Chapter VII: Our Debt to the Savage (7)

1258 For evidence of the custom of naming parents after their children in
Australia, see E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery
into Central Australia_ (London, 1845), ii. 325 _sq._: in Sumatra,
see W. Marsden, _History of Sumatra_, p. 286; Baron van Hoëvell,
“Iets over ’t oorlogvoeren der Batta’s,” _Tijdschrift voor
Nederlandsch-Indië_, N.S. vii. (1878) p. 436, note; A. L. van
Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_, p. 274: in Nias,
see J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von Rosenberg, _Verslag omtrent
het eiland Nias_, p. 28 (_Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxx. Batavia, 1863): in
Java, see P. J. Veth, _Java_, i. (Haarlem, 1875) p. 642; J. H. F.
Kohlbrugge, “Die Tenggeresen, ein alter Javanischen Volksstamm,”
_Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, liii. (1901) p. 121; in Borneo, see C. Hupe,
“Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,”
_Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, 1846, dl. iii. p. 249; H. Low,
_Sarawak_, p. 249; Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far
East_,2 i. 208; M. T. H. Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der
Dajaks_, p. 42; C. Hose, “The Natives of Borneo,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxiii. (1894) p. 170; W. H. Furness,
_Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899, privately
printed), p. 26; _id._, _Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_, pp. 17
_sq._, 55; A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, i. 75: among the
Mantras of Malacca, see W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, _Pagan Races
of the Malay Peninsula_, ii. 16 _sq._: among the Negritos of
Zambales in the Philippines, see W. A. Reed, _Negritos of Zambales_
(Manilla, 1904), p. 55: in the islands between Celebes and New
Guinea, see J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen
tusschen Selebes en Papua_, pp. 5, 137, 152 _sq._, 238, 260, 353,
392, 418, 450; J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,”
_Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_,
xlvi. (1902) p. 444; in Celebes and other parts of the Indian
Archipelago, see J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,”
_Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, lii. (1901) pp. 160-170; G. A. Wilken,
_Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, pp. 216 _sqq._: in New Guinea, see P. W.
Schmidt, “Ethnographisches von Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,”
_Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_, xxx.
(1899) p. 28: among the Kasias of North-eastern India, see Col. H.
Yule, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, ix. (1880) p.
298; L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,” _Journal
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxix. part iii. (Calcutta, 1901)
p. 46: among some of the indigenous races of southern China, see P.
Vial, “Les Gni ou Gnipa, tribu Lolote du Yun-Nan,” _Missions
Catholiques_, xxv. (1893) p. 270; _La Mission lyonnaise
d’exploration commerciale en Chine_ (Lyons, 1898), p. 369: in Corea,
see Mrs. Bishop, _Korea and her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), i. 136:
among the Yukagirs of north-eastern Asia, see W. Jochelson, “Die
Jukagiren im äussersten Nordosten Asiens,” xvii. _Jahresbericht der
Geographischen Gesellschaft von Bern_ (Bern, 1900), pp. 26 _sq._; P.
von Stenin, “Jochelson’s Forschungen unter den Jukagiren,” _Globus_,
lxxvi. (1899) p. 169: among the Masai, see M. Merker, _Die Masai_
(Berlin, 1904), pp. 59, 235: among the Bechuanas, Basutos, and other
Caffre tribes of South Africa, see D. Livingston, _Missionary
Travels and Researches in South Africa_ (London, 1857), p. 126; J.
Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal_ (London, 1857), pp. 220 _sq._; D.
Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_2 (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 171
_sq._; G. M’Call Theal, _Kaffir Folk-lore_2 (London, 1886), p. 225;
Father Porte, “Les reminiscences d’un missionaire du Basutoland,”
_Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 300: among the Hos of
Togoland in West Africa, see J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stāmme_, p. 217:
among the Patagonians, see G. C. Musters, _At Home with the
Patagonians_ (London, 1871), p. 177: among the Lengua Indians of the
Gran Chaco, see G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der
Lengua-Indianer,” _Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu
Jena_, xxiii. (1905) p. 28: among the Mayas of Guatemala, see H. H.
Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, ii. 680: among the
Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, see J. R. Swanton,
“Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida,” _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific
Expedition_, vol. v. part i. (Leyden and New York, 1905) p. 118: and
among the Tinneh and occasionally the Thlinkeet Indians of
north-west America, see E. Petitot, _Monographie des Dènè-Dindjié_
(Paris, 1876), p. 61; H. J. Holmberg, “Ethnographische Skizzen über
die Völker des russischen Amerika,” _Acta Societatis Scientiarum
Fennicae_, iv. (1856) p. 319.

M204 The names of persons related to the speaker by blood and especially
by marriage may often not be mentioned. Women’s speech among the
Caffres.

1259 J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal_ (London, 1857), p. 221.

1260 Maclean, _Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs_ (Cape Town, 1866),
pp. 92 _sq._; D. Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_,2 pp. 141
_sq._, 172; M. Kranz, _Natur- und Kulturleben der Zulus_ (Wiesbaden,
1880), pp. 114 _sq._; G. M’Call Theal, _Kaffir Folk-lore_2 (London,
1886), p. 214; _id._, _Records of South-Eastern Africa_, vii. 435;
Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, pp. 236-243; Father Porte, “Les
reminiscences d’un missionaire du Basutoland,” _Missions
Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 233.

1261 Rev. Francis Fleming, _Kaffraria and its Inhabitants_ (London,
1853), p. 97; _id._, _Southern Africa_ (London, 1856), pp. 238 _sq._
This writer states that the women are forbidden to pronounce “any
word which may happen to contain a sound similar to any one in the
names of their nearest male relatives.”

1262 Maclean, _op. cit._ p. 93; D. Leslie, _Among the Zulus and
Amatongas_,2 pp. 46, 102, 172. The extensive system of taboos on
personal names among the Caffres is known as _Ukuhlonipa_, or simply
_hlonipa_. The fullest account of it with which I am acquainted is
given by Leslie, _op. cit._ pp. 141 _sq._, 172-180. See further Miss
A. Werner, “The Custom of _Hlonipa_ in its Influence on Language,”
_Journal of the African Society_, No. 15 (April, 1905), pp. 346-356.

1263 Sir H. H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_ (London, 1897), p. 452.

1264 A. Merensky, “Das Konde-volk im deutschen Gebiet am Nyassa-See,”
_Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie,
Ethnologie, und Urgeschichte_, 1893, p. (296).

1265 W. Munzinger, _Ostafrikanische Studien_ (Schaffhausen, 1864), p.
526; _id._, _Sitten und Recht der Bogos_ (Winterthur, 1859), p. 95.

1266 G. A. Krause, “Merkwürdige Sitten der Haussa,” _Globus_, lxix.
(1896) p. 375.

1267 Herodotus, i. 146.

1268 Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 58.

