Chapter XX: The Progress of Nations in Their Maturity (2)

[120] A. Reibmayer (_Inzucht u. Vermischung beim Menschen_,
Leipzig, 1897) insists upon the importance of isolation and
consequent inbreeding for the formation of superior strains
and subraces. He points out that the geographical barriers of
Europe have favoured in this way the production of distinctive
national types. Like Stewart Chamberlain, Flinders Petrie, and
others, he regards the dark ages of Europe as a period of
chaos directly due to the overcoming of these geographical
barriers and the consequent prevalence of crossbreeding on a
large scale.

[121] _White Capital and coloured Labour._

[122] Aristotle says “want of men was the ruin of Sparta.”
Fathers of three sons were exempted from military service, and
of four sons from all State burdens.

[123] Several writers have pointed out the importance of these
facts and at least one professional historian has insisted
strongly upon them, namely O. Seeck in his _Geschichte des
Untergangs der antiken Welt_, Berlin, 1910, vol. 1.

[124] On this topic cp. Dr Archdall Reid’s _The Present
Evolution of Man_ and his _Principles of Heredity_, in which
books the effects of selection by disease and by alcohol are
vividly set out.

[125] _Op. cit._

[126] O. Ammon, _Gesellschaftsordnung und ihre natürlichen
Grundlagen_, Jena, 1900.

[127] De Lapouge, _Les Sélections Sociales_; cf. also W.
Alexis, _Abhandlungen zur Theorie der Bevölkerungs-und
Moralstatistik_, Jena, 1903, and W. Schallmayer’s _Vererbung
und Auslese in ihrer soziologischen und politischen
Bedeutung_, Jena, 1910.

[128] Ammon’s Law.

[129] Pointed out by Francis Galton and Fouillée.

[130] On the other hand it tends (partly no doubt by
deliberate design) to spread itself by insisting upon the duty
of procreation. This effect is said to be very considerable in
French Canada and only to be partially counteracted by a very
high rate of infantile mortality.

[131] _The Nineteenth Century_ for April, 1906.

[132] In _National Life and Character_, a pessimistic though
intellectually stimulating book.

[133] _Provident Societies_, by Sidney Webb, and _The London
Population_, by D. Heron.

[134] It must be recognised also that in Great Britain
emigration has, during the last three centuries, tended in all
probability in the same direction as the various forms of
social selection—namely, to the deterioration of the home
population; for in all ages it is the bold and enterprising
persons who seek new homes in far countries, leaving the
weakly, the timid, the dull, and the defective behind in the
mother country. Even the convicts that we exported at one time
to our colonies were probably persons of more than average
capacity, though some of them may have been innately defective
in moral disposition.

[135] _Études sur la sélection chez l’homme._ Paris, 1904.

[136] _England and the English._

[137] Notably by Prof. Flinders Petrie in his _Revolutions of
Civilisation_.

[138] _Op. cit._ p. 407.

[139] De Laponge does not stand alone in this opinion. Many
biologists and leaders of thought have expressed it hardly
less strongly, though not all of them have attached so much
importance to the influence of the towns. It has been
expressed in general terms by Dr and Mrs Whetham (in the
_Hibbert Journal_ for Oct. 1911), by Dean Inge in a number of
forcible articles, by Mr W. Bateson in his ‘Herbert Spencer
Lecture’ for 1912, and by other writers in a number of
articles in the _Eugenics Review_ and other journals.

[140] This conclusion may perhaps be said to be now generally
accepted by those who have given any thought to the matter. A.
R. Wallace argued strongly in this sense; the late Benjamin
Kidd set out the evidence impressively in his _Social
Evolution_, Chapter IX; and it is implied by all the many
writers who, as we have noted, agree in regarding the
processes of selection in the civilised nations as in the main
reversed or detrimental.

[141] I refer the reader to my _Social Psychology_.

[142] In this connection I may again refer to _The Pagan
Tribes of Borneo_, by C. Hose and W. McDougall.

[143] It has been translated into nine languages and was
reprinted ten times in the first year after its publication.

