Chapter XVII: Part IX: Projectiles

1. What projectiles are made use of in the service?

Solid shot; shells; spherical case, or shrapnel; canister; grape; grenades; stones; carcasses; light and fire balls.

2. What is a solid shot?

A solid sphere of cast-iron, almost exclusively appropriated to guns. The gun derives it denomination from the weight of the shot, as 6-pr., 12-pr., &c.

3. What is a shell, and its use?

A hollow sphere of cast-iron, containing powder, which is ignited by means of a fuze; when fired at troops, it should be prepared to burst over their heads, or, if the ground be favorable, to ricochet a little in front, and plunge into the column. When fired at works or buildings, it should explode after penetration.

4. What is spherical case, and what advantages does it possess?

It is a shell much thinner than the ordinary shell, and filled with leaden bullets and a charge of powder sufficient to burst it, which is done by means of a fuze as with a common shell at any required distance. It is thus calculated to extend all the advantages of canister shot, to distances far beyond the reach of that projectile. It is fired both from guns and howitzers.

[Sidenote: 91]]

5. What are canister shot?

Cylindrical tin cases with iron heads, of calibre suitable for different pieces of ordnance, filled with cast-iron balls arranged in tiers; they are fired at ranges not exceeding 400 yards, but their most destructive effects are from 100 to 200 yards.

6. What are grape shot?

A certain number of iron balls, usually nine, put together by means of two cast-iron plates, two rings, and one pin and nut. Each plate has on the inside three beds for the shot, of a depth equal to half the thickness of the plate, and of the form of a spherical segment, the curvature of which is the same as that of the shot. An iron pin riveted to the bottom iron plate, passes through the centre and also through the top plate, where the whole is secured by a nut and screw.

=NOTE.=—The use of these shot for
field pieces has been discontinued, canister
answering the purpose of these shot.

7. How were the balls fixed in the old pattern?

They were placed in tiers around an iron pin attached to an iron tompion at the bottom, and put into a canvas bag, and then quilted around with a strong cord.

8. What is a grenade?

A shell thrown from the hand, or in baskets from the stone-mortar, and ignited as other shells by means of a fuze.

9. How many kinds of grenades are made use of?

_Hand-grenades_ and _rampart-grenades_; six-pounder spherical case may be used for the former, and shells of any calibre for the latter.

[Sidenote: 92]]

10. To what purposes are grenades applied?

They are useful in the defense of works, the smaller, thrown by hand into the head of a sap, trenches, covered way, or upon the besiegers mounting a breach: the larger kinds are rolled over the parapet in a trough.

11. What is a carcass, and its use?

It is a spherical shell having three additional holes, of the same dimensions as the fuze-hole, pierced at equal distances apart in the upper hemisphere of the shell, and filled with a composition which burns with intense power from eight to ten minutes, and the flame issuing from the holes, sets fire to everything combustible within its reach; it is used in bombardments, setting fire to shipping, &c.; and is projected from cannon like a common shell.

12. What is a substitute for a carcass?

Common shells loaded in the following manner: The bursting charge is placed in the bottom of the shell in a flannel bag, over which carcass composition is driven until the shell is nearly filled; then insert four or five strands of quick-match, which must be secured by driving more composition upon it. These shells, after burning as a carcass, explode.

13. What is a fire-ball, and its use?

It is a projectile of an oval shape, formed of sacks of canvas filled with combustible composition, which emits a bright flame. Its use is to light up the enemy’s works, and it is loaded with a shell to prevent it from being approached.

14. What is a light ball?

Light balls are the same as fire balls, except that there is no shell in them, as they are used for lighting up our own works.

[Sidenote: 93]]

15. What is a smoke ball?

A hollow paper sphere similar to a light ball, and filled with a composition which emits a dense, nauseous smoke; it is employed to suffocate the enemy’s miners when at work, or to conceal one’s own operations; it burns from twenty-five to thirty minutes.

