Chapter XXI: Section II (2)

Infants, as a rule, should be bathed once a day, but never immediately after being nursed or fed. In very warm weather a child may be sponged in the evening as well as in the morning. The water for the bath of a young baby should be warm, and the temperature can be judged by testing it with the elbow, which is more sensitive than the hand. Lay a small blanket on the lap, cover the child with a flannel and sponge it under the clothes. This prevents it from taking cold from exposure, The room should not be cooler than 68 deg. F., and the door must be kept closed to avoid drafts. Use only pure white soap, and a soft cloth is better than a sponge. The body should be carefully dried and lightly powdered to absorb any moisture that may remain.

THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS.

THE DERIVATIONS OF THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS.

January.--The Roman god Janus presided over the beginning of everything; hence the first month of the year was called after him.

February.--The Roman festival Februs was held on the 15th day of this month, in honor of Lupercus, the god of fertility.

March--Named from the Roman god of war, Mars.

April.--Latin, Aprilis, probably derived from aperire, to open; because spring generally begins, and the buds open in this month.

May.--Lat. Maius, probably derived from Maia, a feminine divinity worshiped at Rome on the first day of this month.

June.--Juno, a Roman divinity worshiped as the Queen of Heaven.

July (Julius)--Julius Caesar was born in this month.

August.--Named by the Emperor Augustus Caesar, B. C. 30, after himself, as he regarded it as a fortunate month, being that in which he had gained several victories.

September (septem, or 7).--September was the seventh month in the old Roman calendar.

October (octo, or 8).--Eighth month of the old Roman year.

November (novem, or 9).-November was the ninth month in the old Roman year.

December (decem, or 10).--December was the tenth month of the early Roman year. About the 21st of this month the sun enters the Tropic of Capricorn, and forms the winter solstice.

DAYS OF THE WEEK.

Sunday, (Saxon) Sunnandaed, day of the sun,

Monday, (German) Montag, day or the moon.

Tuesday, (Anglo-Saxon) Tiwesdaeg, from Tiw, the god of war.

Wednesday, (Anglo-Saxon) Wodnesdaeg, from Odin, the god of storms.

Thursday, (Danish) Thor, the god of thunder.

Friday, (Saxon) Frigedaeg, day of Freya, goddess of marriage.

Saturday, the day of Saturn, the god of time.

The names of the seven days of the week originated with the Egyptian astronomers. They gave them the names of the sun, moon, and five planets, viz.: Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn.

WHAT HOUSEKEEPERS SHOULD REMEMBER.

That cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease from washable fabrics.

That fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them into boiling water for a minute.

That fresh meat beginning to sour will sweeten if placed outdoors in the cool air over night.

That milk which has changed may be sweetened or rendered fit for use again by stirring in a little soda.

That a tablespoonful of turpentine boiled with your white clothes will greatly aid the whitening process.

That kerosene will soften boots and shoes that have been hardened by water and will render them as pliable as new.

That thoroughly wetting the hair once or twice with a solution of salt and water will keep it from falling out.

That salt fish are quickest and best freshened by soaking in sour milk.

That salt will curdle new milk; hence, in preparing porridge, gravies, etc., salt should not be added until the dish is prepared.

That one teaspoonful of ammonia to a teacup of water, applied with a rag, will clean silver or gold jewelry perfectly.

That paint stains that are dry and old may be removed from cotton and woolen goods with chloroform. It is a good plan to first cover the spot with olive oil or butter.

That clear boiling water will remove tea stains. Pour the water through the stain and thus prevent it spreading over the fabric.

That charcoal is recommended as an absorbent of gases in the milk-room where foul gases are present. It should be freshly powdered and kept there continually, especially in hot weather, when unwholesome odors are most liable to infect the milk.

That applying kerosene with a rag, when you are about to put your stoves away for the summer, will prevent them from rusting. Treat your farming implements in the same way before you lay them aside for the fall.

That a teaspoonful of borax, put in the last water in which clothes are rinsed, will whiten them surprisingly. Pound the borax so it will dissolve easily. This is especially good to remove the yellow that time gives to white garments that have been laid aside for two or three years.

That a good agency for keeping the air of the cellar sweet and wholesome is whitewash made of good white lime and water only. The addition of glue or size, or anything of that kind, only furnishes organic matter to speedily putrefy. The use of lime in whitewash is not only to give a white color, but it greatly promotes the complete oxidation of effluvia in the cellar air. Any vapors that contain combined nitrogen in the unoxidized form contribute powerfully to the development of disease germs.

CHARACTER AS SEEN IN FACES.

Thick lips indicate genius and conservatism. Large dilating nostrils are a sign of poetic temperament and a sensitive nature. A long forehead denotes liberality. Arched eyebrows, good ancestry and amiability. A bold, projecting Roman nose indicates enterprise. Delicate nose, good nature. A large nose, strength of will and character. An eye that looks one cheerfully and frankly in the face shows honesty and faithfulness. Lips slightly curved upward at the ends indicate a fine sense of humor. Soft round cheeks denote gentleness and affection; dimples in the cheeks, roguery; in the chin, one who falls easily in love. A broad chin denotes firmness. Straight lips, firmly closed, resolution. Large ears denote generosity.

BELL TIME ON SHIPBOARD.

Time on shipboard is divided into periods of four hours--from midnight to midnight--and the lapse of every half hour is marked by one or more strokes of the bell--from one stroke for the end of the first half hour to eight strokes or, in nautical language, eight bells, for the end of the fourth hour. Thus 12:30 a. m. is 1 bell; 1:00 a. m., 2 bells; 1:30 a. m., 3 bells; 2:00 a. m., 4 bells; 2:30 a. m., 5 bells; 3:00 a. m., 6 bells; 3:30 a. m., 7 bells; 4:00 a. m., 8 bells. Then 4:30 a. m. is indicated by 1 bell; 5:00 a. m., 2 bells, etc.; 8 bells being sounded at 8:00 a. m., 12:00 m., 4:00 p. m., 8:00 p. m. and 12:00 p. m.

Four to 8:00 p. m. is divided into two "dog watches" called "first dog watch" and "last dog watch," so as to change the watches daily; otherwise starboard or port watch would be on deck the same hours day after day.

QUEER ANALOGIES IN NATURE.

