Chapter C: The Praise of All the Buddhas (1)

All the Buddhas are wonderful and glorious.
There is not their equal upon earth.
They reveal to us the path of life.
And we hail their appearance with pious reverence. 1

All the Buddhas teach the same truth.
They point out the path to those who go astray.
The Truth is our hope and comfort.
We gratefully accept its illimitable light. 2

Ah the Buddhas are one in essence,
Which is omnipresent in all modes of being,
Sanctifying the bonds that tie all souls together,
And we rest in its bliss as our final refuge. 3

TABLE OF REFERENCE.

THE GOSPEL OF BUDDHA CHAPTER AND VERSE (Gospel): I-III
Sources: EA
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: Descent from heaven omitted
Sources: LV; rGya, iii-iv
Parallelisms: Klopstock's _Messias_ Gesang I

Gospel: IV
Sources: Fo, vv. 1-147
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: IV, 6
Sources: BSt, p. 64
Parallelisms: Mark vii, 32, 37; Matth. xi, 5

Gospel: IV, 9
Sources: Fo, vv. 22-24
Parallelisms: Matth. ii, 1

Gospel: IV, 12
Sources: Fo, vv. 39-40
Parallelisms: Luke ii, 36

Gospel: IV, 17
Sources: RB 150; RHB 52
Parallelisms: Pseudo Matth. 23

Gospel: IV, 27
Sources: Fo, v. 147
Parallelisms: Luke ii, 52

Gospel: Omitted
Sources: RHB, pp. 103-108
Parallelisms: Matth. ii, 16

Gospel: V
Sources: HM, p. 156; RB, p. 83; rGya, xii
Parallelisms: --

Sources: Fo, vv. 152-156
Parallelisms: Luke ii, 46-47

Gospel: V, 9
Sources: Fo, v. 164
Parallelisms: Matth. iii, 16

Gospel: VI
Sources: Fo, vv. 191-322
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: VI, 19-20
Sources: BSt, pp. 79-80; RB, p. 23
Parallelisms: Luke xi, 27-28

Gospel: VII
Sources: Fo, vv. 335-417
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: VII, 7
Sources: BSt, p. 5-6
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: VII, 18-19
Sources: BSt, p. 18
Parallelisms: Matt. xxiv, 35; Luke xxi, 33; Luke xvi, 17

Gospel: VII, 23-24
Sources: BSt, p. 84
Parallelisms: Luke iv, 5-8 [see also Matth. iv, 1-7 and Mark i, 13]

Gospel: VIII
Sources: Fo, vv. 778-918
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: VIII, 15
Sources: DP, v. 178
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: IX
Sources: Fo, vv. 919-1035; Cf. "Arāda and Udraka" in Rhys Davids's
_Dialogue_
Parallelisms: Compare the results of modern psychology

Gospel: IX, 6
Sources: MV. 1, 6, Secs. 36-38 [SB, xiii, p. 100]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: IX, 14
Sources: QKM, pp. 83-86
Parallelisms: Evolution theory

Gospel: IX, 15
Sources: QKM, p. 133
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: IX, 16
Sources: QKM, p. 111
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: X
Sources: Fo, vv. 1000-1023
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: X, 4, 5
Sources: SN, vv. 425, 439; SN, v. 445
Parallelisms: Luke iv, 2-4; John iii, 46

Gospel: X, 11
Sources: Fo, vv. 1024; Fo, vv. 1222-1224
Parallelisms: Luke vii, 19; Matth ii, 3

Gospel: XI [See LXXXIX, 1-6]
Sources: Fo, vv. 1026-1110
Parallelisms: Luke iv, 2; Matth. iv, 1-7; Mark i, 13

Gospel: XII
Sources: Fo, vv. 1111-1199
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XII, 8
Sources: QKM, p. 79; SDP, vii [SB, xxi, p. 172]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XII, 11-15
Sources: SDP, iii [SB, xxi, p. 90]; MV, i, 6 Secs. 19-28; Cf. OldG,
pp. 227-228, OldE, p. 211; RhDB, pp. 106-107
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XII, 16
Sources: BSt, pp. 103-104; Cf. DP, pp. 153-154; Db, p. 12
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XII, 20
Sources: rGya, 355
Parallelisms: Matth. v, 3-11

Gospel: XIII
Sources: MV, i, 4
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XIV
Sources: MV, i, 5
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XIV, 2
Sources: MV, i, 3, Sec. 4
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XIV, 14
Sources: MPN, iii, 44, 45; Cf. W, p. 87
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XV
Sources: Fo, vv. 1200-1217; MV, i, 6, Secs. 1-9
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVI
Sources: Fo, vv. 1217-1279; MV, i, 6, Secs. 10-47
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVI, 5
Sources: SN, v. 248
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVI, 6
Sources: RhDB p. 131
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVI, 7
Sources: SN, v. 241
Parallelisms: Matth. xv, 10

Gospel: XVII
Sources: MV, i, 6, Sec. 10-47
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVII, 10-12
Sources: _Saniyuttaka Nikāya_, vol. iii, fol. sā, quoted by OldG,
p. 364; OldE, p. 339
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVII, 13-18
Sources: MV, i, 11
Parallelisms: --

Sources: Fo, vv. 1297-1300
Parallelisms: Luke ix, 1-6; Luke x, 1-24

Gospel: XVII, 15
Sources: QKM, p. 264
Parallelisms: Matth. v, 16

Sources: QKM, p. 266
Parallelisms: Matth. vii, 6

Gospel: XVIII
Sources: MV, 1, 7; 8, 9; Fo, vv. 1280-1296
Parallelisms: John iii, 2

Gospel: XVIII, 8
Sources: Fo, vv. 1289-1290
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XVIII, 10
Sources: Fo, v. 1292
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XIX
Sources: Fo, vv. 1300-1334; MV, 1, 20-21
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XX
Sources: Fo, vv. 1335-1379; MV, 1, 22
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XX, 19-20
Sources: SN, v. 148; _Metta Sutta._ [An often quoted sentence.
RhDB, p. 109, Hardy, "Legends and Theories of the Buddhas,"
p. 212]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XX, 23
Sources: RhDB, p. 62
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XX, 28
Sources: Fo, v. 1733
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXI
Sources: Fo, vv. 1380-1381; MV, 1, 22, Secs. 15-18
Parallelisms: Matth. xxi, 1-11; Mark. xi, 1-10; Luke xix, 28-38;
John xii, 12-15

Gospel: XXII
Sources: Fo, vv. 1382-1433; MV 1, 23-24; W, p. 89
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXII, 3-5
Sources: MV, 1, 23, Secs. 13-14
Parallelisms: -- Matth. xxi, 9; Mark xi, 9; John xii, 13

Gospel: XXIII, 10-20
Sources: EA
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXIV
Sources: Fo, vv. 1496-1521
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXV, 4
Sources: Fo, vv. 1516-1517
Parallelisms: Acts xx, 35

Gospel: XXV
Sources: Fo, vv. 1522-1533, 1611-1671
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXVI, 1-7
Sources: AN, iii, 134.
Parallelisms: Compare the results of modern psychology

Gospel: XXVI, 8-13
Sources: US, p. 112; W, p. xiv
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXVII
Sources: Fo, vv. 1534-1610; HM, p. 204
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXVIII
Sources: HM, p. 203 et seqq.; BSt, pp. 125-126
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXIX
Sources: MV, i, 54; HM, 208-209
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXX
Sources: MV, viii, 23-36 [SB, xvii, pp. 193-194]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXI
Sources: Fo vv. 1672-1673
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXII
Sources: HM, pp. 353-354
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXII, 4-6
Sources: W, pp. 443-444
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXIII
Sources: S42S; Fo, vv. 1757-1766; BP, p. 153
Parallelisms: Matth. v, 28

