of, 115;
government, 116;
the rise of, 132;
attacks by Medes and Persians, 134-140;
and a navy, 135;
Athenian civilisation, 140;
a democratic city-state, 140;
Athenian empire, 141;
Pericles and liberty, 142;
conflict with Sparta, 143;
Peloponnesian War, 143;
capitulates, 144;
freedom in, 145;
Pericles’ ideal, 146;
Pericles’ Athens, 150;
the Long Walls, 163, 195, 198;
buildings of, 167;
aristocracy, 172;
downfall and restoration, 194;
popular government, 195, 197;
oligarchy, 196;
the Thirty Tyrants, 197;
finance, 198;
fourth-century Athens, 209;
coinage, 225;
legal system, 229;
rebellion against aliens, 238;
and Macedon, 240;
oppressions, 244;
enslaved by Demetrius, 252;
her philosophers, 252;
and Aristotle, 253;
“Polity of Athens,” 255;
intellectual life of the third century, 258;
self-government under the Romans, 261;
schools of philosophy, 261;
Frankish dukes, 262.
_See also_ Attica.

Athens and Sparta, 40, 83, 94, 195, 206, 231

Athletics, Greek, antiquity of, 74, 76;
religious significance, 74, 75, 76;
a modernised programme of sports, 74;
Pythian Games, 76;
Olympian Games, 76, 78;
nature of the contests, 77;
sacrifice and ritual, 77;
the competitors, 77;
the judges, 77;
the prize and honours, 78;
discreditable practices, 78;
anecdotes of Pausanias, 78;
Euripides’ tirade against, 79;
inspires sculpture, 80;
nudity, 81

Atreus, 181

Attalids, 251

Attalus, 238

Attica and Northern invasion, 96;
a city-state, 97, 111;
the older worship of, 98

Attica, plain of, 9

Augustus and Alexander the Great, 242

_Aule_, 59

Aulis, 63

Autocracy, civilisation and, 32

Babylon, 241

Bacchiads, the, 104

Bacchylides, 113, 129

Bacon, 261

“Basileis,” 104

Basileus, 47

Bassæ, temple at, 169, 226

Beauty, Hellenism and, 4

Bentley, Richard, 129

Bias of Priene, 101, 122

Bion, 250

Black Sea, the, 110

Bœotia, 9, 142

Boethos, 220

Boston Museum, slabs in, 125

Boy Victor (statue), 160

Boy with thorn in foot (statue), 160

Branchidæ figures, 54

Brasidas, 93, 229

Breathings and accents, Greek, 248

British Museum, Elgin Marbles, 151, 164, 166;
Strangford Shield, 156;
frieze from Phigaleia, 170;
statue of Demeter, &c., 219;
head of Hypnos, 220;
Mausolus, 221;
Tanagra figures, 227;
Head of Alexander, 246;
the Portland Vase, 263

Bronze Age, the, 16, 19, 36

Bronzes, 220

Brunn on the Parthenon figures, 151

Bucchero nero, 18

Bucephalus, 242, 245

Bull, the Farnese (sculpture), 265

Bull-baiting, Cnossian, 25

Burial of the dead, 190

Burke, Edmund, 230

Burrows, Prof., on Minoan drains, 26;
date of the fall of Minoan empire, 38

Butler, Samuel, on Homer, 58

Byron, Lord, 262;
on Anacreon, 113

Calamis, 159

Callimachus, 166, 226, 249

Callinus, 122

Calydonian boar-hunt, 218

Cameo-engraving, 263

Candahar, 243

Capitoline Gallery, 214

Carcinus, 187

Caria, 221, 237

Carneades, 259

Carrara marble, 147

Carrey’s Parthenon drawings, 150

Carthage, 129

Carthaginian invaders of Sicily, 250

Caryatids, 131, 166

Cassandra, 58

Cat, the, 193

Catabasis, the, 202

Cato, 259

Cave of Pan, 168

Caves as dwellings, 18

Cecropia, 95

Cecrops, 96, 166

Cephisodotus, 213

Cerameikos cemetery, 192

“Cerberus, sop to,” 189

Chæroneia, 238, 241

Chalcidian peninsulas, 240

Chalcis, 63

Chariot-races, 78

Charioteer, the long-robed (statue), 81, 169

Charon, 189

Charondas of Catane, 73, 128

Cheirisophos, 201

Child-birth, goddess of, 98

Children, Spartan, 91

Chios, 142

Chorus, the, 173, 182

Christianity and Stoicism, 257, 261

Chronology, system of, 249

Chryseis, 58

Cicero, 128, 230

Cinadon, conspiracy of, 200

Cithara, 68, 224

City-state, the, 7, 10, 206, 238;
and patriotism, 145;
the ideal, 255, 257

Civilisation, prehistoric, 18

Classicism, “Greek” and, 2

Clearchus, 201

Cleisthenes, 99, 109, 116, 117, 133

Cleombrotus, 85, 205

Cleomenes, 85

Cleomenes III., 239

Cleon, 144, 160, 183, 187

Cleonymus, 186

Clytæmnestra, 58, 181

Cnidos, 213

Cnossos, 16, 20 _et seq._;
destruction of, 31;
athletics of, 74

Cockerell, C. R., 147

Coins, Sparta and, 89;
Ionian, 123;
of Syracuse, 129, 131, 225;
of Elis, 148;
art of coins, 225;
Athena type, 225;
gold, 225;
Corinthian,
and others, 225, 226;
with portraits of Alexander, 247

Comedy, 173, 183-186

Commerce, Hermes the god of, 68

Common sense of the Greeks, 180

Communism, Platonic, 255

Companions of the King, the (Macedon), 240

Conon, 198, 226

Constantinople Museum, Sidon sarcophagus, 246

Constitution, free, 256;
Mixed, 257;
Mixed, of Sparta, and political science, 86

Constitutional history, contradictions in, 228

Corcyra (Corfu), 105, 108, 137

Corinth and commerce, 105, 127;
art, 105;
and Egypt, 106;
under the Cypselid tyrants, 108;
worship of Aphrodite, 108;
and the Bacchiads, 104;
and the Leagues, 245;
destroyed by the Romans, 261, 263