16. In field pieces to what is the projectile attached?

To a block of wood called a sabot.

17. Are the projectile and cartridge ever attached to the same sabot?

Yes, in field guns, and the 12-pr. field-howitzer; the whole then constitutes a _round of fixed ammunition_.

18. What is the arrangement in case of the 32 and 24-pdr. field howitzers?

The projectile is separate from the charge, and the _cartridge_ is attached to a block of wood called the _cartridge-block_, the object of which is to give a finish to the cartridge and fill the chamber.

19. What difference is there in sabots for field service?

Sabots for shot, and spherical case for guns, have one _groove_ for attaching the cartridge—those for gun canisters and for the 12-pdr. howitzer shells, spherical case, and canisters, have _two grooves_. Those for the 32 and 24-pdr. howitzers have no grooves; but are furnished with handles made of cord, passing through two holes in the sabot, and fastened by knots on the inside.

20. How are projectiles for field service fastened to the sabot?

By straps of sheet-tin, or of _strong canvas_, when tin or sheet iron cannot be procured.

[Sidenote: 94]]

21. How many straps are employed, and how are they fastened?

For _shot_, there are two straps crossing at right angles, one passing through a slit in the middle of the other. For _shells_, there are four straps soldered to a ring of tin, or fastened to it by cutting four slits in the ring, into which the upper ends of the strap are hooked, and turned down on the inside of the ring. The sabots for 32 and 24-pdr. field howitzers having no groove, each strap is fastened by one nail on the side, and two under the bottom of the sabot.

22. What is a _canister for field-service_?

It consists of a tin cylinder attached to a sabot and filled with cast-iron shot.

23. How is it made?

The cylinder is fastened to the sabot by six or eight nails, and a plate of rolled iron is placed at the bottom on the sabot. It is closed with a sheet-iron cover after being filled, the top of the cylinder being cut into strips ½ an inch long, and turned down over the cover.

24. In case of heavy guns are the shot attached to the sabot?

They are generally without a sabot.

25. How is it with shells?

They are strapped to sabots made of thick plank, with strips of tin, as in case of strapping shot for field-service.

26. How is it with canister for siege and sea-coast guns?

They have no sabot; the tin is turned over the iron bottom.

[Sidenote: 95]]

27. How is it with canisters for the 8-in. siege and sea-coast howitzers?

They are attached to sabots in the same way as the field-howitzer canisters. The sabot for the siege howitzer has a hemispherical bottom and the sea-coast a conical one, to suit the connecting surface between the cylinder of the bore and the chamber in these pieces.

28. Are sabots used with grape shot?

Yes, in the 8-inch sea-coast howitzer.

29. What is its form, and how fastened?

It is conical; and may be fastened to the lower plate with screws, or the pin may be made long enough to pass through it; or else the sabot maybe inserted into the piece separately from the stand of grape.

30. What is the object of fixing shot or shells to wooden bottoms?

To prevent injury to brass cannon; and to insure the fuze of a shell being retained in the axis of the piece.

31. What proportion does the weight of one shot bear to that of another?

The proportion is, as the cubes of their diameters.

32. How is the weight of a cast-iron shot or shell determined?

Multiply the cube of the diameter of the shot in inches, or the difference of the cubes of the exterior and interior diameters of the shell by 0.134 for the weight in pounds. In case of lead balls, the multiplier is 0.214.

33. How is the diameter of a cast-iron shot of a given weight found?

Divide the weight in pounds by 0.134, and extract the cube root of the quotient, which will be the diameter in inches.

[Sidenote: 96]]

34. How is the quantity of powder which a shell will contain found?

Multiply the cube of the interior diameter of the shell in inches, by 0.01744 for the weight of powder in pounds.