Gospel: XXXIII, 9-11
Sources: Fo vv. 1762-1763
Parallelisms: Eph. vi, 13-17

Sources: Fo, vv. 1763
Parallelisms: Mark ix, 47; Matth. v, 29; Matth. xviii, 9

Gospel: XXXIV
Sources: MV, viii, 15. [SB, xvii, pp. 219-225.]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXIV, 24 [Last part of the verse.]
Sources: Bgt, p. 211
Parallelisms: Luke viii, 2; Matth. xiii, 24-27

Gospel: XXXV
Sources: MV, ii
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXVI
Sources: MV, x, 1, 2, Sec. 1-2; Sec. 20
C, vol iii, p. 139
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXVII
Sources: MV, x, 5-6, 2 Sec. 3-20
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXVIII
Sources: MV, v, 4
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXVIII, 3
Sources: BSt, p. 311
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXVIII, 5
Sources: MV, v, 4, 2 [SB, xvii, p. 18]
Parallelisms: Matth. v, 46-47

Gospel: XXXIX
Sources: Fo, vv. 1713-1734; HM, pp. 337-340
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXIX, 4
Sources: Bst, p. 200
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XXXIX, 7
Sources: DP, v. 227; SB, x, p. 58 (cf. ChD, p. 122)
Parallelisms: Matth. xi, 16, 19

Gospel: XL
Sources: V, xviii, xx; W, pp. 184-186
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLI
Sources: MV, vi, 29 [SB, xvii, pp. 104-105.]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLI, 12-13
Sources: _Metta Sutta_; SN v. 148. [Cf. RhDB, p. 109]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLII
Sources: RB, pp. 68-69. [Cf. RhDB, p. 71 and OldG, 376-378.]
Parallelisms: Mark iii, 14; Luke ix, 2

Sources: Bgt, 212
Parallelisms: Matth. xiii, 3 et seq.; Mark iv, 3-20

Gospel: XLIV
Sources: TPN, p. 129
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLV
Sources: TPN, pp. 22-23 and p. 25
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLVI
Sources: S42S, 4
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLVII
Sources: SDP, x, xiii, xxvii
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLVII, 23
Sources: SDP, xxiv, 22. [SB, xxi, p. 416.]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLVIII
Sources: DP in SB, x
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLVIII, 36-37
Sources: DP, v. 5
Parallelisms: Matth. v, 44

Gospel: XLVIII, 46
Sources: SN, vv. 784-785, 885-888, 834 [SB, x, 149, 159, 169.]
Parallelisms: Matth. xi, 29-30

Gospel: XLVIII, 47
Sources: DP, v. 275
Parallelisms: II Cor. vii, 7

Gospel: XLVIII, 55
Sources: DP, v. 387
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLIX
Sources: SB, xi, pp. 157-203
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XLIX, 17
Sources: SB, xi, pp. 173-174
Parallelisms: Matth. xv, 14

Gospel: L
Sources: SSP, pp. 297-320 [Cf. RhDB, 143.]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LI, 1-14; LI, 31-75
Sources: MV, vi, 31. [SB, xvii, pp. 108-113.]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LI, 15-30
Sources: EA [cf. QKM, pp. 254-257]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LII
Sources: EA [cf. CBS, p. 15 and also MV, v]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII
Sources: Compiled from HM, pp. 280 et seq.; Fo, v. 1682, 1683;
W, p. 219; and QKM, pass.
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII, 18-23a
Sources: QKM, p. 120
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII, 23b
Sources: QKM, p. 148
Parallelisms: John iii, 8

Gospel: LIII, 26-27
Sources: QKM, p. 67
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII, 29-32
Sources: QKM, pp. 73-74
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII, 47-59
Sources: QKM, pp. 63, 83-86
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIII, 53
Sources: US and W, motto
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIV, 1-2
Sources: Fo, vv. 1208, 1228
Parallelisms: Matth. v, 3-11

Gospel: LIV, 3
Sources: _Brahmajāla Sutta_, quoted by RhD, p. 99
Parallelisms: John xvi, 16; Matth. xxiv, 23

Gospel: LIV, 4
Sources: Gospel: QKM, p. 114
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIV, 5
Sources: Fo, v. 1231
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIV, 6-8
Sources: rGya, p. 372
Parallelisms: Matth. xi, 28

Gospel: LIV, 9
Sources: S42S, 16
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIV, 10
Sources: QKM, p. 110
Parallelisms: John xiv, 6; John xviii, 37

Gospel: LV
Sources: SDP, v
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LVI
Sources: _Mahā Rāhula Sutta_
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LVII
Sources: S42S
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LVIII
Sources: _Buddhist Catena_
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LIX
Sources: SN, pp. 58-62; p, 25; p. 147; p. 54; MV, i, 3, Sec. 4 [cf.
OldE, p. 118]; _Nidhikanda Sutta_, quoted by RhDB, p. 127
Parallelisms: Matth. vi, 20

Gospel: LX, 7-8
Sources: RhDB, p. 156
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 12
Sources: Beal, _Buddhism of China_, chap, xii
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 18-23
Sources: RhDB, p. 170
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 27-28
Sources: EH
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 29
Sources: QKM, p. 127
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 31
Sources: RhDB, pp. 175-176
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LX, 33
Sources: RhDB,p. 173
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXI
Sources: MPN, 111, 22. [SB, xx, p. 48-49.]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXI, 3-5
Sources: _Chullavaggaxx_, 1-4. [SB, xx, 301-305]
Parallelisms: Matth. v, 13

Gospel: LXI, 6-9
Sources: _Sutra Dsauglun_ [cf. R. Seydel "_Das Ev. v. Jesu in s.
Verb. z. Buddha-Sage_" pp. 184-185]
Parallelisms: Matth. v, 1-2

Gospel: LXII
Sources: EA
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXIII
Sources: See O.C. xvii, pp. 353-354
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXIII, 7-9
Sources: UG, vii, 14 seq.
Parallelisms: Matth. xxv, 14 et seq.

Gospel: LXIV
Sources: DP, v
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXV
Sources: SDP, iv
Parallelisms: Luke xv, 11 et seq.

Gospel: LXVI
Sources: Bst, pp. 211, 299. [See PT, 11, 58.]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXVII
Sources: Bst, pp. 315 et seq.
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXVIII
Sources: ChD, pp. 88-89
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXVIII, 6
Sources: ChD
Parallelisms: Mark xii, 42-44

Gospel: LXIX
Sources: ChD, p. 46
Parallelisms: The Story of Diogenes and his Lantern

Gospel: LXX
Sources: ChD, p. 134
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXI
Sources: Bgp, pp. 107 et seq.
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXII
Sources: ChD, p. 77
Parallelisms: Luke xii, 20

Gospel: LXXIII
Sources: Bst, p. 147
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXIII, 15
Sources: BSt
Parallelisms: Exodus xvii, 6

Gospel: LXXIV
Sources: SN, pp. 11-15
Parallelisms: Matth. xiii, 3 et seq.; Mark iv, 14

Gospel: LXXV
Sources: SN, pp. 20 et seq.
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXVI
Sources: Bf, p. 205.
Parallelisms: John v, 5 et seq.

Gospel: LXXVII
Sources: HM, pp. 317-319
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXVIII, LXXIX
Sources: _Jātaka Tales_
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXX
Sources: Bf, pp. 146 et seq.
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXI
Sources: _Fu-Pen-Hing-tsi-King_, tr. by S. Beal
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXI, 7-10
Sources: EA
Parallelisms: John ii, 1 et seq.

Gospel: LXXXII
Sources: MV, i, 14
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXIII
Sources: ChD, p. 130 et seq.
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXIII, 5
Sources: BP, p. 16
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXIII, 5, 6, 9
Sources: ChD and SS
Parallelisms: Matth. xxii, 30

Gospel: LXXXIV, 1-14
Sources: BP, pp. 98 et seqq.
Parallelisms: Greek versions quoted by Jacob H. Thiessen, LKG.

