Chapter XXV (1)

The era of Cuban history which embraced part of the seventeenth, the eighteenth, and part of the nineteenth centuries, and which we have endeavored to review in this volume, presents a striking and almost unique contrast to the customary course of human affairs. The normal order of civic development begins with the rise and confirmation of nationality, and thence proceeds to international relationships and cosmopolitan interests and activities. Such was the record of other American states which grew up contemporaneously with Cuba. Such was notably the course of the United States of North America. In their colonial period they were intensely local, parochial, in sentiment and spirit. In their revolutionary era they began to manifest a national entity. It was not until long after their establishment of national independence that they fully realized their international status.

In Cuba the order was reversed. At first, as a colony of triumphant and masterful Spain, the island had neither national sentiment nor international interests. In the second stage, however, it became a pawn in the great international game which was being played between declining Spain and her increasingly powerful neighbors, actually for a time passing from Spanish to British possession, and often being regarded as likely to pass permanently into the hands of some other power than Spain.

These circumstances had a marked effect upon the whole genius of the Cuban people. It gave them international vision before they had learned to discern themselves even as a potential nation. It gave them a degree of cosmopolitanism such as few comparable colonies have ever known. It divorced them in sentiment from the Mother Country to an exceptional degree. They were made to feel that Spain meant little or nothing to them. She had planted them, it is true. But she had given them little cultivation, little protection. She had looked to them for more help for herself than she had herself given to them. She was unable to save them from the danger of being passed from hand to hand, from owner to owner.

At the north, England had not governed her Thirteen Colonies well. But she had at least protected them. There had never been on their part any fear that she would abandon them to some other conqueror, or that they would be taken from her by force, or sold or traded away. The British colonists knew that in the last emergency the whole power of the United Kingdom would be exerted for their protection. Yet even so they revolted against misgovernment, and declared their independence.

How much more, almost infinitely more, cause had Cubans for alienation from Spain! She had given them no such protection. Her policy suggested always the possibility of their transfer in some way to some other sovereignty. And her misgovernment had been immeasurably worse than that of England. If Cuba was more patient than the Thirteen Colonies at the north, that was another of the paradoxes of history--that the impulsive, hot-blooded Latin of the south should be more deliberate and conservative than the cool and phlegmatic Anglo-Saxon of the north.

This very quality of patience was, indeed, the saving virtue of the Cuban character. Quijano Otero wrote of Colombia, at the very time of her revolt against Spain and the establishment of her independence, that she "had lived so fast in her years of glory and great deeds that, though still a child, she was already entering a premature decrepitude." Not so Cuba. It is true that, as we have seen, she had imbibed enough of the spirit of Spain and of other lands to be measurably saturated with their customs, even their luxurious vices and follies. Yet she did not live fast. She did not grow prematurely old. In so far as she adopted the customs of Europe, she adapted them to herself, not herself to them. The result was that after three centuries, she still had the ingenuousness and spontaneity of youth. She might almost have said, in paraphrase of a great captain's epigram, "I have not yet begun to live!"

Half unconsciously, however, she had made an exceptionally complete preparation for the life that was to come as a nation. She had already become international in the scope of her vision, in the range of her sympathies, and in her intellectual and social culture. Many of her sons had studied abroad, acquiring the learning of the best European schools. If the world at large knew little about Cuba, Cuba knew much about the world at large.

Though indeed the world did know something about Cuba, and took a lively and intelligent interest in her. This we have endeavored to indicate in these pages by our numerous citations of authorities, observers and writers of various lands, who found in the Queen of the Antilles a theme worthy of their most interested attention. More and more, as the unimproved estates of the world were partitioned among the powers, the transcendent value of this island was recognized, and more and more covetous gaze was fixed upon it by the nations which were extending their empires instead of losing them.

So at the close of the eighteenth century it was apparent that another epoch in Cuban history was at hand. North America had been swept by revolution. South America was at the brink of revolution. Europe was convulsed with revolution. Amid all these, Cuba was like the calm spot at the centre of a whirlpool. Changes had occurred on every side, but she had been left unchanged. Yet every one of those changes had, deeply and irrevocably, though perhaps imperceptibly, wrought its effect upon her.

The potency and the promise of national life were within her. Thus far everything that she had accomplished had been accredited to Spain. But the time was at hand when she would claim her own. During three centuries Cuba had produced the flower of the Spanish race; as indeed from time immemorial colonies had been wont to produce stronger men, in their comparatively primitive and healthful conditions, than the more sophisticated and often decadent Mother Countries. But they had all been reckoned Spaniards. Now the time was coming, and was at hand, when Cubans would be reckoned Cubans, by all the world as well as by themselves.

The errors of Spain were not of Cuba's choosing. The disasters of Spain were not of Cuba's inviting. The decadence of Spain was not of Cuba's working. If in the downfall of Spanish power Cuba saw the opportunity for her own uprising, it was not that she herself had compassed that downfall, but only that she chose not needlessly to let herself be involved therein. As Spain weakened, Cuba girded and strengthened herself, and made herself ready to stand alone.

THE END OF VOLUME TWO

INDEX to Volumes 1 thru 4

Abarzuza, Sr. proposes reforms for Cuba, IV, 6.

Abreu. Marta and Rosalie, patriotism of, IV, 25.

Academy of Sciences, Havana, picture of, IV, 364.

Adams, John Quincy, enunciates American policy toward Cuba, II, 258;
portrait, 259;
on Cuban annexation, 327.

Aglona, Prince de. Governor, II, 363.

Agramonte, Aristide, in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Agramonte, Enrique, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12.

Agramonte, Eugenio Sanchez, sketch and portrait, IV, 362.

Agramonte, Francisco, IV, 41.

Agramonte, Ignacio, portrait, facing. III, 258.

Agriculture, early attention to, I, 173, 224;
progress, 234;
II, 213;
absentee landlords, 214;
statistics, 223;
discussed in periodicals, 250;
rehabilitation of after War of Independence, IV, 147.

Aguayo, Geronimo de, I, 161.

Aguero, Joaquin de, organizes revolution, III, 72;
final defeat, 87.

Aguiar, Luis de, II, 60.

Aguiera, Jose, I, 295.

Aguila, Negra, II, 346.

Aguilera, Francisco V., sketch and portrait, III, 173.

Aguirre, Jose Maria, filibuster, IV, 55;
death, 85.

Albemarle, Earl of, expedition against Havana, II, 46;
occupies Havana, 78;
controversy with Bishop Morell, 83.

Alcala, Marcos, I, 310.

Aldama, Miguel de, sketch and portrait, III, 204.

Aleman, Manuel, French emissary, II, 305.

Algonquins, I, 7.

Allen, Robert, on "Importance of Havana," II, 81.

Almendares River, tapped for water supply, I, 266;
view on, IV, 167.

Almendariz, Alfonso Enrique, Bishop, I, 277.

Alquiza, Sancho de, Governor, I, 277.

Altamarino, Governor, I, 105;
post mortem trial of Velasquez, 107;
attacked by the Guzmans, 109;
removed, 110.

Altamirano, Juan C., Bishop, I, 273;
seized by brigands, 274.

Alvarado, Luis de, I, 147.

Alvarado, Pedro de, in Mexico, I, 86.

Amadeus, King of Spain, III, 260.

America, relation of Cuba to, I, 1;
II, 254. See UNITED STATES.

American Revolution, effect of upon Spain and her colonies, II, 138.

American Treaty, between Great Britain and Spain, I, 303.

Andrea, Juan de, II, 9.

Angulo, Francisco de, exiled, I, 193.

Angulo, Gonzales Perez de, Governor, I, 161;
emancipation proclamation, 163;
quarrel with Havana Council, 181;
flight from Sores, 186;
end of administration, 192.

Anners, Jean de Laet de, quoted, I, 353.

Annexation of Cuba to United States, first suggested, II, 257, 326;
campaign for, 380;
sought by United States, III, 132, 135;
Marcy's policy, 141;
Ostend Manifesto, 142;
Buchanan's efforts, 143;
not considered in War of Independence, IV, 19.

Antonelli, Juan Bautista, engineering works in Cuba, I, 261;
creates water supply for Havana, 266.

Apezteguia. Marquis de, Autonomist leader, IV, 94.

Apodaca, Juan Ruiz, Governor, II, 311.

Arana, Martin de, warns Prado of British approach, II, 53.