=NOTE.=—The above multipliers are found as follows:
Suppose _W_ to represent the weight of a body, _D_
its density, _V_ its volume, and _g_ the weight of
the unit of mass, then _W_ = _DVg_. Now, if a cubic
inch be taken as the unit of volume, then _g_
will be numerically 62.5 pounds.
————
1728

62.5
Hence, _W_ = _DV_ ———— = 0.036201;
1728

π
_DV_ = 0.03620 D —— _d_³
6
(supposing _d_ to be the diameter,
and the body to be spherical)

0.036201 × 0.5236_Dd_³ = 0.018955_Dd_³.

If we now substitute for _D_ the specific gravity
of cast-iron shot or shells = 7.000, we have,
_W_ = 7 × 0.018955_d_³ = 0.134_d_³; and if for _D_
we substitute the specific gravity of lead,
_W_ = 0.2142_d_³; and in case of powder,
_W_ = 0.01744_d_³.

_For diameters, weights and charges_,
see Tables, pages 80-81.

35. When shot are heated to a white heat, what expansion takes place?

====================+=======+======+======+======+======+======
Calibre. | 8-in. | 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12
--------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+------
Expansion, inches, | 0.149 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.04
--------------------+-------+------+------+------+------+------

36. Do heated shot retain a permanent enlargement?

Yes; in case of the 8-in. shot, for example, after the first cooling the enlargement is 0.054 in.; and, after the second, 0.099 in.

37. Are the igniting powers of a hot shot destroyed by ricochetting upon the water?

No; a shot, properly heated, will ignite wood after having struck the water several times.

[Sidenote: 97]]

38. What is the peculiarity of cartridges for hot shot?

There are two cartridge bags, one being inserted, choke foremost in another of the next higher calibre, and the end of the latter folded under.

39. Explain the process of loading with hot shot.

The piece should be sponged with great care, and the worm frequently passed into the bore. As a precaution, it is well to insert a wet sponge just before putting in the ball. The muzzle is sufficiently elevated to allow the ball to roll down the bore, the cartridge is inserted, the mouth of the outer bag foremost, the fold down, and carefully pushed home without breaking it; a dry hay-wad is placed upon it, and rammed once; then a clay or wet hay wad, and rammed twice; and finally, if firing at angles of depression, a wad of clay a half-calibre in length, or a wet hay-wad is put on the ball.

40. May the ball cool in the gun without igniting the charge?

Yes, with proper precaution in loading. The piece, however, should be fired with as little delay as possible, as the vapor, which arises from the action of the hot ball on the water contained in the wad, diminishes the strength of the powder.

41. What means are afforded at the sea-board forts for heating shot?

Furnaces for this purpose are erected, which hold 60 or more shot.

[Sidenote: 98]]

42. What length of time is required to heat them to a red heat?

The shot being placed and the furnace cold, it requires one hour and fifteen minutes; but after the furnace is once heated, a 24-pdr. shot is brought to a red heat in twenty-five minutes; the 32-pdr. and 42-pdr. shot require a few minutes longer.

43. Describe grates for heating shot.

In siege and other batteries, where there are no furnaces, a grate is used. It consists of four bars 1.75 inches square, three feet long, placed four inches apart on three iron stands, one foot in height. It is placed in an excavation one foot in depth, of the width of the grate, perpendicular at the back and side, open in front, the legs resting on bricks or stones rising about four or five inches from the bottom. A roof is made over it with hoops of flat iron, covered with sods and eighteen inches of earth, having in the back part a chimney six inches square. The shot are placed on the back part of the grate, leaving one-fourth of the front part free; and under and on the front part the wood is put, cut in pieces about fourteen inches long and two inches thick. A thick sod is used as a register, to regulate the draught of the chimney, so that no flame can issue from the front. This grate, which will contain about fifteen 24-pdr. balls, heats them to a red heat in an hour, and will supply three guns.

44. How are wads for firing hot shot made?

Of hay; by twisting from the hay a rope of an inch or an inch and a half in diameter, and then commencing at one end, and doubling it up about one calibre in length, twisting it all the time until it becomes nearly large enough, when the rope is wound around the wad perpendicular to its axis, and fastened with a hitch. Or the hay may be rammed in a _form_ of proper calibre, and then bound with spun yarn, and afterwards rammed a second time.