Corinth, Isthmus of, 137

Corinthian Gulf, the, 7

Corinthian War, the, 203

Cory, Wm. Johnson, 249

Cos, 213

Council of Ten, Spartan, 200

Courtesans of Corinth, 108

Crabbe (Carcinus), 187

Cremation, 189

Creon, 178

Cresilas, 160

Crete, 14 _et seq._;
Stone Age in, 18;
palaces, 24

Cripple, 46

Critias, 197, 232

Criticism, Aristotle and, 254

Crito, 233

Crœsus, King of Lydia, 71, 123

Cronos, 66

Croton, 127

Crown of wild olive, 78

Crusaders, Latin, 262

Cunaxa, 201

Cupbearer frieze, the, 23, 25, 32

Curses, the, 66

Cybele, worship of, 251

Cyclopes, 36

Cylon, 99, 104, 110

Cyme, 62

Cynics, the, 258

Cyprus, 17, 142, 237

Cypselid tyrants, 108

Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth, 104, 105, 109

Cyrus, 72, 123, 201

Cythera, figure found at, 220

Dædalus, 15, 166

“Daimonion,” 232

Damagetus, 78

Damon the musician, 146

Dancing-floors, 173

Daphnis, 250

Dardanelles, the, 136

Darius, 72, 134, 245

Datis, 134

Death, Greek ideas of, 190;
sculpture representing, 126, 220;
according to the Epicureans, 258

Deianira, 176

Deities, names for, 66

Delos, shrine of Apollo, 68;
removal of dead from, 112;
confederacy of, 141

Delphi, shrine of Apollo, 68, 71;
spoils of war, 168;
treasures of, 238

Delphic Amphictyony, 72

Delphic Oracle and priests, 71-73;
and art, 103;
and the Persian invasion, 137;
Lysander and, 200

Demaratus, 137

Demeter, or Mother Earth, an early deity, 66;
shrine of, at Anthela, 72;
Eleusinian mysteries, 98, 190;
Persephone and, 124;
worship of, 170;
Demeter of Cnidos (statue), 219

Demetrius, the Besieger of Cities, 252

Democracy, Spartan, 84;
Athenian, 98, 100, 118, 141, 172, 195, 197;
and the Free Constitution, 256

Democritus, 258

Demosthenes, 194, 229, 230, 240

“Diadumenus,” 81, 159

Diagoras, 78

Diana of the Ephesians, 34, 118;
temple of, 219

Diipolia, 98

Diodorus, 128

Diogenes, 258

Dionysius I. and II., tyrants of Syracuse, 250, 255;
coins, 225

Dionysus on the Parthenon frieze, 154;
in the “Frogs” of Aristophanes, 184;
the drama and festivals of, 112, 173, 184;
theatre of, 168

Dipylon Gate, 168

Dipylon Style, the, 56

“Discobolus,” 80, 159

Dithyramb, the, 106, 113, 173

Dogs on tombstones, 193

_Dōma_, 59

Domestic life in Homer, 58

Dorian Mode in music, 223

Dorians, the, origin of, 38;
dress of warriors, 38;
religious beliefs, 38;
ignored by Homer, 42;
communism, 88;
Apollo, god of the, 69;
Dorian greatness, 70

Doric architecture, 106, 161, 171

Dörpfeld, Dr., 166

“Doryphorus,” 81, 159

Douris, 225

Dracon, 99

Drainage work, Cnossian, 26

Drama, Athenian, 112;
the Greek, 172-187;
as instrument of public education, 172;
“Middle Comedy,” 227;
the New Comedy of manners, 228, 253;
the mime, 250;
“contamination,” 253

Earth, circumference of the, 248

East and West, conflict between, 11

Ecclesia, 116

Education, Spartan, 89;
Platonic, 255

Egypt, Greek learning from, 119;
Athens and the affairs of, 142;
under the Ptolemies, 244.
_See also_ Alexandria

Egyptian influence in Crete, 20, 33

Egyptologists and dates, 17

Eilithuia, 151

Eleatic school of philosophy, 128

Eleusinian mysteries, 34, 98, 170

Eleusinian relief, the (sculpture), 160

Eleusis, the Great Temple of the Mysteries, 170

Eleutheria, 94

Elgin, Lord, and the Parthenon marbles, 151

Elis, citizens of, and Olympian Games, 77;
coins of, 148

Empire and democracy, 11

Empires, Greek, 11

Epaminondas the Theban, 180, 204-208, 240

Ephesus, wealth, &c., 112, 118;
column from, 123;
temple of Artemis, 218, 221;
new temple at, 226

Ephorate, Spartan, 85

Ephorus, 228

Epictetus, 257

Epicureanism, 258

Epicurus, 257, 258

Epidaurus, 104

Epimenides the Cretan, 15, 101

Epinikia, the, 76

Epirus, 245

Eratosthenes, 248

Erechtheum, the, 102, 165-167

Erechtheus, 95, 96, 102, 110, 112

Eretria, 133

Eros, 155, 211;
Eros of Thespiæ, 213, 215;
Eros of Centocelle, 215

Ethics, 235;
of Aristotle, 254;
politics a branch of, 256

Etruscan art, 17

Etruscans, 127

Euænetus, 225

Eubœa, 63, 196

Eubouleus, 190

Eucleides, 197

Euclid, 248

Eugenics, Spartan, 89

Euhemerism, 122

Eumæus, 47

_Eunomia_, 73, 94

Eupatridæ, 97

Euploia, 213

Euripides, against athletes, 79;
the chorus in, 174;
the sceptic and prophet of the new age, 177;
the “Alcestis,” 179;
number of his works, 182;
in the “Frogs” of Aristophanes, 184, 186;
and social problems, 210;
influence on art, 211;
Archelaus and, 239