Gospel: LXXXIV, 15-28
Sources: SB, x, p. 106
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXV
Sources: ChD, pp. 50-51
Parallelisms: Matth. v. 25, 29

Gospel: LXXXV, 6
Sources: ChD, cf OC No. 470
Parallelisms: Rom. iii, 28

Gospel: LXXXVI
Sources: ChD, pp. 94-98
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXVII
Sources: C, ii p. 262
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXVIII
Sources: MPN, i [SB, xi, p. 1 et seqq.]
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: LXXXIX
Sources: MPN, i, 19, 22; MV, vi, 28
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XC
Sources: MPN, i, 16
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCI
Sources: MPN, ii, 9
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCI, 6
Sources: MPN
Parallelisms: 1 Cor. 15, 55

Gospel: XCII
Sources: MPN, 11, 12-24; Fo, vv. 1749-1753, 1768-1782
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCIII
Sources: MPN, ii, 27-35
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCIV, 1
Sources: BSt,p. 84
Parallelisms: See Matth. iv, 1 and Mark i, 13

Gospel: XCIV, 2-13
Sources: MPN, iii, 46-63
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCV
Sources: MPN, iv, 14-57
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCV, 6
Sources: MPN, iv, 25
Parallelisms: John xix, 28

Gospel: XCV, 14-22
Sources: MPN, iv, 47-52
Parallelisms: Matth. xxvii, 2; Mark ix, 2

Gospel: XCVI
Sources: MPN, v, 1-14, concerning Metteyya see EH s.v. RhDB, pp. 180,
200; OldG, p. 153, etc.
Parallelisms: John xiv, 26

Gospel: XCVII
Sources: MPN, v, 52-69, and vi; Fo, vv. 2303-2310
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCVII, 19-20; XCVII, 23-24
Sources: _Mahātanhāsamkhaya-Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya_, vol. 1, p. 263,
quoted by OldG, p. 349, E, p. 325.
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: XCVII, 22
Sources: _Suttavibbanga, Parājika_ 1, pp. 1, 4 quoted by OldG,
p. 349, E, p. 325
Parallelisms: 1 Cor. xv, 20

Gospel: XCVIII
Sources: EA, embodying later traditions, see EH and almost any other
work on Buddhism.
Parallelisms: The Christian Trinity dogma

Gospel: XCIX
Sources: EA
Parallelisms: --

Gospel: C
Sources: EA, in imitation of a formula at present in use among Northern
Buddhists
Parallelisms: --

ABBREVIATIONS IN THE TABLE OF REFERENCE.

AN.--Añguttara Nikāya in Warren's Buddhism in Translations.

Bf.--Burnouf, Introduction à l'histoire du Bouddhisme Indien, Paris 1844.

Bgt.--The Life or Legend of Gautama, by the R. Rev. P. Bigandet.

BL.--Buddhist Literature in China by Samuel Beal.

BP.--Buddhaghosha's Parables. Translated by T. Rogers, London, 1870.

BSt.--Buddhist Birth Stories or Jātaka Tales. Translated by Rhys Davids.

C.--The Jātaka edited by Prof. E.B. Cowell, Cambridge.

CBS.--A Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chinese by Samuel Beal. London, 1871.

ChD.--[Chinese Dhammapada.] Texts from the Buddhist Canon, commonly known as Dhammapada. Translated by S. Beal, London and Boston, 1878.

Dh.--The Dharma, or The Religion of Enlightenment by Paul Carus. 5th ed. Chicago, 1907.

DP.--The Dhammapada. Translated from Pāli by F. Max Müller, Vol. X, Part I, of the Sacred Books of the East. Oxford, 1881.

EA.--Explanatory Addition.

EH.--Handbook of Chinese Buddhism, by Ernest J. Eitel. London, 1888.

Fo.--The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King. A Life of Buddha by Asvaghosha, translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by Dharmarakhsha, A.D. 420, and from Chinese into English by Samuel Beal. Vol. XIX of the Sacred Books of the East. Oxford, 1883.

G.--Reden Gotamo's by Karl Eugen Neumann.

HF.--Hymns of the Faith (Dhammapada) transl. by Albert J. Edmunds.

HM.--A Manual of Buddhism, by R. Spence Hardy.

LKG.--Die Legende von Kisāgotamī, by Jakob H. Thiessen. Breslau, 1880.

LV.--Lalita Vistara, translated into German by Dr. S. Lefmann. Berlin, 1874.

MPN.--The Mahāparinibbāna Suttanta. The Book of the Great Decease. Vol. XI of the Sacred Books of the East. Oxford 1881.

MP.--The Mahāvagga. I-IV in Vol. XIII; V-X in Vol. XVII of the Sacred Books of the East. Oxford, 1881-1882.

MY.--Outlines of the Mahāyāna as Taught by Buddha, by S. Kuroda. Tokyo, Japan, 1893.

OC.--The Open Court, a monthly magazine, published by the Open Court Publishing Company, Chicago.

OldG.--German Edition, Buddha, sein Leben, seine Lehre und seine Gemeinde, by H. Oldenberg. Second Edition. Berlin, 1890.

OldE.--English translation, Buddha, His Life, His Doctrine, and His Order by H. Oldenberg. London, 1882.

PT.--Pantschatantra, translated into German by Theodor Benfey. Two vols. Leipsic, 1859.

QKM.--The Questions of King Milinda, translated from Pāli by T.W. Rhys Davids, Vol. XXXV of the Sacred Books of the East. Oxford, 1890.

RB.-The Life of the Buddha from Thibetan Works, transl. by W.W. Rockhill. London, 1884.

rGya.--rGya Tchee Roll Pa, Histoire du Bouddha Sakya Mouni, by Foucaux. Paris, 1868.

RHB.--The Romantic History of Buddha from the Chinese Sanskrit, by S. Beal. London, 1875.

RhDB.--Buddhism, by T.W. Rhys Davids, in the Series of Non-Christian Religious Systems. London, 1890.

S42S.--Sutra of Forty-two Sections. Kyoto, Japan.

SB.-Sacred Books of the East.

SN.--Sutta Nipāta, translated from the Pāli by V. Fausböll. Part II, Vol. X of the Sacred Books of the East. Oxford, 1881.

SS.--A Brief Account of Shin-Shiu by R. Akamatsu. Kyoto, Japan, 1893.

SSP.--Sept Suttas Pālis by M.P. Grimblot. Paris, 1876.

TPN.--Buddhistische Anthologie. Texte aus dem Pāli-Kanon. By Dr. Karl Eugen Neumann. Leyden, 1892.

Ug.--Uttarādhyayana, translated by H. Jacobi. Vol. XLV of the Sacred Books of the East.

US.--The Udāna by Major General D.M. Strong.

V.--Visuddhi-Magga in Warren's Buddhism in Translations.

W.--Buddhism in Translations by Henry Clarke Warren.

The original Pāli texts are published in the Journal of the Pāli Text Society, London, Henry Frowde.

GLOSSARY OF NAMES AND TERMS.

[In the text of the present booklet all unnecessary terms have been avoided. Whenever a good English equivalent could be found, the foreign expression has been dropped. Nevertheless, the introduction not only of many foreign-sounding names, but also of some of the original terms, was unavoidable.

Now we have to state that the Eastern people, at least those of Hindu culture during the golden age of Buddhism in India, adopted the habit of translating not only terms but also names. A German whose name is Schmied is not called Smith in English, but Buddhists, when translating from Pāli into Sanskrit, change Siddhattha into Siddhartha. The reason of this strange custom lies in the fact that Buddhists originally employed the popular speech and did not adopt the use of Sanskrit until about five hundred years after Buddha. Since the most important names and terms, such as Nirvāna, Karma and Dharma, have become familiar to us in their Sanskrit form, while their Pali equivalents, Nibbāna, Kamma and Dhamma, are little used, it _appeared advisable to prefer for some terms the Sanskrit forms_, but there are instances in which the Pāli, for some reason or other, has been preferred by English authors [e. g. Krishā Gautamī is always called Kisāgotamī], we present here in the Glossary both the Sanskrit and the Pāli forms.