The cocoanut is, in many respects, like the human skull, although it closely resembles the skull of the monkey. A sponge may be so held as to remind one of the unfleshed face of the skeleton, and the meat of an English walnut is almost the exact representation of the brain. Plums and black cherries resemble the human eyes; almonds, and some other nuts, resemble the different varieties of the human nose, and an opened oyster and its shell are a perfect image of the human ear. The shape of almost any man's body may be found in the various kinds of mammoth pumpkins. The open hand may be discerned in the form assumed by scrub-willows and growing celery. The German turnip and the eggplant resemble the human heart. There are other striking resemblances between human organs and certain vegetable forms, The forms of many mechanical contrivances in common use may be traced back to the patterns furnished by nature. Thus, the hog suggested the plow; the butterfly, the ordinary hinge; the toadstool, the umbrella; the duck, the ship; the fungous growth on trees, the bracket. Anyone desirous of proving the oneness of the earthly system will find the resemblances in nature a most amusing study.--Scientific American.

MODERN FABLES.

Luxury.

Of two cats, one, thinking to be very fine, hunted only humming birds, and the other hunted only mice. The first had to hunt much longer than the other, because humming birds were scarce, so that it spent nearly all its life in getting food, while the other had little trouble to get all it wanted. "How unfortunate it is," said the first cat, "that I have formed my liking for what is so hard to get and is so little when I have it."

Fastidiousness.

A fastidious ox would not drink while standing in the water with his head turned down stream lest he should soil the water with his feet. But once when drinking with his head turned up stream he saw a whole drove of hogs washing in the water above him.

Attracting Attention.

A flea, which saw many people trying to get the attention of a king and waiting long for that purpose, said: "Though I am but a little thing, I will get his attention." So he jumped up the throne until he got on the king's head. Here he received recognition from the king by a slap, and when he boasted to a dog of his success, the latter said: "Some get attention by their merit, others by their demerit. In making yourself a nuisance you get recognition before the lords of the realm, but only as a flea."

Gambling.

A monkey playing with a steel trap got his tail cut off. He went back the next day to get his tail, when he got his foot cut off. "Now," he said, "I will go back and get both my foot and my tail." He went back, and the third time he got his head cut off, which ended his monkeying with the trap.

Mugwumpery.

A mule on one side of a fence was discontented because he was not on the other side. He finally jumped over, when he was equally discontented because he was not back again. "Which side of the fence do you want to be on?" asked a horse. "It does not matter," replied the mule, "provided I am on the other side."

The Non-Partisan.

A dog, running about in an irregular way, was asked where he was going. "I am not going anywhere," replied the dog, "but only running about to learn where to go."

Partisanship.

The swans, wishing to drive the peacocks from a park, procured a law against big feet. The peacocks retaliated by getting a counter law against big necks. Soon one side could see nothing but ugly feet, and the other nothing but long necks. At last they came to think peacocks were all feet and swans all neck.

NUMBER OF MILES BY WATER FROM NEW YORK.

To Amsterdam, 3,510; Bermudas, 660; Bombay, 11,574; Boston, 310; Buenos Ayres, 7,110; Calcutta, 12,425; Canton, 13,900; Cape Horn, 8,115; Cape of Good Hope, 6,830; Charleston, 750; Columbia River, 15,965; Constantinople, 5,140; Dublin, 3,225; Gibraltar, 3,300; Halifax, 612; Hamburg, 3,775; Havana, 1,420; Havre, 3,210; Kingston, 1,640; Lima, 11,310; Liverpool, 3,210; London, 3,375; Madras, 11,850; Naples, 4,330; New Orleans, 2,045; Panama, 2,358; Pekin, 15,325; Philadelphia, 240; Quebec, 1,400; Rio Janeiro, 3,840; Sandwich Islands, 15,300; San Francisco, 15,858; St. Petersburg, 4,420; Valparaiso, 9,750; Washington, 400; around the Globe, 25,000.

BUSINESS LAW IN BRIEF

It is a fraud to conceal a fraud.

Ignorance of the law excuses no one.

A contract made on a Sunday is void.

A contract made with a lunatic is void.

The act of one partner binds all the others.

An agreement without consideration is void.

The law compels no one to do impossibilities.

Agents are liable to their principals for errors.

Principals are liable for the acts of their agents.

A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive.

Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law.

The seal of a party to a written contract imports consideration.

A contract made with a minor cannot be enforced against him. A note made by a minor is voidable.

Each individual in a partnership is liable for the whole amount of the debts of the firm.

A note which does not state on its face that it bears interest, will bear interest only after due.

A lease of land for a longer term than one year is void unless in writing.

An indorser of a note is exempt from liability if notice of its dishonor is not mailed or served within twenty-four hours of its non-payment.

In case of the death of the principal maker of a note, the holder is not required to notify a surety that the note is not paid, before the settlement of the maker's estate. Notes obtained by fraud, or made by an intoxicated person, are not collectible.

If no time of payment is specified in a note it is payable on demand.

An indorser can avoid liability by writing "without recourse" beneath his signature.

A check indorsed by the payee is evidence of payment in the drawer's hands.

An outlawed debt is revived should the debtor make a partial payment.

If negotiable paper, pledged to a bank as security for the payment of a loan or debt, falls due, and the bank fails to demand payment and have it protested when dishonored, the bank is liable to the owner for the full amount of the paper.

Want of consideration--a common defense interposed to the payment of negotiable paper--is a good defense between the original parties to the paper; but after it has been transferred before maturity to an innocent holder for value it is not a defense.

Sometimes the holder of paper has the right to demand payment before maturity; for instance, when a draft has been protested for non-acceptance and the proper notices served, the holder may at once proceed against the drawer and indorsers.

Negotiable paper, payable to bearer or indorser in blank, which has been stolen or lost, cannot be collected by the thief or finder, but a holder who receives it in good faith before maturity, for value, can hold it against the owner's claims at the time it was lost.

If a note or draft is to be paid in the State where it is made, the contract will be governed by the laws of that State. When negotiable paper is payable in a State other than that in which it is made, the laws of that State will govern it. Marriage contracts, if valid where they are made, are valid everywhere. Contracts relating to personal property are governed by the laws of the place where made, except those relating to real estate, which are governed by the laws of the place where the land is situated.

THE RIGHT OF DOWER.

Dower is one-third of the husband's estate, and in general cannot be destroyed by the mere act of the husband. Hence, in the sale of real estate by the husband, his wife must, with the husband, sign the conveyance to make the title complete to the purchaser. In the absence of such signature, the widow can claim full dower rights after the husband's death. Creditors, also, seize the property subject to such dower rights.

The husband in his will sometimes gives his wife property in lieu of dowry. In this case, she may, after his death, elect to take either such property or her dower; but she cannot take both. While the husband lives the wife's right of dower in only inchoate; it cannot be enforced. Should he sell the land to a stranger, she has no right of action or remedy until his death.