Arana, Melchior Sarto de, commander of La Fuerza, I, 237.

Arana, Pedro de, royal accountant, I, 238.

Aranda, Esquival, I, 279.

Arango, Augustin, murder of, III, 188.

Arango, Napoleon, treason of, III, 226.

Arango y Pareño, Francisco, portrait, frontispiece, Vol. II;
organizes Society of Progress, II, 178;
leadership in Cuba, 191;
attitude toward slavery, 208;
his illustrious career, 305 et seq.

Aranguren, Nestor, revolutionist, IV, 85;
death, 92.

Araoz, Juan, II, 181.

Arias, A. R., Governor, III, 314.

Arias, Gomez, I, 145.

Arignon, Villiet, quoted, II, 26, 94.

Armona, José de, II, 108.

Army, Cuban, organization of, III, 178;
reorganized, 263;
under Jose Miguel Gomez, IV, 301.

Army, Spanish, in Cuba, III, 181, 295.

Aroztegui, Martin de, II, 20.

Arrate, José Martin Felix, historian, II, 17, 179.

Arredondo, Nicolas, Governor at Santiago, II, 165.

Asbert, Gen. Ernesto, amnesty case, IV, 326.

"Assiento" compact on slavery, II, 2.

Assumption, Our Lady of the, I, 61.

Astor, John Jacob, aids War of Independence, IV, 14.

Asylums for Insane, II, 317.

Atares fortress, picture, II, 103.

Atkins, John, book on West Indies, II, 36.

Atrocities, committed by Spanish, III, 250;
Cespedes's protest against, 254;
"Book of Blood," 284;
Spanish confession of, 286;
war of destruction,
295;
Weyler's "concentration" policy, IV, 85.

Attwood's Cay. See GUANAHANI.

Autonomist party, III, 305;
IV, 34;
attitude toward Campos in War of Independence, 59;
Cabinet under Blanco, 94;
earnest efforts for peace, 101;
record of its government, 102.

Avellanda, Gertrudis Gomez de, III, 331;
portrait, facing, 332.

Avila, Alfonso de, I, 154.

Avila, Juan de, Governor, I, 151;
marries rich widow, 154;
charges against him, 157;
convicted and imprisoned, 158.

Avila. See DAVILA.

Aviles, Pedro Menendez de, See MENENDEZ.

Ayala, Francisco P. de, I, 291.

Ayilon, Lucas V. de, strives to make peace between Velasquez
and Cortez, I, 98.

Azcarata, José Luis, Secretary of Justice, sketch and portrait,
IV, 341.

Azcarate, Nicolas, sketch and portrait, III, 251, 332.

Azcarraga, Gen., Spanish Premier, IV, 88.

"Barbeque" sought by Columbus, I, 18.

Bachiller, Antonio, sketch and portrait, III, 317.

Bacon, Robert, Assistant Secretary of State of U. S., intervenes
in revolution, IV, 272.

Bahia Honda, selected as U. S. naval station, IV, 256.

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, I, 55, 91.

Bancroft, George, quoted, I, 269;
II, 1, 24, 41, 117, 120, 159.

Banderas, Quintin, revolutionist, IV, 34;
raid, 57;
death, 84.

Baracoa, Columbus at, I, 18;
Velasquez at, 60;
picture, 60;
first capital of Cuba, 61, 168.

Barreda, Baltazar, I, 201.

Barreiro, Juan Bautista, Secretary of Education, IV, 160.

Barrieres, Manuel Garcia, II, 165.

Barrionuevo, Juan Maldonado, Governor, I, 263.

Barsicourt, Juan Procopio. See SANTA CLARA, Conde.

Bayamo, founded by Velasquez, I, 68, 168;
Cuban Republic organized there, III, 157.

Bayoa, Pedro de, I, 300.

Bay of Cortez, reached by Columbus, I, 25.

Bees, introduced by Bishop Morell, II, 104;
increase of industry, 132.

"Beggars of the Sea," raid Cuban coasts, I, 208.

Bells, church, controversy over, II, 82.

Bembrilla, Alonzo, I, 111.

Benavides, Juan de, I, 280.

Berrea, Esteban S. de, II, 6.

Betancourt, Pedro, Civil Governor of Matanzas, IV, 179;
loyal to Palma, 271.

Betancourt. See CISNEROS.

"Bimini," Island of, I, 139.

Bishops of Roman Catholic Church in Cuba, I, 122.

"Black Eagle," II, 346.

_Black Warrior_ affair, III, 138.

Blanchet, Emilio, historian, quoted, II, 9, 15, 24;
on siege of Havana, 57, 87.

Blanco, Ramon, Governor, IV, 88;
undertakes reforms, 89;
plans Cuban autonomy, 93;
on destruction of _Maine_, 99;
resigns, 121.

Blue, Victor, observations at Santiago, IV, 110.

Bobadilla, F. de, I, 54.

Boca de la Yana, I, 18.

"Bohio" sought by Columbus, I, 18.

Bolivar, Simon, II, 333;
portrait, 334;
"Liberator," 334 et seq.;
influence on Cuba, 341;
"Soles de Bolivar," 341.

Bonel, Juan Bautista, II, 133.

"Book of Blood," III, 284.

Bourne, Edward Gaylord, quoted, on slavery, II, 209;
on Spanish in America, 226.

Brinas, Felipe, III, 330.

British policy toward Spain and Cuba, I, 270;
aggressions in West Indies, 293;
slave trade, II, 2;
war of 1639, 22;
designs upon Cuba, 41;
expedition against Havana, 1762, 46;
conquest of Cuba, 78;
relinquishment to Spain, 92. See GREAT BRITAIN.

Broa Bay, I, 22.

Brooke, Gen. John R., receives Spanish surrender of Cuba, IV, 122;
proclamation to Cuban people, 145;
retired, 157.

Brooks, Henry, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Buccaneers, origin of, I, 269.

Buccarelli, Antonio Maria, Governor, II, 110;
retires, 115.

Buchanan, James, on U. S. relations to Cuba, II, 263;
III, 135;
Minister to Great Britain, 142;
as President seeks annexation of Cuba to U. S., 143.

Bull-fighting, II, 233.

Burgos, Juan de, Bishop, I, 225.

Burtnett, Spanish spy against Lopez, III, 65.

Bustamente, Antonio Sanchez de, jurist, sketch and portrait, IV, 165.

Caballero, José Agustin, sketch and portrait, III, 321.

Caballo, Domingo, II, 173.

Cabanas, defences constructed, II, 58;
Laurel Ditch, view, facing, 58.

Caballero, Diego de, I, 111.

Cabezas, Bishop, I, 277.

Cabrera, Diego de, I, 206.

Cabrera, Luis, I, 198.

Cabrera, Lorenzo de, Governor, I, 279;
removed, 282.

Cabrera, Rafael, filibuster, IV, 70.

Cabrera, Raimundo, conspirator in New York, IV, 334;
warned, 339.

Cadreyta, Marquis de, I, 279.

Cagigal, Juan Manuel de, Governor, II, 154;
defence of Havana, 155;
removed and imprisoned, 157.

Cagigal, Juan Manuel, Governor, II, 313;
successful administration, 315.

Cagigal de la Vega, Francisco, defends Santiago, II, 29;
Governor, 32;
Viceroy of Mexico, 34.

Caguax, Cuban chief, I, 63.

Calderon, Gabriel, Bishop, I, 315.

Calderon, Garcia, quoted, II, 164, 172.

Calderon de la Barca, Spanish Minister,
on _La Verdad_, III, 19;
on colonial status, 21;
negotiations with Soulé, 140.

Calhoun, John C., on Cuba, III, 132.

Calleja y Isisi, Emilio, Governor, III, 313;
proclaims martial law, IV, 30;
resigns, 35.

Camaguey. See PUERTO PRINCIPE, I, 168.

Campbell, John, description of Havana, II, 14.

Campillo, Jose de, II, 19.

Campos, Martinez de, Governor, III, 296;
proclamations to Cuba, 297, 299;
makes Treaty of Zanjon and ends Ten Years War, 299;
in Spanish crisis, IV, 36;
Governor again, 37;
establishes Trocha, 44;
defeated by Maceo, 46;
conferences with party leaders, 59, 63;
removed, 63.

Cancio, Leopoldo, Secretary of Treasury, IV, 161, 320.