1269 K. Rhamm, “Der Verkehr der Geschlecter unter den Slaven in seinen
gegensätzlichen Erscheinungen,” _Globus_, lxxxii. (1902) p. 192.

1270 W. Radloff, _Proben der Volkslitteratur der türkischen Stämme
Süd-Sibiriens_, iii. (St. Petersburg, 1870) p. 13, note 3.

1271 J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_ (London, 1901), pp.
226, 249 _sq._, 252.

1272 Bringaud, “Les Karins de la Birmanie,” _Missions Catholiques_, xx.
(1888) p. 308.

1273 W. H. R. Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 626.

1274 E. Thurston, _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_, p. 533.

1275 Peter Jones, _History of the Ojebway Indians_, p. 162.

1276 E. James, _Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains_
(London, 1823), i. 232.

1277 S. R. Riggs, _Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography_ (Washington,
1893), p. 204.

1278 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 315.

M205 Names of relations, especially of persons related to the speaker by
marriage, may not be mentioned in the East Indies.

1279 Willer, “Verzameling der Battasche Wetten en Instellingen in
Mandheling en Pertibie,” _Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië_,
1846, dl. ii. 337 _sq._

1280 J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk
leven,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xlix. (1905) pp. 123, 125.

1281 J. E. Neumann, “Kemali, Pantang en Rĕboe bij de Karo-Bataks,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlviii.
(1906) p. 510.

1282 C. Hupe, “Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der
Dajakkers,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie_, 1846, dl. iii. pp.
249 _sq._

1283 “De Dajaks op Borneo,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xiii. (1869) p. 78; G. A. Wilken,
_Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, p. 599.

1284 R. Shelford, “Two Medicine-baskets from Sarawak,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxxiii. (1903) pp. 78 _sq._

1285 M. C. Schadee, “Bijdrage tot de kennis van den godsdienst der Dajaks
van Landak en Tajan,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde
van Nederlandsche-Indië_, lvi. (1904) p. 536.

1286 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en
maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege
het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xl. (1896) pp. 273 _sq._
The word for taboo among these people is _kapali_. See further A. C.
Kruijt, “Eenige ethnographische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe
en Tomori,” _op. cit._ xliv. (1900) pp. 219, 237.

1287 G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch-Indië_, pp. 599 _sq._

1288 G. A. Wilken, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Alfoeren van het Eiland
Boeroe,” p. 26 (_Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van
Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxxvi.). The words for taboo among these
Alfoors are _poto_ and _koin_; _poto_ applies to actions, _koin_ to
things and places. The literal meaning of _poto_ is “warm,” “hot”
(Wilken, _op. cit._ p. 25).

1289 J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” _Mededeelingen
van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p.
455.

1290 N. P. Wilken and J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het Land en Volk van
Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 356.

1291 C. F. H. Campen, “De godsdienstbegrippen der Halmaherasche
Alfoeren,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_,
xxvii. (1882) p. 450.

1292 K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” _Tijdschrift voor
Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) pp. 101 _sq._
The precise consequence supposed to follow is that the _oebi_ (?)
plantations would have no bulbs (_geen knollen_). The names of
several animals are also tabooed in Sunda. See below, p. 415.

M206 Names of persons related by marriage to the speaker are tabooed in
New Guinea.

1293 Above, p. 332.

1294 Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,”
_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlv. (1902)
pp. 278 _sq._ The writer explains that “to eat well” is a phrase
used in the sense of “to be decent, well-behaved,” “to know what is
customary.”

1295 M. Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, pp. 171 _sq._

1296 K. Vetter, in _Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den
Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, p. 92. For more evidence of the observance
of this custom in German New Guinea see O. Schellong, “Über
Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas der Umgebung von
Finschhafen,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxi. (1889) p. 12; M. J.
Erdweg, “Die Bewohner der Insel Tumleo, Berlinhafen,
Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” _Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen
Gesellschaft in Wien_, xxxii. (1902) pp. 379 _sq._

1297 B. A. Hely, “Notes on Totemism, etc., among the Western Tribes,”
_British New Guinea, Annual Report for 1894-95_, pp. 54 _sq._
Compare M. Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, pp. 313 _sq._

M207 Names of persons related by marriage to the speaker are tabooed in
Melanesia.

_ 1298 Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres
Straits_, v. 142 _sq._

1299 Dr. Hahl, “Über die Rechtsanschauungen der Eingeborenen eines Teiles
der Blanchebucht und des Innern der Gazelle Halbinsel,” _Nachrichten
über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, p. 80;
O. Schellong, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxi. (1889) p. 12.

1300 P. A. Kleintitschen, _Die Küstenbewohner der Gazellehalbinsel_, pp.
190, 238.

1301 Rev. W. O’Ferrall, “Native Stories from Santa Cruz and Reef
Islands,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxiv. (1904)
pp. 223 _sq._

1302 Father Lambert, “Mœurs et superstitions de la tribu Belep,”
_Missions Catholiques_, xii. (1880) pp. 30, 68; _id._, _Mœurs et
superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_ (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 94 _sq._

1303 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, pp. 43 _sq._

M208 Names of relations tabooed in Australia.

1304 E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions_, ii. 339.

1305 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 29. Specimens of this
peculiar form of speech are given by Mr. Dawson. For example, “It
will be very warm by and by” was expressed in the ordinary language
_Baawan kulluun_; in “turn tongue” it was _Gnullewa gnatnæn
tirambuul_.

1306 Joseph Parker, in Brough Smyth’s _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 156.

1307 J. Macgillivray, _Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake_
(London, 1852), ii. 10 _sq._ It is obvious that the example given by
the writer does not illustrate his general statement. Apparently he
means to say that Nuki is the son-in-law, not the son, of the woman
in question, and that the prohibition to mention the names of
persons standing in that relationship is mutual.

1308 Mrs. James Smith, _The Booandik Tribe_, p. 5.

1309 D. Stewart, in E. M. Curr’s _Australian Race_, iii. 461.

M209 These taboos can hardly be accounted for by the intermarriage of
tribes speaking different languages. Differences of language between
husbands and wives. Intermixture of races speaking different
languages would hardly account for the taboos on the names of
relations.