Names which have been Anglicised, such as "Brahmā, Brahman, Benares, Jain, and karma," have been preserved in their accepted form. If we adopt the rule of transferring Sanskrit and Pali words in their stem-form, as we do in most cases (e.g. Nirvāna, ātman), we ought to call Brahmā "Brahman," and karma "karman." But us us est tyrannus. In a popular book it is not wise to swim against the stream.

Following the common English usage of saying "Christ," not "the Christ," we say in the title "Buddha," not "the Buddha."]

* * * * *

Abni'ññā, _p._, Abhi'jññā, _skt._, supernatural talent. There are six abhijññās which Buddha acquired when attaining perfect enlightenment:--(i) the celestial eye, or an intuitive insight of the nature of any object in any universe; (2) the celestial ear, or the ability to understand any sound produced in any universe; (3) the power of assuming any shape or form; (4) knowledge of all forms of pre-existence of one's self and others; (5) intuitive knowledge of the minds of all beings; and (6) knowledge of the finality of the stream of life.

Acira'vatī, _p._ and _skt._, a river.

Agni, _p._ and _skt._, a god of the Brahmans, the god of fire.

Ajatasa'ttu, _p._, Ajatasa'tru, _skt._, the son of king Bimbisāra and his successor to the throne of Magadha.

Alā'ra, _p._, Ārā'da, _skt._, a prominent Brahman philosopher. His full name is Ālāra Kālāma.

Ambapā'lī, the courtesan, called "Lady Amra" in Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King. It is difficult for us to form a proper conception of the social position of courtesans at Buddha's time in India. This much is sure, that they were not common prostitutes, but ladies of wealth, possessing great influence. Their education was similar to the hetairs in Greece, where Aspasia played so prominent a part. Their rank must sometimes have been like that of Madame Pompadour in France at the court of Louis XIV. They rose to prominence, not by birth, but by beauty, education, refinement, and other purely personal accomplishments, and many of them were installed by royal favor. The first paragraphs of Khandhaka VIII of the Mahāvagga [S. _B_., Vol. XVII, pp. 171--172] gives a fair idea of the important role of courtesans in those days. They were not necessarily venal daughters of lust, but, often women of distinction and repute, worldly, but not disrespectable.

Amitā'bha, _p._ and _skt._, endowed with boundless light, from _amita_, infinite, immeasurable, and _ābbā_, ray of light, splendor, the bliss of enlightenment. It is a term of later Buddhism and has been personified as Amitābha Buddha, or Amita. The invocation of the all-saving name of Amitābha Buddha is a favorite tenet of the Lotus or Pure Land sect, so popular in China and Japan. Their poetical conception of a paradise in the West is referred to in Chapter LX. Southern Buddhism knows nothing of a personified Amitābha, and the Chinese travellers Fa-hien and Hiuen-tsang do not mention it. The oldest allusion to Amita is found in the Amitāyus Sūtra, translated A.D. 148--170. [See Eitel, _Handbook_, pp. 7--9.]

Āna'nda, _p._ and _skt._, Buddha's cousin and his favorite disciple. The Buddhistic St. John (Johannes).

Anāthapi'ndika, _p._ and _skt._, (also called Anāthapi'ndada in _skt._) literally "One who gives alms (pinda) to the unprotected or needy (anātha)." Eitel's etymology "one who gives without keeping (anātha) a mouthful (pinda) for himself" is not tenable. A wealthy lay devotee famous for his liberality and donor of the Jetavana vihāra.

Annabhā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, literally "he who brings food"; name of Sumana's slave.

Aññā'ta, _p._, Âjñā'ta, _skt._, literally "knowing", a cognomen of Kondañña, the first disciple of Buddha.

Anuru'ddha, a prominent disciple of Buddha, known as the great master of Buddhist metaphysics. He was a cousin of Buddha, being the second son of Amritodana, a brother of Suddhodana.

A'rahat, _p._, Ar'hant, _skt._, a saint. (See also Saint in Index.)

Arati, dislike, hatred. The opposite of _rati_. The name of one of Māra's daughters.

A'sita, _p._ and _skt._, a prophet.

A'ssaji, _p._, Aśvajit, _skt._, one of Buddha's disciples by whose dignified demeanor Sāriputta is converted.

Ā'tman, _skt._, Atta, _p._, breath as the principle of life, the soul, self, the ego. To some of the old Brahman schools the ātman constitutes a metaphysical being in man, which is the thinker of his thoughts, the perceiver of his sensations, and the doer of his doings. Buddha denies the existence of an ātman in this sense.

Balā'ni, or pañca-balāni, _p._ and _skt._, (the singular is bala, power), the five moral powers (also called panca-indriyani), which are: Faith, energy, memory or recollection, meditation or contemplation, and wisdom or intuition.

Beluva, a village near Vesālī.

Benares, the well-known city in India; Anglicised form of Vārānasī, _skt._, and Bārānasī, _p._ (See Kāsī.)

Bha'gavat, _p._, Bha'gavant, _skt._, the man of merit, worshipful, the Blessed One. A title of honor given to Buddha.

Bha'llika, _p._ and _skt._, a merchant.

Bhāradvā'ja, _p._ and _skt._, name of a Brahman.

Bhā'vanā, _p._ and _skt._, meditation. There are five principal meditations: metta-bhavana, on love; karunā-bhāvanā, on pity; mudita-bhavana, on joy; asubha-bhāvanā, on impurity; and upekhā-bhāvanā, on serenity. [See Rhys Davids's _Buddhism_, pp. 170-171.]

Bhi'kkhu, _p._, bhi'kshu, _skt._, mendicant, monk, friar; the five bhikkhus; bhikkhus doffed their robes; bhikkhus rebuked; bhikkhus prospered; the sick bhikkhu.

Bhi'kkhunī, _p._, bhi'kshunī, _skt._, nun.

Bimbisā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, the king of Magadha; often honored with the cognomen "Sai'nya," _skt._, or "Se'niya," i. e. "the warlike or military."

Bo'dhi, _p._ and _skt._, knowledge, wisdom, enlightenment.

Bodhi-a'nga or Bojjha'nga, or Sa'tta Bojjha'nga, meditation on the seven kinds of wisdom, which are:--energy, recollection, contemplation, investigation of scripture, joy, repose, and serenity.

Bodhisa'tta, _p._, Bodhisa'ttva, _skt._, he whose essence (_sattva_) is becoming enlightenment (_bodhi_). The term denotes (1) one who is about to become a Buddha, but has not as yet attained Nirvāna; (2) a class of saints who have only once more to be born again to enter into Nirvāna; (3) in later Buddhism any preacher or religious teacher; appearance of; Bodhisattas.

Bodhi-tree, the tree at Buddha-Gaya, species _ficus religiosa_.

Bra'hmā, Anglicised form of _skt._ stem-form _Brahman_ (nom. s. _Brahmā_). The chief God of Brahmanism, the world-soul. See also _Sahampati_; Brahmā, a union with; Brahmā, face to face; Brahmā's mind.

Brahmada'tta, _p._ and _skt._, (etym. given by Brahmā) name of a mythical king of Kâshî, _skt._, or Kāsī.

Bra'hman, the priestly caste of the Indians. Anglicised form of _Brahmana_ (_p._ and _skt._). Priests were selected from the Brahman caste, but Brahmans were not necessarily priests; they were farmers, merchants, and often high officials in the service of kings. Brahmans, the two.

Buddha, _p._ and _skt._, the Awakened One, the Enlightened One--. Buddha is also called Sakyamuni (the Sakya sage), Sakyasimha (the Sakya Lion), Sugata (the Happy One), Satthar, nom. Satthâ, _p._; Shāstar, _skt._, (the Teacher), Jina (the Conqueror), Bhagavat (the Blessed One), Lokanātha (the Lord of the World), Sarvajña (the Omniscient One), Dharmarāja (the King of Truth), Tathāgata, etc. [See Rh. Davids's B. p. 28.] B., faith in the; B., I am not the first; B. not Gotama; B., refuge in the; B. remains, Gotama is gone; B. replies to the deva; B., the sower; B., the teacher; B., the three personalities of; B., the truth; B., truly thou art; B. will arise, another; B.'s birth; B.'s death; B.'s farewell address; consolidation of B.'s religion; Buddhas, the praise of all the; Buddhas, the religion of all the; Buddhas, the words of immutable.