Canizares, Santiago J., Minister of Interior, IV, 48.

Canning, George, policy toward Cuba, II, 257;
portrait, 258.

Canoe, of Cuban origin, I, 10.

Canon, Rodrigo, I, 111.

Canovas del Castillo, Spanish Premier, IV, 36;
assassinated, 88.

Cape Cruz, Columbus at, I, 20.

Cape Maysi, I, 4.

Cape of Palms, I, 17.

Capote, Domingo Menendez. Vice-President, IV, 90;
Secretary of State, 146;
President of Constitutional Convention. 189.

Carajaval, Lucas, defies Dutch, I, 290.

Cardenas, Lopez lands at, III, 49.

Caribs, I, 8.

Carillo, Francisco, filibuster, IV, 55.

Carleton, Sir Guy, at Havana, II, 47.

Carranza, Domingo Gonzales, book on West Indies, II, 37.

Carrascesa, Alfonso, II, 6.

Carreño, Francisco, Governor, I, 219;
conditions at his accession, 228;
dies in office, 229;
work in rebuilding Havana, 231.

Carroll, James, in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Casa de Beneficienca, founded, I, 335;
II, 177.

Casa de Resorgiamento, founded, II, 31.

Casares, Alfonso, codifies municipal ordinances, I, 207.

Castellanos, Jovellar, last Spanish Governor of Cuba, IV, 121;
surrenders Spanish sovereignty, 123.

Castillo, Demetrio, Civil Governor of Oriente, IV, 180.

Castillo, Ignacio Maria del, Governor, III, 314.

Castillo, Loinaz, revolutionist. IV, 269.

Castillo, Pedro del, Bishop, I, 226.

Castro, Hernando de, royal treasurer, I, 115.

Cathcart Lord, expedition to West Indies, II, 28.

Cathedral of Havana, picture, facing I, 36;
begun, I, 310.

Cat Island. See GUANAHANI.

Cayo, San Juan de los Remedios del, removal of, I, 319.

Cazones, Gulf of, I, 21.

Cemi, Cuban worship of, I, 55.

Census, of Cuba, first taken, by Torre, II, 131;
by Las Casas, 176;
of slaves, 205;
of 1775, 276;
of 1791, 277;
Humboldt on, 277;
of 1811, 280;
of 1817, 281;
of 1827, 283;
of 1846, 283;
of 1899, IV, 154;
of 1907, 287.

Cespedes, Carlos Manuel, III, 157;
portrait, facing 158;
in Spain, 158;
leads Cuban revolution, 158;
President of Republic, 158;
proclamation, 168;
negotiations with Spain, 187;
removed from office, 275.

Cespedes, Carlos Manuel, filibuster, IV, 55.

Cespedes, Enrique, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Cervera, Admiral, brings Spanish fleet to Cuba, IV, 110;
portrait, 110;
surrenders, 114.

Chacon, José Bayoma, II, 13.

Chacon, Luis, I, 331, 333.

Chalons, Sr., Secretary of Public Works, IV, 297.

Chamber of Commerce founded, II, 307.

Charles I, King, I, 74;
denounces oppression of Indians, 128.

Chaves, Antonio, Governor, I, 157;
prosecutes Avila, 157;
ruthless policy toward natives, 159;
controversy with King, 160;
dismissed from office, 161.

Chaves, Juan Baton de, I, 331.

Chilton, John, describes Havana, I, 349.

Chinchilla, José, Governor, III, 314.

Chinese, colonies in America, I, 7;
laborers imported into Cuba, II, 295.

Chorrera, expected to be Drake's landing place, I, 248.

Chorrera River, dam built by Antonelli, I, 262.

Christianity, introduced into Cuba by Ojeda, I, 55;
urged by King Ferdinand, 73.

Church, Roman Catholic, organized and influential in Cuba, I, 122;
cathedral removed from Baracoa to Santiago, 123;
conflict with civil power, 227;
controversy with British during British occupation, II, 84;
division of island into two dioceses, 173;
attitude toward War of Independence, IV, 26;
controversy over property, 294.

Cienfuegos, José, Governor, II, 311.

Cimmarones, "wild Indians," I, 126;
revolt against De Soto, 148.

Cipango, Cuba identified with, by Columbus, I, 5.

Cisneros, Gaspar Betancourt, sketch and portrait, II, 379.

Cisneros, Pascal Jiminez de, II, 110, 127.

Cisneros, Salvador, III, 167;
sketch and portrait, 276;
President of Cuban Republic, 277;
President of Council of Ministers, IV, 48;
in Constitutional Convention, 190.

Civil Service, law, IV, 325;
respected by President Menocal, 325.

Clay, Henry, policy toward Cuba, II, 261.

Clayton, John M., U. S. Secretary of State, issues proclamation
against filibustering, III, 42.

Cleaveland, Samuel, controversy over church bells, II, 83.

Cleveland, Grover. President of United States, issues warning against
breaches of neutrality, IV, 70;
reference to Cuba
in message of 1896, 79;
its significance, 80.

Coat of Arms of Cuba, picture, IV, 251;
significance, 251.

Cobre, copper mines, I, 173, 259.

"Cockfighting and Idleness" campaign, IV, 291.

Coffee, cultivation begun, II, 33, 113.

Coinage, reformed, II, 142;
statistics of, 158.

Collazo, Enrique, filibuster, IV, 55.

Coloma, Antonio Lopez, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Colombia, designs upon Cuba, II, 262;
III, 134;
attitude toward Cuban revolution, 223.

Columbus, Bartholomew, recalled to Spain, I, 57.

Columbus, Christopher, portrait, frontispiece, Vol. I;
discoverer of America, I;
i;
first landing in America, 2;
monument on Watling's Island, picture, 3;
arrival in Cuba, 11;
question as to first landing place, 12;
first impressions of Cuba and intercourse with natives, 14;
exploration of north coast, 16;
end of first visit, 18;
second visit, 19;
exploration of south coast, 21;
at Bay of Cortez, 25;
turns back from circumnavigation, 26;
at Isle of Pines, 26;
final departure from Cuba, 27;
diary and narrative, 28 et seq.;
death and burial, 33;
tomb in Havana cathedral, 34;
removal to Seville, 36;
removal from Santo Domingo to Havana, II, 181;
epitaph, 182.

Columbus, Diego, plans exploration and colonization of Cuba, I, 57;
attempts mediation between Velasquez and Cortez, 97;
replaces Velasquez with Zuazo, 100;
rebuked by King, 100.

Comendador, Cacique, I, 55.

Commerce, begun by Velasquez, I, 68;
rise of corporations, II, 19;
after British occupation, 98;
under Torre, 132;
reduction of duties, 141;
extension of trade, 163;
Tribunal of Commerce founded, 177;
Real Compania de Havana, 199;
restrictive measures, 200;
Chamber of Commerce founded, 307;
commerce with United States, III, 2;
during American occupation, IV, 184;
present, 358.

Compostela, Diego E. de, Bishop, I, 318;
death, 332.

Concepcion, Columbus's landing place, I, 3.

Concessions, forbidden under American occupation, IV, 153.

Concha, José Gutierrez de la, Governor, III, 62, 290.

Conchillos, royal secretary, I, 59.

Congress, Cuban, welcomed by Gen. Wood, IV, 246;
turns against Palma, 269;
friendly to Gomez, 303;
hostile to Menocal, 323;
protects the lottery, 324.

Constitution: Cuban Republic of 1868, III, 157;
of 1895, IV, 47;
call for Constitutional Convention, 185;
meeting of Convention, 187;
draft completed, 192;
salient provisions, 193;
Elihu Root's comments, 194;
Convention discusses relations with United States, 197;
Platt
Amendment, 199;
amendment adopted, 203;
text of Constitution, 304 et seq.;
The Nation, 205;
Cubans, 205;
Foreigners, 207;
Individual Rights, 208;
Suffrage, 211;
Suspension of Guarantees, 212;
Sovereignty, 213;
Legislative Bodies, 214;
Senate, 214;
House of Representatives, 216;
Congress, 218;
Legislation, 221;
Executive, 222;
President, 222;
Vice-President, 225;
Secretaries of State, 226;
Judiciary, 227;
Supreme Court, 227;
Administration of Justice, 228;
Provincial Governments, 229;
Provincial Councils, 230;
Provincial Governors, 231;
Municipal Government, 233;
Municipal Councils, 233;
Mayors, 235;
National Treasury, 235;
Amendments, 236;
Transient Provisions, 237;
Appendix (Platt Amendment), 238.