1310 C. W. Schürmann, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_ (Adelaide,
1879), p. 249.

1311 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, pp. 27, 30 _sq._, 40. So among
the Gowmditch-mara tribe of western Victoria the child spoke his
father’s language, and not his mother’s, when she happened to be of
another tribe (Fison and Howitt, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 276).
Compare A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp.
250 _sq._

1312 A. Hale, “On the Sakais,” _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_, xv. (1886) p. 291.

1313 H. A. Coudreau, _La France équinoxiale_ (Paris, 1887), ii. 178.

1314 De Rochefort, _Histoire naturelle et morale des Iles Antilles de
l’Amerique_2 (Rotterdam, 1665), pp. 349 _sq._; De la Borde,
“Relation de l’origine, etc., des Caraibs sauvages des Isles
Antilles de l’Amerique,” pp. 4, 39 (_Recueil de divers voyages faits
en Afrique et en Amerique, qui n’ont point esté encore publiez_,
Paris, 1684); Lafitau, _Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains_, i. 55. On
the language of the Carib women see also Jean Baptiste du Tertre,
_Histoire generale des Isles de S. Christophe, de la Guadeloupe, de
la Martinique et autres dans l’Amerique_ (Paris, 1654), p. 462;
Labat, _Nouveau Voyage aux isles de l’Amerique_ (Paris, 1713), vi.
127 _sq._; J. N. Rat, “The Carib Language,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxvii. (1898) pp. 311 _sq._

1315 See C. Sapper, “Mittelamericanische Caraiben,” _Internationales
Archiv für Ethnographie_, x. (1897) pp. 56 _sqq._; and my article,
“A Suggestion as to the Origin of Gender in Language,” _Fortnightly
Review_, January 1900, pp. 79-90; also _Totemism and Exogamy_, iv.
237 _sq._

1316 P. Ehrenreich, “Materialien zur Sprachenkunde Brasiliens,”
_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxvi. (1894) pp. 23-35.

M210 The names of the dead are in general not mentioned by the Australian
aborigines.

1317 Strabo, xi. 4. 8, p. 503.

1318 G. Grey, _Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and
Western Australia_ (London, 1841), ii. 232, 257. The writer is here
speaking especially of western Australia, but his statement applies,
with certain restrictions which will be mentioned presently, to all
parts of the continent. For evidence see D. Collins, _Account of the
English Colony in New South Wales_ (London, 1804), p. 390; Hueber,
“À travers l’Australie,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_
(Paris), Vme Série, ix. (1865) p. 429; S. Gason, in _Native Tribes
of South Australia_, p. 275; K. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of
Victoria_, i. 120, ii. 297; A. L. P. Cameron, in _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xiv. (1885) p. 363; E. M. Curr, _The
Australian Race_, i. 88, 338, ii. 195, iii. 22, 29, 139, 166, 596;
J. D. Lang, _Queensland_ (London, 1861), pp. 367, 387, 388; C.
Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_ (London, 1889), p. 279; _Report on the
Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia_ (London
and Melbourne, 1896), pp. 137, 168. More evidence is adduced below.

1319 On this latter motive see especially the remarks of A. W. Howitt, in
_Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 249. Compare also C. W. Schurmann, in
_Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 247; F. Bonney, in _Journal
of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 127.

1320 A. Oldfield, “The Aborigines of Australia,” _Transactions of the
Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., iii. (1865) p. 238.

1321 A. Oldfield, _op. cit._ p. 240.

1322 W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” _Transactions of the
Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., i. (1861) p. 299.

1323 A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Beliefs,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 191; _id._, _Native
Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 440.

_ 1324 Id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 469.

1325 G. F. Angas, _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_
(London, 1847), i. 94.

1326 Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 498.

1327 Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 526.

1328 E. Clement, “Ethnographical Notes on the Western Australian
Aborigines,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, xvi. (1904)
p. 9.

M211 The names of the dead are not uttered by the American Indians.

1329 L. H. Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_ (Rochester, U.S., 1851), p.
175.

1330 A. S. Gatschett, _The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon_
(Washington, 1890) (_Contributions to North American Ethnology_,
vol. ii. pt. 1), p. xli; Chase, quoted by H. H. Bancroft, _Native
Races of the Pacific States_, i. 357, note 76.

1331 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 33; compare p. 68.

1332 S. Powers, _op. cit._ p. 240.

1333 F. A. Simons, “An Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula, U.S. of
Colombia,” _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, vii.
(1885) p. 791.

1334 M. Dobrizhoffer, _Historia de Abiponibus_, ii. 301, 498. For more
evidence of the observance of this taboo among the American Indians
see A. Woldt, _Captain Jacobsen’s Reise an der Nordwestküste
Americas_ (Leipsic, 1884), p. 57 (as to the Indians of the
north-west coast); W. Colquhoun Grant, “Description of Vancouver’s
Island,” _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, xxvii. (1857)
p. 303 (as to Vancouver Island); Capt. Wilson, “Report on the Indian
Tribes,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S.,
iv. (1866) p. 286 (as to Vancouver Island and neighbourhood); C.
Hill Tout, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxv.
(1905) p. 138; _id._, _The Far West, the Land of the Salish and
Déné_, p. 201; A. Ross, _Adventures on the Oregon or Columbia
River_, p. 322; H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, iv. 226 (as to
the Bonaks of California); Ch. N. Bell, “The Mosquito Territory,”
_Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, xxxii. (1862) p. 255;
A. Pinart, “Les Indiens de l’Etat de Panama,” _Revue
d’Ethnographie_, vi. (1887) p. 56; G. C. Musters, in _Journal of the
Royal Geographical Society_, xli. (1871) p. 68 (as to Patagonia).
More evidence is adduced below.

M212 Many other peoples are reluctant to mention the names of the dead.
This reluctance seems to be based on a fear of the ghosts, whose
attention might be attracted by the mention of their names.

1335 See P. S. Pallas, _Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen
Reichs_, iii. 76 (Samoyeds); J. W. Breeks, _Account of the Primitive
Tribes and Monuments of the Nīlagiris_ (London, 1873), p. 19; W. E.
Marshall, _Travels amongst the Todas_, p. 177; W. H. R. Rivers, _The
Todas_, pp. 462, 496, 626; Plan de Carpin (de Plano Carpini),
_Relation des Mongols ou Tartares_, ed. D’Avezac, cap. iii. § iii.;
H. Duveyrier, _Exploration du Sahara, les Touareg du nord_ (Paris,
1864), p. 415; Lieut. S. C. Holland, “The Ainos,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, iii. (1874) p. 238; J. Batchelor, _The
Ainu and their Folk-lore_ (London, 1901), pp. 252, 564; J. M.
Hildebrandt, “Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre
Nachbarn,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, x. (1878) p. 405; A. C.
Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 71; F. Blumentritt, _Versuch einer
Ethnographie der Philippinen_ (Gotha, 1882), p. 38 (_Petermann’s
Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft_, No. 67); N. Fontana, “On the Nicobar
Isles,” _Asiatick Researches_, iii. (London, 1799) p. 154; W. H.
Furness, _Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899), p.
26; A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_, pp. 70 _sq._;
J. E. Calder, “Native Tribes of Tasmania,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, iii. (1874) p. 23; J. Bonwick, _Daily
Life of the Tasmanians_, pp. 97, 145, 183.