[144] Shortly before his death Mr Kidd published (in the year
1918) his _Science of Power_. In this book he showed a
complete change of face on the question of the importance of
innate qualities. He denied all importance to changes of
innate qualities, whether for better or worse, because, as he
maintained, “the social heredity transmitted through social
culture is infinitely more important to a people than any
heredity inborn in the individuals thereof” (p. 273); and he
made in this book a violent and scornful attack upon the late
Francis Galton and upon all who follow him in believing that
the decay or improvement of the racial qualities of a people
are of importance for its prosperity and development, and who,
therefore, approve of Galton’s effort to found a science of
Eugenics. Kidd did not anywhere in his last book acknowledge
that he had made this very great change of principle, which
completely undermines the whole argument of his _Social
Evolution_, but complacently suggested that, as Newton and
Darwin are regarded as the fathers of modern physical and
biological science respectively, so in the future Kidd will be
regarded as having founded anew in his _Social Evolution_ the
science of society. On reading the _Science of Power_ after
having written this chapter, I was amazed at this assumption
on behalf of a book whose most fundamental doctrine the author
had himself renounced, and I turned again to the earlier work
to verify my brief summary of its argument. I confess that it
is not easy to make sure of what the author was driving at.
But I find that Kidd, in discussing the influence of religious
systems, wrote (on p. 307) “Natural selection seems, in short,
to be steadily evolving in the race that type of character
upon which these forces act most readily and efficiently; that
is to say, it is evolving religious character in the first
instance, and intellectual character only as a secondary
product in association with it.” On the following page I
find—“The race would, in fact, appear to be growing more and
more religious,” and “a preponderating element in the type of
character which the evolutionary forces at work in human
society are slowly developing, would appear to be the sense of
reverence.” And there are many other passages which, in spite
of the habitual lack of precision of Kidd’s language, can only
be interpreted to mean that the improvement of moral or
religious character, on which he so strongly insists as a
feature of recent centuries, involves and depends upon
improvement of innate qualities in the mass of the people.

[145] Otto Seeck (_op. cit._ vol. 1. p. 270) writes—“The
equipment of the legionaries remained unchanged from Augustus
to Diocletian: no improvements of tactics, no new munitions of
war were brought into use during more than three hundred
years. The Roman saw his enemies becoming ever more terrible,
his own army ever less efficient; for now this, now that,
Province was laid waste and all were threatened. It was,
therefore, to the most urgent interest of every citizen that
this state of affairs should be remedied; the most cultured
circles were familiar with the needs of the army, for all the
higher officers came from the class of Senators and nobles.
Nevertheless, there appeared not a single invention, which
might have assured to the Roman soldiers their erstwhile
superiority! Books indeed were written upon tactics, strategy
and fortification, but their authors almost without exception
were content to expound in a formal manner what their more
capable forefathers had taught; in this literature the
expression of any new idea was carefully avoided.... As in the
military sphere, so also was it in all others. Neither in
agriculture, nor in handicrafts, nor in the practice of
statecraft, did a new idea of any importance appear since the
first century after Christ. Literature and art also moved only
in sterile imitation, which became always more
poverty-stricken and technically feebler.”

[146] Cf. _La Cité Antique_ of F. de Coulanges.

[147] A fact which provides another argument against
use-inheritance.

[148] This was written before the Great War but needs, I
think, no modification.

[149] Francis Galton and his disciples have produced much
evidence to show that the educated class of Englishmen
includes a very much larger proportion of strains of high
ability than the rest of the people, it having been formed by
the long continued operation of the social ladder. There is no
reason to doubt the truth of this conclusion.

[150] Prof. S. Alexander, in his _Moral Order and Progress_,
was perhaps the first to draw attention to this form of the
struggle for existence.

[151] This last sentence perhaps is only partially true. A
rigid system of State Socialism would involve a retrogression
in this respect.

[152] As the Spaniards well-nigh exterminated in the name of
the Church the civilisation and the nations of Mexico and
Peru.

[153] _Introduction to Social Psychology_.

[154] _Heredity and Selection in Sociology_, London, 1907;
an interesting work similar in tendency to Kidd’s _Social
Evolution_.