"Constitutional Army," IV, 268.

Contreras, Andres Manso de, I, 288.

Contreras, Damien, I, 278.

Convents, founded, I, 276;
Nuns of Santa Clara, 286.

Conyedo, Juan de, Bishop, II, 35.

Copper, discovered near Santiago, I, 173;
wealth of mines, 259;
reopened, II, 13;
exports, III, 3.

Corbalon, Francisco R., I, 286.

Cordova de Vega, Diego de, Governor, I, 239.

Cordova, Francisco H., expedition to Yucatan, I, 84.

Cordova Ponce de Leon, José Fernandez, Governor, I, 316.

Coreal, Francois, account of West Indies, quoted, I, 355.

Coronado, Manuel, gift for air planes, IV, 352.

Cortes, Spanish, Cuban representation in, II, 308;
excluded, 351;
lack of representation, III, 3;
after Ten Years' War, 307.

Cortez, Hernando, Alcalde of Santiago de Cuba, I, 72;
sent to Mexico by King, 74;
agent of Velasquez, 86;
early career, 90;
portrait, 90;
quarrel with Velasquez, 91;
marriage, 92;
commissioned by Velasquez to explore Mexico, 92;
sails for Mexico, 94;
final breach with Velasquez, 96;
denounced as rebel, 97;
escapes murder, 99.

Cosa, Juan de la, geographer, I, 6, 53.

Councillors, appointed for life, I, 111;
conflict with Procurators, 113.

Creoles, origin of name, II, 204.

Crittenden, J. J., protests against European intervention in Cuba,
III, 129.

Crittenden, William S., with Lopez, III, 96;
captured, 101;
death, 105.

Crombet, Flor, revolutionist, IV, 41, 42.

Crooked Island. See ISABELLA.

Crowder, Gen. Enoch H., head of Consulting Board, IV, 284.

Cuba: Relation to America, I, 1;
Columbus's first landing, 3;
identified with Mangi or Cathay, 4;
with Cipango, 5;
earliest maps, 6;
physical history, 7, 37 et seq.;
Columbus's discovery, 11 et seq.;
named Juana, 13;
other names, 14;
Columbus's account of, 28;
geological history, 37-42;
topography, 42-51;
climate, 51-52;
first circumnavigation, 54;
colonization, 54;
Velasquez at Baracoa, 60;
commerce begun, 68;
government organized, 69;
named Ferdinandina, 73;
policy of Spain toward, 175;
slow economic progress, 215;
land legislation, 232;
Spanish discrimination against, 266;
divided into two districts, 275;
British description in 1665, 306;
various accounts, 346;
turning point in history, 363;
close of first era, 366;
British conquest, II, 78;
relinquished to Spain, 92;
great changes effected, 94;
economic condition, 98;
reoccupied by Spain, 102;
untouched by early revolutions, 165;
effect of revolution in Santo Domingo, 190;
first suggestion of annexation to United States, 257;
"Ever Faithful Isle," 268;
rise of independence, 268;
censuses, 276 et seq.;
representation in Cortes, 308;
"Soles de Bolivar," 341;
representatives rejected from Cortes, 351;
transformation of popular spirit, 383;
independence proclaimed, III, 145;
Republic organized, 157;
War of Independence, IV, 15;
Spanish elections held during war, 67;
Blanco's plan of autonomy, 93;
sovereignty surrendered by Spain, 123;
list of Spanish Governors, 123. See REPUBLIC OF CUBA.

Cuban Aborigines;
I, 8;
manners, customs and religion, 8 et seq.;
Columbus's first intercourse, 15, 24;
priest's address to Columbus, 26;
Columbus's observations of them, 29;
hostilities begun by Velasquez, 61;
subjected to Repartimiento system, 70;
practical slavery, 71;
Key Indians, 125;
Cimmarones, 126;
new laws in their favor, 129;
Rojas's endeavor to save them, 130;
final doom, 133;
efforts at reform, 153;
oppression by Chaves, 159;
Angulo's emancipation proclamation, 163.

"Cuba-nacan," I, 5.

"Cuba and the Cubans," quoted, II, 313.

"Cuba y Su Gobierno," quoted, II, 354.

Cuellar, Cristobal de, royal accountant, I, 59.

Cushing, Caleb, Minister to Spain, III, 291.

Custom House, first at Havana, I, 231.

Dady, Michael J., & Co., contract dispute, IV, 169.

Davila, Pedrarias, I, 140.

Davis, Jefferson, declines to join Lopez, III, 38.

Del Casal, Julian, sketch and portrait, IV, 6.

Del Cueta, José A., President of Supreme Court, portrait, IV, 359.

Delgado, Moru, Liberal leader, IV, 267.

Del Monte, Domingo, sketch, portrait, and work, II, 323.

Del Monte, Ricardo, sketch and portrait, IV, 2.

Demobilization of Cuban army, IV, 135.

Desvernine, Pablo, Secretary of Finance, IV, 146.

Diaz, Bernal, at Sancti Spiritus, I, 72;
in Mexico, 86.

Diaz, Manuel, I, 239.

Diaz, Manuel Luciano, Secretary of Public Works, IV, 254.

Diaz, Modeste, III, 263.

Divino, Sr., Secretary of Justice, IV, 297.

Dockyard at Havana, established, II, 8.

Dolz, Eduardo, in Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 96.

Dominguez, Fermin V., Assistant Secretary of Foreign Affairs, IV, 50.

Dorst, J. H., mission to Pinar del Rio, IV, 107.

"Dragado" deal, IV, 310.

Drake, Sir Francis, menaces Havana, I, 243;
in Hispaniola, 246;
leaves Havana unassailed, 252;
departs for Virginia, 255.

Duany, Joaquin Castillo, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12;
Assistant Secretary of Treasury, 50;
filibuster, 70.

Dubois, Carlos, Assistant Secretary of Interior, IV, 50.

Duero, Andres de, I, 93, 115.

Dulce y Garay, Domingo, Governor, III, 190, 194;
decree of confiscation, 209;
recalled, 213.

Dupuy de Lome, Sr., Spanish Minister at Washington, IV, 40;
writes offensive letter, 98;
recalled, 98.

Duque, Sr., Secretary of Sanitation and Charity, IV, 297.

Durango, Bishop, I, 225.

Dutch hostilities, I, 208, 279;
activities in West Indies, 283 et seq.

Earthquakes, in 1765, I, 315;
II, 114.

Echeverria, Esteban B., Superintendent of Schools, IV, 162.

Echeverria, José, Bishop, II, 113.

Echeverria, José Antonio, III, 324.

Echeverria, Juan Maria, Governor, II, 312.

Education, backward state of, II, 244;
progress under American occupation, IV, 156;
A. E. Frye, Superintendent, 156;
reorganization of system, 162;
Harvard University's entertainment of teachers, 163;
achievements under President Menocal, 357.

Elections: for municipal officers under American occupation, IV, 180;
law for regulation of, 180;
result, 181;
for Constitutional Convention, 186;
for general officers, 240;
result, 244;
Presidential, 1906, 265;
new law, 287;
local elections under Second Intervention, 289;
Presidential, 290;
for Congress in 1908, 303;
Presidential, 1912, 309;
Presidential, 1916, disputed, 330, result confirmed, 341.

Enciso, Martin F. de, first Spanish writer about America, I, 54.

Epidemics: putrid fever, 1649, I, 290;
vaccination introduced, II, 192;
small pox and yellow fever, III, 313;
at Santiago, IV, 142;
Gen. Wood applies Dr. Finlay's theory of yellow fever, 171;
success, 176;
malaria, 177.

Escudero, Antonio, de, II, 10.

Espada, Juan José Diaz, portrait, facing II, 272.

Espagnola. See HISPANIOLA.

Espeleta, Joaquin de, Governor, II, 362.

Espinosa, Alonzo de Campos, Governor, I, 316.

Espoleto, José de, Governor, II, 169.

Estenoz, Negro insurgent, IV, 307.

Estevez, Luis, Secretary of Justice, IV, 160;
Vice-President, 245.

Evangelista. See ISLE OF PINES.

Everett, Edward, policy toward Cuba, III, 130.

"Ever Faithful Isle," II, 268, 304.