European civilisation and modern discoveries, 14;
early civilisation, 247

Eurotas, Vale of, 204

Eurymedon, 142

Euxine, the, 202

Evagoras, 238

Evans, Sir Arthur, discoveries of, 17, 24, 25, 30

Fashions (dress), Cnossian, 25

Fates, the, 66, 123, 189

Federal systems, 238

Flagellation, Spartan, 92

Fortresses of Tiryns, &c., 28

Four Hundred, government of the, 196

François Vase, 43, 57

Frere’s, Hookham, translation of Aristophanes, quoted, 184

Frieze of the Parthenon, 153

Funeral customs, 188

Furies, the, 181

Furtwängler, Adolf, 151, 158

Gaia (Earth), 152

Games, the--_see_ Athletics

Gardner, Prof. Ernest, on the Parthenon sculptures, 150, 154

Gauls, the, 238

Gelo of Syracuse, 130, 131, 137, 225

Gem-engraving, 263

Gems, 225

Genius, the rise of, 132;
Greek impersonal genius, 158

Geometric style in art, 56

Gerontes, Spartan, 84

Gerousia, or Senate, 84

Ghost-worship, 66

Glaucus, 79

God, Socrates and, 232

Gods in Homer, 50

Gorgias of Leontini, 230

Gorgon, the, 57

Goths, the, 262

Government of the Greek States, 83, 116;
popular government in Athens, 195;
Platonic government, 255

Græco-Roman art, 265

“Greece,” and “Greek,” ideas conveyed by, 1

Greece, the country, 5;
and the sea, 5;
climate, 7;
scenery, 9;
the Dark Ages, 36;
the earlier civilisation, 74;
government, 116;
invaders of, 262;
its decline, 263

Greece, modern, 261;
War of Independence, 262;
war with Turkey, 262

Greek character, the, 10

Greek culture, its continuing influence, 260

Greek history, new discoveries and, 12

Greek poetry, 53

Greek states, government of the, 83

Greek world, the, under Alexander, 244

Greeks inherently aristocratic, 171;
racial character of modern Greeks, 8

Griffin, the, 58

“Grin, the archaic,” 70

Grundy, Dr. G. B., 138

Gylippus, 93

Hades, 123, 124, 190, 233

Hadrian, Emperor, 111, 261

Hæmon, 178

Halicarnassus, coin, 123;
mausoleum at, 221

Happiness, 258

Harmodius and Aristogeiton, legend of, 115, 180;
statue by Antenor, 115;
“the Harmodius,” 116;
group from Ægina, 147

Harold Hardrada, 262

Harp, the, 39;
and Spartans, 224

Harpies, the, 66, 189

Harpy tomb, 123

Heavenly twins, the, 245

Hecatæus of Miletus, 122

Hegeso, tomb of, 192

Helen of Troy, 55, 58

Helicon, Mount, 9;
Muses of, 63

Heliodorus, 180, 262

Helios, 226

Hellas, definition of, 260

Hellenic people, the, fusion of races, 39

Hellenism, the study of, 4;
contest between Hellenism and barbarism, 153;
Alexander the Great and, 243;
and Asiatic elements, 251;
the Roman and, 260;
and Europe, 260

Helots, 87

Hephæstus, shield of, 43;
works of, 54;
and Athena, 94;
in the Parthenon frieze, 151, 155;
the temple of, 167

Hera, 23, 50, 130, 154;
temple of, 106, 108, 215

Heracleitus of Ephesus, 122

Heracles, 85;
and his labours, 111, 153;
and Hylas, 180;
the Farnese, 265

“Heracles, the sons of,” 73

Herculaneum, bronzes, 221;
Greek art at, 263

Hercules--_see_ Heracles

Hermes, early origin, 66, 67;
popularity of, 68;
in art, 70;
and the Olympian Games, 76;
in the Parthenon frieze, 154;
on sepulchral slab, 192;
replaces Apollo in art, 211;
of Praxiteles, 169, 211, 215

Hero-worship, 38;
in Homer, 51

Herodotus, 228;
on Homer and Hesiod, 50;
and the Delphic oracle, 73;
declaimed at the Olympic Games, 76;
and the Persians, 136

Heroic age, the, 36, 38;
cult and art, 103

Herondas of Cos, 250

Hersephoria, 98

Hesiod and the five ages of the world, 36;
and the gods, 50;
contemporary with Homer, 52;
the world of, 61-64;
and mythology, 66;
and poetic contest, 75, 88;
popularity of, 104

“Heureka!” 248

Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, 113, 129, 225

Hieron, 225

Himera, battle of, 130, 131

Hindu Khush, the, 243

Hipparchus, 113, 115

Hippias, 115, 116, 134, 235

Hippocleides, 109

Hissarlik, 13

Historians, 228

Homer and primitive European civilisation, 12, 13, 14;
and the Achæans, 40;
composition of the epics, 41;
as history, 42;
the Shield of Achilles, 42-47;
kings and gods in, 47-53;
Homeric religion, 51;
when written, 52;
and the art of the period, 53;
women in, 58;
houses and domestic life in, 59;
and mythology, 66;
popularity of, 103;
the recitation of, 112;
theology of, 232;
Ionia and, 119;
scholars of Alexandria and, 248;
influence of, 261

“Homeric” hymns, 68

Homeridæ, the, 41

Hoplite, the Athenian, 135

Horace, 121

Horse, the, in Greek art, 57

Horse-races, 129

Houses in Homer, 59

“Hungry Greekling,” 265

Hygiæa, 70

Hylas, 180

Hymettus, Mount, 96

Hypnos (Sleep), 220

Ibycus of Rhegium, 129

Ictinus, the architect, 147;
and the temple-builders, 161-171

“Ilissus,” 152

Immortality, doctrine of, 128;
immortality of the soul, 190;
Platonic theory of, 234