Cha'nna, _p._ and _skt._, prince Siddhattha's driver. Chu'nda, _p._ and _skt._, the smith of Pāvā.

Dāgo'ba, modernised form of _skt._ Dhātu-ga'rbha, "relic shrine," (also called Stūpa in Northern Buddhism) a mausoleum, tower containing relics, a kenotaph.

Dā'namatī, and _skt._, name of a village. The word means "having a mind to give."

De'va, _p._ and _skt._, any celestial spirit, a god especially of intermediate rank, angel.--Deva, questions of the; Buddha replies to the deva; Devas.

Devada'tta (etym. god-given) brother of Yasodharā and Buddha's brother-in-law. He tried to found a sect of his own with severer rules than those prescribed by Buddha. He is described undoubtedly with great injustice in the Buddhist canon and treated as a traitor. [About his sect see Rh. Davids's B. p. 181--182.]

Devapu'tta, _p._, Devapu'tra, _skt._, (etym. Son of a God) one of Buddha's disciples.

Dhammapa'da, _p._, Dharmapa'da, _skt._

Dha'rma, _skt._, Dha'mma, _p._, originally the natural condition of things or beings, the law of their existence, truth, then religious truth, the law, the ethical code of righteousness, the whole body of religious doctrines as a system, religion; let a man take pleasure in the dharma; the goodness of the dharma.

Dharmakā'ya, _skt._, the body of the law.

Dharmarā'ja, _skt._, Dhammarā'ja, _p._, the king of truth.

Dīghā'vu, Dīrghā'yu, _skt._, the etymology of the word is "livelong." Name of a mythical prince, son of king Dīghīti.

Dīghī'ti, _p._, Dīrghe'ti, _skt._, literally "suffer-long," Name of a mythical king, father of prince Dīghā'vu.

Ganges, the well known river of India.

Gava'mpati, _p._, Gavā'mpati, _skt._, literally "lord of cows," a friend of Yasa.

Ga'yā Kassapa, brother of the great Kassapa of Uruvelā.

Go'tama, _p._, Gau'tama, _skt._, Buddha's family name; Gotama denies the existence of the soul; Gotama is gone, Buddha remains; Buddha not Gotama; Gotama the samana; Gotama Siddhattha.

Gotamī, name of any woman belonging to the Gotama family. Kisā Gotamī.

Hinayā'na, _skt._, the small vehicle, viz., of salvation. A name invented by Northern Buddhists, in contradistinction to Mahāyāna, to designate the spirit of Southern Buddhism. The term is not used among Southern Buddhists.

Hira'ññavatī, _p._, Hiran'yavatī, _skt._, a river.

I'ddhi, _p._, Ri'ddhi, _skt._, defined by Eitel as "the dominion of spirit over matter." It is the adjusting power to one's purpose and the adaptation to conditions. In popular belief it implies exemption from the law of gravitation and the power of assuming any shape at will. (See Iddhipāda.)

Iddhipā'da, _p._, Riddhipā'da, _skt._, the mode of attaining the power of mind over matter, four steps being needed: (1) the will to acquire it, (2) the necessary exertion, (3) the indispensable preparation of the heart, and (4) a diligent investigation of the truth.

Indra, one of the principal Brahman gods.

Indriyā'ni or panc'-indriyāni, the five organs of the spiritual sense. (See Balāni.)

I'si, _p._, Ri'shi, _skt._, a prophet or seer, an inspired poet, a hermit having acquired wisdom in saintly retirement, a recluse or anchorite.

Iś'vara, _skt._, I'ssara, (lit. independent existence) Lord, Creator, personal God, a title given to Shiva and other great deities. In Buddhistic scriptures as well as in Brahman the _skt._ Is'vara (not the _p._ Issara) means always a transcendent or extramundane God, a personal God, a deity distinct from, and independent of nature, who is supposed to have created the world out of nothing.

Jain, modernised form of _skt._ Jaina; an adherent of the Jain-sect which reveres Vardhamāna (Nātaputta) as Buddha. (See _Jainism_.)--48.

Jainism, a sect, founded by Vardhamāna, older than Buddhism and still extant in India. It is in many respects similar to Buddhism. Buddha's main objection to the Jains was the habit of their ascetics of going naked. The Jains lay great stress upon ascetic exercises and self-mortification which the Buddhists declare to be injurious.

Ja'mbu, _p._ and _skt._, a tree.

Jambū'nada, _p._, Jāmbū'nada, _skt._, a town of unknown site. (Also the name of a mountain and of a lake.)

Ja'tila, _p._, "wearing matted hair." The Jatilas were Brahman ascetics. Buddha converted a tribe of them, and Kassapa, their chief, became one of his most prominent disciples.

Je'ta, the heir apparent to the kingdom of Sāvatthī.

Je'tavana, a vihāra.

Jhā'na, _p._, Dhyā'na, _skt._, intuition, beatic vision, ecstasy, rapture, the result of samādhi. Buddha did not recommend trances as means of religious devotion, urging that deliverance can be obtained only by the recognition of the four noble truths and walking on the noble eightfold path, but he did not disturb those who took delight in ecstasies and beatific visions. Buddha's interpretation of the Dhyāna is not losing consciousness but a self-possessed and purposive eradication of egotism. There are four Dhyānas, the first being a state of joy and gladness born of seclusion full of investigation and reflexion; the second one, born of deep tranquillity without reflexion or investigation, the third one brings the destruction of passion, while the fourth one consists in pure equanimity, making an end of sorrow. [See Rhys Davids's B. pp. 175--176.] In the Fo-Sho-hing-tsang-king, the Dhyāna is mentioned twice only: first, III, 12, vv. 960--978, where Ārāda sets forth the doctrine of the four Dhyānas which is not approved of by Buddha, and secondly, at Buddha's death; when his mind is said to have passed through all the Dhyānas.

Ji'na, _p._ and _skt._, the Conqueror, an honorary title of Buddha. The Jains use the term with preference as an appellative of Vardhamāna whom they revere as their Buddha.

Jī'vaka, _p._ and _skt._, physician to king Bimbisāra. According to tradition he was the son of king Bimbisāra and the courtesan Salavatī. We read in Mahāvagga VIII that after his birth he was exposed but saved; then he became a most famous physician and cured Buddha of a troublesome disease contracted by wearing cast off rags. He was an ardent disciple of Buddha and prevailed upon him to allow the Bhikkhus to wear lay robes.

Jo'tikkha, _p._, name of a householder, son of Subhadda.

Kālā'ma, _p._ and _skt._, (see Alāra).

Ka'nthaka, prince Siddhattha's horse.

Kapilava'tthu, _p._, Kapilava'stu, _skt._, the capital of the Sakyas, the birthplace of Buddha.

Ka'rma, anglicised form of _skt._ stem-form _ka'rman_ (nom. s. _karma_), the _p._ of which is _ka'mmam_. Action, work, the law of action, retribution, results of deeds previously done and the destiny resulting therefrom. Eitel defines karma as "that moral kernel [of any being] which alone survives death and continues in transmigration." Karma is a well-defined and scientifically exact term. Professor Huxley says, "In the theory of evolution, the tendency of a germ to develop according to a certain specific type, e.g., of the kidney bean seed to grow into a plant having all the characters of _Phaseolus vulgaris_ is its 'karma.' It is 'the last inheritor and the last result' of all the conditions that have affected a line of ancestry which goes back for many millions of years to the time when life first appeared on earth." We read in the Anguttara Nikāya, Pancaka Nipāta: "My action (karma) is my possession, my action is my inheritance, my action is the womb which bears me, my action is the race to which I am akin [as the kidney-bean to its species], my action is my refuge." [See the article "Karma and Nirvāna" in _Buddhism and Its Christian Critics_, p. 131 ff.]