Exquemeling, Alexander, author and pirate, I, 302.

"Family Pact," of Bourbons, effect upon Cuba, II, 42.

Felin, Antonio, Bishop, II, 172.

Fels, Cornelius, defeated by Spanish, I, 288.

Ferdinand, King, policy toward Cuba, I, 56;
esteem for Velasquez, 73.

Ferdinandina, Columbus's landing place, I, 3;
name for Cuba, 73.

Ferrara, Orestes, Liberal leader, IV, 260;
revolutionist, 269;
deprecates factional strife, 306;
revolutionary conspirator in New York, 334;
warned by U. S. Government, I, 239.

Ferrer, Juan de, commander of La Fuerza, I, 239.

Figueroa, Vasco Porcallo de, I, 72;
De Soto's lieutenant, 142;
returns from Florida in disgust, 145.

Figuerosa, Rojas de, captures Tortuga, I, 292.

Filarmonia, riot at ball, III, 119.

Filibustering, proclamation of United States against, III, 42;
after Ten Years' War, 311, in War of Independence, IV, 20;
expeditions intercepted, 52;
many successful expeditions, 69;
warnings, 70.

Fine Arts, II, 240.

Finlay, Carlos G., theory of yellow fever successfully applied
under General Wood, IV, 171;
portrait, facing, 172.

Fish, Hamilton, U. S. Secretary of State, prevents premature
recognition of Cuban Republic, III, 203;
protests against Rodas's decree, 216;
on losses in Ten Years' War, 290;
seeks British support, 292;
states terms of proposed mediation, 293.

Fish market at Havana, founder for pirate, II, 357.

Fiske, John, historian, quoted, I, 270.

Flag, Cuban, first raised, III, 31;
replaces American, IV, 249;
picture, 250;
history and significance, 250.

Flores y Aldama, Rodrigo de, Governor, I, 301.

Florida, attempted colonization by Ponce de Leon, I, 139;
De Soto's expedition, 145. See MENENDEZ.

Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de, Bishop of Seville, I, 59.

Fonts-Sterling, Ernesto, Secretary of Finance, IV, 90;
urges resistance to revolution, 270.

Fornaris, José, III, 230.

Forestry, attention paid by Montalvo, I, 223;
efforts to check waste, II, 166.

Foyo, Sr., Secretary of Agriculture, Commerce and Labor, IV, 297.

France, first foe of Spanish in Cuba, I, 177;
"Family Pact," II, 42;
interest in Cuban revolution, III, 126.

Franquinay, pirate, at Santiago, I, 310.

French refugees, in Cuba, II, 189;
expelled, 302.

French Revolution, effects of, II, 184.

Freyre y Andrade, Fernando, filibuster,
IV, 70;
negotiations with Pino Guerra, 267.

Frye, Alexis, Superintendent of Schools, IV, 156;
controversy with General Wood, 162.

Fuerza, La: picture, facing I, 146;
building begun by De Soto, I, 147;
scene of Lady Isabel's tragic vigil, 147, 179;
planned and built by Sanchez, 194;
work by Menendez, and Ribera, 209;
slave labor sought, 211;
bad construction, 222;
Montalvo's recommendations, 223;
Luzan-Arana quarrel, 237;
practical completion, 240;
decorated by Cagigal, II, 33.

Galvano, Antony, historian, quoted, I, 4.

Galvez, Bernardo, seeks Cuban aid for Pensacola, II, 146;
Governor, 168;
death, 170.

Galvez, José Maria, head of Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 95.

Garaondo, José, I, 317.

Garay, Francisco de, Governor of Jamaica, I, 102.

Garcia, Calixto, portrait, facing III, 268;
President of Cuban Republic, III, 301;
joins War of Independence, IV, 69;
his notable career, 76 et seq.;
joins with Shafter at Santiago, 111;
death, 241.

Garcia, Carlos, revolutionist, IV, 269.

Garcia, Esequiel, Secretary of Education, IV, 320.

Garcia, Marcos, IV, 44.

Garcia, Quintiliano, III, 329.

Garvey, José N. P., II, 222.

Gastaneta, Antonio, II, 9.

Gelder, Francisco, Governor, I, 292.

Gener y Rincon, Miguel, Secretary of Justice, IV, 161.

Geraldini, Felipe, I, 310.

Germany, malicious course of in 1898, IV, 104;
Cuba declares war against, 348;
property in Cuba seized, 349;
aid to Gomez, 350.

Gibson. Hugh S., U. S. Chargé d'Affaires, assaulted, IV, 308.

Giron. Garcia, Governor, I, 279.

Godoy, Captain, arrested at Santiago, and put to death, I, 203.

Godoy, Manuel, II, 172.

Goicouria, Domingo, sketch and portrait, III, 234.

Gold, Columbus's quest for, I, 19;
Velasquez's search, 61;
the "Spaniards' God," 62;
early mining, 81;
value of mines, 173.

Gomez, José Antonio, II, 18.

Gomez, José Miguel, Civil Governor of Santa Clara, IV, 179;
aspires to Presidency, 260, 264;
turns from Conservative to Liberal party, 265;
compact with Zayas, 265;
starts revolution, 269;
elected President, 290;
becomes President, 297;
Cabinet, 297;
sketch and portrait, 298;
acts of his administration, 301;
charged with corruption, 304;
conflict with Veterans' Association, 304;
quarrel with Zayas, 306;
suppresses Negro revolt, 307;
amnesty bill, 309;
National Lottery, 310;
"Dragado" deal, 310;
railroad deal, 310;
estimate of his administration, 311;
double treason in 1916, 332;
defeated and captured, 337;
his orders for devastation, 337;
aided by Germany, 350.

Gomez, Juan Gualberto, revolutionist, IV, 30;
captured and imprisoned, 52;
insurgent, 269.

Gomez, Maximo, III, 264;
succeeds Gen. Agramonte, 275;
makes Treaty of Zanjon with Campos, 299;
in War of Independence, IV, 15;
commander in chief, 16, 43;
portrait, facing 44;
plans great campaign of war, 53;
controversy with Lacret, 84;
opposed to American invasion, 109;
appeals to Cubans to accept American occupation, 136;
impeachment by National Assembly ignored, 137;
influence during Government of Intervention, 149;
considered by Constitutional Convention, 191;
proposed for Presidency, 240;
declines, 241.

Gonzalez, Aurelia Castillo de, author, sketch and portrait, IV, 192.

Gonzales, William E., U. S. Minister to Cuba, IV, 335;
watches Gomez's insurrection, 336.

Gorgas, William C., work for sanitation, IV, 175.

Government of Cuba: organized by Velasquez, I, 69;
developed at Santiago, 81;
radical changes made, 111;
revolution in political status of island, 138;
codification of ordinances, 207;
Ordinances of 1542, 317;
land tenure, II, 12;
reforms by Governor Guemez, 17;
reorganization after British occupation, 104;
great reforms by Torre, 132;
budget and tax reforms, 197;
authority of Captain-General, III, 11;
administrative and judicial functions, 13 et seq.;
military and naval command, 16;
attempted reforms, 63;
concessions after Ten Years' War, 310.

Governors of Cuba, Spanish, list of, IV, 123.

Govin, Antonio, in Autonomist Cabinet, IV, 95;
sketch and portrait, 95.

Grammont, buccaneer, I, 311.

Gran Caico, I, 4.

Grand Turk Island. See GUANAHANI.

Grant, U. S., President of United States, III, 200;
inclined to recognize Cuban Republic, 202;
prevented by his Secretary of State, 203;
comments in messages, 205, 292.

Great Britain, interest in Cuban revolution, III, 125;
protection sought by Spain, 129;
declines cooperation with United States, 294;
requires return of fugitives, 310.

Great Exuma. See FERDINANDINA.

Great Inagua, I, 4.

Great War, Cuba enters, IV, 348;
offers 10,000 troops, 348;
German intrigues and propaganda, 349;
attitude of Roman Catholic clergy, 349;
ships seized, 350;
cooperation with Food Commission, 351;
military activities, 352;
liberal subscriptions to loans, 352;
Red Cross work, 352;
Señora Menocal's inspiring leadership, 353.

Grijalva, Juan de, I, 65;
expedition to Mexico, 66;
names Mexico New Spain, 97;
unjustly recalled and discredited, 88.

Guajaba Island, I, 18.

Guama, Cimmarron chief, I, 127.