1336 H. Duveyrier, _Exploration du Sahara, les Touareg du nord_, p. 431.

1337 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 42.

1338 K. Vetter, _Komm herüber und hilf uns!_ iii. (Barmen, 1898) p. 24;
_id._, in _Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den
Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, p. 92.

1339 Dr. L. Loria, “Notes on the ancient War Customs of the Natives of
Logea,” _British New Guinea, Annual Report for 1894-95_, pp. 45, 46
_sq._ Compare M. Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, p. 322.

1340 Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington
Territory,” _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887_,
part i. p. 656.

1341 Baron C. C. von der Decken, _Reisen in Ost-Afrika_ (Leipsic,
1869-1871), ii. 25; R. Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und
Vergleiche_, pp. 182 _sq._

1342 S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, _The last of the Masai_ (London, 1901), p.
50; Sir H. Johnston, _The Uganda Protectorate_, ii. 826.

M213 The like fear leads people who bear the same name as the dead to
change it for another.

1343 W. Wyatt, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 165.

1344 D. Collins, _Account of the English Colony in New South Wales_
(London, 1804), p. 392.

1345 P. Beveridge, “Notes on the Dialects, Habits, and Mythology of the
Lower Murray Aborigines,” _Transactions of the Royal Society of
Victoria_, vi. 20 _sq._

1346 “Description of the Natives of King George’s Sound (Swan River) and
adjoining Country,” _Journal of the R. Geographical Society_, i.
(1832) pp. 46 _sq._

1347 W. E. Roth, _North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5_
(Brisbane, 1903), § 72, p. 20.

1348 G. F. Angas, _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_
(London, 1847), ii. 228.

1349 J. F. Lafitau, _Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains_, ii. 434; R.
Southey, _History of Brazil_, iii. 894 (referring to Roger
Williams).

1350 Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, vi. 109.

1351 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 349; Myron Eels, “The Twana,
Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” _Annual
Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887_, p. 656.

1352 S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, _The Last of the Masai_, p. 50.

M214 Sometimes all the near relations of the deceased change their names.

1353 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 42.

1354 H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, i. 248.
Compare K. F. v. Baer und Gr. v. Helmersen, _Beiträge zur Kenntniss
des russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens_, i. (St.
Petersburg, 1839), p. 108 (as to the Kenayens of Cook’s Inlet and
the neighbourhood).

1355 J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” _Seventeenth
Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i.
(Washington, 1898) p. 231.

1356 F. de Azara, _Voyages dans l’Amérique Méridionale_ (Paris, 1808),
ii. 153 _sq._

1357 P. Lozano, _Descripcion chorographica_, etc., _del Gran Chaco_
(Cordova, 1733), p. 70.

1358 E. H. Man, “Notes on the Nicobarese,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii.
(1899) p. 261. Elsewhere I have suggested that mourning costume in
general may have been adopted with this intention. See _Journal of
the Anthropological Institute_, xv. (1886) pp. 73, 98 _sqq._

1359 J. Enderli, “Zwei Jahre bei den Tchuktschen und Korjaken,”
_Petermanns Mitteilungen_, xlix. (1903) p. 257.

M215 When the name of the deceased is that of a common object, the word
is often dropped in ordinary speech and another substituted for it.

1360 R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 266.

1361 E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery_, ii. 354 _sq._

1362 J. Macgillivray, _Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake_
(London, 1852), ii. 10 _sq._

1363 J. Bulmer, in Brough Smyth’s _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 94.

1364 H. E. A. Meyer, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 199,
compare p. xxix.

1365 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 43. Mr. Howitt mentions the
case of a native who arbitrarily substituted the name _nobler_
(“spirituous liquor”) for _yan_ (“water”) because Yan was the name
of a man who had recently died (_Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 249).

M216 This custom has transformed some of the languages of the American
Indians.

1366 M. Dobrizhoffer, _Historia de Abiponibus_ (Vienna, 1784), ii. 199,
301.

1367 H. Ten Kate, “Notes ethnographiques sur les Comanches,” _Revue
d’Ethnographie_, iv. (1885) p. 131.

1368 J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” _Seventeenth
Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i.
(Washington, 1898) p. 231.

M217 A similar custom has modified languages in Africa, Buru, New Guinea,
the Caroline Islands, and the Nicobarese.

1369 Rev. J. Roscoe in a letter to me dated Mengo, Uganda, 17th February
1904.

1370 A. C. Hollis, _The Masai_ (Oxford, 1905), pp. 304 _sq._ As to the
Masai customs in this respect see also above, pp. 354 _sq._, 356.

1371 J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” _Mededeelingen
van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p.
455.

1372 Sir William Macgregor, _British New Guinea_ (London, 1897), p. 79.

1373 C. G. Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_ (Cambridge,
1910), pp. 629-631.

1374 F. W. Christian, _The Caroline Islands_ (London, 1899), p. 366.

1375 F. A. de Roepstorff, “Tiomberombi, a Nicobar Tale,” _Journal of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal_, liii. (1884) pt. i. pp. 24 _sq._ In some
tribes apparently the names of the dead are only tabooed in the
presence of their relations. See C. Hill-Tout, in “Report of the
Committee on the Ethnological Survey of Canada,” _Report of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Bradford, 1900,
p. 484; G. Brown, _Melanesians and Polynesians_ (London, 1910), p.
399. But in the great majority of the accounts which I have
consulted no such limitation of the taboo is mentioned.

M218 The suppression of the names of the dead cuts at the root of
historical tradition.

1376 A. S. Gatschet, _The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon_
(Washington, 1890), p. xli. (_Contributions to North American
Ethnology_, vol. ii. pt. I).

1377 P. Beveridge, “Of the Aborigines inhabiting the great Lacustrine and
Riverine Depression of the Lower Murray,” etc., _Journal and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales for 1883_, vol.
xvii. p. 65. The custom of changing common words on the death of
persons who bore them as their names seems also to have been
observed by the Tasmanians. See J. Bonwick, _Daily Life of the
Tasmanians_, p. 145.

M219 Sometimes the names of the dead are revived after a certain time.
The American Indians used to bring the dead to life again by
solemnly bestowing their names on living persons, who were
thereafter regarded as reincarnations of the dead.

1378 G. Grey, _Journals of two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and
Western Australia_, ii. 231 _sq._

1379 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 42.

1380 C. W. Schürmann, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 247.

1381 H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, iii. 156.

1382 Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington
Territory,” _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1887_,
p. 656.

1383 S. R. M’Caw, “Mortuary Customs of the Puyallups,” _The American
Antiquarian and Oriental Journal_, viii. (1886) p. 235.

1384 J. F. Lafitau, _Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains_ (Paris, 1724), ii.
434. Charlevoix merely says that the taboo on the names of the dead
lasted “a certain time” (_Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, vi. 109).
“A good long while” is the phrase used by Captain J. G. Bourke in
speaking of the same custom among the Apaches (_On the Border with
Crook_, p. 132).