Kā'sī, _p._, Ka's'i, _skt._, the old and holy name of Benares.--104 et seq., 192.

Ka'ssapa, _p._, Kā's'yapa, _skt._ (the etymology "He who swallowed fire," is now rejected), a name of three brothers, chiefs of the Jatilas, called after their residences, Uruvelā, Nadī, and Gayā. The name Kassapa applies mainly to Kāssapa of Uruvelā, one of the great pillars of the Buddhistic brotherhood, who took at once, after his conversion, a most prominent rank among Buddha's disciples. [Kassapa of Uruvelā is frequently identified with Mahā-Kassapa, the same who was president of the council at Rājagaha, but H. Dharmapala states, on the authority of the Anguttara Nikāya, that the two were altogether different persons.]

Kha'ndha, _p._, Ska'ndha, _skt._, elements; attributes of being, which are form, sensation, perception, discrimination, and consciousness.

Kile'sa, _p._, Kle'śa, _skt._, error.

Ki'sā Go'tamī, _p._, Kri'sha Gau'tamī, _skt._, the slim or thin Gotamī. Name (i) of a cousin of Buddha, mentioned in Chap. VI, p. 16, (2) of the heroine in the parable of the mustard seed.

Ko'lī, a little kingdom in the neighborhood of Kapilavatthu, the home of Yasodharā.

Kond'añña, _p._, Kaundi'nya, _skt._, name of Buddha's first disciple, afterwards called Ājñā'ta Kaundi'nya in _skt._ and Aññā'ta Konda'ñña in _p._

Ko'sala, _p._ and _skt._, name of a country.

Kosa'mbī, _p._, Kausā'mbī, _skt._, a city.

Kusinā'rā, _p._, Kusina'gara, _skt._, a town.

Kūtada'nta, _p._ and _skt._, a Brahman chief in the village Dānamatī, also called Khānumat; is mentioned in Sp. Hardy's _M.B._, p. 289 and in _S.B.E._, Vol. XIX., p. 242 [Fo, v. 1682].--152-160. Cf. Rhys Davids's _Dialogues_, pp. 173-179.

Li'cchavi, _p._ and _skt._, the name of a princely family.

Lu'mbinī, _skt._, a grove named after a princess, its owner.

Ma'gadha, _p._ and _skt._, name of a country.

Ma'gga, Mā'rga, _skt._, path; especially used in the Pāli phrase "Ariyo atthangiko maggo," the noble eightfold path, which consists of: right views, high aims, right speech, upright conduct, a harmless livelihood, perseverance in well-doing, intellectual activity, and earnest thought. [See _S.B.E_, Vol. XI, pp. 63 and 147.]

Mahārā'ja, the great king.

Mahāse'tu, the great bridge. A name invented by the author of the present book to designate the importance of Christianity compared to the Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna of Buddhism.

Mahāyā'na, the great vehicle, viz., of salvation. Name of the Northern conception of Buddhism, comparing religion to a great ship in which men can cross the stream of Samsāra to reach the shore of Nirvāna.

Ma'lla, _p._ and _skt._, name of a tribe.

Manasā'kata, _p._, Manasā'krita, _skt._, a village in Kosala.

Mandā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, a flower of great beauty.

Mā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, the Evil One, the tempter, the destroyer, the god of lust, sin, and death.

Māra's daughters are always three in number but their names are variously given as Tanhā, Arati, Rati (Dh. 164), and Tanhā, Arati, Ragā (Ab. 44 etc.).

Mā'tali, _p._ and _skt._, name of a demon in the retinue of Yama.

Māta'nga, _p._ and _skt._, literally, of low birth; the Matanga caste comprises mongrels of the lowest with higher castes.

Mā'thura, and _skt._, name of a place.

Mā'yā, _p._ and _skt._, Buddha's mother. (See Māyā-devī.) The term "veil of Māyā," viz., the illusion of self, popularly known through Schopenhauer, does not refer to Buddha's mother, but to the Vedantic conception of māyā. The word means "charm, magic enhancement." The similarity of sound in the names Māyā and Maria is curious.

Māyā-de'vī, also called Mahā-Māyā, or simply Māyā, _p._ and _skt._, the wife of Suddhodana and mother of Buddha. She died in childbed, and Buddha ascends to heaven to preach to her the good law and the gospel of salvation.

Mette'yya, Maitre'ya, _skt._, etymology, "full of kindness"; the name of the Buddha to come.

Moggallā'na, _p._, Maudgalyā'yana, _skt._, one of the most prominent disciples of Buddha, a friend of Sāriputta.

Mu'ni, _skt._ and _p._, a thinker, a sage; especially a religious thinker. Sakyamu'ni, the sage of the Sakyas, is Buddha.

Nadī'-Ka'ssapa, _p._, Nadī-Kā's'yapa, _skt._, brother of the great Kassapa of Uruvelā.

Nā'dika, _p._ and _skt._, name of a village.

Nā'ga, _p._ and _skt._, literally serpent. The serpent being regarded as a superior being, the word denotes a special kind of spiritual beings; a sage, a man of spiritual insight; any superior personality. Nāga kings.

Nalagiri, name of an elephant.

Nāla'ndā, _p._ and _skt._, a village near Rājagaha.

Nanda, _p._, Siddhattha's halfbrother, son of Pajāpatī.

Na'ndā, daughter of a chief of shepherds, also called Sujātā.

Nātapu'tta, _Jain Prakrit_, Jñātapu'tra, _skt._, the son of Jñāta. Patronym of Vardhamāna, the founder of Jainism.

Nerañjarā, Naira'ñjanā, _skt._, name of a river identified by some with the Nilajan, by others with the Phalgu.

Nidā'na, _p._ and _skt._, cause. The twelve nidānas, forming the chain of causation which brings about the misery in the world. [See Oldenberg, _Buddha_, Engl. tr., pp 224--252].

Nigga'ntha, _p._, Nirgra'ntha, _skt._, literally "liberated from bonds"; a name adopted by the adherents of the Jaina sect; Nigganthas, give also to the.

Nigro'dha, _p._, Nyagro'dha, _skt._, a tree, _ficus indica_ well known for its air roots..

Nirmā'na Kā'ya, _skt._, the body of transformation.

Nirvā'na, _skt._, Nibbā'na, _p._, extinction, viz., the extinction of self; according to the Hīnayāna it is defined as "extinction of illusion," according to the Mayāyāna as "attainment of truth." Nirvāna means, according to the latter, enlightenment, the state of mind in which upādāna, kilesa, and tanhā are extinct, the happy condition of enlightenment, peace of mind, bliss, the glory of righteousness in this life and beyond, the eternal rest of Buddha after death. Buddha himself has refused to decide the problem whether or not Nirvāna is a final extinction of personality. When questioned, he indicated by his silence that the solution is not one of those subjects a knowledge of which is indispensable for salvation; where is Nirvāna?; Nirvāna not a locality; the city of Nirvāna; the harvest, Nirvāna; the one aim, Nirvāna; Samsāra and Nirvāna.

Okkā'ka, _p._, Ikshvā'ku, _skt._, the name of a mythological family from which the chiefs of the Sakyas claim descent.

Pabba'jjā, _p._, pravra'jyā, _skt._, the act of leaving the world for receiving admittance to the Order. The first step of the Buddhist ordination. (See Upasa'mpadā.)

Pajā'patī, _p._, Prajā'patī or Mahā-Prajā'patī, _skt._, the sister of Māyā-devī, second wife of Suddhodana, aunt and fostermother of Buddha. She is also called by her husband's family name Gotamī (feminine form of Gotama).

Pajjo'ta, _p._, Pradyo'ta, _skt._, name of a king of Ujjenī.