[Sidenote: 99]]

45. Have hot shot been almost entirely superseded?

Yes, since the adoption of the method of throwing large hollow shot from long pieces. These require but little preparation, can be used at once, and are more terrible in their effects.

46. What are _ring_ or _grommet_ wads, and their use?

They consist of a ring of rope yarn, about 0.7 in. thick, with two pieces of strong twine tied across at right angles to each other. The size of the ring is the full diameter of the bore, in order that it may fit tight, and stop the windage. They increase the accuracy of fire, and are to be preferred when the object of the wad is to retain the ball in its place, as in firing at a depression. They stop the windage best when placed behind the ball. They may be attached to the straps, or to the ball by twine, or may be inserted like other wads after the ball.

[Sidenote: 100]]

47. How are _junk-wads_ made; and for what are they used?

_Wad-moulds_ for each calibre,—consisting of two cast-iron cylinders of different diameters set in oak, or of two strong pieces of oak, strapped with iron, and joined by a hinge,—are employed in their manufacture. The junk, after having been picked, is compressed by being beaten in the smaller mould with a _maul_ and _cylindrical drift_—the latter nearly of the size of the mould—until it assumes the requisite dimensions; it is then taken out by raising the upper part of the mould, and closely wrapped with rope yarn, passed over it in the direction of the axis of the cylinder, and fastened by a few turns around the middle of the wad. It is then placed in the large mould, and again beaten with the maul and drift, until its diameter is increased to that of the mould, when it is taken out and its diameter verified by a wooden gauge corresponding to the large shot-gauge of the calibre. These wads are used for proving cannon.

48. Describe the process of loading field shells.

They are set up on their sabots, the charges measured out in the proper powder measure, and poured in through a copper funnel. The fuze-plugs are then driven in with a mallet, allowing the tops to project about 0.1 in., care being taken not to split them. The holes in the plugs are then carefully reamed out, and stopped with tow-wads, which are pressed in firmly with a round stick.

[Sidenote: 101]]

49. Describe the process of loading spherical case shot.

The shot having been cleaned, the balls are put in. A stick with a less diameter than the fuze-hole, and having a groove on each side of it, is inserted and pushed to the bottom of the chamber by working the balls aside. The shot is then placed in a sand-bath or oven, and brought to a proper temperature to receive the sulphur, which in a melted state is poured in to fill up the interstices between the balls; the shot is allowed to cool, and the sulphur to harden, when the stick is withdrawn, and the sulphur adhering to the sides of the eye and the surface of the shot is removed. If a fuze-plug and paper-fuze are to be used, the charge is poured in and the plug inserted exactly as in case of a shell; but, if the Bormann fuze is to be used the charge is inserted and the stopper and fuze screwed into their places, care being taken before placing the fuze in position to puncture the covering of the magazine, so that the fire can communicate with the charge.

Spherical case are now usually loaded by putting in the bullets, and pouring melted sulphur in until the case is full. After the sulphur has cooled, the space for the powder is bored out by a cutter, which removes both the sulphur and portions of the bullets from the space. This is a quicker method, and gives a more compact projectile.

50. What advantages does this mode of loading possess over the old one?

In the old mode there was a liability to accidents, and, if the powder remained in for any length of time before being used, it was ground up and became impaired. By the new mode the powder can be placed in the small chamber, and allowed to remain without fear of damage or danger, and be ready for use when required. Being, besides, in a compact mass, instead of scattered among the bullets, its power is much greater and it acts more effectively in throwing the bullets outward from the centre.