INDEX

Abdication of classes, 295

Abstract psychology, 2

ADAM SMITH, 4

Aesthetic faculty, 157

Africa and lack of leaders, 136

American homogeneity, 124

AMMON, O., 252

Analogy of national with individual mind, 147

Ancestor worship, 183

Ancient States, 285

ANGELL, N., 133

Anglo-Saxon origins, 238

Animal societies, 33, 66

Arab nation and Mahomet, 136

ARISTOTLE, 3, 192, 248

Army, as organised group, 51;
organisation, 81

Asiatics and authority, 114

Athens depleted, 248

BAGEHOT, W., 201

BALFOUR, A. J., on decadence, 146

BARING, M., on Russians, 46

BARKER, E., 16, 18

BATESON, W., 262

BEATTIE CROZIER, 193

Bengal, 161

BENTHAM, 4

BINET, 32

BINGHAM NEWLAND, 29

Birthrate, 253

Blending of races, 241, 278

Boer armies, 58

BOSANQUET, on general will, 155

BOUTMY, 215, 221, 228

Brains, size of, 137

BUCKLE, 206, 217, 227, 255, 282

Bulgaria and war, 143

BURKE, ED., 181

BUTLER, 5

Caste, 183, 271, 288

Celts, 235

CHAMBERLAIN, H. S., 108, 244

Chinese stability, 141

Christianity and morals, 267;
and progress, 274

Church, as a group, 95

Civilisation, and natural selection, 261;
defined, 204

Clans, 159

_Claqueurs_, 29

Classification of groups, 89

Climate and race qualities, 214

Collective consciousness, 31 _et seq._, 71;
mind, 12;
psychology, 21;
will, 48, 53, 173