M220 Mode of reviving the dead in the persons of their namesakes among
the North American Indians.

1385 Gabriel Sagard, _Le Grand Voyage du pays des Hurons_, Nouvelle
Édition (Paris, 1865), p. 202. The original edition of Sagard’s book
was published at Paris in 1632.

_ 1386 Relations des Jésuites_, 1636, p. 131; _id._, 1642, pp. 53, 85;
_id._, 1644, pp. 66 _sq._ (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

1387 Daniel W. Harmon, quoted by Rev. Jedidiah Morse, _Report to the
Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs_ (New-Haven,
1822), Appendix, p. 345. The custom seems now to be extinct. It is
not mentioned by Father A. G. Morice in his accounts of the tribe
(in _Proceedings of the Canadian Institute_, Third Series, vol. vii.
1888-89; _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, vol. iv. 1892-93;
_Annual Archaeological Report_, Toronto, 1905).

1388 Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition_
(New York, 1851), iv. 453.

M221 The dead revived in their namesakes among the Lapps, Khonds,
Yorubas, Baganda, and Makalaka.

1389 E. J. Jessen, _De Finnorum Lapponumque Norwegicorum religione
pagana_, pp. 33 _sq._ (bound up with C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus
Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita, et religione pristina
commentatio_, Copenhagen, 1767).

1390 Major S. C. Macpherson, _Memorials of Service in India_ (London,
1865), pp. 72 _sq._

1391 C. Spiess, “Einiges über die Bedeutung der Personennamen der Evheer
in Togo-Gebiete,” _Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische
Sprachen zu Berlin_, vi. (1903) Dritte Abtheilung, pp. 56 _sq._

1392 A. B. Ellis, _The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p.
152; _id._, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, pp. 153
_sq._ In the former passage the writer says nothing about the
child’s name. In the latter he merely says that an ancestor is
supposed to have sent the child, who accordingly commonly takes the
name of that ancestor. But the analogy of other peoples makes it
highly probable that, as Col. Ellis himself states in his later work
(_The Yoruba-speaking Peoples_), the ancestor is believed to be
incarnate in the child. That the Yoruba child takes the name of the
ancestor who has come to life again in him is definitely stated by
A. Dieterich in _Archiv für Religionswissenschaft_, viii. (1904) p.
20, referring to _Zeitschrift für Missionskunde und
Religionswissenschaft_, xv. (1900) p. 17, a work to which I have not
access. Dieterich’s account of the subject of rebirth (_op. cit._
pp. 18-21) deserves to be consulted.

1393 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the
Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902)
p. 32.

1394 C. Mauch, _Reisen im Inneren von Süd-Afrika_ (Gotha, 1874), p. 43
(_Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Ergänsungsheft_, No. 37).

M222 Revival of the names of the dead among the Nicobarese and Gilyaks.

1395 Sir R. C. Temple, in _Census of India, 1901_, vol. iii. 207, 212.

1396 Plan de Carpin (de Plano Carpini), _Relation des Mongols ou
Tartares_, ed. D’Avezac, cap. iii. § iii. The writer’s statement
(“_nec nomen proprium ejus usque ad tertiam generationem audet
aliquis nominare_”) is not very clear.

1397 P. Labbé, _Un Bagne russe, l’île de Sakhaline_ (Paris, 1903), p.
166.

M223 Namesakes of the dead treated as the dead in person among the
Esquimaux of Bering Strait.

1398 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington,
1899), pp. 363 _sq._, 365, 368, 371, 377, 379, 424 _sq._

M224 Ceremonies at the naming of children are probably often associated
with the idea of rebirth.

1399 On the doctrine of the reincarnation of ancestors in their
descendants see E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_,2 ii. 3-5, who
observes with great probability that “among the lower races
generally the renewal of old family names by giving them to new-born
children may always be suspected of involving some such thought.”
See further _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii. 297-299.

M225 Sometimes the names of the dead may be pronounced after their bodies
have decayed. Arunta practice of chasing the ghost into the grave at
the end of the period of mourning.

1400 H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, i. 248.

1401 G. Taplin, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 19.

1402 H. E. A. Meyer, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 199.

1403 Some of the Indians of Guiana bring food and drink to their dead so
long as the flesh remains on the bones; when it has mouldered away,
they conclude that the man himself has departed. See A. Biet,
_Voyage de la France équinoxiale en l’Isle de Cayenne_ (Paris,
1664), p. 392. The Alfoors or Toradjas of central Celebes believe
that the souls of the dead cannot enter the spirit-land until all
the flesh has been removed from their bones; till that has been
done, the gods (_lamoa_) in the other world could not bear the
stench of the corpse. Accordingly at a great festival the bodies of
all who have died within a certain time are dug up and the decaying
flesh scraped from the bones. See A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander
aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den
Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxix. (1895) pp. 26, 32 _sqq._; _id._, “Het
wezen van het Heidendom te Posso,” _ibid._ xlvii. (1903) p. 32. The
Matacos Indians of the Gran Chaco believe that the soul of a dead
man does not pass down into the nether world until his body is
decomposed or burnt. See J. Pelleschi, _Los Indios Matacos_ (Buenos
Ayres, 1897), p. 102. These ideas perhaps explain the widespread
custom of disinterring the dead after a certain time and disposing
of their bones otherwise.

1404 Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp.
498-508.

M226 The birth-names of kings kept secret or not pronounced.

1405 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, pp. 98
_sq._

1406 A. Cecchi, _Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa_, ii. (Rome, 1885) p.
551.

1407 Rev. J. Roscoe, “The Bahima,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute_, xxxvii. (1907) p. 96.

1408 J. F. Cunningham, _Uganda and its Peoples_ (London, 1905), pp. 14,
16.

1409 De la Loubere, _Du royaume de Siam_ (Amsterdam, 1691), i. 306;
Pallegoix, _Royaume Thai ou Siam_, i. 260.

1410 J. S. Polack, _Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders_ (London,
1840), ii. 127, note 43.

1411 A. Fytche, _Burma Past and Present_ (London, 1878), i. 238.

1412 J. Edkins, _Religion in China_2 (London, 1878), p. 35.

1413 Ch. Dallet, _Histoire de l’Église de Corée_, i. p. xxiv.; Mrs.
Bishop, _Korea and her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), i. 48. The custom
is now obsolete (G. N. Curzon, _Problems of the Far East_,
Westminster, 1896, p. 155 note).

1414 E. Aymonier, _Notice sur le Cambodge_ (Paris, 1875), p. 22; _id._,
_Le Cambodge_, i. (Paris, 1900) p. 58.

1415 K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” _Tijdschrift voor
Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) p. 101.

