Chapter V

THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO KANT AND
LAMARCK.

Kant’s Dualistic Biology.—His Conception of the Origin of
Inorganic Nature by Mechanical Causes, of Organic Nature
by Causes acting for a Definite Purpose.—Contradiction of
this Conception with his leaning towards the Theory of
Descent.—Kant’s Genealogical Theory of Development.—Its
Limitation by his Teleology.—Comparison of Genealogical
Biology with Comparative Philology.—Views in favour of
the Theory of Descent entertained by Leopold Buch, Bär,
Schleiden, Unger, Schaafhausen, Victor Carus,
Büchner.—French Nature-philosophy.—Lamarck’s Philosophic
Zoologique.—Lamarck’s Monistic (mechanical) System of
Nature.—His Views of the Interaction of the two Organic
Formative Tendencies of Inheritance and
Adaptation.—Lamarck’s Conception of Man’s Development
from Ape-like Mammals.—Geoffroy St. Hilaire’s, Naudin’s,
and Lecoq’s Defence of the Theory of Descent.—English
Nature-philosophy.—Views in favour of the Theory of
Descent entertained by Erasmus Darwin, W. Herbert, Grant,
Freke, Herbert Spencer, Hooker, Huxley.—The Double Merit
of Charles Darwin 100