India, Alexander the Great’s invasion of, 243

Indo-Europeans, Ægean, 32

Ionia, 118-126;
cities, 112;
poets, 119;
philosophers, 122;
plastic art, 123, 126;
King Crœsus, 123;
Sparta and Ionian cities, 199, 204

Ionians, the, 40, 68, 118

Ionic states, the, 112

Iphicrates, 204

Iris, 51, 152

Iron Age, the, 31, 37

Isæus, 229

Isles of the Blessed, 37, 39, 189, 190

Isocrates, 230, 241, 260

Issus, 245, 246

Italy, South, Greek cities of, 263

Jason, 211, 249

“Javan,” 118

“Jove of Otricoli,” 148

Judges of the games, 77

Julian the Apostate, 262

Julius Cæsar and Alexander the Great, 242

Justice, Plato’s “The Republic” and, 254

Justinian, 262

Juvenal, 260, 265

“Kamáres” ware, 20

Karuæ, 166

Keftiu, 20

Kimon, 140, 141, 157

Kings, the, of Homer, 47;
of Hesiod, 62;
Spartan kings, 84

Kingsley’s, Charles, “Heroes,” 15

Koré, 98.
_See also_ Persephone

Koroplastes, 227

Kylix, the, 24

Kypselus, Chest of, 43

Labdacus, 181

Labyrinth legend, the, 25

Lacedæmon, 206

Lacedæmonians, the, 82

Laconia, 200

“Laconic,” 92

Lady of Cnidos, 251

Lais, 109

Lang, Andrew, on Theocritus, 250

“Laocoön,” the, 265

Laurium silver-mines, 111, 135

Law, Natural, 258

Law-givers, 128;
of Athens, 99

Laws of Solon, 97, 100

Lawson’s, J. C., “Modern Greek Folklore,” 170

Legal system of Athens, 229;
Stoicism and the legal systems of Europe, 258

Lemnian Athena, 157

“Lenormant” statuette, 148

Leonidas, King, 93, 138;
and the Spartans, 113

Lesbos, 118, 142

Lessing, 265

Leto, 222

Leucas, canal through, 109

Leuctra, battle of, 205, 207, 208, 239

Levant, the, commerce and sea-power of, 247

Liberty in Athens, 145

Library of Alexandria, 248

Lighthouse, great (Pharos), 247

Literature, the Ptolemies and, 248;
of the fourth century, 227;
Greek literature, 262

“Liturgies,” 174

Lizard-slayer, the, 212

Logic, Aristotle and, 254

Louvre, the, 215;
Venus of Milo, 252;
Victory of Samothrace, 252

Love, Plato on, 234;
love in Greek drama, 178;
male, 91

Lucian, 214, 263

Luck, Hermes the god of, 68

Lucretius, 258

Ludovisi Throne, reliefs from the, 124, 160

Lyceum, the, 253

Lycia, Nereid Monument, 226

Lycurgean constitution, 200

Lycurgus, 73, 99, 228

Lydian Mode, the, in music, 224

Lydians, coinage invented by, 123

Lyre, the, 68

Lysander, 94, 144, 197, 199

Lysias, 229

Lysicrates, monument of, 182, 226

Lysimachus, 246

Lysippus of Sicyon, 169, 218, 242, 245, 246

Macedon, 237;
rise of, 239

Macedonia, the kingdom of, 244, 252;
a Roman province, 261;
the Macedonian kings, 240;
anti-Macedonian party, 240

Malaria in modern Greece, 8

Mantinæa, 93, 204, 206, 208, 216

Marathon, 134, 139

“Marble Faun,” the, 214

Marbles, Greek, 149

Marcus Aurelius, 257

Mardonius, 139

Marriage customs, Spartan, 90

Marshlands and malaria, 9

“Marsyas,” by Myron, 159

Masks in drama, 175

Mausolus and his mausoleum, 221

Medea, 211

Medes and Persians, 133

Mediterranean peninsulas, 247

Medusa the Gorgon, 95;
the “Rondanini” Medusa, 220

Megacles, 99, 109

Megara, 104, 110, 142

_Megaron_, 59

Meidias, 230

Melanthius, 186

Meleager, quoted, 249;
statue of Meleager, 218

Melitus, 232

Menander, 180, 228, 253, 261

Menestheus, 96, 97

“Messengers” in Greek tragedy, 181

Messenia, 206

Messenians of Naupactus, 160

_Metayer_ system, 97

Metempsychosis, 128

Metopes, 130;
of the Parthenon, 153

Miletus, 104, 112, 118, 123, 127, 176

Milo, 127

Miltiades, 111, 134, 228

Milton, John, 261;
“Lycidas,” 250

Mime, the, 250

Minoan empire, fall of, 38;
Minoan discoveries, 16

Minos, 15, 16;
laws of, 33

Minotaur, the, 15

Mitylene, 110, 118, 144, 195

Mnesicles, 164, 171

Monarchy, 256

Money, coined, 89

More, Sir Thomas, 261

Morosini, General, 151

Moschus, 250

Mourning, 190

Mummy-cases, 223

Munich Glyptothek, 147, 214

Murray, Prof. Gilbert, on Homer, 51

Musæus, 114

Museum, the, 248

Music, Greek, 223

Mycenæ, 13;
Bronze Age, 23;
palace of, 24;
fortress of, 28, 29;
tombs, 29;
treasures of, 30;
art, 31