1416 N. P. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het land en volk van
Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche
Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 356.

1417 S. Roos, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis van Taal, Land, en Volk op het
eiland Soemba,” p. 70, _Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxxvi. Compare J. H. F.
Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land-
en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsche-Indië_, ii. (1900) p. 173.

M227 The names of Zulu kings and chiefs may not be pronounced.

1418 Above, pp. 335 _sq._

1419 J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country_, pp. 221
_sq._; David Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_2 (Edinburgh,
1875), pp. 172-179; J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions,
and Religions of South African Tribes,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) p. 131. The account in the
text is based mainly on Leslie’s description, which is by far the
fullest.

M228 The names of living kings and chiefs may not be pronounced in
Madagascar.

1420 D. Tyerman and G. Bennet, _Journal of Voyages and Travels_ (London,
1831), ii. 525 _sq._; J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_ (London,
1880), pp. 150 _sq._; _id._, “Curiosities of Words connected with
Royalty and Chieftainship,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar
Magazine_, No. xi. (Christmas, 1887) pp. 308 _sq._; _id._, in
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxi. (1887) pp. 226
_sqq._ On the custom of tabooing royal or chiefly names in
Madagascar, see A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_
(Paris, 1904), pp. 104 _sqq._

M229 The names of dead kings and chiefs are also tabooed in Madagascar.

1421 V. Noel, “Île de Madagascar, recherches sur les Sakkalava,”
_Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IIme Série, xx.
(1843) pp. 303-306. Compare A. Grandidier, “Les Rites funéraires
chez les Malgaches,” _Revue d’Ethnographie_, v. (1886) p. 224; A.
Walen, “The Sakalava,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar
Magazine_, vol. ii., Reprint of the Second Four Numbers
(Antananarivo, 1896), p. 242; A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à
Madagascar_, pp. 110 _sq._ Amongst the Sakalavas it is forbidden to
mention the name of any dead person. See A. Voeltzkow, “Vom
Morondava zum Mangoky, Reiseskizzen aus West-Madagascar,”
_Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, xxxi. (1896)
p. 118.

1422 R. Baron, “The Bara,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_,
vol. ii., Reprint of the Second Four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1896),
p. 83.

1423 A. Grandidier, “Madagascar,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_
(Paris), Vme Série, xvii. (1869) pp. 401 _sq._ The writer is here
speaking specially of the Sakalavas, though his remarks appear to be
of general application.

M230 The names of chiefs may not be pronounced in Polynesia.

1424 J. S. Polack, _Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders_, i. 37
_sq._, ii. 126 _sq._ Compare E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New
Zealand,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p.
123.

1425 Captain J. Cook, _Voyages_ (London, 1809), vi. 155 (Third Voyage).
Compare Captain James Wilson, _Missionary Voyage to the Southern
Pacific Ocean_ (London, 1799), p. 366; W. Ellis, _Polynesian
Researches_,2 iii. 101.

1426 Vancouver, _Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and round
the World_ (London, 1798), i. 135.

_ 1427 United States Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology_, by
Horatio Hale (Philadelphia, 1846), pp. 288 _sq._

1428 G. Brown, D.D., _Melanesians and Polynesians_ (London, 1910), p.
280.

M231 The names of the Eleusinian priests might not be uttered.

1429 Lucian, _Lexiphanes_, 10. The inscriptional and other evidence of
this Greek superstition was first brought to the notice of
anthropologists by Mr. W. R. Paton in an interesting article, “The
Holy Names of the Eleusinian Priests,” _International Folk-lore
Congress, 1891, Papers and Transactions_, pp. 202-214. Compare E.
Maass, _Orpheus_ (Munich, 1895), p. 70; Aug. Mommsen, _Feste der
Stadt Athen im Altertum_ (Leipsic, 1898), pp. 253-255; P. Foucart,
_Les Grands Mystères d’Eleusis_ (Paris, 1900), pp. 28-31. The two
last writers shew that, contrary to what we might have expected, the
custom appears not to have been very ancient.

1430 G. Kaibel, _Epigrammata Graeca ex lapidibus conlecta_, No. 863;
Ἐφημερὶς ἀρχαιολογική, 1883, col. 79 _sq._ From the latter of these
inscriptions we learn that the name might be made public after the
priest’s death. Further, a reference of Eunapius (_Vitae
sophistarum_, p. 475 of the Didot edition) shews that the name was
revealed to the initiated. In the essay cited in the preceding note
Mr. W. R. Paton assumes that it was the new and sacred name which
was kept secret and committed to the sea. The case is not clear, but
both the evidence and the probability seem to me in favour of the
view that it was rather the old everyday name of the priest or
priestess which was put away at his or her consecration. If, as is
not improbable, these sacred personages had to act the parts of gods
and goddesses at the mysteries, it might well be deemed indecorous
and even blasphemous to recall the vulgar names by which they had
been known in the familiar intercourse of daily life. If our clergy,
to suppose an analogous case, had to personate the most exalted
beings of sacred history, it would surely be grossly irreverent to
address them by their ordinary names during the performance of their
solemn functions.

M232 The old names of members of the Yewe order in Togo may not be
uttered.

1431 H. Seidel, “Der Yew’e Dienst im Togolande,” _Zeitschrift für
afrikanische und oceanische Sprachen_, iii. (1897) pp. 161-173; H.
Klose, _Togo unter deutscher Flagge_ (Berlin, 1899), pp. 197-205.
Compare Lieut. Herold, “Bericht betreffend religiöse Anschauungen
und Gebräuche der deutschen Ewe-Neger,” _Mittheilungen aus den
deutschen Schutzgebieten_, v. (1892) p. 146; J. Spieth, “Der Jehve
Dienst der Evhe-Neger,” _Mittheilungen der Geographischen
Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xii. (1893) pp. 83-88; C. Spiess,
“Religionsbegriffe der Evheer in Westafrika,” _Mittheilungen des
Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin_, vi. (1903) Dritte
Abtheilung, p. 126.

M233 The utterance of the names of gods and spirits is supposed to
disturb the course of nature.

1432 Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 227.

1433 G. Timkowski, _Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to
China_ (London, 1827), ii. 348.

1434 J. Campbell, _Travels in South Africa, Second Journey_ (London,
1822), ii. 204 _sq._

1435 P. Rascher, “Die Sulka, ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie Neu-Pommern,”
_Archiv für Anthropologie_, xxix. (1904) p. 216. Compare R.
Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_, p. 198.

1436 Washington Matthews, “The Mountain Chant, a Navajo Ceremony,” _Fifth
Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1887), pp.
386 _sq._

1437 L. H. Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_ (Rochester, U.S., 1851), pp.
167 _sq._ The writer derives the prohibition to tell tales of wonder
in summer “from a vague and indefinable dread.”