[Sidenote: 102]]

51. Describe the process of filling _Mortar shells_.

Having been inspected to see that they are clean, dry, and in good order, place them on a block made for the purpose, or on rings of rope, or in indentations in the floor of the magazine, or on the ground, with the eyes up. The charge measured out in a powder-measure is poured in through a funnel, and any incendiary composition, such as pieces of port-fire, rock-fire, &c. is inserted. In the mean time the fuze is cut to the proper length according to the range, by resting it in a groove made in the block, or inserting it in a hole made in a block, or in a post, and sawing it across with the fuze-saw; or the fuze may be bored through with a gimlet perpendicularly to the axis, at the proper point.

The fuze is then tried in the eye, and should enter ¾ of its length. If it does not, it may be reduced by rasping. The head of it is covered with tow to prevent the breaking of the composition, the fuze-setter placed on, and the fuze driven with the mallet until the head projects not more than 0.2 in. to 0.4 in. above the surface of the shell. These shells are generally filled and the fuzes driven in the battery magazines, as they are required.

52. How are shells for _columbiads_ and _heavy guns_ loaded?

In the same way as Mortar shells; but as paper fuzes inserted in wooden or bronze fuze-plugs are used instead of wooden fuzes, the plug only is driven into its place, and stopped with tow after the bursting charge has been poured through it into the shell.

53. How are condemned shot and shell marked?

With an X, made with the cold chisel.

54. How should balls be preserved?

They should be carefully lacquered as soon as possible after they are received. When it becomes necessary to renew the lacquer, the old lacquer should be removed by rolling or scraping the balls, which should never be heated for that purpose.

[Sidenote: 103]]

55. How should grape and canister shot be preserved?

They should be oiled or lacquered, put in piles, or in strong boxes on the ground floor, or in dry cellars; each parcel marked with its kind, calibre, and number.

56. How are balls piled?

Balls are piled according to kind and calibre, under cover if practicable, in a place where there is a free circulation of air, to facilitate which the piles should be made narrow, if the locality permits; the width of the bottom tier may be from 12 to 14 balls according to calibre.

Prepare the ground for the base of the pile by raising it above the surrounding ground so as to throw off the water; level it, ram it well, and cover it with a layer of screened sand. Make the bottom of the pile with a tier of unserviceable balls buried about two-thirds of their diameter in the sand; this base may be made permanent: clean the base well and form the pile, putting the _fuze-holes_ of shells _downwards_ in the _intervals_, and not resting on the shells below. Each pile is marked with the number of serviceable balls it contains. The base may be made of bricks, concrete, stone, wood, or with borders and braces of iron.

[Sidenote: 104]]

57. How should fixed ammunition for cannon be stored?

Either in boxes or placed in piles, formed of two parallel rows of cartridges, with the sabots together; in 4 tiers for 12-pdr. and 5 for 6-pdr.; chock the lower tier with strips of wood fastened with small nails; put a layer of tow 2 in. thick between the shot; let the piles rest on planks, if there is no floor, and cover them with tarpaulins; have the place swept, and the cartridge bags brushed off. Leave a passage of 18 in. between the double rows, and keep them 2 feet from the walls. Fixed ammunition should not be put into powder-magazines, if it can be avoided; it should be kept in a dry place above the ground floor if practicable; the store-rooms should be always aired in fine weather, the piles should be taken down, and made up again every six months at most, the bags examined and repaired, and the damaged cartridges broken up. A ticket on each pile should show the number and kind of cartridges, the additions to the pile, and the issues.

53. How should canisters be piled?

Like fixed ammunition, in 4 tiers for 24’s and 18’s; and 5 for 12’s and 6’s. Empty canisters in 10 or 12 tiers; the bottoms and covers separately.

59. How should _cartridge bags filled_ be piled?

Like fixed ammunition, or packed in boxes or barrels.

60. How should _loaded shells_ be piled?

On the ground floor of a secure building on planks, if the floor is not boarded; in 6 tiers at most; the fuzes of the lower tier in the vacant spaces between the shells; those of the other tiers turn downwards, like the fuze-holes of empty shells; the piles should be covered with a tarpaulin. Loaded shells should never be put into magazines, except from absolute necessity.