Mycenæan discoveries, 16;
art, 31

Myres, Mr., on Cnossian millinery, 26

Myron (sculptor), 80, 159, 217

“Myrtle Bough, The,” 114

Mythology, 66, 98

Naples Museum, 116, 265

Napoleon and Alexander the Great, 242

Narrative in Greek drama, 180

Natural science, Aristotle and, 254

Naturalistic worship, 34

Nature in primitive Cretan art, 22

Nature-study, 128

Nature-worship, 39, 99

Naupactus, 142

Naval empires, 15

Navy, Athenian, 135

Neighbours, or Perioikoi, 87

Neolithic man, 18

Neoptolemus, 176

Nereid Monument, 226

Nero, 261

Nestor, 54

Newton, Sir Charles, 221

Nicetas, 157

Nicomedes, King, of Bithynia, 213

Nike, 245

Nikias, 140, 229

Niobe, 222

Niobids, the, 222

Normans, the, 262

Northern invasion of Greece, 35 _et seq._

Novel, the Greek, 262

Nudity, the Greeks and, 81;
in sculpture, 211

Obscenity, 184

Odeion, 168

Odysseus, 47, 54, 59;
palace of, 60

Œdipus, 36, 178

Œnomaus, 76

Oligarchy, 84, 195, 199, 256

Olympia, sculptures at, 157, 159, 160;
temple of Zeus, 168;
the Altis, 169

Olympian cult and art, 103;
deities, 9, 66

Olympic Games, 76;
nature of the contests, 77;
sacrifice and ritual, 77;
the competitors, 77;
the judges, 77;
the prize and honours 78;
trickery, 78;
their duration, 78;
account of Pausanias, 78;
dress of the athletes, 82;
Nero in the, 261

Omar, the Caliph, 262

Omphalos, 71

Onomacritus, 113

Opuntius, 186

Oracle, the Delphic--_see_ Delphic

Oratory, 228-231

Orchomenos, Apollo of, 69

Orestes, 181, 182

Orpheus, 53;
and Eurydice, 192

Ortygia, 131

Ostracism, 117

Ostrakon of Themistocles, 141

Owl, Athena’s, 99

Ox-murder, 98

Pæonius, 159, 160;
Victory by, 252

Pæsto, 128

Painting, Greek, 223

Pallas Athena--_see_ Athena

Pan, 99;
Cave of, 168

Pan-pipes, 224

Panainos, 149, 167

Panathenæa, Greater, 111

Panathenaic amphoræ, 224;
festival, 154, 163

Pandion, 96

Pandora, 62

Pandrosos, 166

Panegyric oration of Isocrates, 230

Pangæus, Mount, gold-mines of, 240

Panhellenic orations, 230;
union, 241

Pantarkes, 157

Panticapæum, 225

Parian marble, 149

Paris, palace of, 59

Parmenio, 246

Parnassus, 69

Parrhasios, 223

Parrhesia, 94

Parry, Sir Hubert, and Greek music, 223

Parthenon, the, supersedes the Acropolis, 102;
architecture, 107, 161-163;
sculptures, 148, 150;
of the pediments, 150, 151;
the metopes, 153;
the frieze, 112, 153;
Athena Parthenos, 156;
destructions, 150, 151

Parthenos of the Parthenon, 148

Party system, 117

Pastoral poetry, 249

Patroclides, 186

Patroclus, 74, 147

Paul, St., and Stoicism, 257;
and the teaching of Socrates, 234

Pausanias, King of Sparta, 85, 94, 141

Pausanias, the traveller, on the Chest of Kypselus, 43;
and Greek worship, 67;
and Olympia, 78;
and the Parthenon, 150, 160;
and the Hermes of Praxiteles, 215;
his works, 262

Pediments of the Parthenon, 150

Pegasus coins, 225

Peiræus, the, as part of Athens, 140;
the planning, 171;
Spartan attack, 205;
new walls, 226;
a centre of commerce, 252

Peirithous, 180

Peisistratus, Homer edited during his tyranny, 42;
democracy before, 98;
and Solon’s laws, 101;
the tyranny of, 104;

services to Athens, 110;
and the foundations of Athenian civilisation, 133;
temple of Athena built by, 165;
temple of Olympian Zeus begun by, 168

Pelasgians, the, 96, 163

Pelasgic Wall, 96

Pelopidas, 205, 207

Peloponnese, the, 137, 206

Peloponnesian War, 143, 194, 199, 208

Pelops, 76

Penelope, 47, 55, 58

Penrose, F. G., on the Parthenon, 161

Pentelic marble, 147

Pergamum, 237;
altar of Zeus, 251

Periander, 106, 108, 109

Pericles, 99, 110;
and the constitution of Athens, 118, 142-144;
attacks on, 145, 156;
oration on Athenian soldiers, 146;
bust of, 160;
the Odeion, 168;
the Acropolis, 192

Peripatetic school of philosophy, 253

Persephone, Eleusinian mysteries in honour of, 98;
on Harpy Tomb (Queen of the Dead), 123;
on Ludovisi reliefs, 123;
worship of, 170;
Hades the home of, 190;
on an archaic relief, 192

Perseus, 130

Persian Empire and Alexander the Great, 242, 243

Persian Gulf, the, 243

Persian wars, the, 124, 133-139, 142, 153, 203;
Greek mercenaries in the Persian army, 201;
Isocrates and the Persians, 230;
Alexander and Persian troops, 241

Persis, 62

Phæacia, 54

“Phædo,” the, of Plato, 233

Phalanx, the, 241

Phalaris of Acragas, 105

Phanes, coin of, 123

Pharisaism, 257

Pharnabazus, 199

Pheidias, 81, 102, 145, 146-158, 213

Phidolas, 79

Phigaleia, temple of, 169

Philip of Macedon, 208, 237-241

Philip II., 239

Philippiades, 135

Philosophers, Ionian, 122

Philosophy of Pythagoras, 127;
Eleatic school of, 128;
of the fourth century, 231-236;
Aristotle, 253;
Stoicism, 257;
Epicurean, 257;
the Cynics, 258;
and Julian the Apostate, 262