In all cases the law of the State in which the land is situated governs it, and, as in the case of heirship, full information must be sought for in statute which is applicable.

MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE.

Marriage may be entered into by any two persons, with the following exceptions: Idiots, lunatics, persons of unsound mind, persons related by blood or affinity within certain degrees prohibited by law, infants under the age of consent, which varies in the different States, and all persons already married and not legally divorced.

The causes for which a divorce may be obtained vary greatly in the different States. In South Carolina only fraud and force are recognized as invalidating the marriage tie, this State having no divorce law. In the District of Columbia and all the other States with the exception of Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan and Virginia, cruelty is a statutory cause, and desertion in all but New York. In most of the States neglect is also recognized as a valid cause. Imprisonment for crime is a cause in all except Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York. Physical inability is a cause in all the States except California, Connecticut, Idaho, North Dakota and Texas. Intemperance, in all but Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakotah, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia. The time of residence required to secure a divorce varies from 6 months in Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada and Texas to 3 to 5 years in Massachusetts. In most States it is one year. Remarriage is permitted in all the States having divorce laws except Georgia, and alimony is also provided for in all these States.

RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN.

Any and all property which a woman owns at her marriage, together with rents, issues and profits thereof, and the property which comes to her by descent, devise, bequest, gift or grant, or which she acquires by her trade, business, labor, or services performed on her separate account, shall, notwithstanding her marriage, remain her sole and separate property, and may be used, collected and invested by her in her own name, and shall not be subject to the interference or control of her husband, or be liable for his debts, unless for such debts as may have been contracted for the support of herself or children by her as his agent.

A married woman may likewise bargain, sell, assign, transfer and convey such property, and enter into contracts regarding the same on her separate trade, labor or business with the like effect as if she were unmarried. Her husband, however, is not liable for such contracts, and they do not render him or his property in any way liable therefor. She may also sue and be sued in all matters having relation to her sale and separate property in the same manner as if she were sole.

In the following cases a married woman's contract may be enforced against her and her separate estate: 1. When the contract is created in or respecting the carrying on of the trade or business of the wife. 2. When it relates to or is made for the sole benefit of her sole or separate estate. 3. When the intention to charge the separate estate is expressed in the contract creating the liability.

When a husband receives a principal sum of money belonging to his wife, the law presumes he receives it for her use, and he must account for it, or expend it on her account by her authority or direction, or that she gave it to him as a gift. If he receives interest or income and spends it with her knowledge and without objection, a gift will be presumed from acquiescence.

Money received by a husband from his wife and expended by him, under her direction, on his land, in improving the home of the family, is a gift, and cannot be recovered by the wife, or reclaimed, or an account demanded.

An appropriation by a wife, herself, of her separate property to the use and benefit of her husband, in the absence of all agreement to repay, or any circumstances from which such an agreement can be inferred, will not create the relation of debtor and creditor, nor render the husband liable to account.

Though no words of gift be spoken, a gift by a wife to her husband may be shown by the very nature of the transaction, or appear from the attending circumstances.

A wife who causelessly deserts her husband is not entitled to the aid of a court of equity in getting possession of such chattels as she has contributed to the furnishing and adornment of her husband's house. Her legal title remains, and she could convey her interest to a third party by sale, and said party would have a good title, unless her husband should prove a gift.

Wife's property is not liable to a lien of a sub-contractor for materials furnished to the husband for the erection of a building thereon, where it is not shown that the wife was notified of the intention to furnish the materials, or a settlement made with the contractor and given to the wife, her agent or trustee.

The common law of the United States has some curious provisions regarding the rights of married women, though in all the States there are statutory provisions essentially modifying this law. As it now stands the husband is responsible for necessaries supplied to the wife even should he not fail to supply them himself, and is held liable if he turn her from his house, or otherwise separates himself from her without good cause. He is not held liable if the wife deserts him, or if he turns her away for good cause. If she leaves him through good cause, then he is liable. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and so represents her, even though this representation is made to one who knows she is not, he is liable the same way as if she were his wife.

THE LAW OF FINDING.

The general rule is that the finder has a clear title against every one but the owner. The proprietor of a hotel or a shop has no right to demand property of others found on his premises. Such proprietors may make regulations in regard to lost property which will bind their employes, but they cannot bind the public. The finder has been held to stand in the place of the owner, so that he was permitted to prevail in all action against a person who found an article which the plaintiff had originally found, but subsequently lost. The police have no special rights in regard to articles lost, unless those rights are conferred by statute. Receivers of articles found are trustees for the owner or finder. They have no power in the absence of special statute to keep an article against the finder, any more than the finder has to retain an article against the owner.

THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT.

The new copyright law, which went into effect July 1, 1909, differs in many respects from the law previously in force. Its main provisions are given below, but those desiring to avail themselves of its protection should write to the Register of Copyrights, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., for full instructions and the necessary blanks. etc. The new law provides that the application for registration of any work "shall specify to which of the following classes the work in which copyright is claimed belongs": (a) Books, including composite and cyclopedic works, directories, gazetteers, and other compilations; (b) periodicals, including newspapers; (c) lectures, sermons, addresses prepared for oral delivery: (d) dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; (c) musical compositions; (f) maps; (g) works of art; models or designs for works of art; (h) reproductions of a work of art; (i) drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character: (j) photographs; (k) prints and pictorial illustrations.

Necessary Steps to Secure Copyright.

For works reproduced in copies for sale: 1. Publish the work with the copyright notice. The notice may be in the form "Copyright, 19 ..... (year date of publication) by (name of copyright proprietor)." 2. Promptly after publication, send to the Copyright Office, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C., two copies of the best edition of the work, with an application for registration and a money order payable to the Register of Copyrights for the statutory registration fee of $l.

In the case of books by American authors, or permanent residents of the United States, the copies deposited must be accompanied by an affidavit, under the official seal of an officer authorized to administer oaths, stating that the typesetting, printing and binding of the book have been performed within the United States. Affidavit and application forms will be supplied on request.

Books of foreign origin in a language or languages other than English are not required to be manufactured in the United States. In the case of a book in the English language published abroad before publication in this country, an ad interim copyright for 30 days may be secured under certain conditions.