Guanabacoa founded, II, 21.

Guanahani, Columbus's landing place, I, 2.

Guanajes Islands, source of slave trade, I, 83.

Guantanamo, Columbus at, I, 19;
U. S. Naval Station, IV, 256.

Guardia, Cristobal de la, Secretary of Justice, IV, 320.

Guazo, Gregorio, de la Vega, Governor, I, 340;
stops tobacco war, 341;
warnings to Great Britain and France, 342;
military activity and efficiency, II, 5.

Guemez y Horcasitas, Juan F., Governor, II, 17;
reforms, 17;
close of administration, 26.

Guerra, Amador, revolutionist, IV, 30.

Guerra, Benjamin, treasurer of Junta, IV, 3.

Guerro, Pino, starts insurrection, IV, 267, 269;
commander of Cuban army, 301;
attempt to assassinate him, 303.

Guevara, Francisco, III, 265.

Guiteras, Juan, physician and scientist, sketch and portrait, IV, 321.

Guiteras, Pedro J., quoted, I, 269;
II, 6;
42;
207.

Guzman, Gonzalez de, mission from Velasquez to King Charles I, I, 85;
vindicates Velasquez, 108;
Governor of Cuba, 110;
marries rich sister-in-law, 116;
litigation over estate, 117;
tremendous indictment by Vadillo, 120;
appeals to King and Council for Indies, 120;
seeks to oppress natives, 128;
second time Governor, 137;
makes more trouble, 148;
trouble with French privateers, 178.

Guzman, Nuñez de, royal treasurer, I, 109;
death and fortune, 115.

Guzman, Santos, spokesman of Constitutionalists, IV, 59.

Hammock, of Cuban origin, I, 10.

Hanebanilla, falls of, view, facing III, 110.

Harponville, Viscount Gustave, quoted, II, 189.

Harvard University, entertains Cuban teachers, IV, 163.

Hatuey, Cuban chief, leader against Spaniards, I, 62;
death, 63.

Havana: founded by Narvaez, I, 69;
De Soto's home and capital, 144;
rise in importance, 166;
Governor's permanent residence, 180;
inadequate defences, 183;
captured by Sores, 186;
protected by Mazariegos, 194;
sea wall proposed by Osorio, 202;
fortified by Menendez, 209;
"Key of the New World," 210;
commercial metropolis of West Indies, 216;
first hospital founded, 226;
San Francisco church, picture, facing 226;
building in Carreño's time, 231;
custom house, 231;
threatened by Drake, 243;
preparations for defence, 250;
officially called "city," 262;
coat of arms, 202;
primitive conditions, 264;
first theatrical performance, 264;
capital of western district, 275;
great fire, 277;
attacked by Pit Hein, 280;
described by John Chilton, 349;
first dockyard established, II, 8;
attacked by British under Admiral
Hosier, 9;
University founded, 11;
described by John Campbell, 14;
British expedition against in 1762, 46;
journal of siege, 54;
American troops engaged, 66;
surrender, 69;
terms, 71;
British occupation, 78;
great changes, 94;
description, 94;
view from Cabanas, facing, 96;
reoccupied by Spanish, 102;
hurricane, 115;
improvements in streets and buildings, 129;
view in Old Havana, facing 130;
street cleaning, and market, 169;
slaughter house removed, 194;
shopping, 242;
cafés, 243;
Tacon's public works, 365;
view of old Presidential Palace, facing III, 14;
view of the Prado, facing IV, 16;
besieged in War of Independence, 62;
view of bay and harbor, facing, 98;
old City Wall, picture, 122;
view of old and new buildings, facing 134;
General Ludlow's administration, 146;
Police reorganized, 150;
view of University, facing 164;
view of the new capitol, facing 204;
view of the President's home, facing 268;
view of the Academy of Arts and Crafts, facing 288;
new railroad terminal, 311.

Hay, John, epigram on revolutions, IV, 343

Hayti. See HISPANIOLA.

Hein, Pit, Dutch raider, I, 279.

Henderson, John, on Lopez's expedition, III, 64.

_Herald_, New York, on Cuban revolution, III, 89.

Heredia, José Maria. II, 274;
exiled, 344;
life and works, III, 318;
portrait, facing 318.

Hernani, Domingo, II, 170.

Herrera, historian, on Columbus's first landing, I, 12;
on Hatuey, 62;
description of West Indies, 345.

Herrera, Geronimo Bustamente de, I, 194.

Hevea, Aurelio, Secretary of Interior, IV, 320.

Hispaniola, Columbus at, I, 19;
revolution in, II, 173;
186;
effect upon Cuba, 189.

Hobson, Richmond P., exploit at Santiago, IV, 110.

Holleben, Dr. von, German Ambassador at Washington, intrigues of,
IV, 104.

Home Rule, proposed by Spain, IV, 6;
adopted, 8.

Horses introduced into Cuba, I, 63.

Hosier, Admiral, attacks Havana, I, 312;
II, 9.

Hospital, first in Havana, I, 226;
Belen founded, 318;
San Paula and San Francisco, 195.

"House of Fear," Governor's home, I, 156.

Humboldt, Alexander von, on slavery, II, 206;
on census, 277;
282;
on slave trade, 288.

Hurricanes, II, 115, 176, 310.

Hurtado, Lopez, royal treasurer, I, 116;
has Chaves removed, 162.

Ibarra, Carlos, defeats Dutch raiders, I, 288.

Incas, I, 7.

Independence, first conceived, II, 268;
326;
first revolts for, 343;
sentiment fostered by slave trade, 377;
proclaimed by Aguero, III, 72;
proclaimed by Cespedes at Yara, 155;
proposed by United States to Spain, 217;
War of Independence, IV, 1;
recognized by Spain, 119. See WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.

Intellectual life of Cuba, I, 360;
lack of productiveness in Sixteenth Century, 362;
Cuban backwardness, II, 235;
first important progress, 273;
great arising and splendid achievements, III, 317.

Insurrections. See REVOLUTIONS, and SLAVERY.

Intervention, Government of: First, established, IV, 132;
organized, 145;
Cuban Cabinet, 145;
saves island from famine, 146;
works of rehabilitation and reform, 148;
marriage law, 152;
concessions forbidden, 153;
census, 154;
civil governments of provinces, 179;
municipal elections ordered, 180;
electoral law 180;
final transactions, 246;
Second Government of Intervention, 281;
C. E. Magoon, Governor, 281;
Consulting Board, 284;
elections held, 289, 290;
commission for revising laws, 294;
controversy over church property, 294.

Intervention sought by Great Britain and France, III, 128;
by United States, IV, 106.

Iroquois, I, 7.

Irving, Washington, on Columbus's landing place, I, 12.

Isabella, Columbus's landing place, I, 3.

Isabella, Queen, portrait, I, 13.

Isidore of Seville, quoted, I, 4.

Islas de Arena, I, 11.

Isle of Pines, I, 26;
recognized as part of Cuba, 224;
status under Platt Amendment, IV, 255.

Italian settlers in Cuba, I, 169.

Ivonnet, Negro insurgent, IV, 307.

Jamaica, Columbus at, I, 20.

Japan. See CIPANGO.

Jaruco, founded, II, 131.

Jefferson, Thomas, on Cuban annexation, II, 260;
III, 132.

Jeronimite Order, made guardian of Indians, I, 78;
becomes their oppressor, 127.

Jesuits, controversy over, II, 86;
expulsion of, 111.

Jordan, Thomas, joins Cuban revolution, III, 211.

Jorrin, José Silverio, portrait, facing III, 308.

Jovellar, Joachim, Governor, III, 273;
proclaims state of siege, 289;
resigns, 290.

Juana, Columbus's first name for Cuba, I, 13.

Juan Luis Keys, I, 21.

Judiciary, reforms in, II, 110;
under Navarro, 142;
under Unzaga, 165;
under Leonard Wood, IV, 177.

Junta, Cuban, in United States, III, 91;
New York, IV, 2;
branches elsewhere, 3;
policy in enlisting men, 19.

Junta de Fomento, II, 178.

Juntas of the Laborers, III, 174.

Keppel, Gen. See ALBEMARLE.

Key Indians, I, 125;
expedition against, 126.

"Key of the New World and Bulwark of the Indies," I, 210.

Kindelan, Sebastian de, II, 197, 315.

Lacoste, Perfecto, Secretary of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce,
IV, 160.