Phocians, the, 138, 238

Phœnicia, 244

Phœnician fleet, 142, 247

Phœnician traders, 129

Phœnicians, the, 33, 130

Phormio, 230

Phrygian Mode in music, 224

Phryne, 213

Phrynichus, 174, 176

Phthiotis, 41

Pictographic script, 20

Pillar-worship, 29

Pindar, 73, 76, 113, 129;
the house of, 243

Pipes, 224

Piracy on the Ægean, 105

Pisirodus, 78

Pittacus, 121

“Place of the Wine-press,” 175

Platæa, battle of, 87, 130, 135, 139, 168;
Pheidias and statue for Platæa, 157

Plato, influence of Pythagoras on, 128;
on feminine nudity, 82;
sex problem, 180;
the “Republic,” 209, 254;
and Socrates, 231;
and the Homeric gods, 232;
his ideal philosophy, 234;
Aristotle and, 253;
influence of, 261

Plato’s garden of the Academy, 210

“Platonic” love, 234

Plautus, 253

Pleading in litigation, 229

Pleasure, 258

Pliny, 149, 213, 219, 223

Plutarch on Spartan women, 90;
on Periclean Athens, 150;
the basis of his narratives, 228;
his biographies, 262

Pluto, 190

Pnyx, the, 229;
hill of Pnyx, 168

Poetry, religious aspect of, 75;
lyric, 119;
lyric poets, 129;
the epic, hexameter verse, the elegiac couplet, epigrams, pastoral, 249;
Alexandria and poetry, 249;
Aristotle and, 254

Poets, Ionian, 119-122

Political science, Aristotle and, 254, 255

Political system, Apollo and, 73

Politics, Greek, 10;
in the fourth century, 209;
Plato, 254;
Aristotle, 255

Polycleitus, 80, 81, 159

Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, 104, 113

Polygnotus, 164, 167, 191, 213, 223

Pompeian frescoes and mosaics, 223;
mosaic floor, 245;
Greek art, 263

Population, decline of, 239

Portico, the Royal, 167;
Portico of Freedom, 167;
Decorated Portico, 167

Portland Vase, the, 263

Portraiture, 211;
on coins, 226, 247

Poseidon, the sea-god, 66;
Athena and, 95, 152;
worship, 96;
of Mycale, 112;
in the Parthenon frieze, 155;
and the salt spring, 165;
marks of his trident, 166

Posidonium, 128

Potter’s wheel, the, 22

Pottery, design in, and progress, 19;
Athenian, 112;
red-figured style, 224;
Panathenaic amphoræ, 225

Praxiteles, Statue of Brauronian Artemis, 164;
Hermes, 169, 209;
and Athens, 194;
nudity in sculpture, 211;
works of, 213

“Praying Boy, The,” 220

Priam, palace of, 60

Professionalism, 210, 225

Prometheus, 62

Protagoras, 235

Psammetichus, 106

Psyche, 189

Ptolemies, the, 244, 247, 248, 250

Pugilism, Cnossian, 25

Punjaub, the, 243

Pyrrhus, 245, 261

Pythagoras of Samos, philosophy of, 74, 127;
immortality taught by, 190

Pythian games, 72, 76

Pytho, 69, 71

Quoit-thrower, the, 81

Racial decline, 239

Religion of the Stone Age, 18;
prehistoric Greek, 34;
early religious beliefs, 65;
survival of, 67;
and morality, 235

Religious significance of the games, 74-76;
of poetry, 75

Renaissance, the, and Greek thought, 3

Republic, an Ideal, 254;
of Aristotle, 256

Rhetoric, 228-231;
of Aristotle, 254

Rhodes, 237, 244;
gold coins of, 226;
siege of, 252

Rhodian sculptors of the “Laocoön,” 265

Ridgeway, Prof. Wm., on the survival of early Greek language, 32;
on naturalistic worship, 34;
and the invaders of Greece, 38;
on Homer, 51;
and Greek drama, 173

Rock-tombs, 188

Rodin, M., 148

Romans, the, and Greece, 245;
and Greek philosophy, 258;
and Hellenism, 260;
and the control of Greece, 261;
and Græco-Roman art, 265

Romantic, the, in the Greek character, 180

Roof-tiles, 108

Roxana, 242

Royal Portico, the, 167

Running Girl (statue), 161

Ruskin, John, 150

Sacred Band, the, 180, 205

“Sacred Wars,” 241

Sacrifice and ritual at Olympic Games, 77

Sacrifices and the dead, 66

Salamis, 110, 138

Samos, 142

Samothrace, 252

Sanitation, Cnossian, 26

Sappho, 119-121

Sardis, 133

Satyr, the young, by Praxiteles, 213, 214, 215

Satyric drama and the Satyrs, 173

Scepticism, Ionian, 122

Scheria, 48

Schliemann’s discoveries, 13

Scopas the Parian, 212, 217, 221

Sculpture of the Homeric period, 54;
development of, 69;
inspired by athletes, 80;
Ionian, 123 _et seq._;
earliest temple, 130;
before Pheidias, 147;
methods, 148;
materials, 149;
pediment figures, 150;
metopes, 153;
frieze (Parthenon), 153;
statues by Pheidias, 156, 157;
works of sculptors, 159-161;
great sculptors, 159;
minor sculptors, 192;
of the fourth century, 211;
materials, 212;
anatomy, 212;
supports, 213;
works by Praxiteles, 213-217;
convention, 216;
tinted marble, 216;
Scopas, 217;
Lysippus, 218;
works by unknown artists, 219;
six greatest statues, 219;
bronzes, 220;
the Venus of Milo, 251;
Græco-Roman, 265;
the Laocoön, 265

Scyros, 190

Sea, Hesiod and the, 63;
the Greek true element, 262

Sea-power, 195

Seleucid kings, the, 244

Selinus, 130

Sellasia, 239, 245

Semites, the, 129

Seven Sages, the, 74, 101, 106

Seven Wonders of the World, 247

Sex problem, the, 180

Shakespeare and Menander, 253, 261

Shelley’s “Adonais,” 250

Shield of Achilles, the, 42-47

Shields lost in battle, 121

Sicily, tyranny in, 104;
poets in, 126;
and wheat, 127;
the Semites and (Carthaginian invasion), 129, 137;
Athens and, 142, 144, 195;
Idylls of Theocritus, 249;
history, 250