Copyright may also be had of certain classes of works (see a, b, c, below) of which copies are not reproduced for sale, by filing an application for registration, with the statutory fee of $1, sending therewith: (a) in the case of lectures or other oral addresses or of dramatic or musical compositions, one complete manuscript or typewritten copy of the work. Registration, however, does not exempt the copyright proprietor from the deposit of printed copies. (b) In the case of photographs not intended for general circulation, one photographic print. (c) In the case of works of art (paintings, drawings, sculpture), or of drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character, one photograph or other identifying reproduction of the work. In all these cases, if the work is later reproduced in copies for sale, such copies must be deposited.

Duration of Copyright.

The original term of copyright runs for twenty-eight years, and may be renewed under certain conditions for a further term of twenty-eight years, making fifty-six years in all.

Assignments.

Copyrights are assignable by any instrument of writing.

Every assignment of copyright must be recorded in the Copyright Office within three months after its execution in the United States or within six months after its execution without the limits of the United States.

LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN VARIOUS STATES.

Jan. 1, New Year's Day. All the States (including District of Columbia), except Mass., Miss. and N. H.

Jan. 19, Lee's Birthday. In Ga., Fla., N. C, S. C., Va., Ala., Ark.

Feb. 12, Lincoln's Birthday. In Col., Conn., Del., Ill., Kans., Mass., Minn., Nev., N. J., N. Y., N. Dak., Penn., Wash. and Wyo.

Feb. 22. Washington's Birthday. In all the States and District of Columbia; in Miss., observed in the schools.

April 14, 1911, Good Friday. In Ala., Dela., Fla., La., Md., Minn., N.J., Penn., Tenn.

April 19, Patriots' Day. In Me. and Mass.

April 26, Confederate Memorial Day. In Ala., Fla., Ga., and Miss.

May, second Sunday, Mothers' Day, recognized in sixteen States.

May 10, Confederate Memorial Day. In N. C and S. C.; in Tenn., second Friday of May.

May, last Friday, Pioneer Day. In Mont.

May 30, Decoration Day. In all States and Territories, and the District of Columbia. except Fla., Ga., Ida., La., Miss., N.C., S. C., Tenn., Tex. In Va., called Confederate Memorial Day.

June 3, Jefferson Davis' Birthday. In Fla. Ga., Ala., Miss., Tenn., Tex. and S. C. In La., called Confederate Memorial Day.

July 4, Independence Day. In all States, Territories and the District.

Sept. 4, 1911, Labor Day. In all States, Territories and the District. except N. Dak.

Oct. 12, Columbus Day. In N. Y., Penn., Ill., Conn., N. J., Mich., Mont., Calif., O., Md., Ky., and R. I.

Nov. 1, All Saints' Day. In La.

November--General Election Day. In Ariz., Calif., Col., Del., Fla., Ida., Ill. (Chicago, Springfield and East St. Louis only), Ind., Ia., Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nev., N. H., N. J., N. Mex., N. Y., N. C., N. Dak., O. (5:30 a. m. to 9 a. m. only). Okla., Ore. (Presidential only), Penn., R. I., S. C., S. Dak., Tenn., Tex., W. Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo.

By act of March 3, 1875, elections of Representatives in Congress take place on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in Nov., 1876, and every second year thereafter.

Nov. 30, 1911, Thanksgiving Day, observed in all the States, Ariz., N. Mex. and the Dist. of Col.

December 25, Christmas Day. In all the States, Territories and the District.

Arbor Day. In Ariz., Me., Md., N. Mex., Wis., Wyo., and Penn., by appointment of the Governor. Tex., Feb. 22; Neb., Apr. 22; Utah., Apr. 15; R. I., second Friday in May; Mont., second Tuesday in May; Ga., first Friday in December; Col. (in the schools), third Friday in Apr.; Okla., Friday after second Monday in March; Ark., first Saturday in March.

Half Holidays.

Every Saturday after 12 o'clock noon; in Calif., public offices; in Ill., cities of 200,000 or more inhabitants; in Md., Mich., N. Y., N. J., O., Penn., R. I., Va., Dist. of Col. (for banking); New Orleans, Charleston, La. and Mo., cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants; in Tenn. (State and county offices); in Col., for June, July, August; in Ind., from first Saturday in June to last Saturday in October, for public offices in counties with a county seat of 100,000 or more population.

PRINCIPAL POINTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW.

Congress must meet at least once a year.

One State cannot undo the acts of another.

Congress may admit as many new States as desired.

The Constitution guarantees every citizen a speedy trial by jury.

A State cannot exercise a power which is vested in Congress alone.

One State must respect the laws and legal decisions of another.

Congress cannot pass a law to punish a crime already committed.

U. S. Senators are chosen by the legislatures of the States by joint ballot.

Bills for revenue can originate only in the House of Representatives.

A person committing a felony in one State cannot find refuge in another.

The Constitution of the United States forbids excessive bail or cruel punishment.

Treaties with foreign countries are made by the President and ratified by the Senate.

In the U. S. Senate Rhode Island or Nevada has an equal voice with New York.

When Congress passes a bankruptcy law it annuls all the State laws on that subject.

Writing alone does not constitute treason against the United States. There must be an overt act.

Congress cannot lay any disabilities on the children of a person convicted of crime or misdemeanor.

The Territories each send a delegate to Congress, who has the right of debate, but not the right to vote.

The Vice-President, who ex-officio presides over the Senate, has no vote in that body except on a tie ballot.

An act of Congress cannot become a law over the President's veto except on a two-thirds vote of both houses.

An officer of the Government cannot accept title of nobility, order or honor without the permission of Congress.

Money lost in the mails cannot be recovered from the Government. Registering a letter does not insure its contents.

It is the House of Representatives that may impeach the President for any crime, and the Senate hears the accusation.

If the President holds a bill longer than ten days while Congress is still in session, it becomes a law without his signature.

Silver coin of denominations less than $1 is not a legal tender for more than $5.00. Copper and nickel coin is not legal tender.

The term of a Congressman is two years, but a Congressman may be re-elected to as many successive terms as his constituents may wish.

Amendments to the Constitution requires two-thirds vote of each house of Congress and must be ratified by at least three-fourths of the States.

When the militia is called out in the service of the General Government, they pass out of the control of the various States under the command of the President.

The President of the United States must be 35 years of age: a United States Senator, 30; a Congressman, 25. The President must have been a resident of the United States fourteen years.

A grand jury is a secret tribunal, and may hear only one side of a case. It simply decides whether there is good reason to hold for trial. It consists of twenty-four men, twelve of whom may indict.

A naturalized citizen cannot become President or Vice-President of the United States. A male child born abroad of American parents has an equal chance to become President with one born on American soil.

CHAMOIS SKINS.