(Pakati, _p._) Pra'kriti, _skt._, name of a girl of low caste.

Pāramitā', _p._ and _skt._, perfection, or virtue. The six pāramitās are: almsgiving, morality, patience, zeal or energy, meditation, and wisdom.

Paribbā'jaka, _p._, Parivrā'jaka, _skt._, a sect belonging to the Tīrthika school.

Pase'nadi, _p._, (Prase'najit, _skt._, also called Pasenit) king of Kosala, residing at Sāvatthī.

Pātalipu'tra, _skt._, Pātalipu'tta, _p._, also called Pātaligāma, a city on the Ganges north of Rājagaha and belonging to the kingdom of Magadha, the frontier station against the Vriji (Vajji), the present Patna. Buddha is reported to have predicted the future greatness of the place, which is an important passage for determining the time in which the account of Buddha's sojourn in Pātaliputra was written. It is still uncertain, however, when Patna became the important centre which it is now. It was the capital of the country when Megasthenes, the ambassador of Seleucus Nicator, at the end of the third century B.C., visited India. He gave in his book a detailed description of the city; Pātaliputra, three dangers hang over.

Pātimo'kkha, _p._, Pratimo'ksha, _skt._, (usually spelt Prātimoksha in Buddhistic Sanskrit,) literally "disburdenment." It is the Buddhist confession. Rhys Davids says "that it almost certainly dates from the fifth century B.C. Since that time--during a period that is of nearly two thousand and three hundred years--it has been regularly repeated, twice in each month, in formal meetings of the stricter members of the Order. It occupies, therefore, a unique position in the literary history of the world; and no rules for moral conduct have been for so long a time as these in constant practical use, except only those laid down in the Old Testament and in the works of Confucius" (p. 163).

Pā'vā, _p._ and _skt._, a village where Buddha took his last meal.

Pokkharasā'ti, _p._, Paushkarasā'ti, _skt._, a Brahman philosopher.

Pubbārā'ma, _p._, Pūrvārā'ma, _skt._, the Eastern garden.

Pu'kkusa, _p._, Pu'kkasha or Pu'kkasa, _skt._, name of a low caste.

Puññ'aji, _p._, Pu'nyajit, _skt._, a friend of Yasa.

Ragā, pleasure, desire or lust; a synonym of _rati_. The name of one of Māra's daughters.

Rāhula, _p._ and _skt._, the son of Buddha, was admitted to the fraternity while still a boy. Buddha gave him a lesson in truthfulness [see Chapter LVI]. He is always named among the prominent disciples of Buddha and is revered as the patron saint of novices.

Rainy season (see Vassa).

Rā'jā, _p._ and _skt._, nominative form of the stem rājan, a king (in composition rāja).

Rājaga'ha, _p._, Rājagri'ha, _skt._, the capital of Magadha and residence of king Bimbisāra.

Ra'tana, _p._, ra'tna, _skt._, "jewel."

Rati, love, liking; a synonym of _ragā_. The name of one of Māra's daughters.

Saha'mpati, occurs only in the phrase "Brahmā Sahampati," a name frequently used in Buddhist scriptures the meaning of which is obscure. Burnouf renders it _Seigneur des êtres patients_; Eitel, Lord of the inhabitable parts of all universes; H. Kern [in _S.B._, XXI, p. 5] maintains that it is synonymous with Sikhin, which is a common term for Agni.

Sa'kka, _p._, Śa'kra, _skt._, Lord; a cognomen of Indra.

Sa'kya, Śākya, _skt._, the name of a royal race in the northern frontiers of Magadha.

Sakyamuni, _p._, Śakyamuni, _skt._, the Sākya sage; a cognomen of Buddha.

Sā'la, _p._, Śā'la, _skt._, a tree, _vatica robusta_; sāla-grove; sāla-trees.

Samā'dhi, _p._ and _skt._, trance, abstraction, self-control. Rhys Davids says (_B._ _p._ 177): "Buddhism has not been able to escape from the natural results of the wonder with which abnormal nervous states have always been regarded during the infancy of science.... But it must be added, to its credit, that the most ancient Buddhism despises dreams and visions; and that the doctrine of Samādhi is of small practical importance compared with the doctrine of the noble eightfold Path." Eitel says (_Handbook_, p. 140): "The term Samādhi is sometimes used ethically, when it designates moral self-deliverance from passion and vice."

Sa'mana, _p._, Śrā'mana, _skt._, an ascetic; one who lives under the vow; the Samana Gotama, the vision of a samana.

Sambho'ga-Kā'ya, _skt._, the body of Bliss.

Sammappadhā'na, _p._, Samyakpradhā'na, _skt._, right effort, exertion, struggle. There are four great efforts to overcome sin, which are: (1) Mastery over the passions so as to prevent bad qualities from rising; (2) suppression of sinful thoughts to put away bad qualities which have arisen; (3) meditation on the seven kinds of wisdom (Bojjhañga) in order to produce goodness not previously existing, and (4) fixed attention or the exertion of preventing the mind from wandering, so as to increase the goodness which exists. [See the Mahāpadhāna-Sutta in the _Dīgha-Nikāya_. Compare _B.B. St._, p. 89, and Rh. Davids's _Buddhism_, pp. 172-173.]

Samsā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, the ocean of birth and death, transiency, worldliness, the restlessness of a worldly life, the agitation of selfishness, the vanity fair of life.

Sa'ngha, _p._ and _skt._, the brotherhood of Buddha's disciples, the Buddhist church. An assembly of at least four has the power to hear confession, to grant absolution, to admit persons to the priesthood, etc. The sangha forms the third constituent of the Tiratana or three jewels in which refuge is taken (the S. B. of the E. spell Sawgha); sangha maybe expected to prosper.

Sa'ñjaya, _p._ and _skt._, a wandering ascetic and chief of that sect to which Sāriputta and Moggallāna belonged before their conversion.

Sankhā'ra, _p._, Samskā'ra, _skt._, confection, conformation, disposition. It is the formative element in the karma as it has taken shape in bodily existence.

Sāripu'tta, _p._, Sāripu'tra, _skt._, one of the principal disciples of Buddha; the Buddhistic St. Peter; Sāriputta's faith.

Sā'vaka, _p._, Srā'vaka, _skt._, he who has heard the voice (viz. of Buddha), a pupil, a beginner. The name is used to designate (1) all personal disciples of Buddha, the foremost among whom are called Mahā-sāvakas, and (2) an elementary degree of saintship. A sāvaka is he who is superficial yet in practice and comprehension, being compared to a hare crossing the stream of Samsāra by swimming on the surface. [See Eitel _Handbook_, p. 157.]

Sati-patthā'na, _p._, Smrityupasthā'na, _skt._, meditation; explained as "fixing the attention." The four objects of earnest meditation are: (1) the impurity of the body, (2) the evils arising from sensation, (3) ideas or the impermanence of existence, and (4) reason and character, or the permanency of the dharma. (Rh. D.B., p. 172.) The term is different from "bhāvanā," although translated by the same English word. (_S.B._ of the _E._ XI, p. 62.--211).

Sāva'tthi, _p._, Srāva'sti, _skt._, capital of Northern Kosala. It has been identified by General Cunningham with the ruins of Sāhet-Māhet in Oudh and was situated on the river Rapri, northwest of Magadha.

Se'niya, _p._, Sai'nya, _skt._, military, warlike, an honorary title given to Bimbisāra the king of Magadha.

Siddha'ttha, _p._, Siddhā'rtha, _skt._, Buddha's proper name. Etymology, "He who has reached his goal."

Sigā'la, _p._, Srigā'la, _skt._, literally, "jackal"; name of a Brahman converted by Buddha.

Si'mha, _skt._, Sī'ha, _p._, literally, "lion." Name of a general, an adherent of the Niggantha sect, converted by Buddha; Simha, a soldier; Simha's question concerning annihilation.