Land tenure, II, 12;
absentee landlords, 214.

Lanuza, Gonzalez, Secretary of Justice, IV, 146;
portrait, 146.

Lares, Amador de, I, 93.

La Salle, in Cuba, I, 73.

Las Casas, Bartholomew, Apostle to the Indies, arrival in Cuba, I, 63;
portrait, 64;
denounces Narvaez, 66;
begins campaign against slavery, 75;
mission to Spain, 77;
before Ximenes, 77.

Las Casas, Luis de, Governor, II, 175;
portrait, 175;
death, 182.

Lasso de la Vega, Juan, Bishop, II, 17.

Lawton, Gen. Henry W., leads advance against Spanish, IV, 112;
Military Governor of Oriente, 139.

Lazear, Camp, established, IV, 172.

Lazear, Jesse W., hero and martyr in yellow fever campaign, IV, 172.

Ledesma, Francisco Rodriguez, Governor, I, 310.

Lee, Fitzhugh, Consul General at Havana, IV, 72;
reports on "concentration" policy of Weyler, 86;
asks for warship to protect Americans at Havana, 97;
_Maine_ sent, 98;
commands troops at Havana, 121.

Lee, Robert Edward, declines to join Lopez, III, 39.

Legrand, Pedro, invades Cuba, I, 302.

Leiva, Lopez, Secretary of Government, IV, 297.

Lemus, Jose Morales, III, 333.

Lendian, Evelio Rodriguez, educator, sketch and portrait, IV, 162.

Liberal Party, III, 306;
triumphant through revolution, IV, 285;
dissensions, 303;
conspiracy against election, 329.

Liberty Loans, Cuban subscriptions to, IV, 352.

Lighthouse service, under Mario G. Menocal, IV, 168.

Linares, Tomas de, first Rector of University of Havana, II, 11.

Lindsay, Forbes, quoted, II, 217.

Linschoten, Jan H. van, historian, quoted, I, 351.

Liquor, intoxicating, prohibited in 1780, II, 150.

Literary periodicals: _El Habanero_, III, 321;
_El Plantel_, 324;
_Cuban Review_, 325;
_Havana Review_, 329.

Literature, II, 245;
early works, 252;
poets, 274;
great development of activity, III, 315 et seq.

Little Inagua, I, 4.

Llorente, Pedro, in Constitutional Convention, IV, 188, 190.

Lobera, Juan de, commander of La Fuerza, I, 182;
desperate defence against Sores, 185.

Lolonois, pirate, I, 296.

Long Island. See FERDINANDINA.

Lopez, Narciso, sketch and portrait, III, 23;
in Venezuela, 24;
joins the Spanish
army, 26;
marries and settles in Cuba, 30;
against the Carlists in Spain, 31;
friend of Valdez, 31;
offices and honors, 33;
plans Cuban revolution, 36;
betrayed and fugitive, 37;
consults Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee, 38;
first American expedition, 39;
members of the party, 40;
activity in Southern States, 43;
expedition starts, 45;
proclamation to his men, 46;
lands at Cardenas, 49;
lack of Cuban support, 54;
reembarks, 56;
lands at Key West, 58;
arrested and tried, 60;
second expedition organized, 65;
betrayed, 67;
third expedition, 70;
final expedition organized, 91;
lands in Cuba, 98;
defeated and captured, 112;
death, 114;
results of his works, 116.

Lorenzo, Gen., Governor at Santiago, II, 347.

Lorraine, Sir Lambton, III, 280.

Los Rios, J. B. A. de, I, 310.

Lottery, National, established by José Miguel Gomez, IV, 310.

Louisiana, Franco-Spanish contest over, II, 117;
Ulloa sent from Cuba to take possession, 118;
O'Reilly sent, 123;
Uznaga sent, 126.

Louverture, Toussaint, II, 186.

Luaces, Joaquin Lorenzo, sketch and portrait, III, 330.

Ludlow, Gen. William, command and work at Havana, IV, 144.

Lugo, Pedro Benitez de, Governor, I, 331.

Luna y Sarmiento, Alvaro de, Governor, I, 290.

Luz y Caballero, José de la, "Father of the Cuban Revolution,"
III, 322;
great work for patriotic education, 323;
Portrait, frontispiece, Vol III.

Luzan, Gabriel de, Governor, I, 236;
controversy over La Fuerza, 237;
feud with Quiñones, 241;
unites with Quiñones to resist Drake, 243;
energetic action, 246;
tenure of office prolonged, 250;
end of term, 260.

Macaca, province of, I, 20.

Maceo, José Antonio, proclaims Provisional Government, IV, 15;
leader in War of Independence, 41;
commands Division of Oriente, 43;
defeats Campos, 46;
plans great campaign, 53;
invades Pinar del Rio, 61;
successful campaign, 73;
death, 74;
portrait, facing 74.

Maceo, José, IV, 41;
marches through Cuba, 76.

Machado, Eduard, treason of, III, 258.

Machete, used in battle, IV, 57.

Madison, James, on status of Cuba, III, 132.

Madriaga, Juan Ignacio, II, 59.

Magoon, Charles E., Provisional Governor, IV, 281;
his administration, 283;
promotes public works, 286;
takes census, 287;
election law, 287;
retires, 295.

Mahy, Nicolas, Governor, II, 315.

Mail service established, II, 107;
under American occupation, IV, 168.

Maine sent to Havana, IV, 98;
destruction of, 98;
investigation, 100.

Maldonado, Diego, I, 146.

Mandeville, Sir John, I, 20.

Mangon, identified with Mangi, I, 20.

Manners and Customs, II, 229 et seq.;
balls, 239;
shopping, 242;
relations of black and white races, 242;
cafés, 243;
early society, 248.

Monosca, Juan Saenz, Bishop, I, 301.

Manrique, Diego, Governor, II, 109.

Manzaneda y Salines, Severino de, Governor, I, 320.

Manzanillo, Declaration of Independence issued, III, 155.

Maraveo Ponce de Leon, Gomez de, I, 339.

Marco Polo, I, 4, 20.

Marcy, William L., policy toward Cuba, III, 136.

Mar de la Nuestra Señora, I, 18.

Mariguana. See GUANAHANI.

Marin, Sabas, succeeds Campos in command, IV, 63.

Markham, Sir Clements, on Columbus's first landing, I, 12.

Marmol, Donato, III, 173, 184.

Marquez, Pedro Menendez, I, 206.

Marriage law, reformed under American occupation, IV, 152;
controversy over, 153.

Marti, José, portrait, frontispiece, Vol IV;
leader of War of Independence, IV, 2;
his career, 9;
in New York, 11;
organizes Junta, 11;
goes to Cuba, 15;
death, 16;
his war manifesto, 17;
fulfilment of his ideals, 355.

Marti, José, secretary of War, portrait, IV, 360.

Marti, the pirate, II, 357.

Martinez Campos. See Campos.

Martinez, Dionisio de la Vega, Governor, II, 8;
inscription on La Punta, 14.

Martinez, Juan, I, 192.

Martyr, Peter, I, 53.

Maso, Bartolome, revolutionist, IV, 34;
rebukes Spotorno, 35;
President of Cuban Republic, 43;
Vice President of Council, 48;
President of Republic, 90;
candidate for Vice President, 242;
seeks Presidency, 243.

Mason, James M., U. S. Minister to France, III, 141.

Masse, E. M., describes slave trade, II, 202;
rural life, 216;
on Spanish policy toward Cuba, 227;
social morals, 230.

Matanzas, founded, I, 321;
meaning of name, 321.

Maura, Sr., proposes Cuban reforms, IV, 5.

McCullagh, John B., reorganizes Havana Police, IV, 150.

McKinley, William, President of United States, message of 1897
on Cuba, IV, 87;
declines European mediation, 103;
message for war, 104.

Maza, Enrique, assaults Hugh S. Gibson, IV, 308.

Mazariegos, Diego de, Governor, I, 191;
a scandalous moralist, 193;
defences against privateering, 193;
takes charge of La Fuerza, 195;
controversy with Governor of Florida, 196;
replaced by Sandoval, 197.

Medina, Fernando de, I, 111.

Mendez-Capote, Fernando, Secretary of Sanitation, portrait, IV, 360.

Mendieta, Carlos, candidate for Vice President, IV, 328;
rebels, 338.

Mendive, Rafael Maria de, III, 328.