The animal from which the chamois skin derives its name inhabits the high mountains from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus. Chamois are most numerous in the Alps, where they dwell in small herds and feed on the herbage of the mountain sides. They are about the size of a small goat, dark chestnut-brown in color, with the exception of the forehead, the sides of the lower jaws and the muzzle, which are white. Its horns, rising above the eyes, are black, smooth and straight for two-thirds of their length, when they suddenly curve backward.

The chamois hunter, provided with a gun, a bag of provisions, an iron-shod staff to assist him in climbing and leaping, an ax to cut steps in the ice and shoes studded with iron points, traverses the mountains and follows his prey not only during the day, but also at night.

Nearly all the chamois skins now in the market are made from the skins of the lamb or sheep. This industry has been largely developed in England and France, and these countries have supplied the market of the United States almost exclusively until recent years, when the manufacture of these goods was commenced in the United States.

WHAT'S IN A NAME?

ORIGIN AND MEANING OF NAMES OF MEN.

A Aaron, Hebrew, a mountain, or lofty.

Abel, Hebrew, vanity.

Abraham, Hebrew, the father of many.

Absalom, Hebrew, the father of peace.

Adam, Hebrew, red earth.

Adolphus, Saxon, happiness and help.

Adrian, Latin, one who helps.

Alan, Celtic, harmony; or Slavonic, a hound.

Albert, Saxon, all bright.

Alexander, Greek, a helper of men.

Alfred, Saxon, all peace.

Alonzo, form of Alphonso, q. v.

Alphonso. German, ready or willing.

Ambrose, Greek, immortal.

Amos, Hebrew, a burden.

Andrew, Greek, courageous.

Anthony, Latin, flourishing.

Archibald, German, a bold observer.

Arnold, German, a maintainer of honor.

Arthur, British, a strong man.

Augustus, Latin, venerable, grand.

B

Baldwin, German, a bold winner.

Barnaby, Hebrew, a prophet's son.

Bartholomew, Hebrew, the son of him who made the waters to rise.

Beaumont, French, a pretty mount.

Benjamin, Hebrew, the son of a right hand.

Bennett, Latin, blessed.

Bertram, German, fair, illustrious.

Bertrand, German, bright, raven.

Boniface, Latin, a well-doer.

Brian, French, having a thundering voice.

C

Cadwallader, British, valiant in war.

Caesar, Latin, adorned with hair.

Caleb, Hebrew, a dog.

Cecil, Latin, dim-sighted.

Charles, German, noble-spirited.

Christopher, Greek, bearing Christ.

Clement, Latin, mild-tempered.

Conrad, German, able counsel.

Cornelius, Latin, meaning uncertain.

Crispin, Latin, having curled locks.

Cuthbert, Saxon, known famously.

D

Daniel, Hebrew, God is judge.

David, Hebrew, well-beloved.

Denis, Greek, belonging to the god of wine.

Douglas, Gaelic, dark gray.

Duncan, Saxon, brown chief.

Dunstan, Saxon, most high.

E

Edgar, Saxon, happy honor.

Edmund, Saxon, happy peace.

Edward, Saxon, happy keeper.

Edwin, Saxon, happy conqueror.

Egbert, Saxon, ever bright.

Elijah, Hebrew, God the Lord.

Elisha, Hebrew, the salvation of God.

Emmanuel, Hebrew, God with us.

Enoch, Hebrew, dedicated.

Ephraim, Hebrew, fruitful.

Erasmus, Greek, lovely, worthy to be loved.

Ernest, Greek, earnest, serious.

Esau, Hebrew, hairy.

Eugene, Greek, nobly descended.

Eustace, Greek, standing firm.

Evan, or Ivan, British, the same as John.

Evard, German, well reported.

Ezekiel, Hebrew, the strength of God.

F

Felix, Latin, happy.

Ferdinand, German, pure peace.

Fergus, Saxon, manly strength.

Francis, German, free.

Frederic, German, rich peace. `

G

Gabriel, Hebrew, the strength of God.

Geoffrey, German, joyful.

George, Greek, a husbandman.

Gerald, Saxon, all towardliness.

Gideon, Hebrew, a breaker.

Gilbert, Saxon, bright as gold.

Giles, Greek, a little goat.

Godard, German, a godly disposition.

Godfrey, German, God's peace.

Godwin, German, victorious in Cod.

Griffith, British, having great faith.

Guy, French, a leader.

H

Hannibal, Punic, a gracious lord.

Harold, Saxon, a champion.

Hector, Greek, a stout defender.

Henry, German, a rich lord.

Herbert, German, a bright lord.

Hercules, Greek, the glory of Hera or Juno.

Horace, Latin, meaning uncertain.

Howel, British, sound or whole.

Hubert, German, a bright color.

Hugh, Dutch, high, lofty.

Humphrey, German, domestic peace.

I

Ignatius, Latin, fiery.

Ingram, German, of angelic purity.

Isaac, Hebrew, laughter.

J

Jabez, Hebrew, one who causes pain.

Jacob, Hebrew, a supplanter.

James, or Jaques, beguiling.

Job, Hebrew, sorrowing.

Joel, Hebrew, acquiescing.

John, Hebrew, the grace of the Lord.

Jonah, Hebrew, a dove.

Jonathan. Hebrew, the gift of the Lord.

Joseph, Hebrew, addition.

Joshua, Hebrew, a savior.

Josiah, or Josias, Hebrew, the fire of the Lord.

Julius, Latin, soft-haired.

L

Lambert, Saxon, a fair lamb.

Lancelot, Spanish, a little lance.

Laurence, Latin, crowned with laurels.

Lazarus, Hebrew, destitute of help.

Leonard, German, like a lion.

Leopold, German, defending the people.

Lewis or Louis, French, the defender of the people.

Lionel, Latin, a little lion.

Llewellin, British, like a lion.

Llewellyn, Celtic, lightning.

Lucius, Latin, shining.

Luke, Creek, a wood or grove.

M

Manfred, German, great peace.

Mark, Latin, a hammer.

Martin, Latin, martial.

Matthew, Hebrew, a gift or present.

Maurice, Latin, sprung of a Moor.

Meredith, British, the roaring of the sea.

Michael, Hebrew, who is like God.

Morgan, British, a mariner.

Moses, Hebrew, drawn out.

N

Nathaniel, Hebrew, the gift of God.

Neal, French, somewhat black.

Nicholas, Greek, victorious over the people.

Noel, French, belonging to one's nativity.

Norman, French, one born in Normandy.

O

Oliver, Latin, an olive.