Sicyon, 104, 109

Sidon sarcophagus, 246

Sigeum, 110, 121

Simonides, 104, 109, 113, 122, 129

Simplicity, Greek, in drama, 182

Sirens, the, 66

Skirophoria, 99

“Skolia,” 114

Slavery, 145, 171, 236

Slavs, the, 262

Snake-worship, 69, 99

Socialist, Pericles a, 143;
Plato the father of socialism, 255

Socrates and the education of women, 82;
and Alcibiades, 144;
attacks upon, 145;
and Aspasia, 146;
and the Royal Portico, 167;
Xenophon and, 203;
the personality of, 231;
trial and death, 232;
his philosophy, 231, 234

Soldiers, Spartan, 204;
professional, 238

Solon, the Spartans and, 74;
his laws, 97, 99, 100, 191;
poetry, 100;
and Egypt, 101;
and Peisistratus, 110;
and Cleisthenes, 118;
and funerals, 191;
historians and, 228

Sophistry, 231

Sophocles, actors in, 174;
and the Athenian spirit, 177;
number of his works, 182;
and Aristophanes, 186

_Sophrosune_, 10

Sparta, conservative in type, 6;
its smallness, 10;
political system, 73, 83;
and the Olympian Games, 77;
government, 84;
kings, 84;
Ephorate, 85;
Mixed Constitution, 86;
an aristocracy, 87;
Helots, 87;
Neighbours, or Perioikoi, 87;
the city, 87;
as conqueror, 88;
military education and discipline, 83, 88-89;
art, 88;
coinage, 89;
education, 89;
women, 90;
marriage customs, 90;
children and youths, 91;
warfare, 92;
relaxations, 93;

Spartan character, 93;
conservatism, 94;
and Persian invasion, 137;
and democracy, 196;
and Lysander, 200;
domination and aggression of, 198, 203, 205;
an inland power, 199;
government, 200;
soldiers, 204;
and Thebes, 207;
reformation of, 239;
and the confederacies, 244;
government under the Romans, 261

Sparta and Athens, 133, 135, 195;
conflict between, 83, 143

Spartans of the Dorian race, 40

Spartiate race of Lacedæmon, 239

Spartiates, the, 84, 87, 88, 239

Sphacteria, 144, 160

Sphinx, the, 58

“Spinario,” the, 161

Stackelberg, Baron von, 170

Stadium, the, 226

Stage, the, 174, 175

Stagira, 253

Stesichorus of Himera, 129

Stoic philosophy, the, 167, 257, 258

Stoicism and Christianity, 261

Stone Age, the, in Crete, 18

_Strategoi_, 117

Studniczka, Prof., 126

Styx, the, 189, 233

“Successors, the,” 244

Sulla, 220

Swinburne, A. C., on Sappho, 120

Sybaris, 127, 128

Syracuse, poets of, 129;
tyrants of, 78, 129, 250;
Doric columns, 131;
coins, 129, 131, 225

“Syrinx,” the, 224

Tanagra statuettes, 227

Tartarus, 233

Taygetus, Mount, 87

“Tearless Battle,” 208

Tegea, 218

Telamon, 147

Telamones of Acragas, 166

Tempe, 9, 137

Temples, Doric, in Selinus, 130

Ten Thousand, the march of the, 201

Tenean Apollo, 69

Tenedos, 226

Terence, 253

Terpander, 88, 122

Textile art in Homer, 55

_Thalamos_, 59

Thalassa (Sea), 152

Thalassocracies, 15

Thales of Miletus, 101, 119, 122

Thaletus, 15

Theagenes, 110

Theatre of Dionysus, 168, 175, 226

Theatres, 173

Theban and Persian alliance, 207

Thebes and the Persians, 137;
and Epaminondas, 205;
Theban hegemony, 207;
destroyed, 243

Themis, 69

Themistocles and the sea, 5;
and ships, 135;
and the sea-fight of Salamis, 138-140;
ostracised, 141;
biographies of, 228

Theocritus, 180, 249, 261

Theopompus, 228

Theramenes, 100, 197, 232

Thermopylæ, 92, 93, 113, 138

Theron, 130

Thersites, 50

Theseum, the, 167

Theseus, the story of, 15;
legendary King of Athens, 96, 97;
Peisistratus and, 110, 111;
the Panathenæa, 112;
“Theseus” statue, 152;
the contests of (sculpture), 153;
and Peirithous, 180;
the bones of, 97, 190

Thesmophoria, 98

Thespis, 174

Thessalians, the, 38

Thessaly, 18, 137, 237

Thetis, 51

Thirty Tyrants, the, 197, 232

“Tholos,” 29

Thorwaldsen, A., 147

Thrace, gold in, 6;
and expansion of Athens, 240;
coin of, 246

Thracian Chersonese, the, 110

Thrasybulus, 197

“Three Fates, The,” 152

Thucydides and tradition, 100;
and Greek tragedy in history, 136;

and Pericles, 143;
and the perspective of Greek history, 194;
ethical purpose, 228;
speeches in, 229

Thurii, 142

Tiberius, Emperor, 218

Timanthes, 79

Timotheus of Miletus, 224

Tiryns, 24, 28

Tissaphernes, 199, 201

Tombs, 188;
Mycenæan, 29;
objects from, 191

Tombstones, 192

Traeis, battle of the, 127

Tragedy, 173-183;
development of, 76

Triphylia, 202

Tripod of Delphi, 68

Triptolemus, 98, 190

Troy, ruins of, 13, 36;
Homer and, 41

Truce, Sacred, 77

Turkestan, 243

Turkey, rule of, and war with modern Greece, 262

Tyranny, 256

Tyrants, the, 104, 105

Tyre, 244;
destroyed, 247;
and Sidon, 129

Tyrtæus, 88

“Unities,” the dramatic, 182

Valhalla, 189

Vaphio gold cups, 30

“Varvakeion” statuette, 148

Vase-painting, decadence, 265

Vases, funeral, 191;
metal vases, 225.
_See also_ Pottery

Vatican, the, 265

Venetians, the, 262

Venus, 213;
Medici Venus, 214;
Venus of Milo, 251

Vergil, 261

Victory, Parthenon pediment, 152;
at Olympia, 160;
the Wingless Victory, 164;
of Brescia, 252;
of Samothrace, 252