61. How should _fire-balls_ be preserved?

In a cool place, separated from each other by shavings or straw, if they are piled up.

[Sidenote: 105]]

62. How is the number of shots or shells in a pile computed, of whatever form the pile may be?

By multiplying the sum of the three parallel edges, by one-third of the number of balls in a triangular face.

63. What is meant by the three parallel edges of the pile?

Of the rectangular or long pile, they consist of the two largest bottom rows and top-row; of the square pile, of two bottom-rows and top shot; and of the triangular pile, of one bottom-row, the shot at the opposite angle, and that at the top.

64. How is the number of shot in a triangular face computed?

Multiply the number in the bottom row, plus one, by half the number in the bottom row, for the number required.

65. How is the shot contained in the top row of a rectangular pile calculated?

One added to the difference between the long and short bottom rows will be the number required.

66. How is the shot in an incomplete pile calculated?

By first computing the number in the pile considered as complete, then the number of what the upper part ought to consist; and the difference of these piles will be the number contained in the frustum or incomplete portion.

[Sidenote: 106]]

DIAMETERS OF SHOT, SHELLS AND SPHERICAL CASE.

=================================================
13-in.|10-in.|8-in.| 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 | 6
------+------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
in. | in. | in. | in.| in.| in.| in.| in.| in.
12.87 |9.87 |7.88 |6.84|6.25|5.68|5.17|4.52|3.58
------+------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----

WEIGHTS OF SHOT, SHELLS AND SPHERICAL CASE.

====================================================================
|Columbiads| |
| and | Mortars. | Guns and Howitzers.
|Sea-Coast | |
|Howitzers.| |
+-----+----+-----+-----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----
|10-in|8-in|13-in|10-in|8-in| 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 | 6
+-----+----+-----+-----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----
| lbs.|lbs.| lbs.| lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.
Shot, | 128 |65 | — | — | — |42.7|32.6|24.4 |18.5|12.3|6.1
Shells, | 101 |50.5| 197 | 87.5|44.5|31 |22.5|17 |13.4| 8.4|
Spher. | | | | | | | | | | |
case, | — |30 | — | — | — |20.3|16 |11.86| 8.7| 6.1|3.06
---------+-----+----+-----+-----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----

The 8-inch Mortar Shell is used for the Siege Howitzer.

WEIGHT OF CANISTER SHOT.

===================================================================
| | 24-pr. | |12-pr. Gun | 24-pr. | |12-pr. Howitzer.
42 |32 |Gun and | 18 | and 32-pr.|Howitzer.| 6 |------+---------
| | 8-in. | | Howitzer. | | |Field.|Mountain.
| | Sieg. | | | | | |
| | Howit. | | | | | |
----+----+--------+----+-----------+---------+----+------+---------
lbs.|lbs.| lbs. |lbs.| lbs. | lbs. |lbs.| lbs. | Musket
1.5 |1.14| 0.86 |0.64| 0.43 | 0.32 |0.21| 0.16 | ball.
----+----+--------+----+-----------+---------+----+------+---------

WEIGHTS OF FINISHED CANISTERS AND NUMBER OF SHOT.

====================================================================
| Siege and Garrison Guns. | 8-in. Howitzer.
+------+------+------+------+------+--------+-----------
| 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 | Siege. | Sea-Coast.
+------+------+------+------+------+--------+-----------
| lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs.
Weights, | 48 | 37 | 29 | 23 | 15 | 53.5 | 54.5
No. of shot,| 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 48 | 48
------------+------+------+------+------+------+--------+-----------

[Sidenote: 107]]

WEIGHT OF GRAPE SHOT AND GRAPE SHOT STANDS.

============================================================
| 8-in. | 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12
|--------+------+-------+------+------+-------
| lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs.
Grape shot, | 6.1 | 4.2 | 3.15 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.14
Stands, | 74.5 | 51.2 | 39.7 | 30.6 | 22.1 | 14.8
--------------+--------+------+-------+------+------+-------

WEIGHTS OF FIXED AMMUNITION.