Orlando, Italian, counsel for the land.

Orson, Latin, a bear.

Osmund, Saxon, house peace.

Oswald, Saxon, ruler of a house.

Owen, British, well descended.

P

Patrick, Latin, a nobleman.

Paul, Latin, small, little.

Percival, French, a place in France.

Percy, English, adaptation of "pierce eye."

Peter, Greek, a rock or stone.

Philip, Greek, a lover of horses.

Phineas, Hebrew, of bold countenance.

R

Ralph, contracted from Randolph, or Randal, or Rudolph, Saxon, pure help.

Raymond, German, quiet peace.

Reuben, Hebrew, the son of vision.

Reynold, German, a lover of purity.

Richard, Saxon, powerful.

Robert, German, famous in counsel.

Roderick, German, rich in fame.

Rollo, form of Roland, q.v.

Rufus, Latin, reddish.

Roger, German, strong counsel.

Roland, German, counsel for the land.

S

Samson, Hebrew, a little son.

Samuel, Hebrew, heard by God.

Saul, Hebrew, desired.

Seth, Hebrew, appointed.

Silas, Latin, sylvan or living in the woods.

Simeon, Hebrew, hearing.

Simon, Hebrew, obedient.

Solomon, Hebrew, peaceable.

Stephen, Greek, a crown or garland.

Swithin, Saxon, very high.

T

Theobald, Saxon, bold over the people.

Theodore, Greek, the gift of God.

Thomas, Hebrew, a twin.

Timothy, Greek, a fearer of God.

Titus, Greek, meaning uncertain.

Toby, Hebrew, goodness of the Lord.

V

Valentine, Latin, powerful.

Victor, Latin, conqueror.

Vincent, Latin, conquering.

Vivian, Latin, living.

W

Walter, German, a conqueror.

Wilfred, Saxon, bold and peaceful.

William, German, defending many.

Z

Zaccheus, Syriac, innocent.

CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.

A

Adela, German, same as Adeline, q. v.

Adelaide, German, same as Adeline, q. v.

Adeline, German, a princess.

Agatha, Greek, good.

Agnes, German, chaste.

Althea, Greek, hunting.

Alice, Alicia, German, noble.

Alma, Latin, benignant.

Amabel, Latin, lovable.

Amy, Amelia, French, beloved.

Angelina, Greek, lovely, angelic.

Anna, or Anne, Hebrew, gracious.

Arabella, Latin, a fair altar.

Aurora, Latin, morning brightness.

B

Barbara, Latin, foreign or strange.

Bella, Italian, beautiful.

Benedicta, Latin, blessed.

Bernice, Greek, bringing victory.

Bertha, Greek, bright or famous.

Bessie, short form of Elizabeth. q.v.

Blanche, French, fair.

Bona, Latin, good.

Bridget, Irish, shining bright.

C

Camilla, Latin, attendant at a sacrifice.

Carlotta. Italian, same as Charlotte, q. v.

Caroline, Latin, noble-spirited.

Cassandra, Greek, a reformer of men.

Catherine, Greek, pure or clean,

Charity, Greek, love, bounty.

Charlotte, French, all noble.

Chloe, Greek, a green herb.

Christina, Greek, belonging to Christ.

Clara, Latin, clear or bright.

Constance, Latin, constant.

D

Dagmar, German, joy of the Danes.

Deborah, Hebrew, a bee.

Diana, Greek, Jupiter's daughter.

Dorcas, Greek, a wild roe.

Dorothy, Greek, gift of God.

E

Edith, Saxon, happiness.

Eleanor, Saxon, all-fruitful.

Eliza, Elizabeth, Hebrew, the oath of God.

Emily, corrupted from Amelia.

Emma, German, a nurse.

Esther, Hester, Hebrew, secret.

Eudora, Greek, good gift.

Eugenia, French, well-born.

Eunice, Greek, fair victory.

Eva, or Eve, Hebrew, causing life.

F

Fanny, dim. of Frances, q.v.

Flora, Latin, flowers.

Florence, Latin, blooming, flourishing.

Frances, German, free.

G

Gertrude, German, all truth.

Grace, Latin, favor.

H

Hannah, Hebrew, gracious.

Harriet, German, head of the house.

Helen, or Helena, Greek, alluring.

Henrietta, fem. and dim. of Henry, q. v.

Hilda, German, warrior maiden.

Honora, Latin, honorable.

Huldah, Hebrew, a weasel.

I

Irene, peaceful.

Isabella, Spanish, fair Eliza.

J

Jane, or Jeanne, fem. of John, q.v.

Janet, Jeanette, little Jane.

Jemima, Hebrew, a dove.

Joan, Joanna. Hebrew, fem. of John, q. v.

Joyce, French, pleasant.

Judith, Hebrew, praising.

Julia, Juliana, fem. of Julius, q. v.

K

Katherine, form of Catherine, q. v.

Ketura, Hebrew, incense.

L

Laura, Latin, a laurel.

Lavinia, Latin, of Latium.

Letitia, Latin, joy or gladness.

Lilian, Lily, Latin, a lily.

Lois, Greek, better.

Louisa, German. fem. of Louis, q.v.

Lucretia, Latin, a chaste Roman lady.

Lucy, Latin, fem. of Lucius.

Lydia. Greek, descended from Lud.

M

Mabel, Latin, lovely or lovable.

Madeline, form of Magdalen, q. v.

Margaret, Greek, a pearl.

Martha, Hebrew, bitterness,

Mary, Hebrew, bitter.

Matilda, German, a lady of honor.

Maud, German, form of Malilda, q.. v.

May, Latin, month of May.

Mercy, English, compassion.

Mildred, Saxon, speaking mild.

Minnie, dim. of Margaret. q. v.

N

Naomi, Hebrew, alluring.

O

Olive, Olivia, Latin, an olive.

Ophelia, Greek, a serpent.

P

Patience, Latin, bearing patiently.

Penelope, Greek, a weaver.

Persis, Greek, destroying.

Philippa, Greek, fem. of Philip.

Phoebe, Greek, the light of life.

Phyllis, Greek, a green bough.

Polly, variation of Molly, dim. of Mary, q. v.

Priscilla, Latin, somewhat old.

Prudence, Latin, discretion.

R

Rachel, Hebrew, a lamb.

Rebecca, Hebrew, fat or plump.

Rhoda, Greek, a rose.

Rose or Rosa, Latin, a rose.

Rosalind, Latin, beautiful as a rose.

Roxana, Persian, dawn of day.

Rosamond, Saxon, rose of peace.

