Chapter II: Part II: Origin and History of the Lakes

I--ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY 159

II--THE LAKES CHANGE MASTERS 175

III--THE WAR OF 1812 AND AFTER 194

INDEX 223

Illustrations

_Page_

_The Fountain of the Great Lakes_ _Frontispiece_
_Lorado Taft, Sculptor._

_The First Step in the Making of a Ship--Laying the “Keel Blocks”_ 4

_Second Step--Laying the Keel, or Bottom of the Ship, on the
“Keel Blocks”_ 6

_The Growing Ship_ 8

_Vessel Almost Ready for Launching_ 10

_A Monster of Steel and Iron Ready to be Launched_ 12
_Weight 9,500,000 lbs._

_The Launching_ 14

_The “Thomas F. Cole,” 11,200 Tons, Being Fitted with Engines
and Boilers after her Launching_ 16
_The “Cole” is the largest ship on the Lakes. Length,
605 feet 5 inches._

_Her First Trip--Off for the Ore Regions of the North_ 18

_This Shows Some of the 800,000 Rivets that Go to the Making
of a 10,000-Ton Leviathan of the Inland Seas_ 22

_Ice-Bound. Thirty-two Boats Tied up in the Ice at the Soo_ 26
_From a Photograph by Lord & Thomas, Sault Ste. Marie,
Mich._

_A Network of Tracks Running through the Ore Lands_ 28

_Captains of the Vessels of the American Steamship Company_ 30

_The “Montezuma”_ 32
_The largest wooden ship on fresh water being towed
out of the Maumee River, Toledo._

_A Coal Dock at Superior, Wisconsin_ 34
_The pile of coal is 1400 feet long and 30 feet high._

_The Record Load Hauled by One Team out of the Michigan Woods,
20,000 Feet_ 36

_One Steam Shovel Keeps Three Locomotives and Trains Busy_ 38

_Steamers at a Modern Ore Unloading Plant at Conneaut_ 40

_The Main Slip in the Harbour of Conneaut_ 42
_Conneaut is the second largest ore-receiving port on
the Lakes._

_One of the Huge Open Pits of the Mesaba Range_ 44

_A Raft of Five Million Pulp Logs on the North Shore of Lake
Michigan_ 48

_Scooping up Ore from the Mahoning Mine at Hibbing_ 52
_The largest open pit mine in the world._

_A Mining Town on the Mesaba Range, where a Few Years ago the
Deer and Bear Roamed Undisturbed_ 54

_Harbour View at Conneaut, Ohio, Showing Docks and Machinery_ 56

_A Steam Shovel at Work_ 58
_This removes from 4000 to 8000 tons of ore a day._

_The Old and the New_ 62
_A modern freight carrier passing one of the old
schooners._

_A Shaft on One of the Ranges_ 66

_The “North West”_ 68
_One of the finest passenger steamers on the Great
Lakes._

_The Stop at Tashinoo Park, St. Clair Flats_ 70

_The Landing at Mackinac Dock, Michigan_ 72

_Hickory Island at the Mouth of Detroit River_ 74
_From a Photograph by Manning Studio, Detroit._

_The “City of Erie”_ 76
_The fastest steamer on the Lakes, holding a record of
22.93 miles per hour._

_Little Venice, St. Clair River_ 80
_Showing the type of “Inns,” where people may pass
their holidays at small expense._
_Courtesy of Northern Steamship Co._

_A Scene on Belle Isle, Detroit River_ 82

_Steamer “Western States”_ 84
_One of the largest and fastest boats on the Lakes.
Carries 2500 people and her fastest speed is 20 miles
an hour._
_From a Photograph by Detroit Photographic Co._

_Steamship “North West” in American Lock_ 86

_Cottages Built at Small Expense along the St. Mary’s River_ 88

_A Steamer Stripped by a Tow-line by Running between a Steamer
and her Consort_ 90
_From a Photograph by Lord & Rhoades, Sault Ste. Marie,
Mich._

_A Remarkable Photograph Showing the Big Freighter “Stimson”
in a Holocaust of Smoke and Flame_ 94

_After a Fierce Night’s “Late Navigation” Run across Lake
Superior_ 96

_A Ship that Made the Shore before she Sank. The Work of
Raising her in Progress_ 100

_A Treacherous Sea in its Garb of Greatest Beauty_ 102
_One phase of Lake navigation._

_A View of the “Zimmerman”_ 104
_After a collision with another freighter._

_The Steamer “Wahcondah_” 108
_One of the Lake grain carriers which was caught in a
storm late in the season after being buffeted by the
waves of Lake Superior for about fourteen hours._

_This is One of the Most Remarkable Photographs Ever Taken on
the Lakes. It Shows a Sinking Lumber Barge just as She Was
Breaking in Two_ 110
_The photograph was taken from a small boat._

_The Residence of Ansley Wilcox at Buffalo_ 114
_Where President Roosevelt took the oath of office._
_Copyright 1908 by Detroit Photographic Co._

_A Bird’s-eye View of the Harbour of Duluth, Taken from the
Hill_ 116
_From a Photograph by Maher, Duluth._

_The Ship Canal and Aërial Bridge, Duluth, Minn._ 118
_Copyright 1908 by Detroit Photographic Co._

_Fleet of Boats in Duluth Harbour Waiting to Unload_ 122

_View Looking South-west from the New Chamber of Commerce
Building, Buffalo_ 124

_Unloading at One of the Coal Docks at Duluth_ 126

_A Fleet of Erie Canal Boats--Capacity of Each 150 Tons_ 128
_The boats on the new canal will be 1000 tons each._

_The Jack-Knife Bridge at Buffalo_ 132

_A Scene on Blackwell Canal_ 134
_The winter home of big boats in Buffalo._

_Some of the Grain Elevators at Duluth, which Have a Combined
Storage Capacity of 35,550,000 Bushels_ 136

_The Mesaba Ore Docks_ 138

_From the Deck of the Ship the Tug Looks Like an Ant Dragging
at a Huge Prey_ 142

_Observation Room on the “Wm. G. Mather”_ 144
_Which gives an idea of the luxuriousness of the guests’
quarters on a Great Lakes freighter._

_The Luxurious Dining-room on the 10,000-Ton Steamer “J. H.
Sheadle”_ 146

_Tugs Trying to Release Boats Held in the Ice at the Soo_ 150
_Copyright 1906 by Young, Lord & Rhoades, Ltd._

_Whaleback Barges Preparing for Winter Quarters at Conneaut,
Ohio_ 152
(_The Whaleback is a type of vessel that has been tried
and found wanting. They are going out of use._)

_Ashore_ 154

_Arch Rock, Mackinac Island_ 160
_One of the natural wonders of the world._

_Fort Mackinac_ 168

_Marquette’s Grave, St. Ignace, Michigan_ 174

_Monument at Put-in-Bay in Memory of the British and Americans
who Died in the Battle of Lake Erie_ 182

_Old West Blockhouse, Fort Mackinac_ 186
_Built by the British, about 1780._

_The Monument Erected to those who Fought and Died on Mackinac
Island_ 190

_Mackinac Island, Showing Old Fort Mackinac_ 194

_Once the Scene of Bloodshed and Strife, these Old Trees Stand
where French, Indian, and British Fought Years ago_ 200

_A View of the Historic Battle-ground on Mackinac Island_ 206

_An Old British Gunboat Discovered in the River Thames_ 212

_Scene when Admiral Dewey Passed through the Soo Locks_ 216

_Map_ _At End_