1438 H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, iii. 314, 492.

1439 K. Vetter, in _Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu
Jena_, xii. (1893) p. 95; _id._, _Komm herüber und hilf uns!_ ii.
(Barmen, 1898) p. 26; B. Hagen, _Unter den Papuas_ (Wiesbaden,
1898), p. 270. On myths or magical tales told as spells to produce
the effects which they describe, compare F. Kauffmann, _Balder_
(Strasburg, 1902), pp. 299 _sqq._; C. Fossey, _La Magie assyrienne_
(Paris, 1902), pp. 95-97.

M234 Winter and summer names of the Kwakiutl Indians.

1440 Fr. Boas, “The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the
Kwakiutl Indians,” _Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1895_,
pp. 396, 418 _sq._, 503, 504. Compare _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii.
333 _sq._, 517 _sq._

M235 Names of gods kept secret. How Isis discovered the name of Ra, the
sun-god.

1441 Xenophanes, quoted by Eusebius, _Praeparatio Evangelii_, xiii. 13,
pp. 269 _sq._, ed. Heinichen, and by Clement of Alexandria, _Strom._
vii. 4, pp. 840 _sq._, ed. Potter; H. Diels, _Die Fragmente der
Vorsokratiker_2 (Berlin, 1906-1910), i. 49.

1442 A. Erman, _Ägypten und ägyptisches Leben im Altertum_, pp. 359-362;
A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_, pp. 29-32; G.
Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient classique: les
origines_, pp. 162-164; R. V. Lanzone, _Dizionario di mitologia
egizia_ (Turin, 1881-1884), pp. 818-822; E. A. Wallis Budge, _The
Book of the Dead_ (London, 1895), pp. lxxxix.-xci.; _id._, _Egyptian
Magic_, pp. 136 _sqq._; _id._, _The Gods of the Egyptians_ (London,
1904), i. 360 _sq._ The abridged form of the story given in the text
is based on a comparison of these various versions, of which Erman’s
is slightly, and Maspero’s much curtailed. Mr. Budge’s version is
reproduced by Mr. E. Clodd (_Tom Tit Tot_, pp. 180 _sqq._).

M236 Egyptian wizards have worked enchantments by the names of the gods
both in ancient and modern times. Magical constraint exercised over
demons by means of their names in North Africa and China.

1443 G. Maspero, _Études de mythologie et d’archéologie égyptienne_
(Paris, 1893), ii. 297 _sq._

1444 E. Lefébure, “La Vertu et la vie du nom en Égypte,” _Mélusine_,
viii. (1897) coll. 227 _sq._ Compare A. Erman, _Ägypten und
ägyptisches Leben im Altertum_, pp. 472 _sq._; E. A. Wallis Budge,
_Egyptian Magic_, pp. 157 _sqq._

1445 Lucan, _Pharsalia_, vi. 730 _sqq._

1446 E. W. Lane, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_ (Paisley
and London, 1895), ch. xii. p. 273.

1447 E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du nord_, p. 130.

1448 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, vi. (Leyden,
1910) p. 1126.

M237 Divine names used by the Romans to conjure with.

1449 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 18; Macrobius, _Saturn._ iii. 9; Servius
on Virgil, _Aen._ ii. 351; Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 61. According to
Servius (_l.c._) it was forbidden by the pontifical law to mention
any Roman god by his proper name, lest it should be profaned.
Compare Festus, p. 106, ed. C. O. Müller: “_Indigetes dii quorum
nomina vulgari non licet_.” On the other hand the Romans were
careful, for the sake of good omen, to choose men with lucky names,
like Valerius, Salvius, Statorius, to open any enterprise of moment,
such as to lead the sacrificial victims in a religious procession or
to be the first to answer to their names in a levy or a census. See
Cicero, _De divinatione_, i. 45. 102 _sq._; Festus, _s.v._ “Lacus
Lucrinus,” p. 121, ed. C. O. Müller; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 22;
Tacitus, _Histor._ iv. 53.

1450 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ iii. 65; Solinus, i. 4 _sq._; Macrobius, _Sat._
iii. 9, 3, and 5; Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ i. 277; Joannes Lydus,
_De mensibus_, iv. 50.

1451 F. Fossey, _La Magie assyrienne_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 58, 95.

1452 T. de Pauly, _Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie_
(St. Petersburg, 1862), _Peuples ouralo-altaïques_, p. 24.

M238 The taboos on names of kings and commoners are alike in origin. M239 Common words as well as personal names are often tabooed from superstitious motives. M240 Common words tabooed by Highland fowlers and fishermen.

1453 M. Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in
Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii. 579 _sq._ As to the Flannan
Islands see also Sir J. Sinclair’s _Statistical Account of
Scotland_, xix. (Edinburgh, 1797), p. 283.

1454 J. G. Campbell, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of
Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1900), p. 239.

1455 Miss Morag Cameron, “Highland Fisher-folk and their Superstitions,”
_Folk-lore_, xiv. (1903) p. 304.

M241 Common words tabooed by Scotch fishermen and others.

1456 A. Edmonston, _Zetland Islands_ (Edinburgh, 1809), ii. 74.

1457 Ch. Rogers, _Social Life in Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1884-1886), iii.
218.

1458 W. Gregor, _Folk-lore of the North-East of Scotland_, pp. 199-201.

1459 “Traditions, Customs, and Superstitions of the Lewis,” _Folk-lore_,
vi. (1895) p. 170; Miss A. Goodrich-Freer, “The Powers of Evil in
the Outer Hebrides,” _Folk-lore_, x. (1899) p. 265.

1460 J. Mackenzie, _Ten Years north of the Orange River_ (Edinburgh,
1871), p. 151, note 1.

1461 J. G. Campbell, _Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and
Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1902), pp. 184 _sq._

M242 Common words, especially the names of dangerous animals, tabooed in
various parts of Europe.

1462 J. Rhys, “Manx Folk-lore and Superstitions,” _Folk-lore_, iii.
(1892) p. 84.

1463 A. Bosquet, _La Normandie romanesque et merveilleuse_ (Paris and
Rouen, 1845), p. 308.

1464 J. G. Gmelin, _Reise durch Sibirien_, ii. (Göttingen, 1752), p. 277

_ 1465 Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern_, ii.
(Munich, 1863), p. 304.

1466 Tettau und Temme, _Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und
Westpreussens_ (Berlin, 1837), p. 281.

1467 W. Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten, und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 175,
§ 30.

1468 K. Bartsch, _Sagen, Märchen, und Gebräuche aus Meklenburg_, ii. p.
246, §§ 1273, 1274.

1469 A. Kuhn, _Märkische Sagen und Märchen_, p. 378, § 14.

1470 B. Thorpe, _Northern Mythology_, ii. 83 _sq._; L. Lloyd, _Peasant
Life in Sweden_ (London, 1870), p. 251.

1471 R. F. Kaindl, _Die Huzulen_ (Vienna, 1894), p. 103; _id._,
“Viehzucht und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” _Globus_, lxix.
(1896) p. 387.