Ruth, Hebrew, trembling, or beauty.

S

Sabina, Latin, sprung from the Sabines.

Salome, Hebrew, a princess.

Selina, Greek, the moon.

Sibylla, Greek, the counsel of God.

Sophia, Greek, wisdom.

Susan, Susanna, Hebrew, a lily.

T

Tabitha, Syriac, a roe.

Theodosia, Creek, given by God.

U

Ursula, Latin, a she bear.

V

Victoria, Latin, victory.

Vida, Erse, fem. of David.

W

Walburga, Saxon, gracious.

Winifred, Saxon, winning peace.

Z

Zenobia, Greek, the life of Jupiter.

PRINCIPAL AMERICAN CITIES

With Population of over 100,000 in 1910.

(The population for 1900 is given in parentheses by way of comparison.)

New York, N. Y., 4,766,883 (3,437,202); Chicago, Ill., 2,185,283 (l,698,572); Philadelphia, Pa., 1,549,008 (1,293,697); St. Louis, Mo., 687,029 (575,238); Boston, Mass., 670,585 (560,892); Cleveland, O., 560,663 (381,768); Baltimore, Md., 558,485 (508,957); Pittsburg, Pa., 533,905 (451,512); Detroit. Mich., 465,766 (285,704); Buffalo, N. Y., 423,715 (352,387); San Francisco, Cal., 416,912 (342,782); Milwaukee, Wis., 373,857 (285,315); Cincinnati, O., 364,462 (325,902); Newark. N. J., 347,469 (246,070); New Orleans. La., 339,075 (287,104); Washington. D. C., 331,069 (278,718); Los Angeles, Cal., 319,198 (102,479); Minneapolis, Minn., 301,408 (202,718); Jersey City, N. J., 267,779 (206,433); Kansas City, Mo., 248,331 (163,752); Seattle, Wash., 237,194 (80,671); Indianapolis, Ind., 233,650 (169,164); Providence, R. I., 224,326 (175,597); Louisville, Ky., 223,928 (204,731); Rochester, N. Y., 218,149 (162,608); St. Paul, Minn., 214,744 (163,065); Denver, Col., 213,381 (133,859); Portland, Ore., 207,214 (90,426); Columbus, O., 181,548 (125,560); Toledo, O., 168,497 (131,822); Atlanta, Ga., 154,839 (89,672); Oakland, Cal., 150,174 (66,960); Worcester, Mass., 145,986 (118,421); Syracuse, N. Y., 137,249 (108,374); New Haven, Conn., 133,605 (108,027); Birmingham, Ala., 132,683 (38,415); Memphis, Tenn., 131,105 (102,320); Scranton, Pa., 129,867 (102,026); Richmond, Va., 127,628 (85,050); Paterson, N. J., 125,600 (105,171); Omaha, Neb., 124,096 (102,555); Fall River, Mass., 119,295 (104,803); Dayton, O., 116,577 (85,333); Grand Rapids, Mich., 112,571 (87,565); Nashville, Tenn., 110,364 (80,865); Lowell, Mass., 106,294 (94,969); Cambridge, Mass., 104,839 (91,886); Spokane, Wash., 104,402 (36,848); Bridgeport, Conn., 102,054 (70,996); Albany, N. Y., 100,253 (94,151).

STATE FLOWERS.

The following list includes all the "State flowers" Commonly accepted or officially adopted:

Alabama, goldenrod; Arizona, sequoia cactus; Arkansas, apple blossom; California, poppy; Colorado, columbine; Delaware, peach blossom; Georgia, Cherokee rose; Idaho, syringa; Illinois, violet; Iowa, wild rose; Kansas, sunflower; Louisiana, magnolia; Maine, pine cone; Michigan, apple blossom; Minnesota, moccasin; Mississippi, magnolia; Montana, bitter root; Missouri, goldenrod; Nebraska, goldenrod; New Jersey, sugar maple (tree); New York, rose; North Dakota, goldenrod; Oklahoma, mistletoe; Oregon, Oregon grape; Rhode Island, violet; Texas, blue bonnet; Utah, Sego lily; Vermont, red clover; Washington, rhododendron.

HEIGHT OF NOTED STRUCTURES.

Following is the height in feet of some noted monuments and structures:

Amiens cathedral, 383; Bunker Hill monument, 221; Capitol, Washington, 288; City Hall, Philadelphia, 535; Cologne cathedral, 512; Eiffel tower, 984; Florence cathedral, 387; Fribourg cathedral, 386; Masonic Temple, Chicago, 354; Metropolitan building. N. Y., 700; Milan cathedral, 360; the Great Pyramid, 451; Rouen cathedral, 464; St. Paul's, London, 404; St. Peter's, Rome, 433; Singer building, N. Y., 612; Strassburg cathedral, 465; St. Stephen's, Vienna, 470; Ward building, Chicago, 394; Washington monument, 556.

MAXIMUM AGE OF TREES.

Palm, 250 years; elm, 355 years; cypress, 388 years; ivy, 448 years; maple, 516 years; larch, 576 years; lemon, 640 years; plane, 720 years; cedar, 800 years; chestnut, 860 years; walnut, 900 years; lime, 1,076 years; spruce, 1,200 years; oak, 1,600 years; olive, 2,000 years; yew, 2,880 years; baobab, 5,100 years; dragon, 5,900 years.

Eucalyptus, or Australian gum-tree, sometimes grows twenty-four feet in three months: bamboo, two feet in twenty-four hours.

DICTIONARY OF AERONAUTICS

The new science of aeronautics has given rise to many new words, among them some of awkward derivation, and even those properly formed and worthy of preservation in the language are often erroneously used. The following compact lexicon is therefore both interesting and instructive:

Aeroplane--A generic term applied in common use to all classes of sustaining surfaces; strictly applicable only to flat surfaces.

Adjusting Surfaces--Commonly a comparatively small surface, usually at the end of a wing tip, used to adjust lateral balance; preferably restricted to surfaces capable of variable adjustment, but not of movement by controlling devices. See "Stabilizer'" and "Wing tip" and compare "Aileron."

Advancing Edge--The front edge of a sustaining or other surface.

Advancing Surface--A surface that precedes another through the air, as in a double monoplane.

Aerocurve--A proposed substitute for aeroplane.

Aerodrome--A substitute proposed by Langley for aeroplane. Strictly applicable to a course rather than to a vehicle.

Aileron (a'ler-on)--A small hinged or separated wing tip or surface capable of independent manipulation for the purpose of maintaining lateral balance.