So'ma, _p._ and _skt._, derived from the root _su_, to press in a winepress; not as, according to Eitel, Chinese scholars propose from "exhilarate (_su_) and mind (_mana_)." Name of a plant and of its juice, which is intoxicating and is used at Brahmanical festivals; the Soma drink is identified with the moon and personified as a deity.

Subā'hu, _p._ and _skt._, a friend of Yasa.

Subha'dda, _p._, Subha'dra, _skt._, name of a samana. Subha'dda, Buddha's last convert, must not be confounded with another man of the same name who caused dissension soon after Buddha's death.

Suddho'dana, _p._, Śuddho'dana, _skt._, Buddha's father. The word means "possessing pure rice." Buddhists always represent him as a king, but Oldenberg declares that this does not appear in the oldest records, and speaks of him as "a great and wealthy land-owner." (See his _Buddha_, English version, pp. 99 and 416--417).

Su'mana, _p._ and _skt._, name of a householder.

Suprabuddha, father of Devadatta.

Su'tta, _p._, Sū'tra, _skt._, literally" thread," any essay, or guide of a religious character.

Tanhā, _p._, Tr'ishna, _skt._, thirst; the word denotes generally all intense desire, cleaving and clinging with passion. The name of one of Māra's daughters.

Tapu'ssa, _p._ and _skt._, a merchant.

Tāru'kkha, _p._, Tāru'kshya, _skt._, name of a Brahman philosopher.

Tathā'gata, _p._ and _skt._, generally explained as "the Perfect One." The highest attribute of Buddha; robe of the Tathāgata; soldiers of the Tathāgata; the law the body of the Tathāgata; Tathāgatas are only preachers.

Tiratana, _p._, Trira'tna, _skt._, the three jewels or the holy trinity of the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha, a doctrine peculiar to Northern Buddhism. (See Trikāya.)

Ti'tthiya, _p._, Tī'rthika, _skt._, a religious school of India in Buddha's time.

Trikā'ya, the three bodies or personalities of Buddha, the Dharmakāya, the Sambhoga-kāya, and the Nirmāna-kāya.

Uddaka, _p._, U'draka, _skt._, a Brahman philosopher.

Ujje'nī, _p._, Ujja'yinī, _skt._, name of a city.

Upādā'na, _p._ and _skt._, desire, a grasping state of mind. One of the nidānas.

(Upagutta, _p._), Upagu'pta, _skt._, name of a Buddhist monk.

U'paka, _p._ and _skt._, name of a man, a Jain, who met Buddha, but was not converted by him.

Upā'li, _p._ and _skt._, a prominent disciple of Buddha. Before his conversion he was, according to the Buddhistic tradition, court-barber to the king of the Sakyas.

Upasa'mpadā, _p._ and _skt._, admittance to the Buddhist brotherhood, ordination. (See Pabbajā.)

Upava'ttana, Upava'rtana, _skt._, a grove in Kusinagara. The word means a rambling-place, a gymnasium.

Upo'satha, _p._, Upava'satha, _skt._, the Buddhist sabbath. Rhys Davids says (pp. 140--141): "The Uposatha days are the four days in the lunar month when the moon is full, or new, or half way between the two. It is the fourteenth day from the new moon (in short months) and the fifteenth day from the full moon (in the long months), and the eighth day from each of these. The corresponding Sanskrit word is Upavasatha, the fast-day previous to the offering of the intoxicating soma, connected with the worship of the moon. Instead of worshipping the moon, the Buddhists were to keep the fast-day by special observance of the moral precepts; one of many instances in which Gotama spiritualised existing words and customs."; observe the Uposatha or Sabbath.

Uruve'lā, _p._, Urubi'lvā, _skt._, a place south of Patna on the banks of the Nerañjara river, now Buddha Gayā. The residence of Kassapa, the chief of the Jatilas.

Va'jji, _p._, Vri'ji, _skt._, name of a people living in the neighborhood of Magadha; assemblies of the Vajji.

Va'rana, _p._ and _skt._, a tree; _Crataeva Roxburghii_.

Vardhamā'na, _skt._, Vaddhamā'na, _Jaina Prākrit_, proper name of the founder of Jainism. Also called Jñātapu'tra in _skt._ and Nātapu'tta in _Jaina Prākrit_.

Va'runa, _p._ and _skt._, a Brahman deity, the god of heaven and regent of the sea; one of the guardians of the world.

Vāsavada'ttā, _p._ and _skt._, a courtesan of Mathurā.

Vāse'ttha, _p._, Vāsi'shtha, _skt._, name of a Brahman.

Va'ssa, _p._, Va'rsha, _skt._, rain, rainy season. During the rainy season of Northern India, which falls in the months from June to October, the samanas could not wander about, but had to stay in one place. It was the time in which the disciples gathered round their master, listening to his instructions. Thus it became the festive time of the year. In Ceylon, where these same months are the fairest season of the year, Buddhists come together and live in temporary huts, holding religious meetings in the open air, reading the Pitakas and enjoying the Jātakas, legends, and parables of Buddhism. [See Rhys Davids's _B._, p. 57.]

Vassakāra, _p._, Varshakā'ra, _skt._, lit. "rain-maker." Name of a Brahman, the prime minister of the king of Magadha.

Ve'das; I know all the Vedas.

Veluva'na, _p._, Venuva'na, _skt._, a bamboo-grove at Rājagaha; Veluvana vihāra.

Vesā'lī, _p._, Vaiśā'līī, _skt._, a great city of India, north of Patna.

Vihā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, residence of Buddhist monks or priests; a Buddhist convent or monastery; a Buddhist temple.

Vi'mala, _p._ and _skt._ (etym., the spotless), name of a friend of Yasa.

Vi'naya.

Visā'khā, _p._, Viśā'khā, _skt._, a wealthy matron of Sāvatthi, one of Buddha's most distinguished woman lay-disciples. Says Oldenberg, _Buddha_, English translation, p. 167: "Every one invites Visākhā to sacrificial ceremonies and banquets, and has the dishes offered to her first; a guest like her brings luck to the house."; eight boons of Visākhā; gladness of Visākhā.

Ya'ma, _p._ and _skt._, also called Yama-rā'ja, death, the god of death.

Ya'sa, Ya'śas, _skt._, the noble youth of Benares, son of a wealthy man and one of Buddha's earliest converts.

Yaso'dharā, _p._, Ya'śodharā, _skt._, wife of Prince Gotama Siddhattha before he became Buddha. She became one of the first of Buddhist nuns. [See Jātaka, 87--90; Commentary on Dhammapada, vv. 168, 169: Bigandet, 156--168; Spence Hardy's _Manual_, 198--204; Beal, pp. 360--364: _B. Birth Stories_, 127.]

INDEX.

Abstain from impurity.
Abstinence.
Abode in me, truth has taken its.
Abodes of truth.
Abolish all the lesser.
Abolished, omens.
About to pass away.
Absolution.
Abuse, the sermon on.
According to their deeds.
Address, Buddha's farewell.
Adoration be to thee.
Aim, one, one essence, one law.
Aim, the one, Nirvāna.
Aim, the preacher's sole.
All creatures received the message in their own language.
Alone, let a man walk (see also Solitary).
Altercations.
Always in danger of death.
Ambrosia, lake of.
Angels rejoice.
Anger, by love overcome.
Annihilation.
Annihilation of egotism.
Annihilation, Simha's question concerning.
Another Buddha will arise.
Anxious to learn, must be.
Anxious to learn the truth, be.
Apoplexy, struck by.
Appearance of Bodhisatta.
Appearance, the glory of his.
Appeared, the saviour.
Appeased not by hatred, hatred.
Are all paths saving paths?
Artisans, the chief of the.
Asceticism.
Ascetics, naked.
Ashes.
Assemblies of the Vajji.
Assemblies, various kinds of.
Assured of final salvation.
Astrology and forecasting by signs forbidden.
Ātman and the _I_.
Atone for your evil deeds, you will have to.
Atonement by blood.
Audience, like unto the color of my.
Avoid dying, not any means to.