Communications, freedom of, 132

COMTE, 5

Concreteness in psychology, 2

Conflict and progress, 296

Conquest and progress, 276

Contact of cultures, 283

Contagion of emotion, 27

Continuity, national, 145

CORNFORD, 70

Crowd, anger in Borneo, 26;
emotions, 39;
intelligence, 40;
suggestibility, 40

Crowds, 22 _et seq._

DARWIN, 5

DE LAPOUGE, 241, 252, 253, 261

Deliberative organisation, 187, 191

DEMOLINS, ED, 226, 233

DICKINSON, G. L., 119

Differentiation of races, 201, 208

DILL, Sir S., 132

Dissociation of personality, 32

DRIESCH, H., 103

DU BOIS, 27

DURKHEIM, on race, 109

Edict of Nantes, 252

Egyptian culture and nature, 128

Energy and climate, 221;
of races, 272

England and Germany contrasted, 146

Ephemeral groups, 88

Equality, ideal of, 184

ESPINAS, 33

Eurasians, 83

European progress, 287;
races, 114

Evolution of man, 209

Factors of national development, 206

Family as essential group, 82, 165;
consciousness, 159

Fear in India, 218

FECHNER, 32

Feudal system, 291

FLEURE, J. H., 115

FOUILLÉE, 19, 101, 105, 139, 162, 255

French conquests, 184;
sociability, 223

Fusions of civilisation, 276;
by conquest, 277

GALTON, F., 255, 291

Gauls, 231

General will, 53

Genetic view in psychology, 4

Genius and national life, 137

Geography and progress, 283

GEORGE, W. L., 178

German idealism, 15;
responsibility, 15;
organisation, 152

GIDDINGS, 5

GOBINEAU, 108

Gods, national, 102

GOOCH, 3

Good of whole and of all, 172

Greek people substituted, 247

GREEN, T. H., 15

Group action, types of, 57

Group mind, conditions of, 48;
defined, 9, 18

Group psychology, the task of, 7

Group spirit, 62 _et seq._, 302;
its merits, 79

GUIZOT, 223

HAMILTON, Sir I., on Japanese, 162

HARTMANN, V., 33, 103

Hayti, 117

Hebrew nation, 159

HEGEL, 16

HERON, D., 258

Hierarchy of groups, 80;
of sentiments, 81

HILL, CHATTERTON, 301

Historians and psychology, 99

HOBBES, 3

HOLLAND ROSE, 143

Homogeneity of group, 23;
of nations, 121

HOSE, CH., 72

House of Commons, 189

Idea of nation, 162, 173

Ideals, national, 183

Imaginative sympathy, 295

Impulse, national, 192

Independence, English, 224

India, and China contrasted, 124, 244;
and Western culture, 118

Individual, and group psychology, 6;
and social interests, 15, 152

Individualistic family, 237

Induction of emotion, 25

Infertility of peoples, 251

INGE, Dean, 262

Innate qualities, 110;
and culture, 112

Inquiry, spirit of, 275, 301

Intellect, disruptive effects of, 275

Intense emotion of crowds, 24, 29

Intercourse of peoples, 167

International rivalry, 144, 167

Irish qualities, 236

Isolation of China, 165

JACKS, L. P., 167

JACOBI, 258

JAMES, WM., 32

JANET, P., 32

Japanese patriotism, 162

Jesuit system of education, 83

Justice, contractual, 288

KIDD, B., 206, 267;
on GALTON, 268

KITCHENER, Lord, 64

Leaders and national life, 135

Leadership in armies, 60

LE BON, 20, 28, 136

LE PLAY, school of, 231

LEVY BRÜHL, 74

Liberty, and progress, 287;
ideal of, 184

Limits of State, 188

LOCKE, 3

Locomotion, modes of, 132

LOTZE, 36

LOWELL, President, 187, 197

Lynching, 47

MACIVER, R. M., 9 _et seq._

MAINE, Sir H., 5, 229, 270

MAITLAND, 18

MARIE, 20

MARX, K., 104

MATTEUZZI, 104

MERZ, TH., 2

MILL, J. S., on race, 108

Modern and primitive man, 120

Mongrel races, 140, 243, 279

MONTESQUIEU, 104

Moral tradition changing, 246

Morality, traditional, 264;
primitive, 264

MUIR, RAMSEY, 96

MUNSTERBERG, on Americans, 124

MURRAY, G., 178

My country, right or wrong, 174

Nation, definition of, 97 _et seq._

National action, types of, 170;
genius, 139

Nationalism, 94, 164

Nationality a psychological problem, 143

Natural boundaries, 127

Negro race and leaders, 136

Negroes and American nation, 126

Neighbour, who is our? 298

Newspapers in national life, 133

Normans, 238

North Sea outrage, 192

Northmen, 238

OLIVIER, Sir S., 244

Organic and higher unity, 157

Organisation, types of, 150;
from above, 153;
informal and formal, 197

Organism, contractual, 173

Outcastes, 85

PAINE, 25

Paradox of group life, 20

Parliamentary traditions, 191

Patriarchal system, 234

Patriotism, 54, 164, 177;
disparaged, 181

PEARSON C. H., 257

PEARSON, KARL, 258

Pelasgians, 247

PETRIE, FLINDERS, 244, 260

Philippines, Americans in, 118

Philosophy of history, 105

Physical environment and race qualities, 202, 213

PLATO, 17, 83

Political philosophy, German, 152

Populations, increase of, 250

Practical interests and psychology, 3

Prestige, 64

PRICE, COLLIER, 260

PRICHARD, H. H., 117

Primitive Societies, 64;
sympathy, 25

PRINCE, MORTON, 10, 32

Progress, ideal of, 185;
of nations, 273

Protestanism, distribution of, 115

Public opinion, 192, 197

Punans of Borneo, 72

Race qualities shape institutions, 116;
endurance of, 121;
crossing, 241

Racial differences, 111

REID, ARCHDALL, 252

Relations of sciences, 1

Religion and Reason, 259

Religious excitement, 27

RENAN, 4

Representative institutions, 198

Responsibility, communal, 68;
national, 144

RIPLEY, 115

Ritual, 92

Rivalry, national, 167

Roman Church and celibacy, 254;
civilization, 284

ROUSSEAU, 3, 53, 155

Russian armies, 59

Satisfactions of group life, 78

Scandinavian conditions, 237

SCHAEFFLE, 35

SEECK, O., 250, 270

Selection by environment, 209;
by towns, 253;
reversed, 257;
sexual, 260;
group, 264, 272