Virtue, 257

Vitruvius on the orders of architecture, 227

Waldstein, Prof., on the Parthenon figures, 152

War and democracy, 195

War of Independence, 262

Warfare among the Greeks, 203

Wedgwood art, 263

Whitelaw’s, Mr., translation of Sophocles, 178

Winckelmann, 265

Wolf-god, 99

Women in Homer, 58;
and nudity, 82;
and gymnastics, 82;
Spartan women, 90

Wordsworth’s “Ode on Immortality” and the Platonic theory, 234

Writing, earliest European, 20

Xanthippus, 141

Xanthus, Harpy Tomb, 188, 123

Xenophanes of Colophon, 128

Xenophon and the Persian war, 201;
the Catabasis, 202;
retires to Sparta, 202;
his works, 203;
and the battle of Leuctra, 206;
as writer, 210;
favours Sparta, 228;
and Socrates, 231

Xerxes, 72, 116, 136, 139

Zaleucus of Locri, 73, 128

Zeno, 167, 257

Zeus, birthplace of, 15;
heaven of, 39;
in Homer, 50;
and minor deities, 66;
athletic honours to, 76;
in the Parthenon pediment, 151;
the “Dresden Zeus,” 148;
gold statue of, at Olympia, 109;
by Pheidias, 148, 149;
temple of, 111 168, 261;
Zeus Ammon, 251

Zeuxis, 191, 213, 223

Zoology, Aristotle and, 254

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] This and similar technical terms are explained in the Glossary at the end of the book.

[2] Plate I, Figs. 1 and 2.

[3] Plates 2 and 3.

[4] Plate 4.

[5] Plate 5, Fig. 2.

[6] Plate 6.

[7] Plate 7.

[8] Plate 8.

[9] Plate 9.

[10] Plate 10.

[11] Plate 5, Fig. 1.

[12] Plate 11.

[13] Plate 12.

[14] Plate 12.

[15] Plate 13.

[16] Plate 14.

[17] Plate 15.

[18] Plate 16.

[19] Plate 17.

[20] Plate 18.

[21] _See_ Vase Plate, Fig. 3 (a Panathenaic Amphora).

[22] Plate 19, Fig. 1.

[23] Plate 19, Fig. 2.

[24] Plate 20, Fig. 1.

[25] Plate 20, Fig. 2.

[26] Plate 21.

[27] Plate 22.

[28] Plate 23.

[29] Plate 24.

[30] Plate 25.

[31] Plate 26.

[32] Plate 27, and Vase-Plate, Fig. 1.

[33] Plate 28.

[34] Plates 24 and 76, and Vase-Plate, Fig. 3.

[35] Plate 29, Fig. 1.

[36] Plate 29, Fig. 2.

[37] Plate 30, Fig. 2.

[38] Plate 30, Fig. 1.

[39] Plate 31.

[40] Plate 32.

[41] Plate 33.

[42] Plate 34, Fig. 1.

[43] Plate 34, Fig. 2.

[44] Plate 35.

[45] Plate 36.

[46] Plate 37.

[47] Plate 38.

[48] Plate 39.

[49] Plate 40.

[50] Plate 41.

[51] Plate 42.

[52] Plate 43, Fig. 1.

[53] Plate 44.

[54] Plate 45.

[55] Plate 46.

[56] Plate 47, Fig. 1.

[57] Plate 38.

[58] Plate 25.

[59] Plates 31 and 32.

[60] Plate 59.

[61] Plate 47, Fig. 2.

[62] Plate 48.

[63] Plate 43, Fig. 2.

[64] Plate 49, Fig. 1.

[65] Plate 49, Fig. 2

[66] Plate 50.

[67] Plate 51.

[68] Plate 52.

[69] Plate 53.

[70] Plate 54.

[71] Plate 55.

[72] Plate 56, Fig. 1.

[73] Plate 56, Fig. 2; and Vase Plate, Fig. 2.

[74] Plate 57; and Vase Plate, Fig. 4.

[75] Plate 58.

[76] Plate 59.

[77] Plate 60, Fig. 1.

[78] Plate 60, Fig. 2.

[79] Plate 61, Fig. 2.

[80] Plate 62.

[81] Plate 63, Fig. 1.

[82] Plate 63, Fig. 2.

[83] Plate 64, Fig. 1.

[84] Plates 65 and 66.

[85] Plate 67.

[86] Plate 61, Fig. 1.

[87] Plate 68.

[88] Plate 20, Fig. 2.

[89] Plate 51.

[90] My other five would be the Hermes of Praxiteles, the Aphrodite of Melos, the “Theseus” of the Parthenon, the Colleoni of Verrocchio, and Rodin’s St. Jean-Baptiste.

[91] Plate 69.

[92] Plate 70.

[93] Plate 71.

[94] See plate facing p. 266.

[95] Plate 72.

[96] Plate 73, Fig. 1.

[97] Plate 64, Fig. 2.

[98] Plate 74.

[99] Plate 73, Fig. 2.

[100] Plate 75.

[101] See p. 112.

[102] See Plate 76 and Vase Plate, Fig. 3.

[103] Plates 77 and 78.

[104] Plate 79.

[105] Plate 80.

[106] Plate 81.

[107] Plate 82.

[108] Plate 83.

[109] Plate 84.

[110] Plate 85.

[111] Plate 86.

[112] Plate 87 and Frontispiece.

[113] Plate 88.

[114] Plate 89.

[115] Plate 90.

[116] Plate 91.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Glory That Was Greece, by J.C. Stobart