Mendoza, Martin de, I, 204.

Menendez, Pedro de Aviles, I, 199;
commander of Spanish fleet, 200;
clash with Osorio, 201;
Governor of Cuba, 205;
dealing with increasing enemies, 208;
fortifies Havana, 209;
recalled to Spain, 213;
conflict with Bishop Castillo, 226.

Menocal, Aniceto G., portrait, IV, 50.

Menocal, Mario G., Assistant Secretary of War, IV, 49;
Chief of Police at Havana, 144, 150;
in charge of Lighthouse Service, 168;
candidate for President, 290;
slandered by Liberals, 291;
elected President, 312;
biography, 312;
portrait, facing 312;
view of birthplace, 313;
Cabinet, 320;
opinion of Cuba's needs, 321;
first message, 322;
conflict with Congress, 323;
important reforms, 324;
suppresses rebellion, 327;
candidate for reelection, 328;
vigorous action against Gomez's rebellion, 335;
declines American aid, 337;
escapes assassination, 339;
reelection confirmed, 341;
clemency to traitors, 342;
message on entering Great War, 346;
fulfilment of Marti's ideals, 355;
estimate of his administration, 356;
achievements for education, 357;
health, 357;
industry and commerce, 358;
finance, 359;
"from Velasquez to Menocal," 365.

Menocal, Señora, leadership of Cuban womanhood in Red Cross and
other work, IV, 354;
portrait, facing 352.

Mercedes, Maria de las, quoted, II, 174;
on slave insurrection, 368.

Merchan, Rafael, III, 174;
patriotic works, 335.

Merlin, Countess de. See MERCEDES.

_Merrimac_, sunk at Santiago, IV, 111.

Mesa, Hernando de, first Bishop, I, 122.

Mestre, José Manuel, sketch and portrait, III, 326.

Meza, Sr., Secretary of Public Instruction and Arts, IV, 297.

Mexico, discovered and explored from Cuba, I, 87;
designs upon Cuba, II, 262;
Cuban expedition against, 346;
warned off by United States, III, 134;
fall of Maximilian, 150.

Milanes, José Jacinto, sketch, portrait and works, III, 324.

Miles, Gen. Nelson A., prepares for invasion of Cuba, IV, 111.

Miranda, Francisco, II, 156;
with Bolivar, 335.

Miscegenation, II, 204.

Molina, Francisco, I, 290.

Monastic orders, I, 276.

Monroe Doctrine, foreshadowed, II, 256;
promulgated, 328.

Monroe, James, interest in Cuba, II, 257;
promulgates Doctrine, 328;
portrait, 329.

Monserrate Gate, Havana, picture, II, 241.

Montalvo, Gabriel, Governor, I, 215;
feud with Rojas family, 218;
investigated and retired, 219;
pleads for naval protection for Cuba, 220.

Montalvo, Lorenzo, II, 89.

Montalvo, Rafael, Secretary of Public Works, urges resistance
to revolutionists, IV, 270.

Montanes, Pedro Garcia, I, 292.

Montano See VELASQUEZ, J. M.

Montes, Garcia, Secretary of Treasury, IV, 254.

Montesino, Antonio, I, 78.

Montiel, Vasquez de, naval commander, I, 278.

Montoro, Rafael, Representative in Cortes, III, 308;
spokesman of Autonomists, IV, 59;
in Autonomist Cabinet, 95;
candidate for Vice President, 290;
attacked by Liberals, 291;
biography, 317;
portrait, facing 320.

Morales case, IV, 92.

Morales. Pedro de, commands at Santiago, I, 299.

Morals, strangely mixed with piety and vice, II, 229.

Morell, Pedro Augustino, Bishop, II, 53;
controversy with Albemarle, 83;
exiled, 87;
death, 113.

Moreno, Andres, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, IV, 90.

Moret law, abolishing slavery, III, 243.

Morgan, Henry, plans raid on Havana, I, 297;
later career, 303.

Morro Castle, Havana, picture, facing I, 180;
site of battery, 180;
tower built by Mazariegos, 196;
fortified against Drake, 249;
planned by Antonelli, 261;
besieged by British, II, 55.

Morro Castle, Santiago, built, I, 289;
picture, facing 298.

Mucaras, I, 11.

Muenster, geographer, I, 6.

Mugeres Islands, I, 84.

Munive, Andres de, I, 317.

Murgina y Mena, A. M., I, 317.

Music, early concerts at Havana, II, 239.

Nabia, Juan Alfonso de, I, 207.

Nancy Globe, I. 6.

Napoleon's designs upon Cuba, II, 203.

Naranjo, probable landing place of Columbus, I, 12.

Narvaez, Panfilo de, portrait, I, 63;
arrival in Cuba, 63;
campaign against natives, 65;
explores the island, 67;
errand to Spain, 77;
sent to Mexico to oppose Cortez, 98;
secures appointment of Councillors for life, 111.

Naval stations, U. S., in Cuba, IV, 255.

Navarrete, quoted, I, 3, 12.

Navarro, Diego Jose, Governor, II, 141, 150.

Navy, Spanish, in Cuban waters, III, 182, 225.

Negroes, imported as slaves, I, 170;
treatment of, 171;
slaves and free, increasing numbers of, 229. See SLAVERY.

New Orleans, anti-Spanish outbreak, III, 126.

New Spain. See MEXICO.

Newspapers: _Gazeta_, 1780, II, 157;
_Papel Periodico_, 179;
246;
publications in Paris, Madrid and New York, 354;
El Faro Industrial, III, 18;
Diario de la Marina, 18;
La Verdad, 18;
La Vos de Cuba, 260;
La Vos del Siglo, 232;
La Revolucion, 333;
El Siglo, 334;
El Laborante, 335.

Norsemen, American colonists, I, 7.

Nougaret, Jean Baptiste, quoted, II, 26.

Nuñez, Emilio, in Cuban Junta, IV, 12;
in war, 57;
Civil Governor of Havana, 179;
head of Veterans' Association, 305;
Secretary of Agriculture, 320;
candidate for Vice President, 328;
election confirmed, 341.

Nuñez, Enrique, Secretary of Health and Charities, IV, 320.

Ocampo, Sebastian de, circumnavigates Cuba, I, 54.

O'Donnell, George Leopold, Governor, II, 365;
his wife's sordid intrigues, 365.

Oglethorpe, Governor of Georgia, hostile to Spain, II, 24, 30.

O'Hara, Theodore, with Lopez, III, 46.

Ojeda, Alonzo de, I, 54;
introduces Christianity to Cuba, 55.

Olid, Christopher de, sent to Mexico, I, 88.

Olney, Richard. U. S. Secretary of State, attitude toward War
of Independence, IV, 71.

Oquendo, Antonio de, I, 281.

Orejon y Gaston, Francisco Davila de, Governor, I, 301, 310.

O'Reilly, Alexandre, sent to occupy Louisiana, II, 123;
ruthless rule, 125.

Orellano, Diego de, I, 86.

Ornofay, province of, I, 20.

Ortiz, Bartholomew, alcalde mayor, I, 146;
retires, 151.

Osorio, Garcia de Sandoval, Governor, I, 197;
conflict with Menendez, 199, 201;
retired, 205;
tried, 206.

Osorio, Sancho Pardo, I, 207.

Ostend Manifesto, III, 142.

Ovando, Alfonso de Caceres, I, 214;
revises law system, 233.

Ovando, Nicolas de, I, 54.

Palma, Tomas Estrada, head of Cuban Junta in New York, IV, 3;
Provisional President of Cuban Republic, 15;
Delegate at Large, 43;
rejects anything short of independence, 71;
candidate for Presidency, 241;
his career, 241;
elected President, 245;
arrival in Cuba, 247;
portrait, facing 248;
receives transfer of government from General Wood, 248;
Cabinet, 254;
first message, 254;
prosperous administration, 259;
non-partisan at first, 264;
forced toward Conservative party, 264;
reelected, 266;
refuses to believe insurrection impending, 266;
refuses to submit to blackmail, 268;
betrayed by Congress, 269;
acts too late, 270;
seeks American aid, 271;
interview with W. H. Taft, 276;
resigns Presidency, 280;
estimate of character and work, 282;
death, 284.

Palma y Romay, Ramon, III, 327.

Parra, Antonio, scientist, II, 252.

Parra, Maso, revolutionist, IV, 30.