Self-consciousness in crowds, 44;
of nations, 158, 160, 299

Sentiment, national, 164

SIDIS, 32

SIGHELE, 20

Social evolution, 211, 288;
organisation, 204, 211

_Social Psychology_, 1, 3

Sociology and psychology, 8

Solidarity of human race, 185

Spain depleted, 254

Sparta depleted, 248

SPENCER, H., 7

State and nation, 175

States, limits of size, 131

Status to contract, 285

ST. JOHN, Sir S., 117

STOLL, 46

Subraces, 120

Suggestibility and emotion, 41

Superiority, intellectual, 263;
of public opinion, 194;
racial and cultural, 120

Sympathetic action, national, 188

TANCRED DE HAUTEVILLE, 239

Telepathy, 28

Tolerance, 294

TOLSTOI and anarchism, 152

TOURVILLE, H. DE, 231, 233

TOWNSEND, MEREDITH, 221

Tradition in political life, 191

Tribal conflict, 245;
consciousness, 159

Two party system, 190

Unity of nation, 157

Utilitarianism, 3

Value of nationality, 177

Variability of blended races, 140;
and progress, 280

Variation, spontaneous, 209

VOLNEY on colonists, 226

Voluntary groups, 77

_Vue d’ensemble_ in psychology, 2

WALLACE, A. R., on our ancestors, 120

War and national unity, 142

WEBB, SIDNEY, 258

WELLDON, Bishop, on sons of clergy, 255

WHETHAM, 262

Will of the people, 156

WINGFIELD, STRATFORD, 179

Womb of peoples, 238

World communications, 133

Written Codes, influence of, 271

* * * * *

THE CAMBRIDGE PSYCHOLOGICAL LIBRARY

GENERAL EDITOR

G. DAWES HICKS, M.A., PH.D., LITT.D.

PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON

The progress of Psychology during the last half century has been both rapid and extensive. Along the lines of theoretical inquiry significant and far-reaching results have been attained; the methods of experimental research have been successfully applied to a wide range of mental phenomena; and it is now generally recognised that in connexion with the subject-matter of many branches of scientific pursuit psychological problems of fundamental importance present themselves for solution. The object of the _Cambridge Psychological Library_ is to furnish a series of books, written by men actually engaged in the work of research, dealing with the various subjects that come within the field of Psychology. The extent of this field may be gauged from the titles of the volumes given below, some of which have already appeared, the others being in preparation.

For the reasons indicated, the _Cambridge Psychological Library_ will appeal not only to Psychologists but also to students of many other departments of scientific thought and investigation, such as Philosophy, Sociology, Art, Comparative Religion, Anthropology, Physiology, Zoology, Medicine, Education and Industrial Efficiency.

The following volumes have been arranged:

_Psychological Principles._
By Prof. JAMES WARD, SC.D., F.B.A.
Royal 8vo. 2nd edition. 24_s._ net. [_Now ready_

_An Introduction to the Study of Colour Vision._
By J. HERBERT PARSONS, D.SC., F.R.C.S.
Royal 8vo. Frontispiece and 75 text-figures.
12_s_ 6_d_ net. [_Now ready_

_The Group Mind._
By W. MCDOUGALL, F.R.S.
Royal 8vo. [_Now ready_

_Prolegomena to Psychology._
By Prof. G. DAWES HICKS, M.A., PH.D., LITT.D.

_Psychology in Relation to Theory of Knowledge._
By Prof. G. F. STOUT, M.A., LL.D., F.B.A.

_The Nervous System._
By Prof. C. S. SHERRINGTON, M.D., F.R.S.

_The Structure of the Nervous System and the Sense Organs._
By Prof. G. ELLIOT SMITH, M.D., F.R.S.

_Mental Measurement._
By W. BROWN, D.SC. and G. H. THOMSON, D.SC., PH.D.
[_In the Press_

_The Psychology of Mental Differences._
By C. BURT, M.A.

_The Psychology of Personality and Suggestion._
By T. W. MITCHELL, M.D.

_The Psychology of Dreams._
By Prof. T. H. PEAR, M.A.

_Comparative Psychology._
By Prof. CARVETH READ, M.A.

_The Process of Conventionalisation._
By F. C. BARTLETT, M.A.