Chapter I: Preface

The type of poetry commonly known as heroic is one which makes its appearance in various nations and in various periods of history. No one can fail to observe that certain similar features are to be found in poems of this type which are widely separated from one another both in date and place of origin. In view of this fact it has seemed worth while to attempt a comparative study of two groups of such poems with the object of determining the nature of the resemblances between them and the causes to which they are due. Occasional illustrations have been taken from other groups of poems belonging to the same type.

The first part of the book deals with the early heroic poetry and traditions of the Teutonic peoples, more especially with those stories which were the common property of various Teutonic peoples. It is pointed out that these stories all relate to a period with definite limits--a period for which a considerable amount of information is available from external sources. The subjects discussed include the distribution of the stories and the relationship between the various versions of them, the antiquity of the earliest poems and the conditions under which they were produced. Lastly, an attempt has been made to estimate the significance of the various elements, historical, mythical and fictitious, of which the stories are composed.

The second part deals with Greek heroic poetry and traditions. These relate to a period for which little or no external evidence is available; and consequently they present many problems, the bearings of which can hardly be estimated without reference to the existence of similar phenomena elsewhere. In general I have followed the same plan as in the first part, and made use throughout of the results obtained there. If some excuse is necessary for dealing with so well worn a theme I may plead that, so far as my knowledge goes, it has not hitherto been approached from this point of view.

In the third part attention has been called to the existence of a number of somewhat striking characteristics common to the two groups of poems and an attempt made to account for them. The conclusion to which I have been brought is that the resemblances in the poems are due primarily to resemblances in the ages to which they relate and to which they ultimately owe their origin. The comparative study of heroic poetry therefore involves the comparative study of 'Heroic Ages'; and the problems which it presents are essentially problems of anthropology.

In this conclusion I am glad to find myself in agreement with Dr Haddon, who suggested to me that a comparative study of this kind would be a suitable subject for the Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological Series. I take this opportunity of thanking him for bringing the matter before the Syndics of the University Press and for the interest which he has kindly taken in the progress of the work.

Owing to the pressure of teaching and other duties a considerable time has unfortunately elapsed since the earlier portions of the book were printed. I would therefore respectfully call the reader's attention to the list of Addenda at the end, where references will be found to several important works which have appeared in the meantime.

In a work, such as this, which deals with records preserved in a number of different languages, difficulties necessarily arise with regard to the spelling of proper names. In the representation of Teutonic names the system adopted in my previous books has in general been retained. Any such system is of course open to objections, of the cogency of which I am quite aware; and consequently I have not felt inclined to carry out my scheme with rigid consistency. The same remarks apply to the representation of Greek names--which will doubtless displease many critics. South Slavonic names and words are given according to the usual Croatian orthography.

I cannot attempt here to enumerate the various scholars to whose writings I am indebted. It will be seen that they are many and that much of what I have had to do is in the nature of criticism. One name however, that of Professor Ridgeway, I cannot leave unmentioned, since it is largely to his inspiring influence--by no means through his writings alone--that my interest in these subjects is due.

It remains for me to record my obligations to a number of friends who have generously responded to my requests for information or criticism on various points. In particular I must mention Miss A. C. Paues, Mr A. B. Cook, Dr W. H. R. Rivers, Mr S. A. Cook, Professor J. W. H. Atkins, Professor A. Mawer, Mr E. H. Minns and Mr F. W. Green. Above all I am indebted to Mr E. C. Quiggin and Mr F. G. M. Beck, who have most kindly read through a considerable part of the book in proof and several chapters even in manuscript. It is scarcely necessary to add that in the sections dealing with Celtic history and poetry Mr Quiggin's criticism has been of the greatest value to me. My thanks are due, further, to my pupils, Mr C. A. Scutt, of Clare College, and Mr Bruce Dickins, of Magdalene College, for similar kind services in the proofs of the later chapters. From the staff of the University Library--in particular I must mention Mr A. Rogers and Mr O. Johnson--I have received the same unfailing and courteous attention as in the past. Lastly, I have to thank the Syndics of the University Press for undertaking the publication of the book and the staff for the efficient and obliging way in which the printing and corrections have been carried out.

H. M. C.

_December, 1911._

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. THE EARLY NARRATIVE POETRY OF THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES 1

II. THE HEROIC AGE OF THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES 19

III. SCENE AND NATIONALITY IN THE HEROIC STORIES 30

IV. THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE HEROIC POEMS 41

V. THE POETRY AND MINSTRELSY OF EARLY TIMES 77

VI. SUPERNATURAL ELEMENTS IN THE HEROIC STORIES 110

VII. MYTHICAL ELEMENTS IN THE HEROIC POEMS 131

VIII. THE USE OF FICTION IN THE HEROIC POEMS 151

IX. THE HEROIC AGE OF GREECE 168

X. THE HOMERIC POEMS 193

XI. EARLY GREEK POETRY AND MINSTRELSY 221

XII. SUPERNATURAL ELEMENTS IN THE HOMERIC POEMS 249

XIII. MYTH IN THE HOMERIC POEMS 263

XIV. FICTION IN THE HOMERIC POEMS 292

XV. THE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF TEUTONIC AND GREEK
HEROIC POETRY 320

XVI. SOCIETY IN THE HEROIC AGE 344

XVII. GOVERNMENT IN THE HEROIC AGE 366

XVIII. RELIGION IN THE HEROIC AGE 393

XIX. THE CAUSES AND ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS OF THE
HEROIC AGE 432

NOTES.

CHAPTER PAGE

I. THE USE OF HEROIC NAMES IN ENGLAND 64

II. ON THE DATING OF CERTAIN SOUND-CHANGES IN ANGLO-SAXON 66

III. LITERARY INFLUENCE IN BEOWULF 73

IV. ON THE HEROIC POETRY OF THE SLAVONIC PEOPLES 101

V. THE HEROIC POETRY OF THE CELTIC PEOPLES 105

VI. THE TROJAN CATALOGUE 244

VII. THE BATTLE OF KOSSOVO IN SERVIAN POETRY 313

VIII. THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE CELTIC AND SLAVONIC HEROIC AGES 427

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA 464

INDEX 469

MAPS.

CENTRAL EUROPE, ILLUSTRATING THE HEROIC AGE
OF THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES _To face Title-page_

GREECE, ILLUSTRATING THE CATALOGUE OF SHIPS }
} _between pp._ 288
GREECE, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIALECTS } _and_ 289
IN HISTORICAL TIMES }

TO

JAMES RENDEL HARRIS

IN GRATITUDE AND FRIENDSHIP