_ 1472 Id._, “Neue Beiträge zur Ethnologie und Volkskunde der Huzulen,”
_Globus_, lxix. (1896) p. 73.

1473 C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita, et
religione pristina commentatio_ (Copenhagen, 1767), pp. 502 _sq._

1474 M. A. Castren, _Vorlesungen über die finnische Mythologie_ (St.
Petersburg, 1853), p. 201.

1475 Varonen, reported by Hon. J. Abercromby in _Folk-lore_, ii. (1891)
pp. 245 _sq._

1476 Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und
Gewohnheiten_, p. 120.

M243 The names of various animals tabooed in Siberia, Kamtchatka, and
America.

1477 P. Labbé, _Un Bagne russe, l’île de Sakhaline_ (Paris, 1903), p.
231.

1478 G. W. Steller, _Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka_ (Frankfort
and Leipsic, 1774), p. 276.

1479 G. W. Steller, _op. cit._ p. 91; compare _ib._ pp. 129, 130.

1480 J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual
Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1892), p. 352.
Compare _id._, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of
the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1900) p.
295.

1481 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington,
1899) p. 438.

1482 F. Boas, “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,” _Bulletin of
the American Museum of Natural History_, xv. (1901) p. 148.

1483 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific
Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 374.

M244 Names of animals and things tabooed by the Arabs, Africans, and
Malagasy.

1484 J. Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentums_2 (Berlin, 1897), p.
199.

1485 A. Certeux et E. H. Carnoy, _L’Algérie traditionnelle_ (Paris and
Algiers, 1884), pp. 172, 175.

1486 Father Picarda, “Autour de Mandéra,” _Missions Catholiques_, xviii.
(1886) p. 227.

1487 J. J. Monteiro, _Angola and the River Congo_ (London, 1875), ii.
116.

1488 J. Mackenzie, _Ten Years north of the Orange River_ (Edinburgh,
1871), p. 151; C. R. Conder, in _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_, xvi. (1887) p. 84.

1489 H. B. Johnstone, “Notes on the Customs of the Tribes occupying
Mombasa Sub-district, British East Africa,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 268.

1490 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, v. (Leyden,
1907) p. 691.

1491 A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, _British Nigeria_ (London, 1902), p. 285.

1492 J. Irle, _Die Herero_ (Gütersloh, 1906), p. 133.

1493 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), p. 43.

1494 H. F. Standing, “Malagasy _fady_,” _Antananarivo Annual and
Madagascar Magazine_, vol. ii., _Reprint of the Second Four Numbers_
(Antananarivo, 1896), p. 258.

1495 H. F. Standing, _op. cit._ p. 263.

1496 J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_, pp. 307 _sq._

1497 R. H. Nassau, _Fetichism in West Africa_ (London, 1904), pp. 381
_sqq._

M245 Names of animals, especially the snake and the tiger, tabooed in
India.

_ 1498 Panjab Notes and Queries_, i. p. 15, § 122.

_ 1499 North Indian Notes and Queries_, i. p. 104, § 690.

_ 1500 Id._ v. p. 133, § 372.

1501 W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_
(Westminster, 1896), ii. 142 _sq._

1502 S. Mateer, _Native Life in Travancore_, pp. 320 _sq._

_ 1503 North Indian Notes and Queries_, v. p. 133, § 372.

1504 W. Crooke, _op. cit._ ii. 212.

1505 W. Crooke in _North Indian Notes and Queries_, i. p. 70, § 579;
_id._, _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh_,
iii. 249; _id._, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_
(Westminster, 1896), ii. 54.

1506 W. Crooke, _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and
Oudh_, iii. 314.

1507 D. Sunder, “Exorcism of Wild Animals in the Sundarbans,” _Journal of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxxii. part iii. (Calcutta, 1904)
pp. 45 _sqq._, 51.

M246 Names of animals and things tabooed in Indo-China.

1508 H. Mouhot, _Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China_ (London,
1864), i. 263 _sq._

1509 Mgr Masson, in _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, xxiv. (1852)
p. 323. Compare Le R. P. Cadière, “Croyances et dictons populaires
de la vallée du Nguôn-son,” _Bulletin de l’École Française
d’Extrême-Orient_, i. (1901) p. 134.

1510 E. Young, _The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_ (Westminster, 1898), p.
61.

1511 N. Annandale, “Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani
Fishermen,” _Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology_, part i. (April
1903) p. 104.

1512 E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_, p. 113; _id._, _Voyage dans le
Laos_, i. (Paris, 1895) p. 311. In the latter passage the writer
observes that the custom of giving conventional names to common
objects is very generally observed in Indo-China during the
prosecution of long and perilous journeys undertaken periodically.

_ 1513 Id._, “Les Tchames et leurs religions,” _Revue de l’Histoire des
Religions_, xxiv. (1891) p. 278. Compare A. Cabaton, _Nouvelles
Recherches sur les Chams_ (Paris, 1901), p. 53.

1514 D. F. A. Hervey, in _Indian Notes and Queries_ (December 1886), p.
45, § 154.

M247 Special language used by East Indian searchers for camphor.

_ 1515 Pantang_ is equivalent to taboo. In this sense it is used also by
the Dyaks. See S. W. Tromp, “Een Dajaksch Feest,” _Bijdragen tot de
Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890)
pp. 31 _sq._

1516 J. R. Logan, “The Orang Binua of Johore,” _Journal of the Eastern
Archipelago and Eastern Asia_, i. (1847) pp. 249, 263-265; A.
Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, v. 37; H. Lake and H. J.
Kelsall, “The Camphor Tree and Camphor Language of Johore,” _Journal
of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 26 (January
1894), pp. 39 _sq._; W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 212-214; W. W.
Skeat and C. O. Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_
(London, 1906), ii. 414-431.

1517 C. M. Pleyte, “Herinneringen uit Oost-Indië,” _Tijdschrift van het
koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, II Serie,
xvii. (1900) pp. 27 _sq._

1518 W. H. Furness, _Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania,
1899; privately printed), p. 27; _id._, _Home-life of Borneo
Head-hunters_ (Philadelphia, 1902), p. 17. A special language is
also used in the search for camphor by some of the natives of
Sumatra. See Th. A. L. Heyting, “Beschrijving der onder-afdeeling
Groot-Mandeling en Batang-Natal,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch
Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, xiv. (1897) p. 276.

1519 W. H. Furness, _Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_, pp. 168 _sq._

M248 Special languages used by Malay miners, fowlers, and fishermen.