Aviation (a-vi-a'shun)--Dynamic flight by means of heavier-than-air mechanisms.

Aviator (a'vi-a-ter)--The operator or pilot of a heavier-than-air machine.

Aerofoil--Term used to indicate lifting surface,

Angle of Incidence--The angle which a line drawn from the leading to the trailing edge of the plane makes with the horizontal trailing angle between the tangent to the trailing edge of the plane and the chord or a line drawn from the leading to the trailing edge.

Arc--Any portion of a circle or other curve.

Aspect--The top or plan view of an aeroplane surface.

Automatic Stability--Applied to lateral or longitudinal stability maintained by the action of suitable elements on mechanisms independent of any control exercised by the operator. There is a tendency to restrict the term to such stability secured by automatic manipulation of controlling devices, rather than to systems in which balance is maintained by the use of dihedral arrangements.

Biplane (bi'plane)--An aeroplane with two superposed main surfaces.

Balance--To maintain equilibrium by hand or automatic movement of balancing surfaces, as opposed to equilibrium maintained by stabilizing. See "Stabilizer."

Body--The center part of an aeroplane or other aerial vehicle, in which the motor, fuel tanks, passenger accommodation, etc., are placed.

Camber--The camber of the ribs is the amount of curvature which is imparted to them in the same way that a motor car spring or a road has a camber or curvature.

Chassis (shas-see)--That part of the main framework of a monoplane to which the main planes and tail planes are fitted and which contains the engine and aviators seat.

Center of Pressure--Really a line of pressure along the under side of a wing or aeroplane surface, on either side of which the pressures are equal.

Center of Gravity--The center of weight, about which the vehicle balances in all directions.

Chord--A straight line drawn between the ends of the arc of a circle or other curve.

Dirigible (dir'-igihle)--Steerable or navigable; applied to balloons.

Derrick--A tower in which a falling weight is dropped in starting an aeroplane.

Diagonal--A diagonal brace or stay in a framework.

Dihedral (di-he'dral)--Said of wing pairs inclined at an upward angle to each other.

Elevator--A principal supplementary surface, usually of a miniature form of the main planes. Used for purpose of altering the vertical direction of machine.

Gap--The distance between two main planes in a biplane.

Gliding--Flying down a slant of air without power.

Gyroscopic Effect--The property of any rotating mass whereby it tends to maintain its plane of rotation against disturbing forces.

Gauchissement (or warping)--Applied to the main planes and produces the same ultimate effect as the use of ailerons.

Hangar (hang'ar)--A shed for housing balloons or aeroplanes, generally the latter.

Horsepower--A rate of work equivalent to the lifting of 33,000 ft.-lb. a minute.

Head Resistance--The resistance of a surface to movement through the air; closely proportionate to its projected area.

Heavier-than-air--Applied to dynamic flying machines weighing more than the air they displace.

Horizontal Rudder--A horizontally placed rudder for steering in vertical directions.

Lift--The sustaining effect, expressed in units of weight of an aeroplane or wing surface.

Monoplane--An aeroplane with one or more main surfaces in the same horizontal plane.

Main Plane--Usually the largest or lowest supporting surface of a multi-surfaced aeroplane.

Mast--A spar or strut used for the attachment of wire or other stays to stiffen the wings or other parts of a structure.

Main Spars--Lateral spars upon which the main planes are built.

Main Landing Wheels--In an alighting gear, the wheels that take the chief shock in landing.

Ornithopter--A dynamic flying machine of the heavier-than-air type, in which sustension is provided by the effect of reciprocating wing surfaces.

Pylon--A tower to mark the course in aerial racing contests.

Ribs--Supports for the fabric, made of ash or spruce and bent to the correct curves.

Rudder--One or more steering planes are invariably fitted to practical machines to control the direction of flight.

Superposed Planes--Arrangement of one plane over the other, as in the Wright, Voisin and Farman machines.

Supplementary Planes (or surfaces)--Additional surfaces which are used for stabilization.

Stabilizer--Any surface for automatically maintaining lateral or longitudinal balance.

Struts--Fixtures used in biplane construction to maintain an equal distance between two planes.

Skids--Long skates on which the machine can land in safety.

Span--The distance from tip to tip of the main planes in a transverse direction to that of flight.

Soaring Flight--The flight of certain large birds without wing flapping. Its solution and imitation constitute one of the problems of aerial navigation.

Sustaining Surface--Any surface placed in a horizontal or approximately horizontal position, primarily for the purpose of affording sustension.

Triplane--An aeroplane with three main surfaces.

Webs--Small blocks of wood placed between the ribs which act as distance pieces.

Wing Warping--A system of maintaining lateral balance by differential twisting of wing tips in such manner as to increase the sustension on one side and decrease it on the other.

--New York Tribune.

COLLEGE COLORS.

Amherst--Purple and white.

Beloit--Old gold,

Bowdoin--White.

Brown--Brown and white.

Columbia--Light blue and white.

Cornell--Carnelian and white.

Dartmouth--Green.

Harvard--Crimson.

Indiana--Crimson and cream.

Iowa--Scarlet and black.

Iowa State--Cardinal and gold.

Johns Hopkins--Black and old gold.

Lake Forest--Red and black.

Leland Stanford--Cardinal.

Northwestern--Royal Purple.

Oberlin--Crimson and gold

Princeton--Orange and black.

Purdue--Old gold and black.

University of Chicago--Maroon.

University of Illinois--Orange and navy blue.

University of Michigan--Maize and blue.

University of Minnesota--Old gold and maroon.

University of Notre Dame--Gold and blue.

University of Pennsylvania--Red and blue.

University of Rochester--Dandelion yellow.

University of Wisconsin--Cardinal.

Vassar--Rose and gray.

Williams--Royal purple.

Yale--Blue.

THE CLAIMS OF OSTEOPATHY.

Strictly construing the claims of osteopathic doctors, it is an anti-medicine system of practice for the cure of every disease to which the human body is liable.

Dr. Andrew T. Still, who claims to have made the discoveries that led to the establishment of the school of Osteopathy, asserts that all diseases and lesions are the result of the luxation, dislocation, or breakage of some bone or bones; this, however, is not now maintained to any great extent by his followers. Osteopathists, though, do generally claim that all diseases arise from some maladjustment of the bones of the human body, and that treatment, therefore, must be to secure the normal adjustment of the bones and ligaments that form the skeleton. They claim that a dislocation is not always necessarily the result of external violence; it may be caused by the ulceration of bones, the elongation of ligaments, or excessive muscular action.