Chapter XX

PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

III. VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.

The Records of the Creation of Vertebrate Animals (Comparative
Anatomy, Embryology, and Palæontology).—The Natural System of
Vertebrate Animals.—The Four Classes of Vertebrate Animals,
according to Linnæus and Lamarck.—Their Increase to Nine
Classes.—Main Class of the Tube-hearted, or Skull-less Animals
(the Lancelet).—Blood Relationship between the Skull-less Fish
and the Tunicates.—Agreement in the Embryological Development
of Amphioxus and Ascidiæ.—Origin of the Vertebrate Tribe out of
the Worm Tribe.—Main Class of Single-nostriled, or
Round-mouthed Animals (Hag and Lampreys).—Main Class of
Anamnionate Animals, devoid of Amnion.—Fishes (Primæval Fish,
Cartilaginous Fish, Osseous Fish).—Mud-fish, or Dipneusta.—Sea
Dragons, or Halisauria.—Frogs and Salamanders, or Amphibia
(Mailed Amphibia, Naked Amphibia).—Main Class of Amnionate
Animals, or Amniota.—Reptiles (Primary Reptiles, Lizards,
Serpents, Crocodiles, Tortoises, Flying Reptiles, Dragons,
Beaked Reptiles).—Birds (Feather-tailed, Fan-tailed,
Bush-tailed) 192

CHAPTER XXI.

PEDIGREE AND HISTORY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

IV. MAMMALS.

The System of Mammals according to Linnæus and
Blainville.—Three Sub-classes of Mammals (Ornithodelphia,
Didelphia, Monodelphia).—Ornithodelphia, or Monotrema.—Beaked
Animals (Ornithostoma).—Didelphia, or Marsupials.—Herbivorous
and Carnivorous Marsupials.—Monodelphia, or Placentalia
(Placental Animals).—Meaning of the Placenta.—Tuft
Placentalia.—Girdle Placentalia.—Disc
Placentalia.—Non-deciduates, or Indeciduata.—Hoofed
Animals.—Single and Double-hoofed Animals.—Whales.—Toothless
Animals.—Deciduates, or Animals with
Decidua.—Semi-apes.—Gnawing Animals.—Pseudo-hoofed
Animals.—Insectivora.—Beasts of Prey.—Bats.—Apes 231

CHAPTER XXII.

ORIGIN AND PEDIGREE OF MAN.

The Application of the Theory of Descent to Man.—Its Immense
Importance and Logical Necessity.—Man’s Position in the Natural
System of Animals, among Disco-placental Animals.—Incorrect
Separation of the Bimana and Quadrumana.—Correct Separation of
Semi-apes from Apes.—Man’s Position in the Order of
Apes.—Narrow-nosed Apes (of the Old World) and Flat-nosed Apes
(of America).—Difference of the two Groups.—Origin of Man from
Narrow-nosed Apes.—Human Apes, or Anthropoides.—African
Human-apes (Gorilla and Chimpanzee).—Asiatic Human-apes (Orang
and Gibbon).—Comparison between the different Human Apes and
the different Races of Men.—Survey of the Series of the
Progenitors of Man.—Invertebrate Progenitors (Prochordata) and
Vertebrate Progenitors 263

CHAPTER XXIII.

MIGRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MANKIND. HUMAN SPECIES AND HUMAN
RACES.

Age of the Human Race.—Causes of its Origin.—The Origin of
Human Language.—Monophyletic or Single, Polyphyletic or
Multiple Origin of the Human Race.—Derivation of Man from many
Pairs.—Classification of the Human Races.—System of Twelve
Species of Men.—Woolly-Haired Men, or Ulotrichis.—Bushy-Haired
(Papuans, Hottentots).—Fleecy-haired (Caffres,
Negroes).—Straight-haired Men, or Lissotrichi.—Stiff-haired
(Australians, Malays, Mongols, Arctic, and American
Tribes).—Curly-haired (Dravidas, Nubians, Midlanders).—Number
of Population.—Primæval Home of Man (South Asia, or
Lemuria).—Nature of Primæval Men.—Number of Primæval Languages
(Monoglottists and Polyglottists).—Divergence and Migration of
the Human Race.—Geographical Distribution of the Human Species 296