====================================================================
| For Guns.| For Howitzers.
WEIGHTS. +-----+----+-----+-----+-----
| 12 | 6 | 32 | 24 | 12
---------------------------------------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----
| lbs.|lbs.| lbs.|lbs. |lbs.
Cartridge, including { large charge, | 2.56|1.30| 3 88| 2.70|
Cartridge Block. { small “ | 2.06|1.05| 3.10| 2.34| 1.05
Shot strapped, |12.75|6.28| | |
Shell strapped and charged, | — | — |24.60|18.80| 9.35
Spherical case, | | | | |
strapped and charged, |11.43|5.75|31.00|23.00|11.30
Canister, with Sabot, |14.80|7.32|28.50|21.25|10.80
{Shot, |15.40|7.60| | |
Round of Ammunition {Shell with small| | | | |
complete. { charge, | — | — |27.70|21.15|10.50
{Spherical case, |13.50|6.82|34.10|25.34|12.50
{Canister, |16.91|8.40|31.60|23.60|11.85
---------------------------------------+-----+----+-----+-----+-----

CHARGES FOR MORTAR SHELLS.

====================================================================
|13-in. |10-in. | 8-in. |Coehorn.
+--------+--------+--------+--------
|lbs. oz.|lbs. oz.|lbs. oz.|lbs. oz.
{of the shell filled | | | |
{ with powder, | 11.0 | 5.0 | 2.9 | 1.0
Charge {to burst the shell, | 6.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.8
{to blow out the fuze, | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2
| | | |
Ordinary {Cannon Powder, | 7.0 | 3.0 | 1.12 |
service {Incendiary match or | | | |
charge. { other composition,| 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
--------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------

[Sidenote: 108]]

CHARGES FOR FIELD SHELLS.

==================================================================
|32-pdr. |24-pdr.|12-pdr. | Remarks.
+--------+-------+--------+----------
|lbs. oz.|lbs oz.|lbs. oz.|
{to fill the shell, | 1 5 | 1 0 | 0 8 |Rifle or
Powder {to burst do. | 0 11 | 0 8 | 0 5 |musket
required {to blow out | | | |powder is
{ the fuse plug, | 0 2 | 0 2 | 0 1 |used in
{for service charge,| 1 0 | 0 12| 0 7 |pref’nce
| | | |to cannon.
-----------------------------+--------+-------+--------+----------

CHARGES FOR SPHERICAL CASE SHOT.

====================================================================
CHARGE. |8-in.| 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 | 6
---------------------------+-----+----+------+------+-----+----+----
No. of musket balls, |486 | 306|225 |175 |120 |78 |38
Bursting charge of | | | | | | |
powder, oz. | 15 | 9| 8 | 6 | 5 | 4.5| 2.5
Weight of shot loaded, lbs.| 59.5| 39| 30.13| 22.75| 16.3|11 | 5.5
---------------------------+-----+----+------+------+-----+----+----

CHARGES FOR SHELLS FOR COLUMBIADS AND HEAVY GUNS.

====================================================================
Charge of | Columbiads. | FOR GUNS.
Powder. +------+------+------+------+------+-------+------
|10-in.| 8-in.| 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12
------------------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+------
|lbs oz|lbs oz|lbs oz|lbs oz|lbs oz|lbs oz |lbs oz
To fill the shell,| 3 4 | 1 12 | 1 8 | 1 5 |1 0 |0 11 | 0 8
To burst “ | 1 6 | 1 0 | 0 12 | 0 1 |0 8 |0 7 | 0 5
To blow out the | 0 10 | 0 8 | 0 6 | 0 2 |0 2½ |0 1½| 0 1
fuze-plug, | | | | | | |
For ordinary | 3 0 | 1 8 | 1 4 | 1 0 |0 12 |0 10 | 0 7
service, | | | | | | |
------------------+------+------+------+------+------+-------+------

[Sidenote: 109]]